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区块链募集协议有哪些,区块链募集协议是什么

发布时间：2023-12-08-20:10:00 来源：网络区块链知识区块协议

区块链募集协议有哪些,区块链募集协议是什么

区块链募集协议是指，使用区块链技术进行融资的一种协议。它是一种新型的融资模式，旨在使资金变得更加安全、透明、可信和有效。本文将介绍区块链募集协议有哪些、区块链募集协议是什么，以及它的三个关键词：去中心化、安全性和透明度。

去中心化

去中心化是指不存在中心化的组织和管理，而是分散的组织和管理。这就意味着，没有任何一个中心机构可以控制或影响整个系统。去中心化是区块链募集协议的重要特征，它使得资金的流动更加安全、可靠，也更加有效。

安全性

安全性是指区块链募集协议的安全程度。由于区块链技术的特性，它可以提供更为安全的资金管理机制，可以有效防止资金遭受非法侵害。此外，区块链募集协议还提供了一种有效的数据存储机制，可以有效防止数据被篡改。

透明度

透明度是指区块链募集协议的信息公开程度。由于区块链技术的特性，它可以提供更为透明的资金管理机制，可以让投资者更加清楚地了解资金的流向，从而提高资金的安全性和可靠性。此外，区块链募集协议还提供了一种有效的数据存储机制，可以让投资者更加清楚地了解数据的真实性。

以上就是有关区块链募集协议的三个关键词：去中心化、安全性和透明度的介绍。区块链募集协议是一种新型的融资模式，旨在使资金变得更加安全、透明、可信和有效。它的三个关键词共同构成了区块链募集协议的基本特征，为投资者提供了更加安全可靠的资金管理机制。

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『一』What network protocol does the blockchain use?

A protocol is a set of rules that governs the network. Blockchain protocols typically include rules for consensus, transaction verification, and network participation. Agreements often rely on economic incentives - meaning the agreement depends on a certain asset.
Often protocol-level assets are also available as native offerings of the protocol (no platform required!) Bitcoin is a good example of this. Bitcoin (capital B) refers to the protocol. The protocol depends on the native asset: bitcoin (lower case b). This native asset is also used as a final product: it is a means of payment for users, a store of value, and (let’s be honest) a measure of hype. Note that Bitcoin does not really provide a platform. This isn't very friendly to developers trying to build new products on top of it.
On the other hand, Ethereum has three levels. This is an agreement that provides basic rules. It is a platform that enables developers to build new products on the system. And, because it includes a native asset in its protocol, it also gets a built-in product (in the form of ether).
The application fields of blockchain include digital currency, certificates, finance, anti-counterfeiting and traceability, privacy protection, supply chain, entertainment, etc. With the popularity of blockchain and Bitcoin, many related top domain names have been registered. , which has had a relatively large impact on the domain name industry.

『二』How to achieve legal compliance for blockchain projects

China is still relatively conservative when it comes to blockchain projects. Blockchain projects always involve a derivative industry. It’s digital currency trading. If you want to do a project but it’s not allowed in China, what should you do? You can register a non-profit foundation in Singapore, and add relevant legal opinions to prove that the project you do does not violate Singapore's current laws and regulations. Examples of Bytom, Litecoin, etc. are such operations.

After registering the foundation body, you still need to complete legal compliance in the later stage. The main purpose is to draw a clear line between illegal and criminal activities, but you have no say in it. Because those who do blockchain must have digital tokens. To put it bluntly, digital currency drives the popularity of blockchain in China, but what are the facts? Digital currency is just a small application of blockchain technology.

Due to the particularity of the industry, there are currently no formal laws and regulations to restrict its development. It involves a wide range of violations:
pyramid selling
illegal fund-raising
money laundering
Absorbing public deposits
Illegal operations
Transnational foreign exchange crime
Provides more convenience for terrorist financing

So various countries in the world treat blockchain Attitudes are also different. China has banned it, so everyone is developing projects overseas, such as Singapore and Thailand. The first thing that needs to be complied with is local laws and regulations. Who has the final say on whether the project is legal? Two ways: apply for official numbersA trading license or a legal opinion issued by a lawyer. At present, most of them are the latter, which are easy to operate and cost little.

