区块链侧链军事应用研究,区块链侧链技术

A. What is the military application value of blockchain technology?

There are many possible potential applications of blockchain technology in the military field:
Intelligence work performance incentives . Blockchain has the anonymity feature when recording transactions and can be used for covert targeted payments of intelligence work incentives. As we all know, intelligence providers or "informants" need to keep their identities and whereabouts secret, and traditional payment methods such as transfers and cash can easily be tracked or even locked. However, by using Bitcoin as a payment intermediary, the payment channel can be cleverly "broken", making the flow of intelligence funds difficult to trace, thereby effectively protecting security. The Bitcoin trading platform plays the role of a "black box" in the entire payment process, in which the three key links of "purchase-transaction-exchange" can be completed anonymously, hiding the key information of both parties to the transaction.
Full life management of weapons and equipment. Equipment needs to register and manage important information throughout its life cycle from project establishment and verification, production verification, delivery to service, to retirement and scrapping. The current recording method is usually paper or electronic media. This traditional method has difficulties in ensuring safety and Defects such as difficulty in transfer and handover and lack of effective supervision. If blockchain technology is introduced, higher-level authorities, equipment management departments, equipment users, and even equipment manufacturers can participate in the update and maintenance of equipment combat status, forming a distributed and supervised file registration network. If all parties keep a complete copy of the file, the above problems can be effectively solved and the security, convenience and credibility of the file can be improved.
Military intelligent logistics. For modern military logistics to be truly intelligent, it cannot be separated from the intelligence of participants such as logistics departments, warehouses, materials and material demand parties, which constitutes the small Internet of Things. Blockchain technology can effectively solve the problems of network communication, data storage and system maintenance. People and things in the system are dynamically and autonomously networked to form a decentralized peer-to-peer network without the need for a central server. The distributed structure improves the survivability of the system; nodes connected to the network can be connected directly or through relays. Communicate through various methods to achieve free exchange of information; important data information in the logistics chain, such as user needs, warehousing goods, loading and transportation, distribution transfer, etc., are uniformly stored in each block; the maintenance of the blockchain must be supervised by the entire network node. Illegal operations by individual nodes will be rejected and resisted by the majority of nodes, ensuring the orderly and efficient operation of the system. (Reprinted from Science and Technology Daily)
Of course, blockchain is mostly used in the financial field, such as Biying China’s digital currency crowdfunding; China Post Bank’s fund custody, etc.

B. How to understand blockchain

Nowadays, science and technology are developing rapidly and the situation is turbulent. If you and I are a little lazy, we may be out. No, the new "hot internet celebrity" - blockchain is here. Since the beginning of this year, blockchain has become one of the hottest knowledge points in the technology world, and it has become increasingly dazzling in fields such as digital finance, Internet governance, and big data computing.

Blockchain technology in the militaryIt also has broad application prospects in the military field and is very likely to quietly subvert future warfare.

This is not Xiaole bragging. "In matters involving the three armed forces, nothing should be more important than secrecy." We must know that in the future information battlefield, confidentiality is the key to determining the outcome of a war. Because the blockchain system has many characteristics such as information independence, confidentiality and integrity, it can achieve the perfect combination of data storage and data encryption. After being attacked, it is also extremely resilient and can protect highly sensitive data, which is very helpful in winning the war.

According to the information collected by Xiaole, some countries are currently planning to build a blockchain information platform and have begun to study the application potential of blockchain in several scenarios such as military satellites and nuclear weapons; a certain International organizations are currently evaluating the performance of blockchain technology in military logistics, the Internet of Things and other fields.

If digital currencies such as Bitcoin are blockchain 1.0 applications, then the "smart contracts" that provide strong guarantees for the security of network transaction data are blockchain 2.0. There will be 3.0 in the future - from DAO (blockchain self-consistent organization), DAC (blockchain self-consistent company) to the blockchain society.

“Use informatization to cultivate new kinetic energy, use new kinetic energy to promote new development, and use new development to create new brilliance.” I believe that blockchain, the “new kinetic energy” of technology, will bring us more surprises: “ "With a machine in hand, I own the world", "trade autonomy", wider sharing, optimally adapted life model... Blockchain technology will create a more honest, convenient and efficient big data era.

Content source: People’s Liberation Army Daily

C. How blockchain technology can “show off its mettle” in the military

In recent years, there have been many reports on the application of blockchain technology It has received widespread attention, and both the financial field, enterprises and government departments are accelerating the research, development and application of blockchain technology. Some countries have also sensed the potential of blockchain technology in warfare and are striving to expand the breadth and depth of blockchain technology in military applications.

