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1. Please download the full text of "Hangzhou Blockchain Industry Report 2018" for free from Baidu Netdisk resources, thank you~
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Introduction: For understanding The technological innovation and application implementation of the blockchain industry in Hangzhou promotes the development of the blockchain industry in Hangzhou. Under the guidance of the leadership of the Finance Office, the Hangzhou Blockchain Technology and Application Federation organized the Shuqin Technology Blockchain Research Institute. Jointly carried out the writing work of the "2018 Hangzhou Blockchain Industry Report".
In order to fully understand the situation, Hangzhou Blockchain Technology and Application Federation formed a special research team on May 28, 2018. After spending three months conducting research on nearly 30 blockchain companies in Hangzhou (nearly 20 of which were field surveys), the team mastered a large amount of first-hand information. After more than two months of writing and repeated revisions, the report was finally completed in early November.
2. What blockchain projects in China that have really affected society and life and have been implemented are worth mentioning
Speaking of blockchain, you can To be exact, there is currently no multi-million dollar implementation project, but because of this, the imagination space of blockchain is very large. At present, major companies in various countries are deploying blockchain technology, but most of them are small-scale applications or pilot projects, but they are also worth mentioning:
1. Blockchain + electronic invoice
p>On August 10, 2018, the country’s first blockchain electronic invoice was launched in Shenzhen. Different from traditional electronic invoices and simple electronic invoices, the blockchain electronic invoice that was implemented this time combines the "fund flow and invoice flow" into one, combines invoice issuance and online payment, and opens up invoices. The entire process of application, invoicing, reimbursement and tax filing.
The Shuqin core team has been committed to blockchain technology research and application exploration since 2013. At the beginning, the Shuqin team wanted to integrate blockchain technology with the Internet finance at that time. combine. However, how to ensure that the data saved by blockchain technology is recognized by the existing judicial system? Shuqin found that the development of the entire blockchain industry will face the same problem: judicial validity! In order to solve this industry problem, Shuqin team established Baoquan.com.
This was a problem that even Ali could not solve at the time. In order to establish a connection with the existing judicial system, the Shuqin team found Qianmai, the only identification center with data identification qualifications in Zhejiang Province at that time, and established Qianxin.com with them. After many efforts, in 2016, Qianxin.com issued the first blockchain-based electronic evidence forensic appraisal certificate.
Relying on Baoquan.com, a network connected with the basic rules of societyPlatform, based on the vision of building a new digital economic ecosystem, ShuQin Technology has built a "technology + data + industry" ecosystem from blockchain data center infrastructure to public chains, sub-chains, and alliance chains, and designed Leading multi-layer incentive models such as trusted ledgers, DAPP applications, data production materials, effective computing power and algorithms, empower the real economy through effective value data exchange based on consensus mechanisms and a virtuous cycle of token economy.
In this regard, as the incubation team of Shuqin Technology, Tian Dachao, founder of Chainshan Capital, commented: Shuqin Technology will be one of the most promising companies in guiding the future development of the blockchain. It is reported that Chainfir Capital is the world's leading digital technology investment bank and digital asset management company. It provides full-process investment banking and encrypted digital asset investment management services for blockchain project investment, incubation, financing, trading and community, and is committed to providing investors, Enterprises and industries provide financial and industrial capital integration solutions that create far-reaching value, striving to create unicorns in the future blockchain field.
Blockchain is still in its infancy, but its development potential cannot be underestimated. In the near future, there will be a steady stream of companies joining the blockchain industry or using blockchain technology. ChainFir Capital, led by Tian Dachao, is doing this to discover more valuable, ideal, and promising companies that focus on the underlying technology of the blockchain, and give them wings to take off, in the hope of making the area faster. Blockchain is implemented to create value for society.