『三』What is blockchain? Popular explanation of blockchain. The simplest explanation of blockchain

Blockchain is a decentralized distributed ledger database. This The advantage of this distributed ledger is that buyers and sellers can trade directly without any intermediary. Everyone has a backup, even if yours is lost, it will not be affected.
If you have a ledger at home, let you keep it. In the past, your parents gave you your salary and asked you to record it in your account book. If you are greedy and want to buy something delicious in the meantime, the record in the account book may be missing by more than ten yuan, and no one else will know.
How to use blockchain to solve problems: If you use the whole family mobilization method to keep accounts, the above-mentioned problems will not exist, because you are keeping accounts, your father is also keeping accounts, and your mother is also keeping accounts. , they can all see the general ledger. You can’t change it, and neither can your parents. In this way, your father who wants to buy cigarettes and you who want to eat can’t do anything about it.
(3) Extended reading of blockchain fundraising agreement:
Blockchain application fields
1. Financial field
Blockchain is used in finance such as international exchange, letters of credit, equity registration and stock exchanges The field has potential huge application value. The application of blockchain technology in the financial industry can eliminate the need for third-party intermediaries and achieve direct point-to-point connection, thereby greatly reducing costs and quickly completing transaction payments.
2. Internet of Things and Logistics Fields
Blockchain can also be naturally combined in the Internet of Things and logistics fields. Through blockchain, logistics costs can be reduced, the production and delivery process of items can be traced, and the efficiency of supply chain management can be improved. This field is considered to be a promising application direction of the blockchain.
3. Public welfare field
The data stored on the blockchain is highly reliable and cannot be tampered with, so it is naturally suitable for use in social welfare scenarios. Relevant information in the public welfare process, such as donation projects, fundraising details, fund flows, recipient feedback, etc., can be stored on the blockchain and transparently and publicly disclosed conditionally to facilitate social supervision.
4. Insurance field
In terms of insurance claims, insurance institutions are responsible for fund collection, investment, and claims settlement, and often have high management and operating costs. Through the application of smart contracts, there is no need for the policy holder to apply or the insurance company to approve it. As long as the claim settlement conditions are triggered, the insurance policy can automatically settle claims.

『四』Are there 7 core technologies for blockchain operation that you should know?

How many of the 7 core technologies for blockchain operation do you know? ?
1. Blockchain links
As the name suggests, blockchain is a chain composed of blocks. Each block is divided into two parts: block header and block body (including transaction data). The block header includes the hash (PrevHash) value (also called hash value) of the previous block used to implement block linking and the random number (nonce) used to calculate the mining difficulty. The hash value of the previous block is actually the previousThe hash value of the block header, and the rules for calculating random numbers determine which miner can obtain the power to record the block.
2. Consensus Mechanism
Blockchain was born with Bitcoin and is the basic technical architecture of Bitcoin. Blockchain can be understood as a decentralized accounting system based on the Internet. A decentralized digital currency system like Bitcoin requires blockchain to ensure the consistency of accounting by each honest node without a central node. Therefore, the core of blockchain technology is a consensus mechanism that reaches consensus on the legality of transactions among individuals who have no basis for trust in each other without central control.
There are currently four main categories of blockchain consensus mechanisms: PoW, PoS, DPoS, and distributed consensus algorithms.
3. Unlocking scripts
Scripts are an important technology for automatic verification and automatic execution of contracts on the blockchain. Each output of each transaction does not strictly point to an address, but to a script. A script is like a set of rules that govern how the recipient can spend the assets locked on this output.
The legality verification of transactions also relies on scripts. Currently it relies on two types of scripts: locking scripts and unlocking scripts. The locking script is a condition added to the output transaction, implemented through a script language, and is located at the output of the transaction. The unlocking script corresponds to the locking script. Only if the conditions required by the locking script are met, the corresponding assets on this script can be spent, which is located at the input of the transaction. Many flexible items can be expressed through scripting language. The interpretation script is similar to a "virtual machine" in our programming field, which is distributed and runs on every node in the blockchain network.
4. Transaction Rules
Blockchain transactions are the basic units that constitute blocks, and are also the actual effective content that the blockchain is responsible for recording. A blockchain transaction can be a transfer or other transactions such as the deployment of smart contracts.
In the case of Bitcoin, a transaction refers to a payment transfer. The trading rules are as follows:
1) The input and output of the transaction cannot be empty.
2) For each input of the transaction, if its corresponding UTXO output can be found in the current transaction pool, the transaction will be rejected. Because the current transaction pool is a transaction that has not been recorded in the blockchain, and each input of the transaction should come from a confirmed UTXO. If found in the current transaction pool, it is a double spend transaction.
3) For each input in the transaction, its corresponding output must be UTXO.
4) Each input unlocking script must work with the corresponding output locking script to verify the compliance of the transaction.
5. Transaction Priority
The priority of blockchain transactions is determined by the blockchain protocol rules. For Bitcoin, the priority of a transaction being included in a block is determined by the time it takes for the transaction to be broadcast to the network and the size of the transaction. As the time for a transaction to be broadcast to the network increases, the chain age of the transaction increases, and the transactionThe priority of the transaction is increased, and it will eventually be included in the block. For Ethereum, the priority of a transaction is also related to the transaction fee that the publisher of the transaction is willing to pay. The higher the transaction fee that the publisher is willing to pay, the higher the priority of the transaction being included in the block.
6.Merkle proof
The original application of Merkle proof is the Bitcoin system (Bitcoin), which was described and created by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2009. The Bitcoin blockchain uses Merkle proofs in order to store transactions in every block. This makes the transaction unable to be tampered with and makes it easy to verify whether the transaction is included in a specific block.
7.RLP
RLP (Recursive Length Prefix, recursive length prefix encoding) is a main encoding method for object serialization in Ethereum. Its purpose is to encode any nested sequence of binary virtual data. Lu Ji