Blockchain technology is the "bulletproof vest" for military logistics. The decentralized nature of blockchain technology gives it a strong ability to recover information after an attack. Unless all computers in the system are destroyed, it is completely meaningless to modify the information of a node because the system can recover quickly. Complete form. The current logistics system relies too much on the reliability of the information service center. Once the information service center fails, it will affect the normal operation of the entire logistics system. Military applications have very high requirements on system security and wartime damage resistance. The use of blockchain technology can effectively solve the core issues such as information security, data storage and interactive processing faced by intelligent military logistics. The key point is to improve the logistics system. survivability, thereby ensuring the orderly and efficient operation of the system.

Essentially speaking, blockchain technology is a mutually trusted storage device that can be used for information transactions between multiple users. Its core is "distributed consensus" and "anonymity". Transactions can be verified at any time without affecting the confidentiality of the parties involved.private. Therefore, blockchain technology is bound to become a new generation of disruptive technology, and its military applications will become more extensive and in-depth.

Content source Phoenix.com

D. What is blockchain and what role does blockchain play

What is blockchain? What changes will it bring to your future life?

Blockchain is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithms.

Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database. As the underlying technology of Bitcoin, it is a series of related cryptographic methods. Each data block contains a batch of Bitcoin network transaction information, which is used to verify the validity of the information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block.

In the original English version of the Bitcoin white paper, the word blockchain does not actually appear, but chain of blocks is used. In the earliest Chinese translation of the Bitcoin white paper, chain of blocks was translated into blockchain. This is the earliest time when the Chinese word "blockchain" appeared.

The Cyberspace Administration of China issued the "Blockchain Information Service Management Regulations" on January 10, 2019, which will come into effect on February 15, 2019.

In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chain data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is cryptographically guaranteed to be non-tamperable and non-tamperable. Unforgeable distributed ledger.

Broadly speaking, blockchain technology uses block chain data structures to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, and uses cryptography to ensure data transmission and Access security, a new distributed infrastructure and computing method that uses smart contracts composed of automated script codes to program and operate data.

In fact, to understand it very simply and vividly, we can imagine that everything in life is realized in digital form, including food, clothing, housing, transportation, medical treatment, education, etc., based on the Internet, it can be easily done at home Get it done, no matter where you go to do business or trade, you can completely operate it with your mobile phone. With the continuous development, everything we do can be easily completed online, such as volumetric work, production, planting, etc. Of course, the rise of 5g will bring about the end No one can accurately predict what it is now, but it will definitely bring about earth-shaking changes in life and social form!

Blockchain was born from Satoshi Nakamoto’s Bitcoin. Since 2009, various Bitcoin-like digital currencies have appeared, all based on public blockchains.

The current situation of digital currency is that a hundred flowers are blooming. List some common ones: bitcoin, litecoin, dogecoin, OKcoinetc. In addition to currency applications, there are also various derivative applications, such as NXT, SIA, BitShares, MaidSafe, Ripple, Ethereum and more.

On January 20, 2016, the People’s Bank of China Digital Currency Seminar announced that it had achieved phased results in digital currency research. The meeting affirmed the value of digital currency in reducing the issuance of traditional currency and stated that the central bank is exploring the issuance of digital currency.

Some areas where blockchain can be used can be:

▪ Smart contracts

▪ Securities trading

▪ E-commerce

▪ Internet of Things

▪ Social communication

▪ File storage

▪ Proof of existence

▪ Identity verification

▪ Equity crowdfunding

The development of the blockchain can be compared to the development of the Internet itself. In the future, there will be an Internet called finance-internet, and this thing is based on blockchain, its precursor is bitcoin, that is, traditional finance starts from private chains and industry chains (local area network), and the bitcoin series starts from public chains (wide area network), both expressing the same The concept of digital assets (Digital Asset) eventually converges to an intermediate equilibrium point.

The core advantages of the blockchain architecture include:

Any node can create a transaction, and after a period of confirmation, it can reasonably confirm whether the transaction is Effectively, blockchain can effectively prevent problems from happening on both sides. The cost of trying to rewrite or modify transaction records is very high. Blockchain implements two types of records: transactions and blocks. Transactions are the actual data stored on the blockchain, while blocks are records confirming when and in what order certain transactions became part of the blockchain database. Transactions are created by participants using the system in the normal course (in the case of cryptocurrencies, a transaction is created by Bob sending tokens to Alice), while blocks are created by what we call Units of miners are responsible for creation.

So in conclusion, this is undoubtedly a new technology that changes life. In the future, the production activities of the entire society will be carried out with blockchain as the underlying logic. We can have many things at our fingertips. The integration of artificial intelligence and big data can allow us to easily handle things that may seem cumbersome now, such as some securities market transactions and intelligent matching of financial management activities.

