2021年深圳区块链大会,2020深圳区块链技术应用峰会

1. The time for blockchain to be incorporated into new infrastructure is

On April 20, 2020, the National Development and Reform Commission held an online press conference as usual, and the National Development and Reform Commission Innovation Wu Hao, Director of the Department of High-tech Development, responded to our extensive discussions on new infrastructure and determined that “blockchain” should be included in the information infrastructure of new infrastructure. As early as December 19-21, 2018, the Central Economic Work Conference made a new definition of infrastructure construction, defining 5G, artificial intelligence, industrial Internet, and the Internet of Things as "new infrastructure construction. In 2020 On April 20, the National Development and Reform Commission included blockchain in the infrastructure of new infrastructure. Wu Hao once said that the current new infrastructure mainly includes three aspects: information infrastructure, convergence infrastructure and innovation infrastructure, among which information Infrastructure mainly refers to infrastructure based on the evolution of new generation information technology, such as communication network infrastructure represented by 5G, Internet of Things, Industrial Internet, and Satellite Internet, and artificial intelligence, cloud computing, blockchain, etc. New technology infrastructure, computing power infrastructure represented by data centers and intelligent computing centers, etc.

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3. The battle for control of Bitmain: The break between the market faction and the technology faction

Although Bitmain is known as the number one in comprehensive strength in the mining industry, the internal battle for control of Bitmain can allow it to maintain itsIts market position is difficult to predict. The power struggle between the two founders of Bitmain, the world's largest mining machine manufacturer, is in full swing.

On October 29, Bitmain founder Wu Jihan suddenly attacked another founder, Ketuan Zhan, and tried to completely drive Micree Zhan out of Bitmain through a series of measures.

According to industrial and commercial information, on October 28, the legal representative and executive director of Beijing Bitmain Technology Co., Ltd. was changed from Zhan Ketuan to Wu Jihan, and Ge Yuesheng, who has followed Wu Jihan for many years, became the new supervisor.

What is quite dramatic is that at this time, Ketuan Zhan was participating in the 2019 Shenzhen Public Security Expo as the chairman of Bitmain, and released the latest version of the AI ​​server before the opening of the Security Expo, ambitiously entering the video image industry Intelligent analysis field. By the time Ketuan Zhan heard the news that he was about to be dismissed and hurried back to Beijing, it was too late, and his access to the company had been closed.

Faced with Wu Jihan's sudden "forcing the palace", Ketuan Zhan was obviously ill-prepared. For this reason, after ten days of silence, Ketuan Zhan finally issued an open letter in response on November 7. He claimed that he had no knowledge before the incident, but would return to the company as soon as possible through legal channels to end this extraordinary period and restore normal order to the company.

"The direct reason for Wu Jihan's strong return is the chaos in management of Micree Zhan." Liang Qiyuan, a former Bitmain executive who is quite familiar with Jihan Wu and Micree Zhan, told China News Weekly revealed. At the beginning of 2018, Ketuan Zhan hired an HR person with a background in Huawei to completely transform Bitmain’s organizational system. With reference to Huawei’s organizational structure, R&D personnel were responsible for HR, HR was responsible for sales, and sales were responsible for finance.

In September this year, Ketuan Zhan once again began a new round of corporate management structure adjustments. Many old Bitmain employees were unbearable and were forced to resign.

Ketuan Zhan.

While the two founders were busy fighting for control, Canaan, known as the world’s second largest Bitcoin miner, submitted a prospectus to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) on October 28. Plans to raise US$400 million.

In the mining machine market, the sales performance of Shenma Mining Machine this year was better than that of Ant Mining Machine, and the mining pool was surpassed by Poolin and F2Pool.

Although Bitmain is known as the number one in comprehensive strength in the mining industry, it is difficult to predict whether Bitmain’s internal battle for control will allow it to maintain its market position.

The whole story of the “coup”

On October 27, Bitmain Chairman Zhan Ketuan personally led a delegation to Shenzhen to attend the 2019 Shenzhen Security Expo. What Micree Zhan didn’t expect at all was that,A "coup" against him is brewing 2,000 kilometers away.

Wu Jihan chose a very clever time to attack Ketuan Zhan. At noon on October 29, Jihan Wu, in his capacity as founder of Bitmain, chairman of the board of directors of Bitmain Group, legal representative and executive director of Beijing Bitmain Technology Co., Ltd., sent the first all-staff email announcing the termination of Micree Zhan’s role in Bitmain. All positions are effective immediately.