3. Shell Currency: The most successful ancient blockchain economic experiment
This account is signed by the News & NetEase account ""Everyone has their own attitude" The concept of contemporary blockchain for accounts has just appeared more than 10 years ago, but there have been cases of similar attempts in the long past. What’s more, from the beginning, this type of mechanism has been closely related to the monetary economy. Maybe you will think that Shell is primitive and outdated, but Its history as currency was prevalent in many areas until the 19th century. Even today when Internet mobile payments are popular, there are still countries that use it as a recognized legal tender. 1 The original distributed accounting shell is the earliest known currency shell The history of money as a currency has been blurred and cannot be tested. But before human society entered metal coins, shells were already everywhere in various people on the five continents. In an era when intercontinental movement was not convenient, shells had such a powerful payment influence. It can be seen that it has great value and sense of existence in the hearts of primitive humans. Since early humans did not have transportation technologies such as wheels and horses, sailing became the best choice for movement and transportation. In addition, rivers, lakes and seas are rich in aquatic products, and it is easy to attract A large number of people came to fish. Among them, shellfish had little ability to escape, so it was easier to become a readily available food to satisfy hunger. Correspondingly, early works of art using shells as raw materials also became popular. The first necklaces, bracelets, and earrings Or pendants, most of which used shells as raw materials, and gradually gained exchange value. The economic development of the Neolithic Age gave rise to the demand for trading media. As the number of human communities increased, the development of early agriculture and animal husbandry produced a large number of surplus products.. Therefore, exchange behavior within different regions began to appear. However, most agricultural and animal husbandry output has only a short shelf life, and it is inconvenient for exchangers to carry large quantities, forcing humans to seek a relatively stable and abundant trading medium. Shells, which already had a stable output, followed the trend and became the first currency in human history. Beyond the inherent knowledge of many people, Shell Currency has had the characteristics of distributed accounting from the beginning. Although many people will make a comparison with today's national currencies, Shell Exchange actually does not have a clear concept of centralization. Every coastal or riverside tribe can go to the waterside to "dig" and then process it into a relatively neat form. The only industry standard is that the medium needs to be shellfish shells, not the remains of other organisms. Even though Some residents of the American interior came up with a whim and created similar forms of snail shell coins, but they could not continue to go beyond this category. Looking for shells by the river is a primitive "mining". As for the very important specific value, it is completely unknown. It depends on the negotiation results between the two parties. In other words, not only the purchasing power of shells will fluctuate with the amount of materials, but the price itself also has many variables in the circulation process. A resident living in the inland may buy shells out of speculation. After obtaining a large amount of shells, they soon found that their prices dropped due to various force majeure factors. This is mainly because shells, as currency, lack the reserve system necessary for modern financial products. The production of shellfish species may completely decline due to natural factors. Suddenly high and sometimes low. People can't come up with reliable products with stable value as an endorsement of their own Shell coins. Therefore, Shell is a typical barbaric growth stage and has many similarities with the early blockchains of later generations. Shell The value of currency fluctuates very sharply 2 Facing the challenge of precious metals Early Minoan copper coins in Crete Once human society entered the Bronze Age, the limitations of shell currency were exposed. The birth of bulk commodity trading made merchants and managers even more People were intolerant of shells without endorsements. As a result, the first precious metal currency was born. In the beginning, copper mines, as an important strategic resource, were extremely valuable means of payment. Archaeologists discovered in Crete that there were The original copper coins minted by the Minoan civilization. The raw materials come from Cyprus, which is rich in copper mines, and it appears to be of a very international level. Of course, the introduction of precious metals never means the end of the history of shells as currency. People use it across a wide range of regions When trading, gold, silver, copper and iron with high net worth are naturally the first choice to increase purchasing power and facilitate transportation. However, within specific communities, shells are still an agreed daily means of payment. Especially in non-coastal areas, the value of shells increases with coastal mining. The decrease in miners has led to a reverse