To put it simply, blockchain is a network computing center that integrates people, property, machines, and goods, and packages it into a whole; putting it on an infrastructure to run the network computing center .

Now the author’s imagination is not big enough to imagine what the future world will be like. I am looking forward to it!

I know a thing or two about this issue. Let’s get to know this mysterious thing - blockchain.

Blockchain is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithms. Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database. As the underlying technology of Bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each The data block contains information about a batch of Bitcoin network transactions, which is used to verify the validity of the information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block

The more popular it is, the more fake it is to keep the real. First of all, we must first figure out what the real blockchain technology is.

As an example, take buying fruits online.

The process of purchasing fruits online is as follows:

Using blockchain technology and decentralization, the process of purchasing fruits is as follows:

Summary:

1. We found that the original transaction process is: buyers and sellers make transactions, and all key processes are dealing with the payment platform. The advantage of this is that if there is a problem in any link, both sellers and buyers can seek help through the platform and let the platform arbitrate. However, a major bug or hacker attack occurs on the platform, resulting in the loss of all transfer records within a period of time. How to deal with the loss is a troublesome matter.

2. The transaction process using blockchain technology is: everyone’s ledger has exactly the same transaction record. Even if Alipay’s ledger server is broken, the seller’s ledger still exists, and the buyer’s ledger still exists. Still exists. Once this transaction occurs, the traces will never be erased.

This is the core of the blockchain, which is the four words "accounting + accounting".

The development and maturity of blockchain technology are inseparable from the foundation and foreshadowing of the above new generation of Internet technology. Blockchain is not just a technology., it also provides a service model and solutions, which plays an extremely important role in promoting the further development of the Internet industry.

1. Blockchain + Finance

2. Blockchain + Supply Chain Management

3. Blockchain + Intelligent Manufacturing

4. Blockchain + Public Services

5. Blockchain + Education and Employment

6. Blockchain + Culture and Entertainment

7. Blockchain + payment

8. Blockchain + invoice {Already enabled in Shenzhen}

Traceability and non-tamperability of blockchain , perfectly combined with the inherent nature and needs of the financial industry, which makes the application of blockchain in the field of financial services the most in-depth and relatively mature field so far. Blockchain technology has broad application prospects. The future technological competition will also be a blockchain competition.

It is important to understand blockchain, which is important to see through various pseudo-blockchain scams.

If someone uses a bunch of professional terms to explain blockchain, it will be difficult for you to understand, and they may not really understand it themselves.

Therefore, we first establish a psychological line of defense. Anyone who sells you concepts and uses a lot of unfamiliar technical terms may be a liar. Be very careful!

To understand blockchain, you must know what the core appeal of blockchain is. What do you think you are most worried about in today's highly developed Internet world?

Privacy, yes, privacy. How to protect privacy? You may be monitored at any time, and any of your personal information may be stolen at any time. If personal privacy is not absolutely protected, the Internet will become another pyramid of power. Who is standing on top of the pyramid? He is the smartest technical master, a platform provider, and an information regulator. You and I may be the people at the bottom of this pyramid.

The people who originally invented the blockchain had serious concerns about being completely swallowed up by the Internet, and tried to create an absolutely safe encryption technology to lock up personal privacy. This technology completely subverts traditional encryption technology. In fact, rather than locking up privacy, it is better to tear it into pieces and then distribute the pieces to different people for private keeping. Unless everyone agrees to take the pieces and piece together the complete code, the truth cannot be recreated. This is the first mechanism of blockchain, which is decentralization.

But decentralization alone is not enough. It is also necessary to make those who steal password fragments have nowhere to hide, so that every action of the thief can be recorded indelibly and posted everywhere on the Internet. Diffuse and make it public. This is the second mechanism of blockchain, that is, it does notHidden mechanism. Do you think, who snoops into privacy is not sneaky?

In summary, the blockchain is to hide privacy in a decentralized manner, record any actions that reproduce this privacy, and make it public. Seeing this, you may want to applaud the blockchain. Don't worry, how can there be such a good thing in the world? Is there any utopia that is absolutely safe? If blockchain can be realized in an absolute sense, will the existence of the government still be meaningful? Yes, blockchain was originally the embodiment of anarchy. Its ultimate meaning is destined to never be realized. Its survival may have to rely on power, and it is destined to become another beautifully packaged lie and a pretense to deceive others. In this sense, the government must also specify a framework for the development of the blockchain, reconstruct the value of the blockchain, and expel the anti-government and anti-national attempts contained in the blockchain. Some blockchain technologies can be used in concrete applications, but decentralization must not be promoted. In short, we must remain highly vigilant about blockchain. Beauty often hides its sting. Absolutely ideal recipes often turn out to be poison. The person who says he can absolutely protect your privacy and financial security is the real voyeur and vampire.