In addition, Jihan Wu also stated in an email to all employees that any Bitmain employee shall no longer carry out the instructions of Ketuan Zhan and shall not participate in meetings convened by Ketuan Zhan. If there is any violation, the company will consider dismissal based on the severity of the case. Labor contract; if damage is caused to the company's economic interests, the company will pursue civil or criminal liability in accordance with the law.

Immediately afterwards, Wu Jihan sent out a second email to all employees to surprise Zhan Ketuan. The content was to remove the current HR head Wang Zhi from his position, re-appoint the former HR head Suo Chao, and announce an employee meeting. General Assembly. According to the aforementioned former Bitmain executive Liang Qiyuan, the dismissed Wang Zhi was recruited from Huawei by Zhan Ketuan, while Suo Chao, who returned to be the head of HR, is a veteran employee who had previously followed Wu Jihan in starting a business.

At the subsequent emergency staff meeting that lasted for more than an hour, Wu Jihan began to do ideological work for all employees. He started with the entrepreneurial story of Bitmain, explained the strategic decisions behind the company's development one by one, and listed the "crazy behavior" of Ketuan Zhan's decision-making, such as tape-out of immature 10nm chips for mass production, resulting in a loss of US$1.5 billion for the company.

"I must come back to save this company." Wu Jihan criticized Zhan Ketuan for his extreme lack of business management capabilities.

A former Bitmain employee speculated that since Bitmain’s equity structure adopts a VIE structure and Beijing Bitmain is wholly-owned by Hong Kong Bitmain, Wu Jihan is likely to rely on the latter’s executive director The legal representative and executive director of Beijing Bitmain were replaced.

In this regard, Micree Zhan expressed "very embarrassing". He said that he had been immersed in technology, products, and business. He did not know that as the founder and largest shareholder of Bitmain, he was on a business trip. And without any knowledge, the identity of the legal representative registered with the government department can be suddenly changed.

In an open letter "Let us work together to survive the extraordinary period of Bitmain", Ketuan Zhan said sadly, "When the great changes came, I realized that what happened in the film and television dramas Countless times, I have been stabbed in the back by my most trusted partner and 'brother' who worked together."

Many people also did not expect that Wu The relationship between Ji Han and Ketuan Zhan will reach this point - one is known as the "Bitcoin evangelist" and the other is known as the "richest man in the blockchain". They used to be entrepreneurs with complementary expertise in the eyes of investors.A model, but now they are trapped in the embarrassing situation of "brothers fighting against each other" and turning against each other.

The battle over routes

In 2005, Wu Jihan graduated from Nankai Middle School, a key high school in Chongqing, and was admitted to the School of Economics at Peking University, where he majored in psychology as a second major. After graduating from college in 2009, Wu Jihan entered an investment bank as a venture capital analyst and soon became an investment manager.

In 2011, Wu Jihan’s fate began to change when he came into contact with Bitcoin. Perhaps based on his curiosity and love for Bitcoin, he spent almost all his pocket money to buy Bitcoins, and other colleagues in the investment bank also asked him to buy Bitcoins on his behalf.

It is worth noting that Ge Yuesheng, who was interning with Wu Jihan in an investment bank at the time, later followed him all the way to Bitmain. Liang Qiyuan, a former executive of Bitmain, revealed that in the early days of Bitmain, Wu Jihan and Zhan Ketuan did not have much capital. The Ge Yuesheng family invested a lot of money, and many members of the family were shareholders. Later, this investment also made Ge Yuesheng the "richest man born in the 1990s".

Also in 2011, Wu Jihan met Liu Zhipeng (Changchai), an engineer from the Guangxi Institute of Land and Resources Planning, and together they pooled money to build a Bitcoin information website, Babbitt. Today, Babbitt is one of the most well-known Bitcoin information websites in China. Wu Jihan's first column in Babbitt was about his experience of using Bitcoin to shop in China. At the end of 2011, Wu Jihan translated Satoshi Nakamoto’s creation paper, making him the earliest evangelist of Bitcoin in China.

In August 2012, Jiang Xinyu, a junior student at the University of Science and Technology of China, known as the "roasted cat" in the Bitcoin world, established a company in Shenzhen, announced plans to manufacture ASIC mining machines, and passed a "virtual IPO" "The project raised money online and issued 160,000 shares at a price of 0.1 Bitcoin per share, and those who purchased tickets could receive dividends.

