当前位置首页 > 区块链知识> 正文

区块链树结构,tree区块链

发布时间：2023-12-10-14:04:00 来源：网络区块链知识区块世界

区块链树结构,tree区块链

随着区块链技术的发展，树结构区块链已经成为一种新兴的区块链技术，它不仅改变了传统区块链技术的结构，而且还改变了区块链技术的运行方式。本文将介绍树结构区块链技术的三个关键词：分层结构、结构性管理和前向安全性。

分层结构是树结构区块链的基础，它将区块链网络分为不同的层次，每个层次都有不同的节点，每个节点都有不同的功能。比如，在树状结构区块链中，根节点是树状结构的顶级，它负责管理整个网络，下一层的节点负责管理数据，下一层的节点负责管理交易，以此类推。分层结构使得树结构区块链更容易管理，更安全，更可靠。

结构性管理是树结构区块链的一个重要特性，它使得树结构区块链更容易管理。结构性管理使得网络中的节点可以被分组，分组的节点可以更容易的管理，使得整个网络更加安全可靠。此外，结构性管理还可以更有效地利用网络资源，提高网络效率。

前向安全性是树状结构区块链的另一个重要特性，它使得网络中的数据更加安全可靠。前向安全性确保网络中的数据在传输过程中不会被篡改，从而保证数据的安全性。此外，前向安全性还可以保证网络中的交易不会被篡改，从而保证交易的安全性。

总之，树状结构区块链是一种新兴的区块链技术，它的分层结构、结构性管理和前向安全性使得树状结构区块链更容易管理，更安全可靠，更有效地利用网络资源，提高网络效率。

请查看相关英文文档

Ⅰ I spent 20,000 yuan to buy some Bitcoin, how deep is the water of virtual currency?

If you still don’t understand what blockchain is, let me use one sentence Simple summary: Blockchain is a distributed database. Storing data in this database requires the confirmation of each node. At the same time, once the data is stored in this database, it cannot be modified.

The algorithms involved in the blockchain are very complex. Interested readers can read it Read the book "Blockchain in Vernacular". This book provides some more detailed answers to the concepts and applications of blockchain. Just from the perspective of the technology itself, because of its non-modifiable nature, blockchain actually has great value in the fields of smart contracts and finance.

And what is Bitcoin? Bitcoin is an application based on the blockchain, a P2P form of digital currency, and a decentralized payment system. Starting from the issuance price of 0.2 yuan in 2009, after 8 years, it reached 100,000 yuan at the end of 2017, an increase of 500,000 times. It is under such hype that a large wave of application bubbles based on blockchain or Bitcoin quickly are flooding into the market, I call these applications "blockchain bubbles"

Why do I call these blockchain bubbles? First, at this stage, 99% of applications based on blockchain are There is no established application, it is basically just a bluffing white paper and an idealized business model; secondly, Bitcoin belongs to the first layer of the blockchain application Blockchain 1.0 "Digital Currency Contract System", and Blockchain 2.0 is "Custom smart contract system", Blockchain 3.0 is a "Hyperledger", but what I see now is that Blockchain 1.0 is not yet mature, but there are a large number of Blockchain 3.0 projects coming one after another; there are many third The purpose of the project is to make money by cutting leeks, because it is too easy to issue virtual currency.

I have a deep understanding of cutting leeks, because last week I spent more than 10,000 yuan on tuition to enter the currency circle. What is a currency circle? In fact, these blockchain-based applications cut leeks in order to "make money" and then issue a separate virtual currency. This virtual currency can be bought and sold by everyone. You can understand it as a stock. Of course, I wouldn't blame you if you understand it as Q coins. You can buy virtual currency with cash on some platforms, and you can exchange the virtual currency for other virtual currencies at equivalent prices.

Of course, compared with virtual currencies, stocks are much more stable. At this stage, the value of virtual currency cannot be measured at all, and the price of virtual currency in the currency circle changes so much that an increase of tens or even hundreds of percent may be common within a few hours. I personally think that the current price of Bitcoin has seriously exceeded its own value.