Perhaps the best way for us to protect privacy is not to have any privacy, to live completely openly, or to live like a sun or a god of wine.

Viewpoint: 1. The concept of blockchain originated from the technical attributes of Bitcoin (distributed data storage and accounting, decentralization, inability to tamper with transaction records, point-to-point information transmission, sharing mechanism...), but Later, some people continued to extend and expand the concept to many commercial fields to facilitate capital speculation. 2. Blockchain in reality (the current blockchain on the market is very confusing), the hype concept is mostly used to make money in the stock market, and there is still a lack of regulatory loopholes. , legal and regulatory issues, etc., and even money laundering (the actual operation of blockchain products is one thing, the capital operation behind it is another). At present, the computer systems around the world cannot meet the characteristics of blockchain attributes. Technical requirements (such as distributed data storage and accounting, decentralization...), network bandwidth, storage technology and computer computing systems cannot meet transaction operation requirements (it is easy to use computer technology to make your network clogged or unable to complete distribution) There are risks arising from practical applications such as formal data storage or transactions being interrupted or delayed at any time. In addition, as far as the current global computer system is concerned, it is easy to crack the underlying program of the blockchain (this is a fatal flaw in the current global computers, 0 and 1 binary logic In addition, if the reverse blockchain mode calculation algorithm is used, it is very easy to crack the blockchain. This reverse calculation mode can also completely tamper with all transaction records. If a true quantum computer becomes available in the future, it can directly break all blockchain computers in seconds. System, Bitcoin mining is a Ponzi scheme, 3. Most of the blockchains currently on the global market are basically capital speculation concepts to make money.

The concept of blockchain has been around for several years. , I heard a blockchain boss say at the beginning of last year, 22018 is the best year for the development of blockchain. After this year, external development will fall behind. What is blockchain? To put it bluntly, it's like a pig's intestines, each section connected together. Blockchain is to connect these blocks together, fix them, and use computer and Internet encryption technology to prevent secrets from being leaked to the outside world. This technology cannot be explained to non-professionals through professional terminology, and generally they will not understand it. It can only be explained with an analogy. Let me give you two examples:

1. Four people, A, B, C and D, play mahjong and gamble in a mahjong parlor. They use chips for each game and settle the bill at once when they break up. A loses 1,500 yuan and B loses 300 yuan. Yuan, C won 200, and D won 1,600. As a result, A only has 1,000 yuan, and everyone else has sorted it out, but A still owes D 400 yuan. Only these four people know about this matter, and these four people are one block. There is no proof for what he says, and he doesn’t know how to write an IOU for this kind of thing. What will happen if A doesn’t pay back the money in the future? Except for the four people A, B, C and D present, no one else knows about this. If A wants to default on the debt and says that he does not owe money at all, only three people, B, B, D and D, know that A is defaulting on the debt. It is difficult for others to judge whether A owes money and refuses to pay it back. Therefore, the value of blockchain needs to expand participation. What if these four people were playing mahjong and a dozen friends were watching? Isn’t the cost of defaulting on the loan high? This is real life block. What about extending to the Internet? Then there are endless possibilities and there are many scenarios.

2. If four people, A, B, C and D, do business in a business group of 500 people, this group of 500 people is a big block. Once, A asked B for 10,000 yuan of goods, but did not pay B in time. A said at that time that he would pay B within 3 days. Everyone in the group knows this. If A fails to send money to B within 3 days, then the other 498 business partners in the group will know about it. If A defaults on the debt, his reputation in this business circle will be ruined. affected. This is a block.

Later, A wanted to do business with C. C asked A for goods. A said that you should pay a deposit of 5,000 yuan and the goods will be shipped immediately. C paid 5,000 yuan to A, but A was delayed. Not shipping, everyone in the group knows this, this is another block. When the two blocks are connected, everyone doubts A's credibility. How many times have you done this? Will Mr. A continue to play in the future? This is the value of blockchain.

Blockchain may seem complicated, but it is not complicated at all; it may seem simple, but it is actually very difficult to operate. The blocks are too small and meaningless. If a block wants to grow bigger, privacy and business secrets will be involved. For example, it is inconvenient to talk about falling in love in a large group; for example, it is inconvenient to discuss it publicly in the group (block) beforehand when working together to do big business. However, there are still occasions when blockchain technology is used, such as poverty alleviation work, disaster relief fund management, etc. It is exposed to the sun and everyone knows it and supervises each other. I’ve given these two examples. Do you understand them at all?

