区块链技术设备有哪些,区块链技术设备是什么

区块链技术是近几年发展起来的一种新型技术，它的应用范围非常广泛，其中包括区块链技术设备。那么，区块链技术设备有哪些呢？今天就来给大家介绍一下，其中包括：挖矿设备、存储设备、硬件钱包以及交易设备等。

挖矿设备是指用于挖掘数字货币的设备，它是区块链技术中最重要的一类设备，可以帮助挖掘者获得数字货币。挖矿设备有多种，如 ASIC 挖矿机、GPU 挖矿机、FPGA 挖矿机等。它们的主要功能是通过计算来挖掘数字货币，从而为挖掘者获得收益。

存储设备是指用于存储区块链数据的设备，如硬盘、U盘、SD卡等。这类设备可以帮助用户存储区块链数据，从而保护用户的数据安全。存储设备的安全性很重要，因为区块链数据中可能包含用户的重要信息，如账户余额等。

硬件钱包是一种特殊的存储设备，它的主要功能是用于存储数字货币。硬件钱包可以帮助用户保护自己的数字货币，并且可以防止黑客攻击，从而保护用户的财产安全。硬件钱包的安全性很高，因为它可以将用户的数字货币存储在一个物理安全的环境中，从而防止黑客攻击。

交易设备是指用于进行数字货币交易的设备，如交易机和交易平台等。这类设备可以帮助用户进行数字货币的买卖，从而获得收益。交易设备的安全性也很重要，因为它们可以帮助用户实现数字货币的安全交易，从而保护用户的财产安全。

以上就是区块链技术设备的介绍，包括挖矿设备、存储设备、硬件钱包以及交易设备等。这些设备可以帮助用户实现数字货币的安全交易，从而保护用户的财产安全。

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Ⅰ What is blockchain technology? What exactly is blockchain? What is blockchain?

In a narrow sense, blockchain is a way to A chained data structure composed of blocks connected in sequence, and a cryptographically guaranteed distributed ledger that cannot be tampered with or forged.

Broadly speaking, blockchain technology uses block chain data structures to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, and uses cryptography to ensure data transmission and access. It is a new distributed infrastructure and computing method that uses smart contracts composed of automated script codes to program and operate data securely.

[Infrastructure]

Generally speaking, the blockchain system consists of data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer and application layer composition. Among them, the data layer encapsulates the underlying data blocks and related basic data and algorithms such as data encryption and timestamps; the network layer includes distributed networking mechanisms, data dissemination mechanisms and data verification mechanisms; the consensus layer mainly encapsulates network nodes Various consensus algorithms; the incentive layer integrates economic factors into the blockchain technology system, mainly including the issuance mechanism and distribution mechanism of economic incentives; the contract layer mainly encapsulates various scripts, algorithms and smart contracts, and is the core of the blockchain The basis of programmable features; the application layer encapsulates various application scenarios and cases of the blockchain. In this model, the chain block structure based on timestamps, the consensus mechanism of distributed nodes, economic incentives based on consensus computing power, and flexible programmable smart contracts are the most representative innovations of blockchain technology.

Extended information:

[Blockchain core technology]

Blockchain mainly solves the trust and security issues of transactions, so it addresses this issue Four technological innovations:

1. Distributed ledger means that transaction accounting is completed by multiple nodes distributed in different places, and each node records a complete account, so they all Can participate in supervising the legality of transactions and can also jointly testify for them.

The uniqueness of blockchain's distributed storage is mainly reflected in two aspects: First, each node of the blockchain stores complete data according to the block chain structure. Traditional distributed storage generally stores The data is divided into multiple parts for storage according to certain rules. Second, the storage of each node in the blockchain is independent and has equal status, relying on the consensus mechanism to ensure storage consistency, while traditional distributed storage generally synchronizes data to other backup nodes through the central node.