So the current virtual currency market is more like gambling. Some people think they are smart, and some people think they will not be the last group of people, butIn order to make more money in a short period of time, they do not know that they will lose more. These people are waiting for the influx of Chinese aunts.

As a person with a technical background, I still think that blockchain is a very promising technology. In fact, some applications have proved this, but the scary thing is that many blockchain-based technologies are now The application bubble is covering ordinary people who love gambling at a pyramid-like speed.

The currency circle is as deep as the sea. If you don’t have enough professional knowledge and experience, don’t step into the currency circle easily. So far, there is still debate over whether virtual currency is a value investment or a scam bubble. Bitcoin has been developing for more than ten years now. There is no complete conclusion on the international virtual currency represented by Bitcoin. You should know how risky this thing is. Perhaps one day it will no longer be recognized internationally, and it will disappear in an instant. If you see others playing and you really can’t help but want to come in and try the waters, then use some spare money to buy some Bitcoin or Ethereum spot, then save the account and forget about it. The risk of holding spot is relatively small. Never touch the contract. You never know whether the next second will rise or fall, how much it will rise or how much it will fall. It can rise or fall by thousands or tens of thousands of dollars a day, and you have no idea what the basis for its rise or fall is. What I can tell you is that the rise and fall of virtual currencies all depends on the mood of the banker. Don’t believe the analysis of the so-called masters in the self-media. They are either vague or can make both ends meet. Regardless of whether it is rising or falling, it will give you a large range. No matter how the market moves, it will be within the range he gives. If you don't understand, you will think that his analysis is accurate, but in fact it is just a word game. If you want to make money in the currency circle, you must either be a banker or a currency hoarder with firm beliefs. Although I am personally optimistic about the future of Bitcoin, the risks are still very high. Xiaobai, stay away from the currency circle, stay away from the currency circle, stay away from the currency circle! ! !

Regarding virtual currencies, what I want to tell you is, never touch coins, otherwise you will be waiting to hit a wall. The reasons are as follows:

1. The supporting force behind currency is actually national credit, which is the key to the country's control of the economic lifeline. It can be called the national line. Since it is such an important thing, the issuer must be the country. Therefore, except for all virtual currencies issued by countries, the issuers are not so reliable.

2. Virtual currency is claimed to be a product of blockchain technology and is completely decentralized. In the early days, it was recognized by the geek circle, and its premise was that geeks all had the same beliefs. But once it is opened to more people, these people may not necessarily have the same beliefs.

3. Virtual currency is more about speculation than investment. The so-called speculation is just like going to a casino. It’s a matter of suppressing the big and the small. However, the dealer of virtual currency has more chips and the greater the possibility of controlling the market. For ordinary people, if they go in, they will be manipulated. You can’t control your own destiny. destiny.

4. What is the value of virtual currency?? We usually talk about anonymity and traceability, but how these generate value and what they rely on are not clearly explained. Because it is unreliable, it cannot be explained clearly.

We can understand people’s anxiety and desire in the current economic environment, but don’t pay for your own ignorance. That’s money you actually earn from your own labor. Don’t give it away for free. To the bookmakers who operate like that. As long as no one plays with them, just like as long as people don't come into the casino, the casino will close sooner or later. Cherish happiness and stay away from the currency circle.

If you still don’t understand what the Bitcoin blockchain is, let me briefly summarize it in one sentence: the blockchain is a distributed database. To store data in this database requires the confirmation of each node. At the same time, once the data is stored in this database, the data cannot be modified

. The algorithms involved in blockchain are very complex. Interested readers can read the book "Blockchain in Vernacular", which provides some more detailed answers to the concepts and applications of blockchain. . Just from the perspective of the technology itself, because of its non-modifiable nature, blockchain actually has great value in the fields of smart contracts and finance.

Of course, compared with virtual currencies, stocks are much more stable. At this stage, the value of virtual currency cannot be measured at all, and the price of virtual currency in the currency circle has changed too much.Growth of tens or even hundreds of percent may be common within a few hours. I personally think that the current price of Bitcoin has seriously exceeded its own value.