『Wu』 Tutorial on getting started with blockchain

However, there are very few simple and easy-to-understand introductory articles. What exactly blockchain is and what makes it special is rarely explained.
Next, I will try to write a best-understood blockchain tutorial. After all, it is not difficult. The core concept is very simple and can be explained clearly in a few sentences. I hope that after reading this article, you will not only understand the blockchain, but also understand what mining is, why mining is getting more and more difficult, and other issues.
It should be noted that I am not an expert in this area. Although I have been paying attention to it for a long time, my detailed understanding of blockchain started at the beginning of this year. You are welcome to correct any errors or inaccuracies in the article.
1. The essence of blockchain
What is blockchain? In a word, it is a special distributed database.
First of all, the main function of blockchain is to store information. Any information that needs to be saved can be written to the blockchain and read from it, so it is a database.
Secondly, anyone can set up a server, join the blockchain network, and become a node. In the world of blockchain, there is no central node. Every node is equal and stores the entire database. You can write/read data to any node, because all nodes will eventually be synchronized to ensure that the blockchain is consistent.
2. The biggest features of blockchain
Distributed databases are not a new invention, and there have been such products on the market for a long time. However, blockchain has a revolutionary feature.
Blockchain has no administrator, it is completely centerless. Other databases have administrators, but blockchain does not. If one wanted to add auditing to the blockchain, it would not be possible because it is designed to prevent the emergence of a central authority.
It is precisely because it is unmanageable that blockchain can be uncontrollable. Otherwise, once big companies and large groups control the management, they will control the entire platform, and other users will have to take orders from them.
However, without an administrator, everyone can write data into it. How can we ensure that the data is trustworthy? What if it is modified by a bad person? Please read on, this is the wonderful thing about blockchain .
3. Block
Blockchain is composed of blocks. Blocks are much like database records. Every time data is written, a block is created.
Each block contains two parts.
Head: records the characteristic values of the current block
Body: actual data
The block header contains multiple characteristic values of the current block.
Generation time
Hash of the actual data (i.e. block body)
Hash of the previous block
...
Here, you need to understand what a hash is , which is necessary to understand blockchain.
The so-called hashing means that the computer can calculate a characteristic value of the same length for any content. The hash length of the blockchain is 256 bits, which means that no matter what the original content is, a 256-bit binary number will be calculated in the end. And it can be guaranteed that as long as the original content is different, the corresponding hash must be different.
For example, the hash of the string 123 is (hexadecimal), which is 256 bits when converted to binary, and only 123 can get this hash. (Theoretically, it is possible for other strings to get this hash, but the probability is extremely low and can be approximated as impossible.)
Therefore, there are two important inferences.
Corollary 1: The hash of each block is different, and the block can be identified by the hash.
Corollary 2: If the content of the block changes, its hash will definitely change.
4. The non-modifiable nature of Hash
Blocks and hashes have a one-to-one correspondence, and the hash of each block is calculated based on the block header (Head). That is to say, the characteristic values of the block header are connected together in order to form a very long string, and then the hash is calculated on this string.
Hash = SHA256 (block header)
The above is the calculation formula of block hash. SHA256 is the hash algorithm of the blockchain. Note that this formula only contains the block header and not the block body. In other words, the hash is uniquely determined by the block header.
As mentioned before, the block header contains a lot of content, including the hash of the current block body. , and the hash of the previous block. This means that if the content of the current block body changes, or the hash of the previous block changes, it will definitely cause the hash of the current block to change.
This point has great significance for blockchain. If someone modifies a block, the hash of the block changes. In order for subsequent blocks to still be connected to it (because the next block contains the hash of the previous block), the person must modify all subsequent blocks in sequence, otherwise the modified block will be removed from the blockchain . Due to the reasons mentioned later, hash calculation is very time-consuming, and it is almost impossible to modify multiple blocks in a short time.It can happen unless someone controls more than 51% of the computing power of the entire network.
It is through this linkage mechanism that the blockchain ensures its own reliability. Once the data is written, it cannot be tampered with. This is just like history, what happened happened, and it can’t be changed from now on.
Each block is connected to the previous block, which is where the name blockchain comes from.
5. Mining
Since synchronization between nodes must be ensured, the adding speed of new blocks cannot be too fast. Just imagine, you have just synchronized a block and are preparing to generate the next block based on it, but at this time, another node generates a new block, and you have to give up half of the calculations and synchronize again. Because each block can only be followed by one block, you can only generate the next block after the latest block. So, you have no choice but to sync as soon as you hear the signal.
So, the inventor of the blockchain, Satoshi Nakamoto (this is a pseudonym, and his true identity is still unknown) deliberately made it difficult to add new blocks. His design is that on average, the entire network can generate a new block every 10 minutes, which is only six per hour.
