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❶ 2018-09-05 Xiaobai learns blockchain - 21 super nodes

1. What is a super node

The so-called super node , refers to the nodes in the EOS network that collect transaction information and package it into blocks. They can also be simply understood as the "miners" who package blocks.

2. Why are there 21 super nodes

We know that centralization has high efficiency but low security; decentralization has high security but low efficiency. . Therefore, the blockchain world has always wanted to find a balance between centralization and decentralization to take into account security and efficiency. EOS is based on this. In order to improve the efficiency of network operation, it responds by reducing nodes and uses voting to determine 21 nodes. In addition, there are 100 alternative node witnesses. These nodes may be the right ones in BM’s view. A good balance of efficiency and security.

3. Benefits of becoming a super node

It is mentioned in the paper that EOS will issue an additional 5% of tokens to those who maintain nodes every year. What is the concept of this money? The total amount of EOS is one billion, 5% is 50 million; the current price of EOS is calculated at 40 RMB, and it is divided among 21 nodes. Each node still earns close to 100 million in annual income. Once the price of EOS soars, the future benefits of these super nodes will be immeasurable. In the face of such huge benefits, big bosses from all over the world will come to run for nodes to get a share of the pie.

4. The significance of super nodes to currency holders

In order to obtain votes, teams competing for super nodes either buy a large amount of EOS or offer more attractive rewards. When canvassing votes, some teams will use the proceeds to distribute dividends to everyone (BM does not support such vote buying), and some will provide other benefits. Secondly, voting must use EOS, which injects value relative to the EOS currency, making it a more valuable currency.

❷ The more nodes in the blockchain, the safer it is. What are the characteristics of p2p?

The more nodes in the blockchain, the safer it will be, and p2p has the characteristics of high risk and high return. , so investors need to evaluate market risks and invest prudently.

❸ What are the main technical features of blockchain?

“Blockchain is a shared distributed database technology, and its advantages are mainly reflected in distributed decentralization. ization, trustless system and non-tampering and encryption security.”
1. The meaning of blockchain technology
Blockchain (BlockChain) technology is a decentralized consensus mechanism that uses Technology that maintains a complete, distributed, non-tamperable ledger database, which enables participants in the blockchain to implement a unified ledger system without establishing a trust relationship. The block is a public ledger and needs to be maintained at multiple points; the chain is stamped with timestamps(Timestamps), cannot be forged. Blockchain is essentially a technology that values ​​security and credibility over efficiency.
There is a database behind all current systems, which is a big ledger. Then who will keep this ledger becomes very important. Now it’s whoever owns the system who keeps the accounts. Each bank’s account books are kept by each bank, and Alipay’s account books are kept by Alibaba. But now in the blockchain system, everyone in the system has the opportunity to participate in accounting. If there are new transaction data changes within a certain period of time, everyone in the system can do accounting. The system will judge the person who has the fastest and best accounting during this period, write the recorded content to the ledger, and Send the contents of the ledger during this period to all other people in the system for backup. In this way, everyone in the system has a complete ledger.
Thus, the data becomes very secure. A tamperer needs to modify more than half of the system node data at the same time to truly tamper with the data. Such tampering would be extremely costly, making it nearly impossible. For example, Bitcoin has been running for more than 7 years. Countless hackers around the world have tried to attack Bitcoin, but so far there have been no transaction errors. It can be considered that the Bitcoin blockchain has been proven to be a safe and reliable system. Therefore, it can be considered that blockchain technology is a way for all people to participate in accounting, and it will bring about innovation in accounting methods.

❹ What does blockchain node mean?