So the current virtual currency market is more like gambling. Some people think they are smart, and some people think they will not be the last group of people. They can make more money in a short period of time, but they don’t know that they will lose money. More, these people are waiting for the influx of Chinese aunts.

Bitcoin is so popular. We know that Bitcoin is generated by computer mining. There is currently a mining platform MaxiMine from Singapore. It is a world-leading digital asset company. Mining platform, MaxiMine platform is headquartered in Singapore-based Talenta Group. At present, community construction has been launched in China, M2 super nodes are in full swing, and M3 ecological applications are being launched one after another!

Bitcoin is one of the most fascinating innovations of the past decade. To its critics, Bitcoin is a confusing creation. Regardless of their confusion, Bitcoin’s adoption can be explained by understanding its dual adoption curve. Bitcoin is an asset and Bitcoin is a network. In this article, the first of a two-part series, I will explain Bitcoin’s dual adoption curve in the context of diffusion of innovation theory. Then, in part two, I’ll dive into the rapidly approaching “crossing the chasm” moment and develop a hypothesis about Bitcoin’s superpower to cross the chasm. Human Response to Innovation Humankind's rise in the species hierarchy is directly attributable to its ability to exploit raw materials to invent innovative technologies. From fire to the wheel, the power of human invention has paved the way for the highest quality of life of any species in the history of the world. Given this evolutionary background, it is not surprising that humans seem to be obsessed with the next new thing, the most advanced technological innovation. Often, this obsession boils over into speculation and mania as humans try to imagine and pre-manage the future. However, regardless of speculation cycles, the adoption of high-tech innovation follows a predictable and transparent adoption curve. Over the past twelve years, Bitcoin has captured the human imagination. The story of Bitcoin is perhaps more alluring than any previous high-tech innovation. It brings cutting-edge innovation to one of humanity’s foundational layers: money. Given the potential to revolutionize such a fundamental concept, Bitcoin has gone through several speculative cycles in its short history. However, it would be a serious mistake to use these cycles as a reason to dismiss Bitcoin. These cycles are a well-understood psychological phenomenon caused by the human fascination with new things. also, any approach that overemphasizes bubbles is to miss the forest for the trees. Because, in just 12 years, Bitcoin has grown to 135 million users worldwide, and its adoption rate is faster than the adoption rate of the Internet, mobile phones or virtual banking tools (i.e. PayPal) in comparable periods. At the current rate of adoption, Bitcoin will reach 1 billion users within 4 years. Bitcoin, like all innovative technologies before it, is following a predictable and transparent adoption curve, albeit at an accelerated pace.

In 1962, Everett Rogers proposed the diffusion of innovation theory, which aims to explain how, why and at what speed new ideas and technologies spread of. The theory explains how a product or technology gains momentum and spreads among a specific population over time. The end result is people applying a product, technology or idea. One of the key implications is that the adoption of a new technology among people does not happen simultaneously. Rather, certain people and groups are more likely to apply technology at different times, consistent with specific psychological and social characteristics. There are five established categories of adopters for new ideas or products. These categories are defined below.

This question is a bit late. Before buying Bitcoin, you should ask how deep the virtual currency is and whether it can be purchased.

If you don’t use leverage or play with contracts, you’ll just suffer a bit of a floating loss if it goes down. If it goes up, just wait until it reaches the psychologically expected value and then sell it.

Ⅱ 108 knowledge points for getting started with blockchain

108 essential knowledge points for getting started with blockchain

(Welcome to communicate with fellow fans)

1. What is a blockchain

The information of multiple transactions and the information indicating the block are packaged together. The verified package is the block.

Each block stores the hash value of the previous block, creating a relationship between blocks, that is to say, a chain. Together they are called blockchain.