No node can record ledger data independently, thus avoiding the possibility of a single bookkeeper being controlled or bribed to record false accounts. Also because there are enough accounting nodes, theoretically speaking, the accounts will not be lost unless all nodes are destroyed, thereby ensuring the security of the accounting data.

2. Asymmetric encryption and authorization technology, the transaction information stored on the blockchain is public, but the accountIdentity information is highly encrypted and can only be accessed with the authorization of the data owner, thus ensuring data security and personal privacy.

3. The consensus mechanism is how all accounting nodes reach a consensus to determine the validity of a record. This is both a means of identification and a means of preventing tampering. Blockchain proposes four different consensus mechanisms, which are suitable for different application scenarios and strike a balance between efficiency and security.

The consensus mechanism of the blockchain has the characteristics of "the minority obeys the majority" and "everyone is equal". "The minority obeys the majority" does not entirely refer to the number of nodes, but can also be the computing power and the number of shares. Or other characteristic quantities that the computer can compare. "Everyone is equal" means that when a node meets the conditions, all nodes have the right to give priority to the consensus result, which will be directly recognized by other nodes and may eventually become the final consensus result.

4. Smart contracts. Smart contracts are based on these trustworthy and non-tamperable data and can automatically execute some predefined rules and terms. Take insurance as an example. If everyone's information (including medical information and risk occurrence information) is true and trustworthy, it will be easy to automate claims settlement in some standardized insurance products.

In the daily business of insurance companies, although transactions are not as frequent as those in the banking and securities industries, the reliance on trusted data continues unabated. Therefore, the author believes that using blockchain technology from the perspective of data management can effectively help insurance companies improve their risk management capabilities. Specifically speaking, it is mainly divided into risk management of policyholders and risk supervision of insurance companies.

Blockchain-Network

Ⅱ What are the technical applications of blockchain

Original title: Market status and development of China’s blockchain industry in 2019 Trend analysis and application are widely implemented to accelerate the construction of Digital China

The blockchain industry as a whole is entering the 3.0 stage and accelerating the process of Digital China, making great contributions

After ten years of development, my country's blockchain industry has developed. Basically, a relatively mature industrial chain has been formed. Under the conditions of national policy promotion and increasing demand in downstream application fields, the market scale of my country's blockchain industry continues to develop, with high geographical concentration and obvious industrial cluster effects. As the maturity of blockchain technology continues to increase, the blockchain industry is entering the 3.0 stage as a whole, with good performance in finance, logistics, copyright protection and other fields, making a huge contribution to promoting my country's digital construction and accelerating the process of Digital China. the power of.

Blockchain industry industry chain analysis: Many downstream application fields have huge development potential

From the perspective of the industry chain, my country's blockchain industry includes upstream hardware, technology and infrastructure; midstream Blockchain application and technical services;

Downstream blockchain application fields and other links. Upstream hardware, technology and infrastructure mainly provide hardware, technology and infrastructure support necessary for blockchain applications. Among them, hardware equipment includes mining machines, mining pools, chip manufacturers, etc.;General technologies include distributed storage, decentralized transactions, data services, distributed computing and other related technologies.

Downstream application fields include the combination of applying blockchain technology with existing industries, mainly including the financial industry, logistics industry, copyright protection, medical health, industrial energy and many other fields. As an emerging technology, blockchain There are many downstream application fields and huge development potential.

Midstream blockchain applications and services include basic platform construction and the provision of technical service support. The basic platform construction is divided into general basic chains and vertical domain basic chains; technical service support includes technical support and service support. Support is similar to upstream related technologies, and is responsible for providing buyers with a series of technical support based on blockchain products such as blockchain security protection; service support includes a series of services such as digital asset trading venues, digital asset storage, and media communities.

Blockchain industry industry chain analysis

Source: Compiled by Qianzhan Industry Research Institute

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my country’s Internet giants have also laid out their plans in the blockchain industry. The main entry point is the application of blockchain technology in the financial field. Most of Alibaba, Internet, Tencent, JD.com, 360 and other companies use their own financial companies to Apply blockchain technology to launch a new model of blockchain + finance and expand the application scenarios of blockchain technology.