increase. Therefore, it was not until the development of horse breeding technology that the circulation area of shell coins was further compressed. Due to the blockchain attributes from the beginning, shell coins are fully capable of spreading within the radiation range of their origin. It maintains meaning within itself. Because as long as there is the approval of the user group, even game coins can have complete monetary capabilities. However, with the development of transportation technology, the Shang and Zhou shell currencies from the 15th to 9th centuries BCAs the distance between development and international trade increases, shell coins are gradually being phased out in many regions. First in the Eastern Mediterranean, where the commodity economy was most developed, and then in Syria, Mesopotamia and Egypt, which were closely connected with it. The mining and circulation of large amounts of gold and silver caused the value of copper coins to fall rapidly, and squeezed out the last remaining shells in daily life. In the 7th and 6th centuries BC, the Lydians in the western part of the Asia Minor Peninsula minted revolutionary round gold and silver coins. Within 200 years, this form was unanimously recognized and quickly spread among the two major groups, the Greeks and the Phoenicians. Through their transmission, it spread throughout the Mediterranean world, Egypt, the Black Sea basin and Mesopotamia. When the Persian army marched westward from the mountainous areas further east, they immediately took over this financial coinage system. By the 5th century BC, silver coins with stable quality had become the main object of tax collection by the empire. The Persians also used various means to accumulate large amounts of precious metal reserves in their treasury as reserves for issuing coins at any time. Although this process is still very crude and primitive, it has been used in financial operations for thousands of years. Lydian gold coins from the 7th to 6th centuries BC Athenian silver coins from the 6th to 5th centuries BC Silver coins from the Persian Empire from the 6th century BC Even in places where gold and silver did not circulate much, the decline in the value of copper coins alone was enough to popularize the metal currency. For example, in India, at least during the Mauryan Empire of Ashoka, square silver coins with local characteristics were issued. However, in border areas where the empire's control was weak, shells continued to be used as value carriers for small groups. When Mediterranean merchants from the Hellenistic era continued to arrive, the monetary system along the western coast was completely upgraded. But in the Bay of Bengal, which is densely covered with swamps and rarely touched by outsiders, shells still served as currency until the 19th century. During this period, they will become flexible and diverse means of transaction payment together with precious metals, spices or other commodities. As for extremely immoral slaves, they are also a circulating resource in this huge market. In more remote East Asia, metal currencies also appeared during the Zhou Dynasty. But at the same time, the phenomenon of shells as folk currency has always continued. The currency upgrade process similar to that in the Mediterranean and West Asia is happening again here. Because early copper coins were of high value, they were larger and did not need to be carried too much. However, as copper mines increased and a small amount of gold and silver were imported, copper coins gradually shrank and occupied the shell market. However, because the external communication channels were too narrow and a large amount of copper was prioritized for weapons manufacturing, the use of shells continued until much later. The round square hole coins designated by Qin Shihuang were a key step in upgrading the currency value. The large handfuls of copper coins connected with ropes are almost identical to the shell necklaces worn by ancient ancestors. Although the Qin State never eliminated shell currency, the impact of this choice lasted until the Qing Dynasty in the 19th century. The silver coins of the Mauryan Empire in the 4th century BC, the Seven Heroes copper coins in the Warring States Period, Qin Shihuang chose coins with round square holes, but failed to eliminate shells. At the end of the Middle Ages, the limited precious metal production was unable to support the development of the overall economy. The original driving force of the Age of Discovery was the European royal family, nobles and merchantsA joint treasure hunt between classes. They also soon discovered large areas of primitive economies using shell currency on both sides of the Atlantic. The Portuguese who landed in West Africa realized that tribes along the Gulf of Guinea used shells as a means of payment. Even the most economically developed Kingdom of Southern Sahara would agree to accept the shells sent by the Japanese. Although gold, weapons and salt all have circulation properties, their weight and popularity are not as widespread as shells. Therefore, in the early trading station forts, a professional employee would be assigned to clean the shells. Then they combined weapons or luxury goods shipped from Europe in exchange for local gold and slaves. *** Merchants who are using shells in West Africa. The Portuguese used shells and other