Seeing this news, Wu Jihan bought 15,000 virtual shares of Roasted Cat Company and became an important early investor in Roasted Cat Mining Machinery. In 2013, the Roast Cat mining machine achieved great success, but faced fierce competition from the domestic Avalon mining machine. At the same time, the foreign Bitfury team successfully developed a fully customized mining chip with extremely low power consumption, which caused the roasted cat company to encounter an unprecedented crisis. This made Wu Jihan realize the importance of independent research and development of chips, so he decided to set up mining machine manufacturing.

However, Wu Jihan, who has a background in economics and psychology, does not understand technology. He needs a technical partner. Wu Jihan found Ketuan Zhan’s business card from his business card folder. He received this business card on the streets of Beijing three years ago. At that time, Ketuan Zhan's salesmen took the initiative to promote business, and Ketuan Zhan came into Wu Jihan's field of vision. At that time, Wu Jihan needed a chip designer, and the first person he thought of was Ketuan Zhan. Therefore, Wu Jihan will be interested in Bitcoin.The solution was sent to Ketuan Zhan via email.

Ketuan Zhan studied at Shandong University and the Institute of Microelectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and worked as a R&D engineer at the Institute of Information Technology of Tsinghua University. When Wu Jihan found Ketuan Zhan, he was running a startup company called DivaIP, which mainly engaged in the set-top box chip business.

Ketuan Zhan recalled: "I spent two hours reading about Bitcoin on Wikipedia. I realized that Bitcoin has development potential, so I decided to join without hesitation." , Ketuan Zhan convened the set-top box chip team to join Bitmain.

Some differences can be seen from their study and work backgrounds. Ketuan Zhan, 40, is known as Bitmain’s “technical brain” and has 15 years of management and operation experience in the integrated circuit industry. He developed the first-generation Bitcoin mining machine in 6 months, with energy efficiency far exceeding that of his peers, laying the foundation for Bitmain's industry.

As a result, public opinion labeled Wu Jihan as a "market guy" and Ketuan Zhan as a "technical guy". It has been previously reported that the two have different priorities for the development of the company, and each wants to lead Bitmain in a direction they are familiar with. "Wu Jihan advocated that the company continue to develop new mining machines, heavily stock up on BCH (Bitcoin Cash), and continue to develop in the digital currency industry; while Zhan Ketuan, who has a technical background, hopes to transform the company into a chip manufacturing company."

Informed insiders believe that the internal fighting between the two may stem from a dispute between the market faction and the technical faction.

Back to life

In 2013, the price of Bitcoin skyrocketed, starting a new bull market. From US$25 to US$260, Bitcoin increased 10 times in less than three months. As Bitcoin prices become more volatile, time is of the essence. Bitmain must speed up product launches in order to seize the opportunity to profit from this bull market.

At that time, the Bitcoin mining machine market had long been dominated by Canaan and Bitfury. With more than ten years of chip research and development experience, Ketuan Zhan took only half a year from drafting the idea to completing the product. He led the team to achieve various technological breakthroughs and independently developed the 55nm mining chip BM1380. In November 2013, Bitmain launched The performance of the first-generation Ant Miner (AntMiner S1) is significantly better than that of the Avalon Miner, which had the largest market share in the same period.

In the above-mentioned open letter, Ketuan Zhan recalled the hard work of research and development at that time, "I remember that when the first-generation chip was developed, the server overheated and crashed, and I got up in the middle of the night to turn it on; I remember, testing the first-generation chip At that time, I was fighting all day and night in Shenzhen; I remember the group photo holding the first S1 mining machine; I remember the pain of the team brothers trying to hit their heads against the wall many times when the chip technical indicators were at the end of the road."

After that, ZhanKetuan leads the technical team to continuously upgrade Antminer machines. In just two years, Antminer has iterated from S1 to S4.

Wu Jihan once said, "In 2014, our performance soared. The team's execution ability has always been praised. We made four chips in two years, and every time the chip came out, it was Mining machines can be produced in time."

In fact, after the price of Bitcoin reached a high in November 2013, it could no longer support it. Then the world's largest trading center in Japan, Mt. Gox's fraud incident became the trigger for the collapse of Bitcoin prices.