Blockchain node means a smart device connected to the blockchain network. It can be called a node, but This node may play different roles depending on the characteristics of the device. This is a great feature of distributed networks, and the more nodes there are on the entire blockchain network, it means that the blockchain network is more widely distributed, more stable and more secure. Nodes include mobile phones, mining machines, servers, etc. Those who operate a node can be ordinary wallet users, miners, and mining pool users who collaborate with multiple people. ”
[Extended information]
A node is a server in a region. In the Internet area, all the running data of an enterprise is in one server, then this server is a node.
Just like what we use every day WeChat handles so many chat messages, transfers, etc. every day. The storage and operation of these data are all in Tencent's company's servers. Then this server that processes data can be called a "node". Let's talk about blockchain In the world, everyone already knows that blockchain is a decentralized distributed database. It does not rely on any centralized server. It is composed of thousands of "small servers". As long as we download a blockchain Client, we become one of the thousands of "little servers".
In this way, if we want to play with the blockchain, we ourselves are equivalent to a node.
Nodes are also divided into light nodes and full nodes. A full node is a node that owns all the transaction data of the entire network, and a light node is a node that only owns transaction data related to itself. And the node distributionThe more and more widely there are, the more decentralized the blockchain network will be and the more secure and stable the network operation will be. For example, Lianxin has 16 million Lianxin users. This shows that there are also many Lianxin nodes. Now friends who want to play with blockchain can try Lianxin. LianXin is a good blockchain application.
The existence of nodes is a representation of the distributed nature of the blockchain and is also the charm of the blockchain.
Blockchain is a distributed system. There are many nodes in the system. You can simply understand these nodes as computers or servers connected through the Internet. Then, depending on the nature of the blockchain, the ways to become a node are also different. Of course, the definition of a node is also different. For public chains like Bitcoin, theoretically speaking, you only become a node when you download the complete blockchain and participate in transactions and mining.
However, in today's Bitcoin, miners, full nodes, lightweight nodes, and even ordinary users may all be called nodes in different contexts. But in any case, the Bitcoin system is not so much "the blockchain will automatically update when connected to the network", but rather that if you want to mine or trade (and you don't trust other people's verification results), you must update it. For the entire blockchain, this is not an automatic obligation, but a voluntary matter.

❺ Three major characteristics of blockchain

Compared with traditional centralized solutions, blockchain technology mainly has the following three characteristics:

1. The core idea of ​​the blockchain is to decentralize

In the blockchain system, the rights and obligations between any nodes are equal, and all nodes have the ability to use Computing power votes to ensure that the recognized result is the result recognized by more than half of the nodes. Even if it suffers a severe hacker attack, as long as the number of nodes controlled by the hacker does not exceed half of the total number of global nodes, the system will still be able to operate normally and the data will not be tampered with.

2. The biggest subversion of blockchain is the establishment of credit

Theoretically speaking, blockchain technology can make WeChat Pay and Alipay no longer Have existence value. "The Economist" gave a vivid metaphor to the blockchain: simply put, it is "a machine that creates trust." Blockchain allows people to collaborate without trusting each other and without a neutral central authority. Combating counterfeit currency and financial fraud will no longer be needed in the future.

3. The collective maintenance of blockchain can reduce costs

In a centralized network system, the maintenance and operation of the system rely on the operation, maintenance and operation of platforms such as data centers. , the cost cannot be omitted. Anyone can participate in the nodes of the blockchain. While participating in the recording, each node also verifies the correctness of the recording results of other nodes, which improves maintenance efficiency and reduces costs.

❻ Why the blockchain cannot modify more than 51% of the nodes at the same time

The basics of blockchainEveryone should understand the definition. To put it bluntly, it means everyone keeps accounts together. A blockchain system consists of many nodes, and these nodes are usually a computer. In this system, each participating node has the opportunity to compete for accounting, that is, to update database information. The system will select the node with the fastest and best accounting within a period of time (it may be ten minutes, or it may be one second), and let it record accounts within this period of time. Data changes are recorded in a data block.

We imagine this block of data as a page. After completing the accounting, the node will send this page of the ledger to other nodes. Other nodes will verify whether this page of ledger is correct, and if there is no problem, it will be put into their own ledger. In the system, the data representation of this page of the ledger is called a block. This block records the changes in the entire ledger data during this period. Then send this update result to every node in the system. Therefore, every node in the entire system has exactly the same ledger.

We call this accounting method blockchain technology or distributed ledger technology.

Then the question arises, is the content of this ledger safe?

First of all, the rights of each node are the same. The destruction of any node will not affect the security of the entire system, nor will it cause data loss. Moreover, the ledger data of each node is exactly the same, which means that data tampering by a single node is meaningless. Because if the system finds that the two ledgers do not match, it will think that the version with a relatively large number of nodes with the same ledger is the real data version.

To put it simply, we all have WeChat groups, and the chat records of WeChat groups cannot be tampered with.

There are 500 people in a WeChat group, and everyone has a complete backup of the chat history on their mobile phones. It is impossible for any group member to modify the chat history on other people's mobile phones. They can only modify their own. Even Ma Huateng cannot modify the chat history on other people's mobile phones. Even if anyone modifies his own record, other group members can correct him. As long as more group members come up with evidence, it can be proven that this person with evil intentions has modified the record.

The blockchain also stores some specific "chat records", which have unique names in the blockchain world - transactions.

The principle is the same as the WeChat group. All people who play on this blockchain (called node wallets) keep a complete transaction history. In this way, if any individual wants to modify these historical records, others can take out their own backup to prove that these malicious people are trying to cheat, and the system will automatically discard this part of the account book that is considered to have been tampered with.

❼ From what angles can we judge the quality of a blockchain project?