methods to exchange for a lot of West African gold. The colonists of Northwest Europe in the 17th century also discovered that the Indians in North America liked to use shells as currency. Despite being isolated from the world for nearly ten thousand years, they have also formed a characteristic economy similar to distributed accounting. As for South America, which had been previously conquered by the Spanish, shell payment was first eliminated due to the large-scale mining of silver mines in Peru. But the shell economy in North America lasted until at least the 18th century. Before members of the Indian economic circle recognized European gold and silver, they strictly protected their shell currency system and contributed a large number of expensive furs. Indians in North America also continued to use shells as currency. 3 The ultimate pressure in the modern world. Shell currency in West Africa and other places persisted until the 19th century. When readers see this, they may feel that the survivability of shell currency is very strong. Throughout history, it is not difficult to find that it is of great significance to certain places to maintain independent economic zones. However, due to the lack of reserves and other reasons mentioned above, shells are always at a disadvantage in the face of precious metals. These flaws are also the flaws of blockchain currencies in the early 21st century. Still taking Africa, which has long insisted on trading shells, as an example. Between the 15th and 19th centuries, the economic strategy of the local black kingdoms was to limit contact, export irreplaceable goods, and strictly prohibit European business groups from entering the mainland market. Of course, they are actually indispensable for the weapons and other goods imported by white people, but generally they can maintain this balance. However, with the advent of the more powerful British Empire, the past methods of dealing with Japanese, Portuguese and Dutch merchants gradually lost their effectiveness. West Africa has become an integral part of the transatlantic multilateral trade. The British can ship large quantities of shells at any time if they are willing. After the British gained advantages in the Atlantic region, they continued to influence West Africa through places such as Ghana's Gold Coast. The huge shipping capacity advantage of British sea power allows them to transport several meals of shells for trade at any time if they want. This weight is undoubtedly far greater than that of the medieval camel caravans and later the fleets of early adventurers. Therefore, no matter how exquisite the polishing skills of local local workshops are, they will always be defeated at the technical level. Secondly, when European and American countries banned the slave trade, the advantages of coastal tribes’ specialty products disappeared. As a result, the originally balanced trade suddenly became unequal. As a result, the shell currency was quickly defeated in a short period of time. The remaining craftsmen are onlyBeing able to turn ""coin-minting skills" into a custom tourism project, which continues to this day. In North America, the collapse of shell coins is even more unsuspicious. As early as the British and French colonies, a large number of natives gave up their original traditions , trying to integrate into the international world. That is to say, shell coins disappeared from the coast in a short period of time and degenerated into a reserved item for trade between different tribes. Over time, everyone felt that its value was too low, prompting the shells to continue to degenerate into Yiluo The internal currency of conservative tribes such as Quebec. Finally, with the establishment of the United States, which was born independently of 13 states, the westward movement also completely replaced the original blockchain orphans. The abolition of the black slave trade caused the local West Africans to lose their advantageous commodity shells. Industry finally changed from currency to handicraft. The proportion of global currency transactions as of April 2019. Since then, the global monetary system based on the gold standard has gradually spread, and the value of precious metals has also been weakened. Shells at the bottom have no chance to turn around. However, today, In Papua New Guinea, cowrie shells are still the legal tender in the eastern part of New Britain. But their symbolic significance obviously far exceeds their actual value. But you have to admit that, as the first official currency, cowrie shells do have extraordinary tenacity. Vitality. Looking back at this history of more than 5,000 years, people today can clearly understand the advantages and disadvantages of blockchain-like technology. In the barbaric growth stage of high net worth, there are also a lot of risks in addition to interests. Decentralization The application of thinking is its core competitiveness that always attracts attention. However, any currency cannot do without value endorsement, which is also the most important reason why countries all have central banks today. Welcome to follow NetEase account: Cold Pao History Special Statement: This article Uploaded and published by the author of NetEase's self-media platform ""NetEase Account", it only represents the author's views. NetEase only provides an information release platform.