[The most important thing about blockchainHeartfelt and easy-to-understand introduction]

1. How does blockchain create trust? We use "1", "2", and "3" to summarize the characteristics of the blockchain:

- "1" summarizes the blockchain: a trusted distributed database;
>
- "2" core properties: distributed, non-tamperable;

- "3" key mechanisms: cryptography principles, data storage structure, consensus mechanism.

The "distributed" and "non-tamperable" properties ensure the "honesty" and "transparency" of the blockchain, which is the basis for the blockchain to create trust.

2. In terms of industry, it is expected that the financial industry will be dominated by the financial industry in the next 3-5 years, gradually radiating to other real industries, more realistic scenarios will be accelerated, and the industry will develop from "1 to N" to Including entertainment, product traceability, credit reporting, etc.

In the future, in addition to using technologies such as side chains, lightning networks, and cross-chains, blockchain will also need to be deeply integrated with emerging information technologies such as 5G, artificial intelligence, big data, and the Internet of Things to enhance the Technical performance and off-chain data quality and reduce resource waste.

3. Smart contracts may be the most revolutionary application on the blockchain. If smart contracts are widely used on the blockchain, the economic division of labor will be further refined in the Internet era. Network nodes around the world will directly connect demand and production, and broader social collaboration will be realized.

If the above vision is realized, the combination of blockchain technology and industry is expected to usher in an explosive moment "from 1 to N". Its explosion may not be linear but non-linear. Blockchain Only then can the chain be upgraded from a "trust machine" to an important "engine" leading the industry wave.

Decentralization. Prevent cheating. It used to be that one person kept accounts and could make changes. Now there are 50 people. Each person records an entry and everyone has a record in the account book. Can you make changes to all 50? All 50 ledgers are valid unless they are all changed. So it's very useful.

I saw many people answering that ordinary people cannot understand intuitively. Let me explain simply and clearly, blockchain is decentralized. When something happens, everyone writes it down and has their own password, which cannot be tampered with.

Even if a hacker wants to change it, he has to do it one by one, which will tire him out. In fact, it is impossible, at least for now.

Blockchain is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithms.

Blockchain originated from Bitcoin and is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database. As the underlying technology of Bitcoin, it is a series of cryptographic methods. MutuallyEach data block generated by the association contains a batch of Bitcoin network transaction information, which is used to verify the validity of the information and generate the next block.

Blockchain has potentially huge application value in financial fields such as international exchange, letters of credit, equity registration and stock exchanges. The application of blockchain technology in the financial industry can eliminate the need for third-party intermediaries and achieve direct point-to-point connection, thereby greatly reducing costs and quickly completing transaction payments.

After reading so many expert advices, I am still confused. I only remember that someone used this so-called "blockchain" to do pyramid schemes in the past...

E. What are the application prospects of blockchain?

The application prospects of blockchain are mainly in the financial field, Internet of Things and logistics, public services, digital copyright, and insurance.

1. Blockchain has huge potential application prospects in financial fields such as international exchange, letters of credit, equity registration and stock exchanges. The application of blockchain technology in the financial industry can eliminate the need for third-party intermediaries and achieve direct point-to-point connection.

2. Blockchain can also be naturally combined in the Internet of Things and logistics fields. This field is considered to be a promising application direction of blockchain. Establishing credit resources in the blockchain can double improve the security of transactions and improve the convenience of IoT transactions. Save time and cost for smart logistics model applications.

3. Blockchain is closely related to people’s production and life in public management, energy, transportation and other fields. The decentralized and fully distributed DNS service provided by the blockchain can realize domain name query and resolution through point-to-point data transmission services between various nodes in the network.

4. Through blockchain technology, works can be authenticated, proving the existence of text, video, audio and other works, and ensuring the authenticity and uniqueness of ownership. After the rights of the work are confirmed on the blockchain, subsequent transactions will be recorded in real time, realizing full life cycle management of digital copyright, and can also be used as a technical guarantee in judicial evidence collection.

5. In terms of insurance claims, insurance institutions are responsible for fund collection, investment, and claims settlement, and often have high management and operating costs. Through the application of smart contracts, there is no need for the policy holder to apply or the insurance company to approve it. As long as the claim settlement conditions are triggered, the insurance policy can automatically settle claims.

(5) Extended reading on military applications of blockchain sidechains:

Core technology of blockchain

1. Consensus mechanism, through the voting of special nodes, the verification and confirmation of transactions can be completed in a very short time; for a transaction, if several nodes with unrelated interests can reach a consensus, it can be considered that the entire network can also reach a consensus on it. . The goal of the blockchain consensus mechanism is to enable all honest nodes to maintain a consistent view of the blockchain.