Analysis of development trends of my country’s blockchain industry

1. With the continuous development of my country’s blockchain technology and the continuous expansion of blockchain application fields, my country’s blockchain industry will It will appear that blockchain has become the forefront of global technological development and opened up a new track for international competition;

2. The blockchain field has become a new hot spot for innovation and entrepreneurship, and technological integration will expand new application space;

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3. Blockchain will be widely implemented in the real economy in the next three years and become an important support for the construction of Digital China;

4. Blockchain will create a new platform economy and open up a new era of sharing economy. Times;

5. Blockchain accelerates the process of "trusted digitization" and drives finance to "shift from virtuality to reality" to serve the real economy;

6. Blockchain supervision and standard system It will be further improved and the foundation for industrial development will continue to consolidate the six major development trends.

Ⅲ What is blockchain? In addition to food traceability, what other common applications does blockchain have?

Save production and distributor costs, use blockchain technology and material Networking can realize automated data collection and storage, reducing labor investment and other equipment investment; in addition, the application of blockchain technology and the Internet of Things can help manufacturers and distributors reduce various expenditures and reduce the price of agricultural products, thereby realizing customer satisfaction. profit.

The key to blockchain technology is a distributed digital ledger that can store all types of information, including cryptocurrency transactions, NFT usage rights, and DeFi blocks chain.

Although any traditional database system can store this information,Digital currency is unique in its complete blockchain technology. In contrast to systems maintained in a core organization by central administrators (such as Excel spreadsheets or bank database systems), blockchain databases have many identical copies stored on multiple computers that exist on the network, but these independent electronic Computers are called connection points.

The name "blockchain technology" is not a whim. Data ledgers are generally described as "chains" composed of separate "data blocks". When new data is imported into the network, a new "block" is created and added to the "chain," which involves all nodes updating their versions of the blockchain ledger so that they are the same.

IV What is blockchain? If you don’t understand blockchain technically, will there be any operational impact?

Blockchain is a distributed system data storage, point-to-point communication, and consensus mechanism. , data encryption and other new application models of electronic information technology. Its essence is distributed system data information, and with the conclusions it brings, it goes to "blockchain technology". Blockchain applications can be used in many scenarios in life. Let’s take a look at the analysis of blockchain applications!

Technology is a double-edged sword. Just like nuclear technology is a physical technology, blockchain technology is an underlying technology in terms of technology. Nuclear technology can be used as nuclear bombs and nuclear power generation. Similarly, digital currency can be used as a management method for industrial chains and life factors, which may promote more sustainable social development, and may also be used by evildoers as the most convenient means of crime.

Including blockchain coins, if my country adopts legal digital currency, blockchain coins can be decentralized. The blockchain that supports the operation of Bitcoin is blockchain technology, but the alliance chain usually has one or several companies as the core control alliance, which becomes decentralized.

Ⅳ What are the core blockchain technologies of blockchain technology?