This output speed is not achieved through commands, but by deliberately setting up massive calculations. In other words, only through an extremely large amount of calculations can the effective hash of the current block be obtained and the new block added to the blockchain. Because the amount of calculation is too large, it cannot be done quickly.
This process is called mining, because the difficulty of calculating a valid hash is like finding a grain of sand that meets the conditions among the sand in the world. The machine that calculates hashes is called a mining machine, and the person who operates the mining machine is called a miner.
6. Difficulty coefficient
After reading this, you may have a question. People say that mining is difficult, but isn’t mining just about using a computer to calculate a hash? This is the strength of computers. How could it be? It becomes very difficult, why can’t it be calculated?
It turns out that not just any hash can be used, only hashes that meet the conditions will be accepted by the blockchain. This condition is particularly harsh, causing most hashes to fail to meet the requirements and must be recalculated.
It turns out that the block header contains a difficulty coefficient (difficulty), which determines the difficulty of calculating the hash. For example, the difficulty coefficient of the 100,000th block is 14484.16236122.
The blockchain protocol stipulates that the target value (target) can be obtained by dividing the difficulty coefficient by a constant. Obviously, the greater the difficulty coefficient, the smaller the target value.
The validity of the hash is closely related to the target value. Only hashes smaller than the target value are valid, otherwise the hash is invalid and must be recalculated. Since the target value is very small, the chance that the hash is smaller than this value is extremely slim, and it may be calculated 1 billion times before it is considered a hit. This is the fundamental reason why mining is so slow.
As mentioned earlier, the hash of the current block is uniquely determined by the block header. If the hash is to be calculated repeatedly for the same block, it means that the block header must keep changing, otherwise it cannotCan calculate different hashes. All feature values in the block header are fixed. In order to make the block header change, Satoshi Nakamoto deliberately added a random item called Nonce.
Nonce is a random value. The role of the miner is actually to guess the value of Nonce so that the hash of the block header can be smaller than the target value so that it can be written to the blockchain. Nonce is very difficult to guess. At present, we can only use trial and error one by one through exhaustive methods. According to the protocol, Nonce is a 32-bit binary value, which can reach a maximum of 2.147 billion. The Nonce value of the 100,000th block is 274148111. It can be understood that the miner started from 0 and calculated 274 million times before obtaining a valid Nonce value so that the calculated hash can meet the conditions.
If you are lucky, you may find Nonce in a while. If you are unlucky, you may have calculated it 2.147 billion times without finding the Nonce, that is, it is impossible to calculate a hash that meets the conditions for the current block body. At this time, the protocol allows miners to change the block body and start a new calculation.
7. Dynamic adjustment of difficulty coefficient
As mentioned in the previous section, mining is random, and there is no guarantee that a block will be produced in exactly ten minutes. Sometimes it can be calculated in one minute, and sometimes it may take several hours. No result. Overall, with the improvement of hardware equipment and the increase in the number of mining machines, the computing speed will definitely become faster and faster.
In order to keep the output rate constant at ten minutes, Satoshi Nakamoto also designed a dynamic adjustment mechanism for the difficulty coefficient. He stipulated that the difficulty factor should be adjusted every two weeks (2016 blocks). If the average block generation speed in these two weeks is 9 minutes, it means that it is 10% faster than the legal speed, so the next difficulty factor will be increased by 10%; if the average block generation speed is 11 minutes, it means It is 10% slower than the legal speed, so the difficulty factor of the next step must be lowered by 10%.
The difficulty coefficient is adjusted higher and higher (the target value is getting smaller and smaller), which makes mining more and more difficult.
8. Forks of the blockchain
Even if the blockchain is reliable, there is still an unresolved problem: if two people write data to the blockchain at the same time, that is to say, two people write data to the blockchain at the same time. Blocks join because they are connected to the previous block, forming a fork. Which block should be adopted at this time?
The current rule is that new nodes always adopt the longest blockchain. If there is a fork in the blockchain, it will look at which branch is behind the fork to reach 6 new blocks first (called six confirmations). Based on a block calculation of 10 minutes, it can be confirmed in one hour.
Since the generation speed of new blocks is determined by computing power, this rule means that the branch with the most computing power is the authentic blockchain.
9. Summary
Blockchain, as an unmanaged distributed database, has been running for 8 years since 2009 without major problems. This proves it works.
However, in order to ensure the reliability of data, blockchain also has its own price. The first is efficiency. You have to wait at least ten minutes to write data to the blockchain. All nodes synchronize the data, which requires more time. The second is energy consumption. The generation of blocks requires miners to perform countless meaningless calculations. This is Very energy consuming.
Therefore, the applicable scenarios of blockchain are actually very limited.
There is no management authority that all members trust
The written data does not require real-time use
The benefits of mining can make up for its own costs
If the above conditions cannot be met, then the traditional database is Better solution.
Currently, the largest application scenario (and possibly the only application scenario) of blockchain is the cryptocurrency represented by Bitcoin.

