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A. A digital currency listed company with a state-owned background

Omar Electric (002668):
On January 30, 2018, it stated that the company had begun researching digital currencies in early 2016 and blockchain technology, and established an innovation team. In July 2016, the company and Tongji University established a joint financial technology laboratory, with the main research direction being the application of blockchain technology in the financial industry; the company participated in the prototype design of the central bank's digital currency; in 2017, the company established a wholly-owned subsidiary, Digital Qianyuan , layout blockchain technology research and development. In terms of blockchain applications, the company currently has a core technical team of more than 30 people. It has relatively leading technical reserves and a wide range of application scenario advantages, but it has not yet formed related businesses.
Meisheng Culture (002699):
The company participates in Beijing Token Technology, which has the software copyright of the digital currency intelligent quotation platform. The software is referred to as Bipricetong.
Hailian Jinhui (002537):
On September 25, 2019, the company’s interactive platform responded that the company had participated in and completed relevant topics of the digital currency research group of the China Payment and Clearing Association.
Langke Technology (300042):
On September 27, 2019, the company's interactive platform responded that the company currently has two digital currency-related patents, one of which is the design patent "Flash Drive (Cold Wallet)", which has been Authorized; the other is the invention patent "Digital Currency Wallet, Transaction Method, Transaction System and Computer Storage Media", which is currently in the substantive review stage.
Feitian Integrity (300386):
In February 2016, the company stated in an interactive statement that it currently has certain technical reserves and research in blockchain technology. The company will actively participate in digital currency and other blockchain technology industries in the future.
Julong Shares (300202):
On September 19, 2019, the company responded on the interactive platform: The company has always paid close attention to the development of the digital currency business and has done relevant pre-research on the application and promotion of digital currency. Project reserves. The company hopes to leverage its brand advantages, channel advantages, and service advantages in the field of financial institutions to provide good services for the issuance and promotion of my country's digital currency.
Kelan Software (300663):
On November 4, 2019, the company stated on the interactive platform: The company has obtained relevant software copyrights for mobile wallets, and has digital wallet-related R&D and technical reserves to support digital currencies. .
Golden Crown Shares (300510):
On September 22, 2019, Golden Crown Shares announced that it planned to acquire the equity of the parent company of a company engaged in digital currency and blockchain. If this is successful, it will open up blockchain, Digital currency, big data and AI provide assistance in the global market of new energy orderly charging networks and ubiquitous power Internet of Things.
Zhongying Internet (002464):
On September 16, 2019, the company’s interactive platform responded that the company’s subsidiary’s digital currency exchange platform has the ability to be implemented at any time, and is currently applying forIn the process of seeking government permission.

B. What are digital RMB concept stocks

"Digital currency concept stocks" refer to the stocks of listed companies related to digital currencies and are a type of digital stock. The wave of digital currency is rolling in, bringing some opportunities to the secondary market. Let’s sort out the concept stocks of the digital RMB industry chain, including Yuyin Shares, Radio and Television Express, Chuangshi Technology, Qitian Technology, Kelan Software, Tianyang Science and Technology, Beijing North, ST Julong, Huafeng Microfiber.
Extended information:
1. Hailian Jinhui: Earnings per share in 2020 are 0.1700 yuan, and net profit is 213 million yuan. Focus on developing third-party payment and digital technology businesses and increase investment in corresponding businesses during the reporting period. The company's wholly-owned subsidiary UMC is an Internet high-tech enterprise specializing in providing financial technology services for financial institutions and industrial upgrading. It is actively developing financial technology capabilities such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, cloud services, big data and 5G messaging, focusing on Create business sectors such as third-party payment, digital technology, financial information services, Internet marketing and cross-border financial services.
2. Zhidu Shares: Earnings per share in 2020 -2.3059 yuan, net profit -2.923 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of -571.73%. A joint venture was established to lay out the blockchain, and the company invested in Bitmain in 2018. In 2019, Mr. Wu Jihan, co-founder of Bitmain, founded Matrixport, and the company also obtained the subscription rights for Matrixport.
3. Yuntu Holdings: Earnings per share in 2020 were 0.4900 yuan, and net profit was 499 million yuan, a year-on-year increase of 133.79%.
4. Mosaic Culture: Earnings per share in 2020 -1.0300 yuan, net profit -938 million yuan, a year-on-year increase of -2596.35%. Mosaic Culture holds Beijing Wei Media Interactive, which directly invests in Token Technology, and there are more than a dozen companies directly and indirectly involved in the blockchain.
5. Gao Weida: Earnings per share in 2020 -1.5000 yuan, net profit -671 million yuan. The company has been deeply engaged in the field of IT construction services for large state-owned banks for more than 20 years, and has built strong technical and customer resource barriers. Coinciding with the new cycle of IT construction for large banks, the company's performance inflection point has been established, and it will benefit from the increase in CCB Financial's industry share. Digital currency is expected to bring new increments to the industry
6.*ST Zhongying: Earnings per share in 2020 -0.6100 yuan, net profit -318 million yuan. The company was formerly known as Jinli Technology, and its main business is authorization/registration code business and game virtual item business.
7. Feitian Integrity: Earnings per share in 2020 were 0.1500 yuan, and net profit was 62.7 million yuan, a year-on-year increase of -30.51%. The highlight of the company is that it is a service provider of overall solutions for smart card operating systems and digital security systems. Main business.
8. Zhewen Internet: Earnings per share in 2020 are 0.0700 yuan, and net profit is 94.36 million yuan.