Starting in 2014, Bitcoin entered a two-year bear market. Prices plummeted, faith collapsed, and the crowds that once poured in began to quickly withdraw.

Once upon a time, when the price of Bitcoin rose rapidly, the huge profits from the production of mining machines attracted capital, and entrepreneurs rushed to enter the market one after another. In addition to Bitcoin mining rigs, Litecoin mining rigs are also beginning to appear. For a time, dozens of mining machine manufacturers competed, including Longkuang Mining Machine, Bit Garden Mining Machine, Krypton Mining Machine, Zeus Mining Machine, Silver Fish Mining Machine, and Western Mining Machine.

Today, when the market falls into a long-term bear market, mining has become an uneconomical business. No one wants to spend expensive electricity bills to mine a bunch of digital currencies that are declining in value. The computing power of the entire network is experiencing stagflation, mining machine sales are facing a cliff-like decline, and major mining machine manufacturers are undergoing a major reshuffle, leaving only a few mining machine manufacturers such as Bitmain and Canaan.

What is even more sad is that Roastcat, a pioneer in mining machine research and development, suddenly disappeared in 2015 and has not been heard from since. Some people suspect that Roasted Cat was murdered; some believe that he just hid; others say that he suffers from depression and needs to rely on medication to relieve it. All kinds of speculations fill the Bitcoin forum.

Bitmain is almost on the verge of bankruptcy in the long-term bear market. In order to raise funds, Wu Jihan sold the Bitcoins he had accumulated to ensure the continuation of research and development and film production. At this time, Ketuan Zhan is studying Bitmain’s fifth-generation mining rig Antminer S5, which reduces power consumption by about one-third compared with S1.

“As the price of Bitcoin rose, miners returned to the mines, and Antminer S5 also became their mining tool. At that time, other mining machine manufacturers did not continue to invest in research and development, and the fifth-generation Antminer S5 has become the best mining machine and has brought Bitmain back to life." said a Bitmain mining machine business channel dealer.

Public contradiction

As early as September 26, 2018, Bitmain announced its listing in Hong Kong, thus unveiling the mystery of this mining giant.

Bitmain started out as a mining machine business and accounts for nearly 70% of the global mining machine market share. The prospectus shows that Bitmain closedThe main sources of income are the four major businesses of mining machine sales, mining pool intermodal transportation, mining farm services, and self-operated mining. With these four main businesses, Bitmain's revenue and profits grew rapidly in 2017 and reached their peak in the first half of 2018, with adjusted net profits as high as US$952 million.

From a revenue perspective, Bitmain’s total revenue in 2017 was US$2.518 billion, an increase of 806.95% from US$278 million in 2016. In 2017 and the first half of 2018, Bitmain's revenue was US$2.517 billion and US$2.845 billion respectively; in 2017 and the first half of 2018, Bitmain's net profits were US$701 million and US$742 million respectively. Adjusted net profit Both are US$952 million.

From the perspective of business structure, although Bitmain is not limited to the blockchain field, but seeks a dual-line layout in the AI ​​field, it still cannot conceal the reality that the company is overly dependent on the "mining" business. The prospectus shows that in the first half of 2018, Bitmain’s mining machine sales revenue was US$2.684 billion, accounting for 94.30% of its operating revenue.

Because of this, Bitmain’s performance is largely directly linked to the price of Bitcoin, which also led to Bitmain’s eventual failure on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange.

In response to this, Hong Kong Exchange President Charles Li Xiaojia once said that the core principle of the Hong Kong Exchange is listing adaptability. The implication is that Bitmain’s listing does not meet the suitability for listing.

Sure enough, by the second half of 2018, the global crypto asset market completely turned bearish, with the price of Bitcoin falling from nearly US$20,000 at its peak to less than US$4,000, a drop of as much as 80%. After the hard fork in November, the price of BCH, which Wu Jihan had always supported and even invested huge amounts of money, shrank significantly to less than $200.

The collapse of the crypto asset market has directly led to a bleak mining machine sales business, and price cuts and promotions cannot cover up the decline. Faced with the double squeeze of the industry's cold winter and regulation, Bitmain is facing a sharp decline in its main business. Since the fourth quarter of 2018, Bitmain has continued to hear negative rumors such as falling into huge losses, cutting off edge businesses, large-scale layoffs, and high-level discord.