『Lu』 Legal Opinion on Registering a Singapore Foundation to Operate Blockchain ICO Raising

Singapore is known for its stable and sound legal and financial environment. Registering a fund here is The best choice for safety and convenience. As a result, more and more companies are choosing to set up non-profit companies (Non-Profit Entity) in Singapore. The currently popular blockchain (Blockchain) business in China is very suitable for operations on foundation-type non-profit organizational platforms.
In April 2017, the Litecoin Foundation stated on its official website that the organization officially became a non-profit company under the guarantee of the Accounting and Corporate Regulatory Authority of Singapore. According to local laws in Singapore, a "company limited by guarantee" that is not established for the main purpose of profit, its members are obliged to contribute their assets to the company. According to the complete announcement on the official website, the main mission of the foundation is to financially support the members of the Litecoin core development team.

Currently, the registration status of 30 blockchain-related companies that have received much attention in the Singapore market include Huobi, Bitmain, Vechain, Quantum Chain (QTUM), AELF (formerly Grid), Genaro Network, Kyber Network, Scry, Robin8, and OKcoin, etc., covering major Singapore blockchain companies and China’s major ICO/blockchain projects overseas in Singapore.

With the surge in BTC, many people are focusing on the blockchain industry. We have mentioned before that if you want to start a blockchain project, you must first register a foundation. Many people will choose to register in Singapore.

Today, let’s talk about what else needs to be done after registering a foundation. Registering a foundation is only the first step. The next most important thing is compliance. Compliance includes more emphasis on white papers and token filing. The white paper is equivalent to our ordinary business plan. After it is written, it needs to be revised by a professional Singaporean lawyer to make it comply with Singaporean laws and regulations. We write white papers for three main purposes.
First: To Singapore MAS report, so you don’t have to worry about being investigated in the future.
Second: Convince investors and reassure them.
Third: Needed to be listed on the exchange.

For these three purposes, we will write the white paper and modify it for the benefit. There is also TOKEN filing, which completely requires a Singaporean lawyer. After doing this, Singapore MAS will not come to check you. The project can then be carried out with peace of mind.

『撒』 A little financial knowledge every day

Blockchain

Blockchain, in essence, is a shared database for Storing data. The data or information stored in it has the characteristics of "unforgeable", "full traces left", "traceable", "open and transparent" and "collectively maintained".

For example, if 10 people form a group chat and agree to only send completed transaction information to each other in the group. On this day, A borrowed a sum of money from B. After B transferred the money to A, he sent a message in the group: A borrowed X yuan from B in X place on X month X year. A also agrees with this message.

So everyone knows. If A wants to deny it later, the other eight people will know that A did borrow money from B based on this transaction information.

This transaction information is a block, and the blocks are arranged in chronological order to form a blockchain.

Based on these characteristics, blockchain technology has laid a solid foundation of "trust", created a reliable "cooperation" mechanism, and has broad application prospects.

Classification

Blockchain is divided into three categories, namely public chain, private chain and industry chain.