C. What does blockchain mean?

Blockchain is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm. The so-called consensus mechanism is a mathematical algorithm that establishes trust and obtains rights and interests between different nodes in the blockchain system.

1. In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chain data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is cryptographically guaranteed to be non-tamperable. and an unforgeable distributed ledger.

2. Broadly speaking, blockchain technology uses block chain data structures to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, and uses cryptography to ensure data transmission. and access security, a new distributed infrastructure and computing method that uses smart contracts composed of automated script codes to program and operate data.

(3) Does Mosaic Culture count as a blockchain? Further reading:

1. In 2008, Satoshi Nakamoto first proposed the blockchain The concept of the chain, in subsequent years, became a core component of the electronic currency Bitcoin: as a public ledger of all transactions.

2. By 2014, "Blockchain 2.0" became a term about a decentralized blockchain database. For this second-generation programmable blockchain, economists believe that its achievement is that “it is a programming language that allows users to write more sophisticated and intelligent protocols. Therefore, when profits reach a certain level, You can earn income from completed shipping orders or dividends from shared certificates."

3. In 2016, the Central Securities Exchange of the Russian Federation (NSD) announced a pilot project based on blockchain technology. Many institutions with regulatory powers in the music industry are beginning to use blockchain technology to establish test models for collecting royalties and managing copyrights worldwide.

4. The timestamp service and existence proof of the blockchain, the time when the first blockchain was generated and the events that were happening at that time are permanently retained.

5. The Bitcoin company BTCC launched a service "Millennium Chain" in 2015, which is the blockchain engraving service, which uses the above principles. Users can engrave text on the blockchain through this service and save it permanently.

D. Which is the leading digital currency stock?

Leading digital currency stocks
The leading digital currency stocks are: 1. Hengbao Shares: The stock code is 002104. 2 , Radio and Television Express: the stock code is 002152. 3. Xinkaipu: the stock code is 300248. 4. Xinguodu: the stock code is 300130.
5. Radio and Television Express: The stock code is 002152.
1. Hengbao Co., Ltd. (002104): The company’s mobile payment card has entered the mobile payment market of the three major telecom operators, with two frequency bands: 2.4G and 13.56M Both include, the issuance of digital currency directly benefits the company.
2, Radio and Television Express (002152): On March 23, 2016, the company stated in an interactive statement that the company has been paying attention to the development trend of digital currency for a long time. Focusing on the industry development needs of digital currency, the company has established a dedicated team to carry out related work, including blockchain. Research on technology.
3. Xinkaipu (300248): The main business of the stock company is to provide customers with overall solutions and personalization of smart card systems that integrate multiple functions such as identity recognition, micro-payment, resource management and control, and information integration. Customized services and the issuance of digital currency directly benefit the company.
4. Xinguodu (300130): In August 2011, the shareholders' meeting agreed that the company and Junbao Investment would jointly invest 218.08 million yuan in the construction of the "Electronic Payment Technology Suzhou R&D Base Project" in Suzhou.
Expand information
Generally, the industry will only emerge after full competition. At the beginning, it was a mixed bag.
The central bank will officially launch digital currency in the next few months. Initially, it will be issued to the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (601398,) , China Construction Bank, Bank of China (601988), Agricultural Bank of China, Alibaba, Tencent and UnionPay.
In view of the large size of these companies and little hype value, the real leaders of digital currency will be born among the following three companies
1. Feitian Integrity (300386): developed a "digital wallet" that can be used to save digital currency.
The company stated that it will actively cooperate with relevant institutions to participate in digital currency and other blockchain technology businesses;
2. Sifang Jingchuang (300468): In recent years, it has continued to deploy related technologies in the field of virtual banking and digital currency. Research and development;
3. Gao Weida (300465): A partner of Ant Financial, the second largest shareholder is UnionPay Technology. The company has been paying attention to business opportunities in digital currency and blockchain.
At present, there are no real leaders, and some are just hype, and they are unreliable hype. If you want to hype the concept, then Hang Seng Electronics, Zhongke Jincaike Lan Software Digital Technology Xinchen Technology Huijin Technology Hengyin Financial Yingshisheng, etc. can be speculated
The leading stocks of digital currencies include Digital Certification, Julong Shares, Radio and Television Express, Covid, Felixin, Mosaic Culture, Sifang Jingchuang, Kelan Software, Yuyin Shares, Radio and Television Express, etc. .
1. Digital authentication: The company is a cooperative unit of the State Cryptozoology Bureau and conducts research on some cryptographic technologies related to digital currency.
2. Yuyin Shares: Total market value: 7.886 billion.
In terms of digital currency, the company pays attention to the progress of the central bank's digital currency and has established a digital currency research center to conduct application research on digital currency transaction processing on intelligent devices, combining its own expertise in encryption and decryption, biometric identification, and secure data transmission. Taking advantage of the advantages, carry out research and development of digital currency software wallets and hardware wallets.
3. Radio and Television Express: Total market value: 34.271 billion.
The company is actively promoting research and development related to digital currency, including the use of digital currency in self-service equipment.Scenarios include the issuance and exchange of digital currency on devices, digital currency wallets, and the application of digital currency in gates and self-service vending machines.
4. Gao Weida: The company is one of China's leading financial information software products and comprehensive service providers, and has digital currency technology reserves.