What is the hottest Internet topic at the moment? You don’t need to tell me what the editor is saying, it is blockchain. Blockchain technology, but many friends have only heard of this technology and do not have much in-depth understanding of it. So what are the blockchain technologies? Below we will bring you an introduction to the core technology of blockchain for your reference.
What are the core elements of blockchain technology?
Blockchain technology can be a public ledger (visible by anyone) or a permissioned network (visible only by those authorized), which solves supply chain challenges , because it is an immutable record that is shared among network participants and updated in real time.
Blockchain technology----data layer: designing the data structure of the ledger
Core technology 1. Block + chain:
Technically speaking, block is a data structure that records transactions. Reflects the flow of funds for a transaction. The blocks of transactions that have been reached in the system are connected together to form a main chain, and all nodes participating in the calculation record the main chain or the main chain.part.
Each block consists of a block header and a block body. The block body is only responsible for recording all transaction information in the previous period, mainly including the number of transactions and transaction details; the block header encapsulates the current version number, previous A block address, timestamp (recording the time when the block was generated, accurate to the second), random number (recording the value of decrypting the answer to the math question related to the block), the target hash value of the current block, and the Merkle number Root value and other information. From a structural point of view, most functions of the blockchain are implemented by the block header.
Core technology 2. Hash function:
The hash function can convert data of any length into a set of fixed-length codes through the Hash algorithm. The principle is based on a cryptographic one-way hash function. This kind of function is easy to verify, but difficult to crack. Usually, the industry uses y=hash(x) to represent it. This hash function implements operations on x to calculate a hash value y.
Commonly used hash algorithms include MD5, SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-384 and SHA-512, etc. Taking the SHA256 algorithm as an example, inputting any string of data into SHA256 will result in a 256-bit Hash value (hash value). Its characteristics: the same data input will get the same result. As long as the input data changes slightly (for example, a 1 becomes a 0), a completely different result will be obtained, and the result cannot be predicted in advance. Forward calculation (calculating the corresponding Hash value from the data) is very easy. Reverse calculation (cracking) is extremely difficult and is considered impossible under current technological conditions.
Core technology 3. Merkle tree:
Merkle tree is a hash binary tree, which can be used to quickly verify the integrity of large-scale data. In the blockchain network, the Merkle tree is used to summarize all transaction information in a block, and ultimately generates a unified hash value of all transaction information in the block. Any change in transaction information in the block will cause Merkle tree changes.
Core technology 4. Asymmetric encryption algorithm:
Asymmetric encryption algorithm is a key secret method that requires two keys: public key and private key. The public key and the private key are a pair. If the public key is used to encrypt data, only the corresponding private key can be used to decrypt it, thereby obtaining the corresponding data value; if the private key is used to sign the data, then only the corresponding public key can be used to sign the data. In order to verify the signature, the sender of the verification information is the holder of the private key.
Because encryption and decryption use two different keys, this algorithm is called an asymmetric encryption algorithm, while symmetric encryption uses the same key in the encryption and decryption processes.
Blockchain technology----network layer: realize the decentralization of accounting nodes
Core technology 5. P2P network:
P2P network (peer-to-peer network), also known as point-to-point technology, is no Central server, Internet system that relies on user groups to exchange information. Unlike a centralized network system with a central server, each client in a peer-to-peer network has bothIt is a node and also has the function of a server. Domestic Xunlei software uses P2P technology. The P2P network has the characteristics of decentralization and robustness.
Blockchain technology----Consensus layer: allocate the task load of accounting nodes
Core technology 6. Consensus mechanism:
Consensus mechanism is how to reach consensus among all accounting nodes to identify The validity of a record is both a means of identification and a means of preventing tampering. There are currently four main types of consensus mechanisms: PoW, PoS, DPoS and distributed consensus algorithms.