Public Block Chains means: any individual or group in the world can send transactions, and the transactions can be effectively confirmed by the blockchain, and anyone can participate in its consensus process. Public blockchain is the earliest blockchain and the most widely used blockchain.

Private Block Chains: Only use the general ledger technology of the blockchain for accounting. It can be a company or an individual, with exclusive write permission to the blockchain. .

Industry Blockchain (Consortium Block

Chains): Multiple pre-selected nodes are designated within a certain group as bookkeepers, and each block is generated by all The pre-selected nodes jointly decide (the pre-selected nodes participate in the consensus process). Other access nodes can participate in the transaction, but do not participate in the accounting process (it is essentially still managed accounting, but it becomes distributed accounting. How many pre-selected nodes are determined for each node? The bookkeeper of each block becomesAs the main risk point of this blockchain), anyone else can conduct limited queries through the open API of this blockchain.

Features

1. Decentralization. Due to the use of distributed computing and storage, there is no centralized hardware or management organization in the system. The rights and obligations of any node are equal. The data blocks in the system are jointly maintained by nodes with maintenance functions in the entire system.

2. Openness. The system is open. In addition to the private information of the transaction parties being encrypted, the blockchain data is open to everyone. Anyone can query the blockchain data and develop related applications through the public interface, so the entire system information is highly transparent. .

3. Autonomy. The blockchain adopts consensus-based specifications and protocols (such as a set of open and transparent algorithms) to enable all nodes in the entire system to exchange data freely and securely in a trustless environment, changing trust in "people" to trust in "people". Machine trust, any human intervention has no effect.

4. Information cannot be tampered with. Once the information is verified and added to the blockchain, it will be stored permanently. Unless more than 51% of the nodes in the system can be controlled at the same time, modifications to the database on a single node are invalid, so the data in the blockchain is stable. Extremely high performance and reliability.

5. Anonymity. Since the exchange between nodes follows a fixed algorithm, the data interaction does not require trust (the program rules in the blockchain will judge whether the activity is valid by itself), so the counterparty does not need to disclose its identity to make the other party trust itself. Very helpful for credit accumulation.

Applications

(1) Insurance field

A typical application case is LenderBot, which was developed in 2016 by blockchain companies Stratumn, Deloitte and Launched in partnership with payment service provider Lemonway, it allows people to register for customized micro-insurance products through the chat function of Facebook Messenger to insure high-value items exchanged between individuals, while blockchain replaces the role of a third party in loan contracts. .

(2) Public welfare field

The data stored on the blockchain is highly reliable and cannot be tampered with, so it is naturally suitable for use in social welfare scenarios. Relevant information in the public welfare process, such as donation projects, fundraising details, fund flows, recipient feedback, etc., can be stored on the blockchain and transparently and publicly disclosed conditionally to facilitate social supervision.

Blockchain can be applied in many fields, so I won’t list them all here.

Scam

An e-commerce company named "Huileyi" in Jinan, Shandong Province, under the guise of "blockchain", designed a fake virtual disk on the Internet and released so-called "treasure coins" and "expensive coins". coins” and other virtual currencies.

The company first gave away a certain amount of virtual currency to newly joined MLM personnel under the guise of giving away; then, through human manipulation, the virtual currency increased in value to more than 100 yuan or even hundreds of yuan. Attract people who don't know the truth to join;

Finally, they "cut leeks" through the cyclical fluctuations of the so-called "devaluation" of virtual currencies, involving more than 300 million yuan in funds.

#financialfinancing# #finance# #financing# #financialknowledgepopularization# #financialknowledge#

『八』Blockchain project, what specific content does the legal opinion include< /p>

The contents of the legal compliance opinion include:

1. White paper modification (the lawyer modified the project white paper in accordance with relevant Singapore regulations to make the project comply with Singapore’s existing blockchain project management Law)

2. Proof of the non-securitization nature of the project TOKEN (proof that the issued project TOKEN does not have the nature of securitization)

3. Private placement agreement

4. Public Offering Agreement

『九』 How to apply blockchain How to apply blockchain

1. Financial field:

Blockchain has potential huge application value in financial fields such as international exchange, letters of credit, equity registration and stock exchanges. The application of blockchain technology in the financial industry can eliminate the need for third-party intermediaries and achieve direct point-to-point connection, thereby quickly completing transaction payments while greatly reducing costs.

2. Internet of Things and logistics fields:

Blockchain can also be naturally combined in the fields of Internet of Things and logistics. Through blockchain, logistics costs can be reduced, the production and delivery process of items can be traced, and the efficiency of supply chain management can be improved. This field is considered a promising application direction of blockchain.