E. What are the digital RMB stocks?

Digital RMB concept stocks:
1. Hailian Jinhui
Earnings per share in 2020 were 0.1700 yuan and net profit was 213 million Yuan. Focus on developing third-party payment and digital technology businesses and increase investment in corresponding businesses during the reporting period. The company's wholly-owned subsidiary UMC is an Internet high-tech enterprise specializing in providing financial technology services for financial institutions and industrial upgrading. It is actively developing financial technology capabilities such as artificial intelligence, blockchain, cloud services, big data and 5G messaging, focusing on Create business sectors such as third-party payment, digital technology, financial information services, Internet marketing and cross-border financial services.
2. Zhidu Shares
Earnings per share in 2020 were -2.3059 yuan, and net profit was -2.923 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of -571.73%. A joint venture was established to lay out the blockchain, and the company invested in Bitmain in 2018. In 2019, Mr. Wu Jihan, co-founder of Bitmain, founded Matrixport, and the company also obtained the subscription rights for Matrixport.
3. Yuntu Holdings
Earnings per share in 2020 were 0.4900 yuan, and net profit was 499 million yuan, an increase of 133.79% year-on-year.
4. Mosaic Culture
Earnings per share in 2020 were -1.0300 yuan, and net profit was -938 million yuan, a year-on-year increase of -2596.35%. Mosaic Culture holds Beijing Wei Media Interactive, which directly invests in Token Technology, and there are more than a dozen companies directly and indirectly involved in the blockchain.
5. Gao Weida
Earnings per share in 2020 -1.5000 yuan, net profit -671 million yuan. The company has been deeply engaged in the field of IT construction services for large state-owned banks for more than 20 years, and has built strong technical and customer resource barriers. Currently, it coincides with a new cycle of IT construction for large banks. The company's performance inflection point has been established, and it will benefit from the increase in CCB Financial's industry share. . Digital currency is expected to bring new growth to the industry. .
6. *ST Zhongying
Earnings per share in 2020 are -0.6100 yuan, and net profit is -318 million yuan. The company was formerly known as Jinli Technology, and its current main business is authorization/registration code business and game virtual item business.
7. Feitian Integrity
Earnings per share in 2020 were 0.1500 yuan, and net profit was 62.7 million yuan, a year-on-year increase of -30.51%. The highlight of the company is that it is a service provider of overall solutions for smart card operating systems and digital security systems. Main business.
8. Zhewen Internet
Earnings per share in 2020 were 0.0700 yuan, and net profit was 94.36 million yuan. The relevant data in this article are for reference only and do not constitute investment advice. Please operate at your own risk. The stock market is risky and investment needs tocautious.

F. What are the leading digital currency stocks?

As of August 26, 2020, the leading digital currency stocks include: China Engineering Construction, Netac Technology, Zhongying Internet, Golden Crown, Julong Shares, Zhidu Shares, Keda Shares, Hanwei Technology, Omar Electric, Mosaic Culture, Feitian Integrity, Hailian Jinhui, Hengbao Shares, Yuyin Shares, Huali Chuangtong, Yinjiang Shares, Information Development , Kunlun Wanwei, Liao Interactive, Jingu Group, National Technology, Guangdong Junya, Yuangguang Software, Zhejiang Digital Culture, Sifang Jingchuang, Digital Certification, Handing Yuyou, Radio and Television Express, Huijin Group, Hanye Group, Gao Weida , Felixin.
Description of some leading stocks:
1. Julong Co., Ltd. (300202) hopes to use its brand advantages, channel advantages, and service advantages in the field of financial institutions to provide good services for the issuance and promotion of my country’s digital currency.
2. Radio and Television Express (002152) has a module that supports digital currency and bank account currency swaps on ATMs. Radio and Television Express has upgraded modules for 300,000 bank smart devices and 1 million existing terminals. Digital currency hardware wallets are also Under development.
3. Hailian Jinhui (002537) has participated in and completed relevant topics of the Digital Currency Research Group of the China Payment and Clearing Association.
4. Huijin Co., Ltd. (300368) The company’s R&D investment includes the research and development of a blockchain-based currency transfer system, and its impact on the company’s future: The development of this project will not only greatly increase the market adaptability of Huijin’s products and competitiveness, and also provide technical reserves for the issuance and trading of digital currencies in the future.
5. Netac Technology (300042) currently has two digital currency-related patents. One is the design patent "Flash Drive (Cold Wallet)", which has been authorized; the other is the invention patent "Digital Currency" Wallet, transaction method, transaction system and computer storage medium”, the patent is currently in the substantive examination stage.
6. Huali Chuangtong (300045) At present, the East Lake Technology and Finance Research Institute has just been established. The East Lake Technology and Finance Research Institute will prepare to carry out research in digital currency related fields.
7. Digital Authentication (300579) The company conducts research on some cryptographic technologies related to digital currency.
8. National Technology (300077) RCC technology can support the application of digital currency in a specific environment.
9. Sifang Jingchuang (300468) The company already has all-round R&D and delivery capabilities from the underlying platform of the blockchain to application solutions. It has the ability to integrate innovative applications of blockchain + token economy, and has made great achievements in digital currency. It has accumulated rich R&D and operation experience in the field of encrypted digital assets such as , application tokens and so on.
10. Gao Weida (300465) stated that the company has digital currency technology reserves.
11. Feitian Chengxin (300386) has currently launched a digital currency hardware wallet. This product is only a secure storage device for digital currencies, but its sales revenue is very small.
12. Hengbao Shares (002104) Wholly owned subsidiary Jiangsu Hengbao Intelligent System Technology Co., Ltd. has an invention patent: a password reset method and system for digital currency wallets

