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A. BTC Bitcoin connotation

1. The concept, connotation, essence, etc. of blockchain and Bitcoin.

2. Blockchain-related laws and regulations, regulations and plans, notices and announcements, etc.

First, the blockchain in the author’s eyes:

As its name suggests, it refers to an area connected together, eventually forming the splicing of many blocks, and each Each block has a node that can carry different things. For example, if you buy a box of apples and the seller sells them to you for 100 yuan at this node, you can know through this chain that the previous farmer who grew apples sold them for 50 yuan. The information is open and transparent, which can lift the veil of transactions, services, and communication processes; I personally believe that the blockchain is not decentralization, but the union of all centralizations, because each node is a small center. , connecting all centers to form an entire blockchain database, instead of isolating one thing into one point and diverging in the traditional way, requires the cooperation of each node. It is an ideological model and a carrier based on distributed accounting and In terms of storage, there is no centralized hardware or management organization. Any node has equal rights and obligations. Data blocks in a system are jointly maintained by nodes with maintenance functions in the entire system.

The explanation of network and 360 network, and according to the definition of China's Blockchain Technology and Application Development White Paper (2016) by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of my country: it is distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, New application models of computer technologies such as consensus mechanisms and encryption algorithms.

On March 31, 2018, "Blockchain Technology Principles and Development Practice" was officially introduced into university lectures, and the first course was taught at the South Campus of Xi'an University of Electronic Science and Technology. In April 2018, a group of scholars from Oxford University announced the establishment of the world's first blockchain university, Woolf University. On May 29, a new blockchain function was launched on the network to ensure that entry editing is fair and transparent.

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Second. Bitcoin in the eyes of the author:

A digital currency developed based on the application of blockchain technology, it is not a legal currency and has challenged legal rules and caused many social and property risks. We need to carefully evaluate the possible legal issues in the application of blockchain technology and think about countermeasures. Regulatory issues...

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Narrow blockchain is a way to block data in chronological order A chained data structure composed of sequential connections, and a cryptographically guaranteed distributed ledger that cannot be tampered with or forged.

Generalized blockchain technology uses block chain data structures to verify and storeData, a new distributed infrastructure that uses distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, uses cryptography to ensure the security of data transmission and access, and uses smart contracts composed of automated script codes to program and operate data. and calculation methods. Generally speaking, the blockchain system consists of data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer and application layer. The data layer encapsulates the underlying data blocks and related data encryption and timestamp technologies; the network layer includes Distributed networking mechanism, data dissemination mechanism and data verification mechanism, etc.; the consensus layer mainly encapsulates various consensus algorithms of network nodes; the incentive layer integrates economic factors into the blockchain technology system, mainly including the issuance mechanism of economic incentives and Distribution mechanism, etc.; the contract layer mainly encapsulates various scripts, algorithms and smart contracts, which are the basis of the programmable features of the blockchain (the wide application of blockchain technology is inseparable from smart contracts. The so-called smart contracts are in the form of digital encoding. Define commitment. The parties to the transaction do not need to trust each other, and all transactions are enforced by code. However, the form of the smart contract and the validity of its content have not been officially recognized by law and justice. It is a contract text embodied in the form of digital encoding. , it is still unclear whether it can constitute the requirements for a valid contract and whether it can meet the authenticity, legality and validity of the evidence to be admitted by the judiciary.); the application layer encapsulates various application scenarios and cases of the blockchain.

The blockchain has developed from blockchain 1.0 - digital currency to 2.0 - digital assets and smart contracts, to now blockchain 3.0 - DAO, DAC (blockchain self-consistent organization , Blockchain self-consistent company) --> Blockchain society (science, medical care, education, blockchain + AI). From cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin to tracking free-range broiler chickens in China. Patent applications specifically related to cryptocurrencies—not included in the blockchain patent category—increased 16% in 2017 to 602. China applied for 225 blockchain patents in 2017, compared with 59 in 2016,

followed by the United States (91 last year and 21 in 2016). The core advantage of its architecture: any node can create a transaction, and after a period of confirmation, it can be reasonably confirmed whether the transaction is valid. The blockchain can effectively prevent problems between both parties. The cost of trying to rewrite or modify transaction records is very high.

Blockchain implements two types of records: transactions and blocks. Transactions are the actual data stored on the blockchain, while blocks are records confirming when and in what order certain transactions became part of the blockchain database. Transactions are created by participants using the system in the normal course (in the case of cryptocurrency, a transaction is created by B sending tokens to A), while blocks are created by what we call miners The unit is responsible for creating.

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(Part of) Blockchain characteristics:

1. Decentralization: using distributed computing and storage, there is no centralized hardware or management organization, and the rights and interests of any node are The obligations are equal, and the data blocks in the system are jointly maintained by nodes with maintenance functions in the entire system.

2. Openness: The system is open. In addition to the private information of the transaction parties being encrypted, the blockchain data is open to everyone, and anyone can query the blockchain through the public interface. Data and development related applications, so the entire system information is highly transparent. (Private items are encrypted and public items are transparent)

3. Autonomy: The blockchain adopts consensus-based specifications and protocols (such as a set of open and transparent algorithms) to enable all nodes in the entire system to Being able to exchange data freely and securely in a trustless environment changes trust in "people" to trust in machines, and any human intervention has no effect.

4. The information cannot be tampered with: Once the information is verified and added to the blockchain, it will be stored permanently. Unless more than 51% of the nodes in the system can be controlled at the same time, otherwise the information on a single node will not be tampered with. Modifications to the database are invalid, so the data stability and reliability of the blockchain are extremely high.

5. Anonymity: Since the exchange between nodes follows a fixed algorithm, the data interaction is trustless (the program rules in the blockchain will judge whether the activity is valid by itself), so the counterparty There is no need to disclose your identity to make the other party trust you, which is very helpful for the accumulation of credit.

In summary, the author agrees that blockchain is a system and an innovative application of algorithm technology. As long as it does not involve ethical issues and moral risks, there is no issue of national supervision and legal regulation. .

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References

1. Zheng Huimin: "Blockchain Law: The nature of virtual currencies and digital tokens in some countries Recognition" Dafenghao self-media.

2. Cao Lei: "Blockchain, Another Possibility of Finance". Chief Financial Officer. Issue 24, 2015.

3. Wang Wenyan: "Secure and Transparent Public Ledger - Blockchain". Shanghai Securities News·China Securities Network. February 26, 2016.

4. Jiang Runxiang; Wei Changjiang: "Discussion on the Application Progress and Value of Blockchain". Financial Vision. Issue Z2, 2016.

5. What exactly is “blockchain”? What does it have to do with ordinary people? .NetEase Technology .August 5, 2016.

6. Liu Jinyu: "The Hong Kong Securities and Futures Commission issued an announcement to remind you of the risks of digital currencySaid it would take enforcement action when necessary" Ifeng.com Finance Golden Finance. February 9, 2018.

7. Su Dedong: On the legal regulations and risks of blockchain. All-China Lawyers Association.