2. What is Bitcoin

The concept of Bitcoin was proposed by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2009, with a total number of 21 million. The Bitcoin chain generates a block approximately every 10 minutes, and this block is mined by miners for 10 minutes. As a reward to miners, a certain number of Bitcoins will be issued to miners, but this certain number is halved every four years. Now it's 12.5. If this continues, all Bitcoins will be available in 2040.

3. What is Ethereum

The biggest difference between Ethereum and Bitcoin is the smart contract. This allows developers to develop and run various applications on it.

4. Distributed ledger

It is a database that is shared, replicated and synchronized among network members. To put it bluntly, all users on the blockchain have accounting functions and the content is consistent, which ensures that the data cannot be tampered with.

5. What is quasi-anonymity?

I believe everyone has a wallet, and the wallet address (a string of characters) used to send transactions is quasi-anonymity.

6. What is open transparency/traceability

The blockchain stores all data from history to the present, anyone can view it, and can also view any data in history.

7. What is tamper-proof

Historical data and current transaction data cannot be tampered with. The data is stored in the block on the chain and has a hash value. If the block information is modified, its hash value will also change, and the hash values of all blocks following it must also be modified to form a new chain. At the same time, the main chain is still conducting transactions to generate blocks. The modified chain must always generate blocks synchronously with the main chain to ensure that the length of the chain is the same. The cost is too high, just to modify a piece of data.

8. What is anti-DDoS attack

DDoS: Hackers control many people’s computers or mobile phones and allow them to access a website at the same time. Since the bandwidth of the server is limited, a large amount of traffic The influx of data may cause the website to fail to function properly, resulting in losses. However, the blockchain is distributed and there is no central server. If one node fails, other nodes will not be affected. Theoretically, if more than 51% of the nodes are attacked, problems will occur.

9. Definition of main chain

Taking Bitcoin as an example, at a certain point in time, a block is mined by two miners at the same time, and then 6 blocks are generated first. The chain of blocks is the main chain

10. Single chain/multi-chain

Single chain refers to the data structure that handles everything on one chain. The core essence of the multi-chain structure is composed of public chain + N sub-chains. There is only one, but in theory there can be countless sub-chains, and each sub-chain can run one or more DAPP systems

11. Public chain/alliance chain/private chain

Public Chain: Everyone can participate in the blockchain

Alliance chain: Only alliance members are allowed to participate in accounting and query

Private chain: Writing and viewing permissions are only controlled by one person In the hands of the organization.

12. Consensus layer, data layer, etc.

There are six overall structures of the blockchain: data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer, and application layer. Data layer: a layer that records data, belonging to the underlying technology; network layer: a structure for building a blockchain network, which determines how users are organized.Consensus layer: Provides a set of rules to allow everyone to reach agreement on the information received and stored. Incentive layer: Design incentive policies to encourage users to participate in the blockchain ecosystem; Contract layer: Generally refers to "smart contracts", which are a set of contract systems that can be automatically executed and written according to their own needs. Application layer: Applications on the blockchain, similar to mobile apps. Former Distributed Storage R&D Center

13. Timestamp

The timestamp refers to January 1, 1970 Day 0 hours 0 minutes 0 seconds 0... The total number of seconds from the current time to now, or the total number of nanoseconds and other very large numbers. Each block is generated with a timestamp indicating when the block was generated.

14. Block/block header/block body

Block is the basic unit of blockchain, and block header and block body are components of blockchain. The information contained in the block header includes the hash of the previous block, the hash of this block, timestamp, etc. The block body is the detailed data in the block.

15. Merkle tree

Merkle tree, also called binary tree, is a data structure for storing data. The bottom layer is the original data contained in all blocks, and the upper layer is each The hash value of a block, the hash value of this layer is combined in pairs to generate a new hash value, forming a new layer, and then upwards layer by layer, until a hash value is generated. Such a structure can be used to quickly compare large amounts of data, and you can quickly find the bottom-level historical data you want without downloading all the data.

16. What is expansion?

The size of a Bitcoin block is about 1M and can save 4,000 transaction records. Expansion means making the block larger so that more data can be stored.