G. What is the model of blockchain

Blockchain is a new application model of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other computer technologies. Blockchain (Blockchain) is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database. As the underlying technology of Bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. , each data block contains a batch of Bitcoin network transaction information, which is used to verify the validity of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block.

The biggest problem if such technology is to be put into application is the "impossible triangle problem"

That is, it cannot achieve scalability (Scalability) and decentralization () at the same time. , Security (Security), you can only get two of the three.

Most of the public chain projects currently on the market are difficult to put into use on a large scale.

If there is a public chain project that can solve this problem, it will be a revolution in the blockchain.

Backed by the world’s first and largest encrypted digital currency payment platform and wallet solution with a user base of more than 3 million, Velas (Virtual Expanding Learning, virtual expansion autonomous learning system) is a Artificial intelligence (AI)-optimized neural networks enhance its consensus algorithm, self-learning and self-optimizing public chains, and are committed to improving the security, interoperability, and high scalability of the transfer process and smart contracts. Velas uses AI-enhanced DPoS consensus to achieve complete decentralization without reducing security and transaction speed.

Velas has recently launched the Velas desktop wallet and web wallet

Velas web wallet

Velas web wallet allows users to process transactions within their web browser Cryptocurrency, purchase Velas token VLX, and support easy viewing of detailed history of all wallet transactions. Login credentials have an additional layer of security with two-factor authentication feature.

In addition to the basic functions of creating and restoring wallets based on mnemonic strings, all data stored in the Velas web wallet is encrypted using the RSA-256-CBC algorithm to ensure that user data is not compromised by the system owner. or stolen or misappropriated by external attackers.

A prominent feature of the web version of the wallet is that it supports exchanging VLX tokens for other cryptocurrencies within the wallet, and the wallet will continuously refresh the current VLX exchange rates for all fiat currencies for users’ reference.

Velas Desktop Wallet

Velas Desktop Wallet is a highly secure wallet program for Wi-Findows, macOS, Linux operating systems. The desktop wallet also uses the same mnemonic features and RSA-256-CBC encryption algorithm as the web wallet.

Unlike the web version, which is an online wallet, the Velas desktop wallet allows users to store their wallets directly on their computers, avoiding potential risks of online attacks, including phishing, IP fraud and XSS. It is worth mentioning that both the desktop and web wallets provide users with an automatic lock option for security issues. If not used for a long time, they will need to enter a password when logging in again before they can access again.

H. Has blockchain changed 10 cases of existing business

This article introduces the current 10 main usage scenarios of blockchain:

(1) Tracking the world Products in the supply chain;

is a typical usage scenario of blockchain technology in security traceability. It can promote information tracking, query, verification and anti-counterfeiting of commodity circulation, and can significantly improve the efficiency of some links. However, the role of the blockchain can only be reflected in the chain, but it cannot cover the parts operated by people below the chain.

(2) Guarantee 3D printing quality and tracking;

(3) Create personalized and lifelong “one-stop” medical records;

Blockchain healthcare can track anyone’s complete medical history, such as medications , illnesses, injuries, and transactions across health systems, physicians, pharmacies, and health plans, and empowering patients to control their own data. Blockchain can also transfer insurance payments: smart contracts can automatically trigger insurance provisions when a clinic confirms a patient has received treatment, and prevent fraudulent or inaccurate claims. Some startups, such as the UK's Medicalchain, blockchain company Gem, MIT and other companies and universities are experimenting with this use.

(4) Simplify trade logistics;

Traditional trade involves complex import and export procedures, and all participants in the entire chain require a large number of paper documents to interact, resulting in high communication costs. Blockchain can optimize this system. Maersk and IBM have created a platform that integrates services such as liner, warehouse, freight forwarding, ports, customs, exporters, importers and trade finance banks into the trade ecosystem, on a data exchange platform running on the blockchain interoperate.