PoW (Proof of Work, proof of work): PoW mechanism, which is like Bitcoin’s mining mechanism, miners package existing transactions that have not been recorded by the network into a block, and then continue to traverse and try to find a random number , so that the hash value of the new block plus the random number meets certain difficulty conditions. Finding a random number that meets the conditions is equivalent to determining the latest block of the blockchain, and is also equivalent to obtaining the current round of accounting rights of the blockchain. Miners broadcast blocks that meet the mining difficulty conditions in the Yuanfu network. After verifying that the block meets the mining difficulty conditions and that the transaction data in the block meets the protocol specifications, other nodes in the entire network will each Blocks are linked to their own version of the blockchain, thereby forming a network-wide consensus on the current network state.
PoS (ProofofStake, Proof of Stake): PoS mechanism requires nodes to provide proof of a certain number of tokens to obtain a distributed consensus mechanism for competing for blockchain accounting rights. If you rely solely on the token balance to determine the bookkeeper, you will inevitably make the rich win, which will lead to the centralization of bookkeeping rights and reduce the fairness of the consensus. Therefore, different PoS mechanisms use different methods to increase the amount of money based on the proof of equity. The randomness of accounting rights avoids centralization. For example, in the PeerCoin PoS mechanism, the Bitcoin with the longest chain age has a greater chance of obtaining accounting rights. NXT and Blackcoin use a formula to predict the next accounting node. The more tokens you own, the greater the probability of being selected as an accounting node. In the future, Ethereum will also switch from the current PoW mechanism to a PoS mechanism. Judging from the information currently available, Ethereum's PoS mechanism will use nodes to place bets on the next block. The winner of the bet will receive an additional Ethereum currency award. Those who do not win will be deducted Ether coins to reach consensus on the next block.
DPoS (DelegatedProof-Of-Stake, share authorization certificate): DPoS is easy to understand and is similar to the modern corporate board of directors system. The DPoS mechanism adopted by BitShares is that shareholders vote to select a certain number of witnesses. Each witness has two seconds of authority to generate blocks in order. If the witness cannot generate a block within the given time slice, The block generation authority is given to the witness corresponding to the next time slice. Shareholders can replace these witnesses at any time by voting. This design of DPoS makes the generation of blocks faster and more energy-saving.
Distributed Consistency Algorithm: Distributed Consistency Algorithm is based on traditional distributed consistency technology. Among them are Byzantine fault-tolerant algorithms that solve the Byzantine Generals problem, such as PBFT (Byzantine fault-tolerant algorithm). In addition, distributed consensus algorithms (Pasox, Raft) that solve non-Byzantine problems are not explained in this article. This type of algorithm is currently a commonly used consensus mechanism in alliance chain and private chain scenarios.
Taken together, POW is suitable for public chains. If you build a private chain, it is more suitable to use POS because there is no trust problem in verification nodes; and because there are untrustworthy local nodes in the alliance chain, it is more suitable to use DPOS.
Blockchain technology----Incentive layer: Develop a "salary system" for accounting nodes
Core technology 7. Issuance mechanism and incentive mechanism:
Take Bitcoin as an example. Bitcoins are initially rewarded by the system to miners who create new blocks, and this reward is halved approximately every four years. At the beginning, miners were rewarded with 50 Bitcoins for each new block recorded, and this reward is halved approximately every four years. By analogy, by around AD 2140, newly created blocks will no longer receive rewards from the system. By then, the total number of Bitcoins will be approximately 21 million. This is the total number of Bitcoins, so it will not increase indefinitely.
Another source of incentives is transaction fees. When there are no system rewards for newly created blocks, the miners' income will change from system rewards to transaction fees. For example, when you transfer, you can specify 1% of it as a handling fee to be paid to the miner who records the block. If the output value of a transaction is less than the input value, the difference is the transaction fee, which will be added to the incentive for that block. As long as a given amount of electronic currency has entered circulation, the incentive mechanism can gradually be converted to rely entirely on transaction fees, so there is no need to issue new currency.
Blockchain technology----Contract layer: giving the ledger programmable features
Core technology 8. Smart contract:
Smart contract is a set of programmed rules and logic that respond to scenarios. Implemented by decentralized, trusted shared script code deployed on the blockchain. Normally, after the smart contract is signed by all parties, it is attached to the blockchain data in the form of program code, and is recorded in a specific block of the blockchain after being propagated through the P2P network and verified by nodes. Smart contracts encapsulate a number of predefined states and transition rules, scenarios that trigger contract execution, response actions under specific scenarios, etc. The blockchain can monitor the status of smart contracts in real time, and activate and execute the contract by checking external data sources and confirming that specific trigger conditions are met.
The above is what blockchain technologies the editor has brought to you? All content introduced to the core technology of blockchain.