3. Public service field:

Blockchain is closely related to people’s production and life in public management, energy, transportation and other fields, but the centralized characteristics of these fields are also It has brought about some problems that can be transformed using blockchain. The decentralized, fully distributed DNS service provided by the blockchain can realize domain name query and resolution through point-to-point data transmission services between various nodes in the network, and can be used to ensure that the operating system and firmware of an important infrastructure are not Tampered, you can monitor the status and integrity of the software, detect bad tampering, and ensure that the data transmitted by systems using IoT technology has not been tampered with.

4. Digital copyright field:

Through blockchain technology, works can be authenticated, proving the existence of text, video, audio and other works, and ensuring the authenticity and uniqueness of ownership. After the rights of the work are confirmed on the blockchain, subsequent transactions will be recorded in real time, realizing full life cycle management of digital copyright, and can also be used as a technical guarantee in judicial evidence collection. For example, MineLabs, a startup company in New York, USA, has developed a blockchain-based metadata protocol. This system called Mediachain uses the IPFS file system to realize copyright protection of digital works, mainly for copyright protection applications of digital pictures.

5. Insurance field:

In terms of insurance claims, insurance institutions are responsible for fund collection, investment, and claims settlement, and often have high management and operating costs. Through the application of smart contracts, there is no need for the policy holder to apply or the insurance company to approve it. As long as the claim settlement conditions are triggered, the insurance policy can automatically settle claims. A typical application case is LenderBot, which was launched in 2016 by blockchain companies Stratumn, Deloitte and payment service provider Lemonway. It allows people to register customized micro-insurance products through the chat function of Facebook Messenger, providing services between individuals. The high-value items exchanged are insured, and the blockchain replaces the third-party role in the loan contract.

6. Public welfare field:

The data stored on the blockchain is highly reliable and cannot be tampered with, so it is naturally suitable for use in social welfare scenarios. Relevant information in the public welfare process, such as donation projects, fundraising details, fund flows, recipient feedback, etc., can be stored on the blockchain and transparently and publicly disclosed conditionally to facilitate social supervision.

『Shi』 36 mainstream decentralized exchange protocols

This article summarizes the current mainstream point-to-point transactions of blockchain encrypted assets. The list of protocols is what we usually call the DEX protocol - DE centralize Exchange. If you want to quickly add cryptocurrency exchange functionality to your app without relying on a centralized cryptocurrency exchange like Binance, I believe this article will be helpful to you.

There can be huge differences between the architectures of these decentralized protocols. In some projects, the decentralized exchange protocol is implemented through smart contracts, so anyone can access it; but in other projects, the DEX protocol adopts a closed solution, although they also use publicly verified and Audited smart contracts are implemented; some projects choose to create their own blockchain to implement the exchange protocol. There are many ways to achieve asset mobility. Some protocols, such as Bancor, include built-in counterparty discovery logic, while others, such as 0x, allows the use of off-chain asset liquidity pools, which means that the counterparty to the transaction needs to be found off-chain.

1. 0x

The 0x protocol is built on the Ethereum blockchain, so it only supports transactions of ERC20 tokens. The 0x protocol is an open architecture that uses off-chain relays to realize the flow of assets.

Official website: https://0x.org/

2. Bancor

The Bancor protocol is also built on the Ethereum blockchain, so it only supports Trading of ERC20 tokens. The Bancor protocol uses on-chain transactions and bidding.

Official website: https://www.bancor.network/

3. Bisq

Bisq is an open DEX protocol built on the Bitcoin blockchain , supports all types of cryptocurrencies.

Official website: https://bisq.network/

4. Bitshares

Bitshares is an open DEX protocol based on its own Bitshares blockchain. All types of cryptocurrencies are supported.

Official website: https://bitshares.org/

5. Blocknet

Blocknet is also an open DEX based on its own blockchain (Blocknet) Protocol, supports Bitcoin and altcoins.

Official website: https://www.blocknet.co/

6. CDx

CDx is an open DEX protocol built on Ethereum. Currently Still under development.

Official website: https://cdxproject.com/

7. CDX

CDX is an open DEX protocol based on Ethereum and Youdex side chains, supporting all Type of cryptocurrency that supports cross-chain transactions.

Official website: https://github.com/YouDex/cdx

8. COMIT

The COMIT protocol is still in the proposal stage and plans to support all regions Blockchain, all types of cryptocurrencies, using state channels and third-party liquidity providers.

Official website: https://www.comit.network/

9. Compound

Compound is an open DEX protocol based on Ethereum and supports ERC20 tokens decentralized exchange. CoMound relies on a centralized oracle and is therefore a partially decentralized protocol.