(5) Facilitate and secure customs trade;

Blockchain has been tested in many customs departments, including the United Kingdom, South Korea, Singapore, Costa Rica, Mexico, Peru and the 15-nation East African Group. In 2017, U.S. Customs developed 14 use cases for blockchain, which are currently being tested and evaluated. Blockchain will be particularly useful for the UK: when the UK leaves the EU customs union, its number of customs declarations will increase from 55 million to over 250 million (non-EU trade plus EU trade, which previously did not require customs documents), which is currently the case with UK software The program cannot fully handle it. Blockchain can help: It can trace the origins of products and help determine the origin and appropriate tariffs for goods, such as those destined to join the European Union’s tariff package. For British28 border agencies need to analyze imported products such as food, safety and intellectual property compliance, and share blockchain projects in real-time securely and transparently.

(6) Prevent voting fraud and protect voter identities;

Blockchain security and identity protection features can reduce fraud and encourage voters to believe their votes are anonymous,

increase turnout and make elections more immediate . Using the technology, voters can scan their thumbs with their smartphones and cast their ballots during their Election Day commute. If everyone votes via the blockchain, no one can vote twice. Voting records are inviolable, and the ID of each ballot is recorded instantly at every polling location.

(7) Launch crop insurance for farmers;

Crop insurance customized to specific farmer needs is often very expensive, and blockchain technology can reduce costs by determining trigger conditions and automating execution. For example, farmers can insure against extreme weather. If extreme weather affects a harvest, a blockchain-based insurance contract would immediately recognize this and pay the farmer’s claim.

Establishing a network of energy producers and users;

Decades ago, some companies introduced smart grids to provide intermediary services for energy producers and demanders. Now, blockchain can optimize smart grids and provide energy producers and consumers with a regional intermediary energy trading platform. TenneT and Brooklyn-based startup LO3 Energy are both trying this business.

(9) Create smart cities that can operate independently;

Blockchain can now amplify the impact of Douyou IoT on city operations. For example, Dubai has a pilot project to implement blockchain in city services. Dubai plans to use blockchain for more than 100 million annual government documents by 2020, including all visa applications, bill payments and license renewals.

(10) Automatic payment to the exporter when the goods arrive at the foreign buyer;

Blockchain changes the information asymmetry in existing international trade by allowing both parties to the transaction to access the same data and real-time digital files question. There is no need to store multiple copies of the same document across different databases for different entities. When goods arrive marked by sensors connected to the smart contract, a transfer of money from the buyer to the seller is automatically triggered.

2. Ten major problems currently faced by the blockchain industry and their analysis

2.1. Is the data on the blockchain really immutable?

Can one of the core features of blockchain, "anti-tampering", really be realized? And is "tamper-proof" really beneficial?

The report pointed out that the blockchain is not completely immutable, and gave three weaknesses of the blockchain:

(2) It may be hacked, and 51% of the chain is controlled by people who want to tamper with the results.

(3) The "garbage of garbage" problem has existed for centuries. The value of a blockchain depends on the data on the chain, and data entered into the blockchain may be inaccurate or fraudulent. One solution is to use sensors instead of manually entering data.

The so-called "51% attack" is to take advantage of computing power to cancel payment transactions that have already occurred. If someone has more than 50%With the computing power, he can find the random numbers needed to mine the block faster than others, so he actually has the absolute and effective right to decide which block. From a technical level, a 51% attack is achievable, but the cost is very high for the earliest cryptocurrencies such as BTC. They have built a huge network, which is why BTC’s network has remained stable for 10 years. reason. But with other counterfeit currencies, the risk is greater.

In addition, there is no direct benefit for the attacker to simply launch a 51% attack, and it must be linked to specific short selling and false recharge. Specifically, it is often a double spend on a certain transaction. The attacker stops attacking once. Continuous attacks are costly and will stop once successful; second, the community can issue an emergency pudding and add checkpoints to the blockchain. The community urgently agreed that the attacker’s blockchain was invalid. Therefore, there are many ways to deal with the 51% attack, and it will not be the end of the world for a blockchain.

2.2. Who owns and maintains the blockchain? And who asked about the appearance?

Responsible for problems and losses?

Since the blockchain is a decentralized user community, who will maintain it? Shouldn’t it require human adjustment and maintenance just like a website?

For permissioned chains, such as alliance chains and private chains, there is no need for incentives such as tokens to motivate people to manage, there is a manager who manages the entire network. Since there are fewer users in the network, coordination costs are relatively low. However, such networks are susceptible to security challenges, and as the number of network users increases, coordination costs will increase.

For consortium chains and private chains, since they are still very centralized organizations, the verification nodes are identified by the organization itself, so the management model is not very different from traditional centralized institutions. However, for public chains, there is no leader who coordinates the entire network system, and only relies on token incentives to coordinate different interest groups, which undoubtedly increases the instability of the entire ecosystem. At present, the development of the blockchain industry is in a very early stage. In addition to the relatively mature decentralized governance of BTC, in the governance of public chains such as ETH and EOS, the founder development team plays a very core role and is the "rules" of the public chain. "Maker", although the entire ecosystem has achieved partial decentralization, the founders still play a pivotal role in the direction of strategic development. Therefore, the author believes that the decentralization of blockchain can only be an ultimate goal that is constantly approaching. From the birth of the project to its maturity, its degree of decentralization should continue to increase, as shown in the figure below. In the early stages of project development, the founder and his development team play an absolute guiding role in the entire ecosystem. As the project ecosystem matures and the number of participants continues to increase, the original development team should gradually weaken its guiding role. The entire network maintenance needs to be decided jointly by all developers and users in the ecosystem. As for the final network problems, they can only be borne by all participants.