From an industry perspective, the blockchain industry has developed greatly this year.improvement. Some projects we are familiar with have quickly entered the market over a period of time. But overall, the evaluation standards for blockchain projects in the market have changed a lot. So how should we judge whether a blockchain project is good or not?

3. The quantity and quality of ecological resources

When choosing a project, we also need to have a basic understanding and analysis of the ecological resources where the project is located. For example: who are the people in the ecological resources and which resources are more important. Whether the team currently working on the project has project implementation experience, whether the core team has very strong business capabilities, whether there are talents in the team, whether the team has a very good development plan, etc.

4. How is the community atmosphere and how is the user experience?

The community atmosphere can be said to be a very important factor in the success of a company. On this platform, in addition to the company, there is also a community. Community is a very important basic condition for a good project. If a project does not have the support of a community, it will ultimately be just a shell company. If a project itself is a community composed of ordinary users, then it will only be like this in its future development. For a project to be successful, it must have the support and support of users!

❽ Brief understanding of blockchain

Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is the underlying technology and infrastructure of Bitcoin. It is a distributed data storage, New application models of computer technologies such as point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanisms, and encryption algorithms.
In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chain data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is distributed cryptographically to ensure that it cannot be tampered with or forged. Account book.
In a word, it is a special distributed database.

A very important understanding is decentralization

In the world of blockchain, there is no central node. Every node is equal and stores the entire database. Any reading is parallel and transparent.
Blockchains have no administrators, and the blockchain format was first applied to Bitcoin as a solution for making databases secure without the need for trust from administrative agencies.
So how did he obtain anti-counterfeiting?

Blocks and Hash have a one-to-one correspondence. If someone modifies a block, the Hash of the block will change.
So he is the only one!
The machine that calculates Hash is called a mining machine, and the person who operates the mining machine is called a miner.
The block header contains a difficulty coefficient (difficulty), which determines the difficulty of calculating the Hash.
It takes about 1 billion calculations to count once.

Blockchain mainly solves the trust and security issues of transactions, so it proposes four technological innovations to address this issue:
The first is called a distributed ledger, which means that transaction accounting is completed by multiple nodes distributed in different places, and each node records a complete account, so they can all participate in supervising the legality of the transaction, and at the same time You can also jointly testify for it. Different from traditional centralized accounting solutions, no node can record accounts independently, thus avoiding the possibility of a single accounting person being controlled or bribed to record false accounts. On the other hand, since there are enough accounting nodes, theoretically, the accounts will not be lost unless all nodes are destroyed, thereby ensuring the security of the accounting data.
The second one is called asymmetric encryption and authorization technology. The transaction information stored on the blockchain is public, but the account identity information is highly encrypted and can only be accessed with authorization from the data owner. This ensures data security and personal privacy.
The third one is called the consensus mechanism, which is how all accounting nodes reach a consensus to determine the validity of a record. This is both a means of identification and a means of preventing tampering. Blockchain proposes four different consensus mechanisms, which are suitable for different application scenarios and strike a balance between efficiency and security. Taking Bitcoin as an example, it uses proof of work. Only when more than 51% of the accounting nodes in the entire network are controlled, it is possible to forge a non-existent record. When there are enough nodes joining the blockchain, this is basically impossible, thus eliminating the possibility of fraud.
The last technical feature is called smart contracts. Smart contracts are based on these trustworthy and non-tamperable data and can automatically execute some predefined rules and terms. Take insurance as an example. If everyone's information (including medical information and risk occurrence information) is true and trustworthy, it will be easy to automate claims settlement in some standardized insurance products.

A person signed by Satoshi Nakamoto proposed a revolutionary idea: let’s create a currency that is not controlled by the government or anyone else!
----The origin of Bitcoin.
Blockchain technology has extremely broad application prospects, especially in digital currency, cross-border payments, etc. in the financial field. Previously, it was reported that the People’s Bank of China is expected to become the first central bank to develop digital currency and carry out real-life applications.
35 Internet: The company and CICC Online have signed a letter of intent to cooperate and plan to jointly carry out Bitcoin projects, and blockchain technology is the core of Bitcoin.
Hundsun Electronics: is trying to establish a digital bill system based on the alliance chain using blockchain technology.
Feitian Integrity: The company once stated on the interactive platform that it currently has certain technical reserves and research in blockchain technology. The company will actively participate in digital currency and other blockchain technology industries in the future.
Wintime: On April 11, it was stated on the investor relations interactive platform that the company currently has technical reserves in this area, but it is in the initial stage.
Judging from the current situation, the vast majority of blockchain technology applications in my country’s listed companiesIt is still in the research stage, and the implementation, promotion and application of the project have yet to be tested over time.