2. Asymmetric encryption requires two keys for encryption and decryption. These two keys are the public key andPrivate key. The public key corresponds to the private key. When the public key is used in the encryption process of data, it can only be decrypted by using the corresponding private key. On the contrary, when the private key is used in encrypting the data, only the corresponding private key can be used to decrypt the data. Only the corresponding public key can be decrypted.

F. How to explain blockchain in a popular way

“Blockchain technology is considered to be the next generation of disruptive core technology after steam engines, electricity, and the Internet. If the steam engine releases It has improved people's productivity, electricity has solved people's basic living needs, and the Internet has completely changed the way information is transmitted. As a machine that builds trust, blockchain will likely completely change the way value is transmitted in the entire human society."

I have just come into contact with the blockchain. There are too many basic knowledge that need to be understood and known. Don’t worry, today I will popularize this knowledge for you. Today, let’s first take a look at what public chains, private chains, alliance chains, and side chains are.

G. Only the new generation of infrastructure can create blockchains of various ages

The new generation of infrastructure is the most important opportunity for the current blockchain industry.
In the field of social and economic life, infrastructure is simply understood as the system that provides core public services for social production and residents' lives. These infrastructures are often advanced and basic. Without these, our daily production and life activities would be impossible. It is difficult to carry out.

When the infrastructure usually reaches a certain scale, effective services can be provided. Objectively speaking, the blockchain industry is still in a very early stage, and the infrastructure is not yet mature. Therefore, based on Blockchain services, applications and business models often face difficulties in developing.

Although the new era of value Internet is coming, the pace of arrival is far from as fast as imagined. Blockchain is an industry that deeply combines to bring about changes. Finance and economy can currently be used in this field. The most important opportunity to have a huge impact is undoubtedly the construction of infrastructure, and the core issue that infrastructure needs to solve is the establishment of "standard issues." Rubber Band

In the early days of the Internet, there would have been no push for the establishment of standards by organizations such as IEEE and W3C. Internet protocols are difficult to unify, and the Internet will not develop rapidly around the world. In the future, the standard of blockchain will be similar to the Internet. It is not a protocol, but a set of protocols, and continuous improvements will be made. This kind of technology can be well applied in many industries and fields. As long as the information related to value has a natural affinity with the blockchain, it can be combined to develop new ways to better Meet the needs of different industries.

The specific content of blockchain infrastructure is mainly divided into two categories:

One is the research and development and construction of blockchain. The blockchain here refers to being used for different purposes or different industries. Various types of blockchain.

The other type is the connection facilities between blockchains. These facilities can realize the interconnection between different blockchains and allow the free flow of value.

Since the application scenarios of blockchain are very wide and have different needs, we cannot expect that one blockchain can solve all problems.

If a blockchain carries too many functions, it will become complex and unmaintainable, thus seriously reducing efficiency and reliability. In the same way, if a blockchain contains various types of data, the amount of data will be too large and decentralization will be severely limited. Therefore, diversified blockchains will be an inevitable trend in future development.

The future complexity of blockchain is not reflected in any public chain, but in the hierarchical structure composed of blockchains, and the infrastructure on which the hierarchical structure relies is created. , refraction, key point side chain technology, this is a typical connection facility.

This concept was first proposed by Brax for the company, with the goal of building technology that allows digital assets to be freely transferred between different blockchains. They released a white paper on sidechain technology in 2014, and in The first commercial sidechain was released in early 2016.

Just like diversified blockchains, with the evolution and development of technology, the technical concepts and operating methods of future inter-blockchain connection facilities will also be diversified, diversified, and different. Various forms of connection facilities to meet different types of connection needs and build a true blockchain ecosystem.