4. Blockchain and Bitcoin (1)< /p>
Blockchain is a concept that has been proposed by academic circles for a long time but has only been popularized by Bitcoin in recent years. Bitcoin is an implementation based on blockchain technology. Bitcoin It is a kind of cryptocurrency, or it can also be called digital currency. Let’s start with Bitcoin and talk about how Bitcoin uses blockchain technology.
Assume that during the 2006 World Cup finals, two mutual exchanges I met a football fan who didn’t know me. Italy was playing France. The French fans said that France will definitely beat Italy with Zidane. The Italian fans were not convinced and said that Italy is invincible. If you don’t believe it, let’s bet 100 euros. In the real world, What should we do?
I have said before that we who work on computers spend more than 90% of the time dealing with abnormal situations. If humans were very trustworthy, the world might not be what it is now. The 600 miles that Qin State promised to King Huai of Chu were no longer 6 miles. Maybe Chu State would be the one to unify China. If the money is handed over to a third party, what if the third party also runs away? What to do? He stole the money. So in the real strange world, relying on a kind heart alone isIf you cannot live without it, you must have means to firmly guarantee this commitment, legal contracts, etc. Nowadays, a very common approach is for the third party to find an authoritative institution, such as the government, a bank, etc., or to find a reputable person or organization. In the final analysis, it is still to find an institution or person with credibility. But under normal circumstances, this third party will definitely "pluck out hair" and charge a certain percentage of handling fees.
So is there any way to solve this problem? This is one of the original intentions of Bitcoin's original design, to solve the trust problem between two strangers.
Encryption algorithm + multi-person accounting
Let’s talk about the encryption algorithm first. Here we need the asymmetric encryption I mentioned before, that is, the public key and private key. Everyone can have one or more pairs of public and private keys, but a public key can only have a corresponding private key, and vice versa. The principle is that two very large prime numbers (p and q) are multiplied to get a number (n). If you want to crack the private key based on the public key, you must theoretically crack it violently and figure out which two large prime numbers the number is multiplied by. Got it. Currently, there is no published private key in the world that can crack more than 1024 bits, so it is very safe to use a private key of 1024 or 2048 or even longer.
Then with the public key and private key, I as an individual can encrypt with the private key, and then publish the public key. Anyone can use my public key to decrypt to determine that this is what I published. . In the same way, when someone transfers money to me, I can also use his or her public key to decrypt it and determine that this is someone's identity. This is also called a digital signature. The principles are the same, they are all encryption algorithms, obtained by using mathematical Euler's formula, prime number multiplication and other principles. This is a very great algorithm called RSA, proposed by three mathematicians. As long as we ordinary people understand the concept and use of public keys and private keys.
In the previous traditional model, banks or government agencies had their own separate ledgers. For example, if Zhang San transferred 100 yuan to Li Si, how would it be recorded in the ledger? 100 is deducted from Zhang San’s account and 100 is added to Li Si’s account, right?
The same is true for multi-person ledgers, except that the previous centralized institution has become a distributed, decentralized multiple institutions and even individuals. For example, Li Bai transferred 100 taels of silver to Du Fu. In the past, the Ministry of Finance kept accounts. In the blockchain, Tang Taizong, Yang Yuhuan, Zhang Xiaojing, He Zhizhang and many other people kept accounts together. It was recorded that Li Taibai transferred 100 taels of silver to Du Zimei. , as evidence, with Li Bai's seal attached at the back. In this way, with multiple ledgers, it would be extremely difficult to tamper with them. Li Bai could safely transfer them to Du Fu without worrying that he would tamper with the amount or deny it.
This can solve the problem of fans betting mentioned at the beginning, but there is another question, why should others help us keep accounts?
The answer is that there is compensation, which is in line with human nature, otherwise it has nothing to do with who is willing to help me remember a sum.Where is the account?
But there is only one person who can ultimately keep accounts, otherwise everything will be in chaos.