The currency price plummeted, mining company inventories were high, chip tape-out failed, AI chips failed to generate revenue, BCH forked, listing failed, and many problems came to the fore. In the second half of 2018, Bitmain ushered in The most difficult moment. According to Liang Qiyuan, when the company's cash flow was at its lowest, it was only in the tens of millions.

"On that day, we received a call from our supplier, asking the company to settle its accounts payable. The loan limit that the Bank of Beijing had agreed to give us was cut the next day." Regarding this matter, Wu Jihan couldn't help but sigh at the staff meeting: "If the price of Bitcoin hadn't rebounded in the following months... the company might not have been able to survive last year.winter. ”

Under heavy pressure, Bitmain began to cut off edge businesses and conduct large-scale layoffs. Since December 2018, Bitmain has eliminated open source communities, blockchain finance, AI robots, etc. Profitable innovative business. Bitmain’s team of nearly 3,000 people also laid off more than 1,700 people, with the layoff ratio exceeding 50%.

However, at the annual meeting in early 2019, Micree Zhan answered employees’ questions about BCH . He said that in the future, various currencies must be treated objectively and neutrally. Wu Jihan immediately came to the stage to refute: Your mining machine has lost its competitiveness and been robbed of the market. Why should you blame BCH.

“The scene is extremely embarrassing and the conflict has become public. "An internal employee of Bitmain revealed.

Fight for control

From the beginning, Jihan Wu and Micree Zhan decided to follow Google and implement a joint CEO system. In the eyes of many investors In the story, Wu Jihan and Zhan Ketuan symbolize chance encounters, mutual understanding, complementarity, and successful entrepreneurial models.

Using different professional backgrounds to complement each other, the two have a clear distinction in business. Wu Jihan is responsible for investment, mining pools, mines, and mining machine sales, and Ketuan Zhan is responsible for technology, supply chain, production, and AI. Human resources, finance, and legal affairs report to both of them.

Founding At the beginning, Wu Jihan and Ketuan Zhan reached a strange gambling agreement, that is, they would not pay Ketuan Zhan a salary, but would give the technical team 60% of the shares after Ketuan Zhan developed the mining machine chip. As Antminer continues to iterate, Update, Ketuan Zhan can get share incentives. Gradually, Ketuan Zhan holds more and more shares, and eventually becomes the largest shareholder of Bitmain.

However, Wu Jihan has some criticisms about Ketuan Zhan’s share incentives. . Wu Jihan admitted that he promised to give Ketuan Zhan’s team a certain amount of shares every time the mining machine chip reached the target. However, at the Bitmain all-staff meeting on October 29, Wu Jihan attacked Ketuan Zhan for taking the vast majority of the shares as his own. , instead of allocating it to the team, this is the reason why he became the major shareholder.

As the conflicts between the two sides gradually became public, Wu Jihan and Zhan Ketuan began to accuse each other of strategic mistakes. Zhan Ketuan attacked Wu Jihan for doing BCH, causing the company to lose money; Jihan Wu attacked Ketuan Zhan for transferring technical personnel to AI, so the mining machine lost its competitiveness and was surpassed by Shenma Chip.

Whether Wu Jihan supports BCH or Ketuan Zhan supports it AI. Both of these strategic initiatives cost money and did not bring much revenue. At the all-staff meeting, Wu Jihan revealed that Ketuan Zhan failed to tape out successive chips, causing the company to lose US$1.5 billion. He invested in BCH It only lost US$800 million.

Take BCH as an example. After the BTC hard fork in 2017, Bitmain gave up the profit of mining Bitcoin and invested a lot of money.Use more computing power to mine BCH, and at the same time exchange a lot of BTC for BCH to pull the market. In fact, the price of BCH is far less than that of BTC. As of November 11, 2019, the price of one BCH was only $312.02, less than 33% of BTC. Obviously, Wu Jihan made a mistake in his strategic interpretation of betting on BCH.

In addition, Jihan Wu and Ketuan Zhan also have differences in the AI ​​business. Ketuan Zhan wants to double investment in the AI ​​business, but Jihan Wu thinks this idea is simply "crazy". After all, it has no direct business relationship with mining. Wu Jihan said that Ketuan Zhan even wanted financial personnel in Shenzhen to sell AI products.