Figure: Schematic diagram of the relationship between the degree of centralization and development stages of blockchain projects

2.3. Are smart contracts really smart?

Smart contracts are not that smart yetThe second reason is that their entries can be manipulated by evil actors, such as parties or miners who add transaction records to the blockchain’s ledger of past transactions. One study showed that 3.4% of ETH smart contracts are vulnerable to hackers.

Smart contracts can indeed optimize many intermediate programs, but judging from current industry practice, they are far from being called smart. A qualified smart contract should include all possible scenarios. Because the core essence of smart contracts is "to make the most just ruling even in the darkest environment."

The difference between Ethereum and Bitcoin is that Ethereum is Turing complete, and more types of contracts with more complex terms can be implemented through this platform. Of course, the cost of this is that the complex contract content makes it becomes more difficult to analyze. Typically, complexity is directly proportional to the probability of a vulnerability; the higher the complexity, the greater the probability of a vulnerability.

As for the concept "code is law" proposed by Ethereum, however, the code has attracted hacker attacks due to its own vulnerabilities, so it is not enough to form the authority of "law". Therefore, it needs the trust and endorsement of the government, lawyers, courts and other intermediary institutions. Compared with coordination, the current contract seems too rough.

2.4. Is there identity theft on the blockchain?

3% of social media accounts are fake, so can fake accounts be created on the blockchain? Can identities on the blockchain be stolen?

Blockchain can create a personal database for users whose data cannot be tampered with, but how to meet the user's "tampering" needs? This may be a paradox in the development of blockchain technology. Regarding user needs, we may need to start from the perspective of on-chain standards and authority management.

2.5. Can blockchains be connected to each other?

One blockchain records the data of an entity or user in one way, while another blockchain records the same data of the same entity or user in another way. In a fragmented system, multiple account books are not connected to each other, which will form a world of "operational islands", or "data islands". Users need to register for multiple systems at the same time to conduct transactions with different people for different purposes.

In view of the value transfer needs of different chains, cross-chain technology is the key, which can effectively connect different alliance chains or private chains, and promote the outward expansion and connection of blockchains. The current mainstream cross-chain technologies include Notary schemes, Sidechains/relays, Hash-locking, Distributed private key control, etc.

2.6． How does the blockchain connect to off-chain databases?

If one party's data and documents are off-chain, and the other party's data and documents are on-chain, can the two parties interact? In the company's database, can half of the company's data on the blockchain interact with the other half of the data?

These challenges are well known and are being addressed. For example, the same queries and analysis can be run in on-chain and off-chain databases. The risk is that data brought from on-chain to off-chain is no longer immutable, and researchers recognize that data security and aggregating, transforming and optimizing on-chain and off-chain data sets are significant challenges.

2.7． Can blockchain facilitate money laundering?

Money laundering is a huge global problem, amounting to 1-2 trillion US dollars, accounting for approximately 2% - 5% of the total global GDP. Banks and authorities are fighting back, spending about $8 billion a year to combat corruption. Banks around the world require KYC verification.

Due to the anonymous nature of the blockchain, especially the emergence of anonymous coins, BTC has been criticized by many people as a tool for money laundering. However, the anonymity of BTC is only anonymity on the chain. The interaction between people and the chain, and the interaction between BTC and legal currency will leave traces, and it is not as "lawless" as many media have promoted. Each BTC transaction requires the transfer of a corresponding address, and the transaction records of the address can be queried. In addition, the exchange of BTC and legal currency is conducted off-chain and cannot escape supervision. If the actual identity of any party in the transaction is exposed, then all parties involved in the transaction will have difficulty escaping recourse.

2.8. Will the blockchain consume all the energy in the world?

BTC has an amazing energy demand. Operating Bitcoin for one year requires the energy consumption of Ireland for one year. Because BTC’s POW consensus mechanism requires miners to mine for transaction verification. There are concerns that as the network increases and the value of BTC rises, energy demand will grow rapidly. In fact, miners themselves have incentives to prevent this from happening, and the scalability of the blockchain is limited by availability, energy costs, and the miners' own financial resources. The current alternative is the POS consensus mechanism. The POS mechanism selects validators based on the number of currency holders.

In fact, it can be seen that except for the early batch of cryptocurrencies headed by BTC, the vast majority of current blockchain projects have taken into account the disadvantages of POW and are constantly innovating consensus mechanisms to avoid excessive consumption of energy. Therefore, blockchain is not enough to cause such a huge consumption of energy.

2.9. Will blockchain take our jobs?

Regarding blockchain, if people can trade directly with each other, what impact will blockchain have on intermediaries such as banks and lawyers? Blockchain is unlikely to be a job killer; it will, like any technology, change the nature of work by changing companies’ business and revenue models.