On the premise that it is beneficial, how to ensure who will keep the accounts? There is a mathematical knowledge involved here. Everyone who wants to keep accounts, in fact, the so-called miners, must solve a mathematical problem when keeping money. There is no trick to this mathematical problem. The only way is to put the numbers into the formula. In hard calculation, the algorithm is a Hash algorithm, which is similar to calculating a series of numbers. Miners can only guess, but there is no other way. Moreover, the current probability of guessing in Bitcoin is one in a trillion. It would take an ordinary computer to guess this number continuously for about a year.
But there are thousands of computers in the world, and if they are calculated together, the speed will be much faster, because from a probability point of view, one computer will definitely calculate it, and this is indeed the case. Let’s look at a real-life example of Bitcoin.
In addition, you can also see who the Miner is and how many transactions (Number of Transactions) are included in this block.
What if this miner is an individual with ulterior motives, and after calculating the calculation, he tampered with the transfer record and amount privately?
A. Tampering with transaction records/amount
We introduced the public and private key encryption technology earlier. The miners themselves theoretically do not have the private keys of the sender or payee. Therefore, the transaction record that he tampered with will make errors when decrypted with the correct public key, and will eventually be deemed illegal (the author is not sure at what point in time the identification was made, but he is sure that this record can be falsified) ).
B. Delete transaction records
Assume a scenario where Zhang San wants to buy a two-bedroom, one-living house in Beijing’s 4th Ring Road, but Zhang San doesn’t want to pay for it. Occupying the house for free, I thought of a sneaky way to tamper with the transaction records. Theoretically, after Zhang San paid, this record was generated but not confirmed. The record needs to wait until a miner solves the puzzle. Assuming that the miner is one of his own, he asked the miner to erase the record. There is no problem. . But there are several ways to do it:
As we all know, Bitcoin mining takes a long time because of the troublesome math problems. The current cycle is about 10 minutes. This is based on the world Under the premise that hundreds of thousands of mining machines are working at full capacity at the same time. That is to say, tens of thousands of transactions will be uniformly confirmed and put into an immutable block every ten minutes, and these hundreds of thousands of mining machines will update their local records at the same time.
2.1 If thisA transaction was just generated, the landlord saw it, and then transferred the property rights to Zhang San in the next second. If Zhang San wants to tamper with the payment record, he must meet several conditions:
The difficulty of success depends on How many confirmed blocks follow the tampered record. If there is only one, it is too simple, because the blockchain algorithm defaults to miners using the first received longer block when publishing a new block. So after this modification, it will be done once and for all, because all the ledgers will be synchronized, but there is also a problem, that is, this synchronization will be recorded. If the landlord cannot check the account, Zhang San will eventually be arrested. If there are many, for example, after Zhang San transfers the money, the landlord only transfers the property rights 1 hour after confirming the transfer, then Zhang San must tamper with the previous block information of about 6 blocks, which is very troublesome, because every block All will point to the previous block, and each block will have a digest (Hash), which is a summary of all transaction records in the current block. So if you try to modify a block that was written a long time ago, the digests of subsequent blocks will be changed. This is the hash tree (MerkleTree). Other nodes can report information that the blockchain has been tampered with. This involves the most important point. The 51% computing power that is often mentioned means that if Zhang San owns more than 50% of the ledgers and acknowledges this modification, then other nodes will also acknowledge this modification according to the algorithm design. . However, let’s not talk about the fact that almost no one in the world can do the above two things at the same time. Even if you can do it, if someone has questions about this, you can still force the system to be repaired. Similar problems have occurred in Ethereum before, and the outcome is Ethereum Entire blocks were tampered with and stolen property was recovered. Ethereum fork event.
The above is only a superficial introduction to the characteristics of Bitcoin implemented by applying blockchain technology. It can achieve openness, fairness, neutrality and equality. Any two strangers in the world can rely on Bitcoin or other blockchain technologies to trust each other.