Wu Jihan felt that this was simply unrealistic: "Then who will be responsible for our financial work in Shenzhen? How will we present the financial data of the IPO?" He then added: "(Mr. Zhan) also Want to recruit 300 fresh graduates? How many employees do we have now? If we recruit so many people at once, do we have enough resources to train them?”

Currently, the battle for control of Bitmain No final word yet. "Judging from the current situation, Wu Jihan has a greater advantage. Of course, Ketuan Zhan has no chance. The key is to see who can get the support of small and medium-sized shareholders and investors." Liang Qiyuan, a former executive of Bitmain, analyzed.

4. Has the blockchain technology standard system been perfected?

A few days ago, some experts said that blockchain is like the Internet in 1992. Standardization has not been completely completed, and applications and promotion will still be restricted, and it is in the early stage of technical reserve. Once standards are in place, various technological research and development can proceed.

One of the current priorities of the China Internet Finance Association in 2018 is to actively promote standardization construction. “Blockchain must have a new technical standard system, especially Establishing an authoritative third-party certification system is a top priority for the development of blockchain finance."

Although from the current point of view, regulatory authorities are paying considerable attention to blockchain, they are mainly concentrated in the financial field, especially in the second half of last year, strict control measures were taken against virtual currencies and ICO (initial coin offerings). , from the perspective of the development of the entire blockchain industry, laws and regulations are still relatively lagging behind. Compared with advanced overseas countries, there is a lack of specialized laws that define blockchain and govern its transactions and trading platforms.

I hope that the standards of blockchain can be improved as soon as possible.

Content source: Bit 110 Network

5. Blockchain for 12 years: In what fields has it been applied?

#《The Shining Moment》Theme Essay Collection Issue 2#

People have talked about the applicable scenarios and usage opportunities of blockchain countless times. But in fact, it is very stupid and ridiculous to simply and crudely bundle blockchain with all businesses.

Simply using the word "blockchain" (instead ofIf there is any hype about the technology behind it, the result will be nothing. But if used properly, blockchain can indeed promote the development of certain economic sectors.

To achieve this goal, you need to take it slowly, step by step. Gartner experts believe that blockchain is currently on the verge of “escape from fantasy” stage. At this stage, its technical shortcomings were fully exposed, and most media from all walks of life were critical.

So, are there any good products that are truly based on blockchain? If so, in what areas?

First of all, financial services are a good choice. After all, many traditional intermediaries suffer from low transparency and high commissions. Currently, many large banks are already researching and testing decentralized solutions. So what are the options available on the market now?

Netting is a good example. It is based on Hyperledger Fabric and is capable of offsetting multiple positions or payments resulting from transactions between two or more parties. Often used to determine which party should receive remuneration in a multi-party agreement. Netting, as a general concept, has many more specific uses in financial markets (in securities trading).

In addition, there is endless discussion about blockchain bonds, mortgages and bank guarantees. Almost all big banks, including Islamic banks, are trying this approach.

Hyperledger Fabric and Corda blockchain technologies are also often used in other use cases, but the prospects require us to draw final conclusions through continued follow-up and observation.

Bank of America, Goldman Sachs, Citibank, Morgan Stanley, JPMorgan Chase, Bank of China and Commonwealth Bank of Australia have all achieved good results in 2019. In addition, in the banking industry, people often talk about cross-border financial transactions, and there is even an intention to get rid of SWIFT.

Some people believe that blockchain technology has great prospects in copyright protection and combating data fraud. For example, for the purpose of copyright protection, the startup Sputnik DLT developed the Depositor service on the Waves platform.

Likewise, Emernotar is a similar solution based on Emercoin, using the SHA-512 algorithm. According to the developers, businesses and lawyers can use the Emernotar service to sign contracts, use the online service to collect user consents, and creative industry representatives to confirm copyright.

The democracynotary.org platform, powered by Emercoin technology, aims to protect important election-related information. Although the blockchain cannot yet guarantee the anonymity of voting during the election process, it can at least guarantee the authenticity of voting.

The effectiveness of this platform was recently put to the test in a Macedonian referendum on ratifying a treaty with Greece that called for changing the country’s name to “North Macedonia.” ". The platform notarized public reports from the referendum process, thereby blocking the spread of false information.

Blockchain use cases are extremely promising in the registration of real estate transactions. Last year, there were attempts to leverage smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain to conduct such buy/sell transactions in jurisdictions. While not all local legislatures understand what lawyers are doing, there have been and will be attempts.