When artificial intelligence becomes popular, people will continue to ask questions like this. On the one hand, we enjoy the convenience that technology brings to us, but on the other hand, we are worried that technology will replace us. The biggest challenge of blockchain is not the technology itself, but changing the traditional profit distribution model. Blockchain technology can remove certain intermediary links, break the monopoly of many resources by centralized institutions, and thus change the interest pattern. This is also the most revolutionary point of blockchain.

2.10. Is the United States lagging behind in the development of the blockchain industry?

From a global perspective, the U.S. blockchain industry is still at aIn its infancy, Deloitte surveyed 1,053 executives in financial services, healthcare, technology industries, telecommunications, manufacturing and other industries in 2018. Only 14% of U.S. respondents believed that blockchain applications Of their production, this compares with 49% in China, 48% in Mexico, 40% in the UK and 36% in Canada. Plans are also lagging: 41% of U.S. companies plan to invest $1 million or more in blockchain, compared with 85% in China, 74% in Canada, 72% in the United Kingdom, and 65% in Mexico.

According to the "Blockchain China-U.S. Development White Paper" released by Silicon Valley Insight, North America is comparable to Asia in terms of the number of ICOs. In terms of financing amount, North America is far ahead with 7.85 billion. Therefore, the United States, as a major country in North America, is not lagging behind at all. On the contrary, it is still leading in many aspects.

《Harnessing Blockchain for American Business and Prosperity》

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Introduction to Tianjige: Tianjige (LD Research) was established on July 2, 2018. It is a company dedicated to exploring the unknown of science and technology, taking human development as the driving force, and taking "BASE Research for Solving Real" Problems" as the purpose of the research institute.

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Related questions and answers: What are the uses of blockchain technology in the business field?

What are the uses of blockchain technology in the business field?

In recent years, due to the virtual digital With currency speculation booming, blockchain, as its underlying technology, has also begun to receive widespread attention. Blockchain has the characteristics of decentralization, trustlessness, collective maintenance, and reliable storage. It is currently widely used in the field of virtual currency.

Since the birth of Bitcoin, more than 1,600 virtual currencies have appeared in the world, and a huge industrial chain ecosystem has been formed around the generation, storage, and trading of virtual currencies. But overall, the industry is still in its infancy and is still far away from the real value use area. The core of the blockchain economy lies in the reconstruction of business logic and organizational forms, so it is necessary to obtain practical examples in multiple industries to demonstrate its value. This article will explore the business models used by blockchain in various industries from the perspective of combining blockchain with industry needs.

First of all, the core of blockchain is to solve the problem of credit:

Credit is the foundation of all commercial activities and finance. The United States has implemented trusted identification since 2011, while China has implemented a real-name system to achieve supervised information dissemination. The significance of blockchain is that for the first time, it has established aCentralized trust realizes a completely distributed credit system.

Secondly, blockchain solves the problem of value exchange:

Traditional networks can achieve point-to-point transmission of information, but cannot achieve point-to-point transmission of value. Because information is allowed to be copied, and value must be authentic and unique, it is necessary to rely on a centralized organization to achieve value transfer. Blockchain perfectly solves this problem and provides a method to realize point-to-point transfer of value. During the value transfer process, accounting is realized by the network without relying on a centralized institution. Therefore, blockchain is expected to become the infrastructure for building new finance and the cornerstone of the future value Internet.

The use of blockchain

There are currently two main modes of blockchain use:

1) Native blockchain use: directly based on decentralized blockchain technology to realize value Transmission and transaction use, such as digital currency;

2) "Blockchain +" model: combine traditional scenarios with the underlying protocol of the blockchain to improve efficiency and reduce costs. It is expected that the use of blockchain in various industries will be dominated by the second model.

Blockchain has five core attributes, namely: transaction attributes (value attributes), certificate attributes, trust attributes, intelligence attributes, and traceability attributes. The above core attributes are combined with the needs of the industry to solve the industry's pain points and become the business model used by blockchain in various industries.

Blockchain + Bank

1. Cross-border payment

Cross-border payment is a pain point that has long plagued the banking industry. Traditional cross-border payment methods include two major categories: one is online payment, including electronic account payment and international credit card payment, which is suitable for retail small amounts; the other is the bank remittance model, which is suitable for large-amount transactions; both have payment cycles Long, high fees, low transaction transparency and other issues. Especially with the rise of cross-border e-commerce in recent years, convenient, fast, safe and low-cost cross-border payment has become an urgent need for the industry.

The role of blockchain:

The characteristics of blockchain are deintermediation and open and transparent transactions. There is no third-party payment institution to join, which shortens the payment cycle, reduces fees, and increases transaction transparency. For example, in December 2017, China Merchants Bank teamed up with Wing Lung Bank and Wing Lung Shenzhen Branch to successfully implement cross-border RMB remittances between the three parties using blockchain technology. Its clearing process is safe, efficient and fast, greatly improving customer experience.

2. Supply chain finance

The pain points in this field are the long financing cycle and high costs. Centered on the core enterprise system of the supply chain, it is difficult for third-party credit enhancement institutions to authenticate the authenticity of various relevant vouchers in the supply chain, resulting in long manual review times and high financing costs.