Official website: https://compound.finance/

10. Counterparty

Counterparty is an open DEX protocol based on the Bitcoin blockchain. It extends Implemented using the Bitcoin protocol, therefore only P2P transactions of Bitcoin and Counterparty tokens are supported.

Official website: https://counterparty.io/

11. DEAL

DEAL is a closed DEX protocol based on smart contracts on the NEO blockchain. , only supports peer-to-peer trading of NEO assets.

Official website: https://aphelion.org/wp.html

12. Dharma

The Dharma protocol is implemented based on Ethereum and supports ERC20 tokens and Dharma Peer-to-peer trading of tokens. Dharma is currently still in the development stage.

Official website: https://dharma.io/

13. Dydx

Dydx is an open DEX implemented based on the 0x protocol on the Ethereum blockchain Protocol that supports decentralized trading of ERC20 tokens and Dydx derivatives (options, etc.). Dydx is currently in the development stage.

Official website: https://dydx.exchange/

14. Emoon

Emoon is a closed DEX protocol implemented on the Ethereum blockchain. It mainly The purpose is to cater to the needs of the gaming community and support decentralized trading of ERC20 tokens and ERC721 assets.

Official website: https://www.emoon.io/

15. Enigma

The Enigma protocol is still in the proposal stage and plans to support all chains and all Decentralized trading of crypto assets.

Official website: https://www.enigma.co/

16. Exchange Union

Exchange Union is still in the development stage and plans to support off-chain payments. , cross-chain transactions, decentralized order dissemination, etc.

Official website: https://www.exchangeunion.com/

17. Hydro Protocol

Hydro Protocol is the basicThe DEX protocol of Ethereum and TRON supports ERC20 tokens, off-chain delegation, and on-chain settlement.

Official website: https://hydroprotocol.io/

18. Komodo

The Komodo protocol is currently in the Alpha testing stage and is implemented based on its own Komod chain.

Official website: https://www.komodoplatform.com/

19. Kyber Network

Kyber Network is a closed DEX protocol based on the Ethereum blockchain. Supports peer-to-peer trading of ERC20 tokens. Kyber's implementation includes smart contracts and exchanges on Ethereum, but only Kyber's own exchange can use these contracts.

Official website: https://kyber.network/

20. Lendloid

Lendloid is an open DEX protocol based on the Ethereum blockchain and is currently under development middle.

Official website: https://www.lendroid.com/

21. Loopring Protocol

Loopring is an open DEX based on Ethereum and NEO blockchain The protocol supports decentralized trading of ERC20 tokens and NEP5 tokens.

Official website: https://loopring.org/

MARKET Protocol is an open protocol based on Ethereum. It is mainly used for derivatives transactions and is still under development.

Official website: https://www.marketprotocol.io/

23. Melon

Melon is an open DEX protocol based on Ethereum and supports ERC20 tokens Transactions with Melon assets.

Official website: https://melonport.com/

24. OmiseGo

OmiseGo is still under development and plans to build its own blockchain to achieve Full currency support.

Official website: https://omisego.network/

25. Raiden Network

Raiden Network is an off-chain ERC20 token trading protocol based on Ethereum. Similar to Bitcoin’s Lightning Network. Raiden is currently under development.

Official website: https://raiden.network/

26. Ren

Ren is an open DEX protocol based on the Ethereum and Bitcoin blockchains, supporting ERC20 tokens , Ethereum, and Bitcoin decentralized transactions.

Official website: https://renproject.io/

27. Ripple

Ripple is an open protocol of the Ripple chain, with built-in support for exchange transactions. Allows anyone to trade Ripple assets in a trustless environment.

Official website: https://ripple.com/

28. Saturn

Saturn is an open DEX protocol based on Ethereum, supporting ERC20 tokens and ERC233 Peer-to-peer trading of tokens. Saturn is still under development.

Official website: https://rados.io/saturn-protocol-saturn--updates-for-radex-and-rados/

29. Set

Set is an open protocol based on Ethereum. It plans to support ERC20 tokens and Set tokens and is currently under development.

Official website: https://www.setprotocol.com/

30. Snowglobe

Snowglobe is an open protocol based on Ethereum and plans to support ERC20 tokens The decentralized exchange is still under development.

Official website: https://aurora.com/faq/

31. Stellar

The Stellar protocol has its own blockchain, and the protocol has built-in Support for centralized trading of Stellar assets.

Official website: https://www.stellar.org/developers/guides/concepts/exchange.html

32. Swap

Swap is based on Ethereum The closed DEX protocol supports ERC20 tokens and is currently under development.