For example, the most famous example was a deal to sell 10 acres of land through a decentralized Propy marketplace in California, conducted entirely in Bitcoin and using blockchain To register. Since then, the EU has also completed its first blockchain real estate sale.

In December 2018, the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority approved the business model of the blockchain company “Blockimmo Real Estate Company”. Currently, the Blockimmo platform is in a testing phase and is available to residents of Switzerland and Liechtenstein. After that, the company plans to enter other markets throughout Europe.

Some experts are very optimistic about the application prospects of blockchain in the wholesale and logistics fields; but at the same time, some experts believe that it has no use in this field. However, as consumers, we should recognize the success that has been achieved in the industry.

In the late autumn of 2018, oil giants BP and Shell, as well as large banks and companies, launched the Vakt blockchain platform, which aims to optimize the commodity transaction process - including converting paper documents into smart contracts .

At the same time, the UAE is also using blockchain technology in the field-Maqta Gateway LLC launched the first blockchain logistics solution in Abu Dhabi. The Silsal blockchain technology developed by the company can improve logistics and freight efficiency. Maqta Gateway hopes to use DLT technology to reduce paperwork, facilitate real-time status updates and speed up information sharing.

Last fall also launched the IBM Food Trust Blockchain Platform - based on Hyperledger Fabric technology and designed to regulate the food industry supply chain. Carrefour, Nestle, Dole Food, Tyson Foods, Kroger, Unilever), Walmart and other well-known companies are members of the platform. Monthly fees for IBM blockchain services range from $100 to $10,000, which explains why these industry giants are willing to invest in this area.

The decentralized Shelf.Network auction protocol was launched in the fall of 2017. Car dealers can conduct car sales and leasing transactions through the platform.

A year later, the auction network received investment from Japanese IT giant Broadleaf. At the same time, Broadleaf has also obtained a license to supply Shelf.Network technology to establish a trading network for automobile and parts sales in Southeast Asian countries (including Japan, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Laos, Australia, India and Singapore).

By the end of 2018, 60,000 vehicles from the United States had joined the service network. Shelf.Network also implements interaction with the Carfax web service, through which vehicle history reports can be provided to individuals and businesses. For example, startup Auto1 Group GmbH recorded the purchase of a car in Germany through blockchain for loan and insurance products, significantly speeding up the transaction (which would have taken two weeks to complete with traditional paperwork).

A survey of large companies conducted by the IBM Institute for Business Value shows that by 2021, blockchain will play a key role in the automotive industry, and at the same time, blockchain will also be used in the aviation field . For example, S7 Airlines and Alfa Bank (Russia) have enabled real-time payments for aircraft fuel costs by applying smart contracts on the Hyperledger blockchain platform.

All walks of life in the industry believe that DLT technology can simplify and speed up mutual settlement processes, eliminate various financial risks, and automate processes. As in the field of wholesale logistics, this technology also has important application significance in the field of transportation.

Blockchain technology is also gradually penetrating into the public sector and is widely used in document authentication processes. For example, the Proofstack service is able to archive files with the owner’s personal signature, date and time stamp, and then writes the archive hash to the blockchain. Users can also select the country that affects the type of timestamp, as well as the storage location (computer, cloud) required to generate the archive. Created archives allow people to identify when and by whom a file was archived. At the same time, the application of blockchain in the judicial system is becoming more and more popular. For example, ServeManager and Integra have applied blockchain technology to services that track subpoena delivery.

In China, government-backed blockchain solutions areContinued and rapid development. Its judicial blockchain system "Tianping Chain" has collected about 1 million pieces of online evidence data just three months after its release. All materials submitted on the platform are DLT certified, totaling 190,000 documents. The platform electronic evidence system was jointly developed by the Beijing Internet Court, the China Industrial Control System Emergency Response Team (CICS-CERT), the Research Center of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Network Internet Group and the TrustDo blockchain startup. The platform is based on the hyperchain infrastructure of the Internet giant network, optimizes the evidence collection and storage process, and ensures the authenticity of the data through the blockchain. In addition, the platform also achieves the purpose of saving time and resources by reducing Internet-related litigation costs.

As a global leader in container shipping, Maersk began using Insurwave blockchain solutions last spring. The marine insurance platform was jointly developed by consulting firms EY and Guardtime and is based on Microsoft Azure cloud technology. In the first year of cooperation with Insurwave, Maersk plans to insure 1,000 ocean-going vessels, and the total number of digital transactions will exceed 500,000.