The role of blockchain:

Blockchain introduces consensus mechanism, existence proof, non-tampering, traceability and other characteristics into supply chain finance, and does not require third-party credit enhancement agencies to authenticate various relevant credentials in the supply chain. authenticity, thereby reducing financing costs and shortening the financing cycle. For example, in April 2017, listed company Yijian and IBM China Research jointly released a blockchain supply chain financial service system"Yijian Block", this system mainly promotes pharmaceutical scenarios. Currently, more than 30 pharmaceutical circulation companies have successfully registered in the "Yijian Block". As of the end of July, the number of transactions has reached nearly 8,000, and the total investment amount has exceeded 100 million yuan.

3. Digital Bills

The pain point of the digital bill industry lies in the long-term problems of "false bills" and "one vote selling many", which have brought risks to the bill financing business of the banking industry.

The role of blockchain:

The existence proof and non-tampering characteristics of blockchain effectively solve the problem of false digital bills; at the same time, blockchain solves the double-spend problem and avoids "one vote". Sell ​​more". For example, Shenzhen Blockchain Financial Services Co., Ltd. issues bill chain products to provide bill financing services based on blockchain to solve the bill financing needs of small, medium and micro enterprises. Cooperative banks include Ganzhou Bank, Guiyang Bank, Suzhou Bank, Shizuishan Bank, Langfang Bank, Wuhai Bank, Jilin Jiutai Rural Commercial Bank, Yaodu Rural Commercial Bank, Shenzhen Rural Industry Bank, Weifang Bank, Zhongyuan Bank, etc. In addition, Zheshang Bank, JD Finance, Hang Seng Electronics, HNA, etc. are also verifying blockchain digital bill services.

Blockchain + Securities

1. Asset Securitization

Asset securitization uses future income as a guarantee to obtain current financing. The pain points in this field are: there are many participating entities, many operating links, low transaction transparency, information asymmetry, and the authenticity of the underlying assets cannot be guaranteed.

The role of blockchain:

Blockchain introduces attributes such as existence proof, non-tamperability, and consensus mechanism for asset securitization. It can monitor the true situation of assets in real time and solve the problem of the underlying issues of institutions in the transaction chain. Asset trust issues. Various assets such as equity, bonds, bills, income certificates, warehouse receipts, etc. can be integrated into the blockchain and become digital assets on the chain, improving asset circulation efficiency and reducing costs. For example, in May 2017, Internet Finance and partners including Baiqian Leasing and Huaneng Trust jointly issued an asset securitization ABS project supported by blockchain technology, with an issuance scale of 424 million yuan.

Blockchain + Insurance

1. Insurance Business

The insurance industry has problems such as information asymmetry and lack of trust between customers and insurance institutions: it is difficult for users to choose insurance products that suit them, while insurance institutions Face the risk of insurance fraud.

The role of blockchain:

The decentralized, open, transparent, and traceable characteristics of blockchain establish a good communication channel between insurance institutions and users; insurance subject information is managed uniformly on the blockchain , cannot be tampered with, helping insurance institutions avoid the risk of insurance fraud; at the same time, smart contracts can improve work efficiency and reduce costs. For example, French insurance giant AXA is using the Ethereum public blockchain to provide automated flight delay compensation for air travelers. If the flight is delayed for more than 2 hours, the "smart contract" insurance product will automatically pay claims to passengers.

2. Credit information management

The pain point in this field is that credit information agencies have limited data collection channels and lack of data sharing, making it difficult to accurately characterize the credit of individuals or institutions.usage; in addition, there is also the issue of how to protect user privacy during the data collection process.

The role of blockchain:

Blockchain has the characteristics of trustlessness, consensus, and non-tampering. At the technical level, it ensures that limited and controllable credit data sharing can be achieved on the basis of effectively protecting user privacy. And verification. For example, Ping An's blockchain credit reporting business is now online. In addition, domestic startups such as Shanghai Juzhen, LinkEye, Bubi Blockchain, etc. are also exploring joint credit reporting and safe certificate storage.

As a basic technology, blockchain has great use value in many industries with distributed processing, peer-to-peer transactions, and rapid establishment of trust relationships. Its core is to solve the problem of credit and realize Point-to-point delivery of value. Therefore, it is considered to be the cornerstone of the future value Internet.

The core of the blockchain business model is to use the innovative attributes introduced by the blockchain and combine it with traditional industry uses to realize the reconstruction of business logic in order to create new usage scenarios, or improve efficiency and reduce costs.

It is expected that the use of blockchain will first start in the pan-financial field that has high requirements for credit, efficiency, and security: the financial industry pays more attention to efficiency and security, and blockchain has a high degree of matching with its pain points, and can be used for Systematically solve trust issues, efficiency issues, default risks, etc. that exist in all aspects of financial services; blockchain’s attributes such as “transaction, certificate storage, and traceability” are more likely to generate value in the financial industry. At the same time, the market space in the financial industry is huge, and small progress can bring huge benefits.

Blockchain will also extend to all areas of social life: Blockchain solves problems such as the management, transaction, and transfer of digital assets, and therefore will play an important role in the wave of asset digitization, such as supply chain management, data Applications such as services, asset management, public services, and the Internet of Things are gradually being implemented in various fields, and "blockchain+" is becoming a reality.