H. What are the classifications of blockchain and what is the structure of blockchain?

The concept of blockchain has been quite popular recently, and it comes from Bitcoin. Waiting for the implementation of cryptocurrency, but currently this technology has been gradually used in various fields. So do you know what the classifications of blockchain are? What is the structure of blockchain? Let’s follow us to find out more.
What are the classifications of blockchain?
1. Public Blockchains (PublicBlockChains)
Public Blockchain means: any individual or group in the world can send transactions, and the transactions can be effectively confirmed by the blockchain, and anyone can participate its consensus process. The public blockchain is the earliest blockchain, and it is also the most widely used blockchain at present. The virtual digital currencies of all major bitcoins series are based on the public blockchain. There is one and only one corresponding to this currency in the world. Blockchain.
2. Consortium (Industry) Blockchain (ConsortiumBlockChains)
Industry Blockchain: Multiple pre-selected nodes are designated within a certain group as bookkeepers. The generation of each block is jointly decided by all pre-selected nodes (the pre-selected nodes participate in the consensus process), and other access nodes You can participate in transactions, but you don’t have to worry about the accounting process (it is essentially still managed accounting, but it becomes distributed accounting. How many nodes are pre-selected and how to determine the accountant of each block to become the main owner of the blockchain Risk point), anyone else can conduct limited queries through the API opened by the blockchain.
3. Private Blockchain (privateBlockChains)
Private Blockchain: Only uses the general ledger technology of the blockchain for accounting. It can be a company or an individual, and has exclusive access to the writing of the blockchain. With access permissions, this chain is not much different from other distributed storage solutions. At present (Dec2015), conservative giants (traditional finance) want to experiment with private blockchains, while public chain applications such as Bitcoin have been industrialized, and private chain application products are still being explored.
4. Sidechain (Sidechain)
Sidechain is a blockchain used to confirm data from other blockchains. Through the two-way peg (TwoWayPeg) mechanism, various assets such as Bitcoin and Ripple coins can be Transfers are realized on different blockchains at a certain exchange rate.
What is the structure of blockchain?
1. Basic network layer: The basic network layer consists of a data layer and a network layer. The data layer includes underlying data blocks and related data encryption and timestamp technologies; the network layer includes distributed networking mechanisms, Data dissemination mechanism and data verification mechanism, etc.
2. Intermediate protocol layer: The intermediate protocol layer consists of a consensus layer, an incentive layer, and a contract layer. The consensus layer mainly includes various consensus algorithms of network nodes; the incentive layer integrates economic factors into the blockchain technology system. , mainly including the issuance mechanism and distribution mechanism of economic incentives; the contract layer mainly includes various scripts, algorithms and smart contracts, which is the basis of the programmable features of the blockchain.
3. Extension layer: This layer is similar to a computer driver and is designed to make blockchain products more practical. There are currently two categories. One is various trading markets, which are important channels for exchanging legal currency for cryptocurrency. They are simple to implement, get money quickly, and have low costs, but the risks are also high. The second is the expansion implementation in a certain direction. For example, based on the Yishu side chain, it can provide customized services for third-party publishing organizations, forum websites and other content producers.
4. Application service layer: As the most important link in the blockchain industry chain, the application service layer includes various application scenarios and cases of blockchain, including programmable currency, programmable finance and programmable society.
The above are the blockchain classifications brought to you by the editor? What is the structure of blockchain? of the entire content.

I. Chain classification of blockchain

Two days ago, a friend asked a lot of questions about blockchain on WeChat. One of the questions was about the chain of blockchain. How to classify. Blockchain currentlyIt can be divided into four categories: public chain, private chain, alliance chain and side chain. Beijing Muqi Mobile Technology Co., Ltd., a professional blockchain outsourcing development company, welcomes discussions for cooperation. The following will help you understand the characteristics of these blockchain chains and how to apply them. I hope it will be helpful to you.

1. Public chain - everyone can participate

Public chain means that anyone can read it, anyone can send transactions, and transactions can be effectively confirmed A blockchain in which anyone can participate in the consensus process.

The public chain adopts the proof-of-work mechanism (POW), proof-of-stake mechanism (POS), and share authorization proof mechanism (DPOS), and combines economic rewards and encrypted digital verification. And establish a principle that the economic rewards that each person can obtain are proportional to the workload. These blockchains are often considered to be completely decentralized.

Features:

1. Open source, because the operating rules of the entire system are open and transparent, this system is an open source system; 2. Protect users from the influence of developers, in the public domain Program developers in the chain have no right to interfere with users, so the blockchain can protect users who use the programs they develop; 3. The access threshold is low and anyone with sufficient technical capabilities can access it, that is, as long as there is a computer that can connect to the Internet Computers can meet the access conditions; 4. All data is public by default, although all associated participants hide their true identities. This phenomenon is very common. They generate their own security through their public nature, where every participant can see all account balances and all their transaction activity.

Case: There are many familiar figures in the public chain: BTC, ETH, EOS, AE, ADA, etc.

2. Private chain - rights are in the hands of a few people

A private chain refers to a blockchain whose write permission is only in the hands of one organization. Read permissions are either open to the public or arbitrarily restricted. Relevant applications include database management, auditing, and even a company. Although in some cases it is desirable to have public auditability, in many cases public readability is not necessary.