Currently, platform users include Willis Towers Watson, XL Catlin and MS Amlin. Developers are trying to expand Insurwave's capabilities to expand insurance into the aviation and energy sectors.

Calastone, a British financial technology company specializing in investment flow management, announced that it will transfer all calculations to the blockchain. The company expects the technology to help cut billions of dollars in costs across its global settlement division. Calastone provides risk assessment management services, IT infrastructure and payment solutions to more than 1,700 companies, with clients including JP Morgan Asset Management, Schroders and Invesco.

If the enterprise's goal is to achieve transparency of transactions and information entered into the DLT registry, this will create an excellent application scenario for blockchain; however, if the enterprise is pursuing anonymity or "tracking "In financial transactions, there is no opportunity for blockchain to exert its influence.

Singapore Power Group has launched a blockchain trading market for renewable energy (REC) certificates. Its company representatives said the "in-house developed" platform was designed to improve the security, reliability and traceability of such certificate transactions.

The REC certificate is a certificate that proves the power released by the solar panel. It is provided by Cleantech Solar Asia and LYS Energy SolutionsMake sales. City Developments Limited and DBS Bank, who are interested in purchasing certificates, are both very interested in the platform. Katoen Natie Singapore has also joined the platform and plans to launch renewable electricity production capacity soon.

KT Corporation, South Korea’s largest telecommunications company, has also launched its own blockchain network, with distributed registration technology involving user authentication and improving international roaming services. This enables KT to securely transfer customer data to its partners. Network bandwidth can handle 100,000 transactions per second.

Time will tell whether these initiatives gain mass market acceptance. Likewise, the applications of blockchain in power, data, and user-identified accounts/records/transactions are old news.

At the end of 2017, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) used the Blockcerts wallet, which can issue a "verifiable, tamper-proof" authentication certificate, to more than a hundred people through the Bitcoin blockchain. Graduates were issued digital diplomas.

The pilot project is supported by software company Learning Machine, which was involved in the development of Blockcerts together with Media Lab.

The purpose of this is to allow students to become the true owners of their own files. Learning Machine CEO Chris Jagers said that even if the agency ceases to exist, people will be able to extract important official information stored in it.

The same approach is used by Tbilisi University of Business and Technology: the university uses a similar blockchain platform, Trusted Diploma, through a partnership with Emercoin. The platform is able to restore registration data (subjects studied, quality of training and scores obtained) with the help of blockchain. From this point of view, in the future, blockchain may be useful in further promoting digital learning methods.

6. Is Shenzhen the first pilot city for blockchain electronic invoices in the country?

It was reported on August 10, 2018 that the country’s first blockchain electronic invoice was implemented in Shenzhen on the 10th. After the implementation, the Shenzhen Guomao Revolving Restaurant issued the country’s first blockchain electronic invoice, announcing that Shenzhen has become the first pilot city for blockchain electronic invoices in the country, and also means that tax services have officially opened the blockchain era.

On the same day, Ren Rongfa, deputy director of the State Administration of Taxation, Zhang Guojun, director of the Shenzhen Taxation Bureau of the State Administration of Taxation, and Ai Xuefeng, deputy mayor of Shenzhen, witnessed the birth of the country's first blockchain electronic invoice.

Blockchain electronic invoices have the characteristics of complete traceability of the entire process and non-tampering of information. They are consistent with the invoice logic and can effectively avoid fake invoices and improve the invoice supervision process. Blockchain electronic invoices will connect every invoice stakeholder and can trace the source, authenticity, and accounting information of invoices, solving problems such as over-reporting of one ticket, false claims, and difficulty in verifying authenticity during the invoice circulation process. In addition, it also has the advantages of reducing costs, simplifying processes, and ensuring data security and privacy.

Zhang Guojun said that blockchain electronic invoices are not only an active exploration of full cooperation and complementary resources between tax companies and enterprises, but also an innovative practice to create a "technological innovation +" tax service modernization plan. Focusing on building the "Shenzhen version" of an internationally leading tax modernization system, the two parties will promote the in-depth integration of "Internet +" cutting-edge technologies with the tax industry, lead the direction of tax technology innovation, and more quickly realize the efficient transformation of new technologies into tax productivity.