Features:

1. Fast transaction speed. The transaction speed of a private chain can be faster than any other blockchain, or even close to not being a blockchain. the speed of a regular database. This is because even a small number of nodes have a high degree of trust, and each node does not need to verify a transaction. 2. Good privacy, giving better privacy protection The private chain makes the data privacy policy on that blockchain exactly the same as in another database; there is no need to deal with access permissions and use all the old methods, but at least it says , this numberThe data is not publicly available to anyone with an Internet connection. 3. Low transaction costs. Transaction costs are significantly reduced or even zero. Transactions can be carried out completely free or at least very cheaply on the private chain. If one entity controlled and processed all transactions, they would no longer need to charge fees for their work.

Case: The Linux Foundation, R3CEV Corda platform, and Gem Health network’s Hyperledger project are either developing or using private chains.

3. Alliance chain - partial decentralization

The degree of openness and decentralization of the alliance chain is limited. The participants are screened out in advance or designated directly. The read permission of the database may be public, or it may be limited to the participants of the system like the write permission.

Features:

1. Low transaction costs, transactions only need to be verified by a few trusted high-computing nodes without the need for confirmation by the entire network; 2. Nodes Easy to connect, if something goes wrong, the consortium chain can be quickly repaired through manual intervention, and allows the use of consensus algorithms to reduce block times, thereby completing transactions faster; 3. Flexible, if necessary, run a private blockchain community or Companies can easily modify the rules of this blockchain, revert transactions, modify balances, etc.

Case: Ripple has established an alliance chain for international remittances between Japan and South Korea and inter-bank remittances in Japan. At the same time, Xunlei Link, which has been popular for a while, is also a semi-open alliance chain.

4. Side chain - extended protocol

Strictly speaking, "side chain" is not a blockchain itself, but can be understood as an extension of the blockchain. Protocol. The early "side chain" was to solve the limitations of Bitcoin blockchain technology. Side chains are like pathways that connect different blockchains to each other to achieve the expansion of the blockchain. Side chains Completely independent of the Bitcoin blockchain, but the two ledgers can "interoperate" and interact.

Features:

1. Independence, side chain The advantage of the architecture is that the code and data are independent, which does not increase the burden on the main chain and avoid excessive data expansion. The side chain has an independent blockchain, an independent trustee or witness, and an independent node network, that is, a The blocks generated by the side chain will only be broadcast among all nodes where the side chain is installed. 2. Flexibility. All blockchain parameters of the side chain can be customized, such as block intervals and block rewards. , where transaction fees go, etc., advanced users can also modify the consensus algorithm.

Case: LSK, RDN, ARDR and other currencies use side chain technology.

For the current digital currency field, this year may still be a competition for the underlying public chain projects. The reason is that the current public chain as the infrastructure of the blockchain still has obvious shortcomings, and it is still unable to achieve true security and reliability. and efficient. This also obviously restricts the development of the entire blockchain industry.

J. What disruptions does blockchain bring and why can it become a national strategy?

The disruptive characteristics of blockchain lie in the following four aspects: 1. Transparency. The data records of the blockchain system are transparent to the entire network nodes, and the update operations of the data records are also transparent to the entire network nodes. This is the basis for the trust of the blockchain system. Since the blockchain system uses open source programs, open rules and high participation, blockchain data records and operating rules can be reviewed and traced by nodes throughout the network, with high transparency.
2. Openness. The blockchain system is open. Except for the private information of the parties directly related to the data, which is always encrypted, the blockchain data is open to everyone (except for blockchain systems with special permission requirements). Anyone or participating nodes can query blockchain data records or develop related applications through public interfaces, so the entire system information is highly transparent.
3. Information cannot be tampered with. Once the information of the blockchain system is verified and added to the blockchain, it will be permanently stored and cannot be changed (except for systems such as private blockchains with special change requirements). Unless more than 51% of the nodes in the system can be controlled at the same time, modifications to the database on a single node are invalid, so the data stability and reliability of the blockchain are extremely high
4. Decentralization. Decentralization is the most basic feature of blockchain, which means that blockchain no longer relies on central processing nodes and realizes distributed recording, storage and updating of data. In a traditional centralized network, attacking a central node can destroy the entire system. However, in a decentralized blockchain network, attacking a single node cannot control or destroy the entire network or more than 5% of the nodes in the network. It's just the beginning of gaining control. 2019 is the first year of commercial application of blockchain technology, and favorable policy incentives will make the development of blockchain technology more stable.
As the application of blockchain technology gradually penetrates into many fields such as digital finance and the Internet, everyone has a clearer understanding of the value of blockchain.
Blockchain has formed a global competition situation. All countries are seizing development opportunities, and China cannot lag behind; therefore, it is understandable that blockchain has become a national strategy.