17. What is a chain?

Each block will save the hash of the previous block, creating a relationship between the blocks. This relationship is a chain. Data such as block transaction records and status changes are stored through this chain.

18. Block height

This is not the height mentioned in terms of distance. It refers to the total number of blocks between the block and the first block on the chain. This height indicates which block it is, and is just for identification purposes.

19. Fork

Two blocks were generated at the same time (the transaction information in the block is the same, but the hash value of the block is different), and then in Two chains are forked from these two blocks. Whoever generates 6 blocks from these two links first will be the main chain, and the other chain will be discarded.

20. Ghost Protocol

Mining pools with high computing power can easily generate blocks faster than mining machines with low computing power, resulting in most of the blocks on the blockchain being generated by these mining pools with high computing power. And those with low computing powerThe blocks generated by the mining machine are not stored on the chain because they are slow, and these blocks will be invalid.

The ghost protocol allows blocks that should be invalidated to remain on the chain for a short time, and can also be used as part of the proof of work

. In this way, miners with small computing power will contribute more to the main chain, and large mining pools will not be able to monopolize the confirmation of new blocks.

21. Orphan blocks

As mentioned before, orphan blocks are blocks generated at the same time. One of them forms a chain, and the other does not form a chain. Then this block that does not form a chain is called an orphan block.

22. Uncle block

The orphan block mentioned above, through the ghost protocol, makes it part of the proof of work, then it will not be discarded and will be saved in the main chain superior. This block is next

23 replay attack

The hacker resends the message that has been sent to the server. Sometimes this can defraud the server of multiple responses.

24. Directed acyclic graph

Also called data set DAG (directed acyclic graph), DAG is an ideal multi-chain data structure. Most of the blockchains mentioned now are single chains, that is, one block is connected to another block, and DAG is multiple blocks connected. The advantage is that several blocks can be generated at the same time, so the network can process a large number of transactions at the same time, and the throughput will definitely increase. However, there are many shortcomings and it is currently in the research stage.

25. What is mining

The mining process is to perform a series of conversions, connections and hash operations on the above six fields, and continue to try them one by one. The random number you are looking for, and finally successfully find a random number that meets the conditions: the value after hashing is smaller than the hash value of the preset difficulty value, then the mining is successful, and the node can broadcast the area to neighboring nodes. block, neighboring nodes receive the block and perform the same operation on the above six fields to verify compliance, and then forward it to other nodes. Other nodes also use the same algorithm to verify. If there are 51% of nodes in the entire network If all verifications are successful, even if this block is truly "mined" successfully, each node will add this block to the end of the previous block, delete the list in the block that is the same as its own record, and resurrect again. the above process. Another thing to mention is that regardless of whether the mining is successful or not, each node will pre-record the reward of 50 Bitcoins and the handling fees of all transactions (total input-total output) in the first item of the transaction list (this is " The most fundamental purpose of "mining" is also the fundamental reason to ensure the long-term stable operation of the blockchain), the output address is the address of this node, but if the mining is unsuccessful, the transaction will be invalidated without any reward. Moreover, this transaction called "production transaction" does not participate in the "mining" calculation.

26. Mining machine/Mine

Mining machines are computers with various configurations, and computing power is the biggest difference between them. A place where mining machines are concentrated in one place is a mining farm

27. Mining pool

Miners join together to form a team, and the computer group under this team is a mining pool. Mining rewards are distributed based on your own computing power contribution.

28. Mining difficulty and computing power

Mining difficulty is to ensure that the interval between generating blocks is stable within a certain short time, such as Bitcoin is issued in 10 minutes

Block 1. Computing power is the configuration of the mining machine.

29. Verification

When verification in the blockchain is a confirmation of the legality of the transaction, each node will verify the transaction once when the transaction message is propagated between nodes. Whether the transaction is legal. For example, verify whether the syntax of the transaction is correct, whether the transaction amount is greater than 0, whether the entered transaction amount is reasonable, etc. After passing the verification, it will be packaged and handed over to the miners for mining.

30. Transaction broadcast

The node sends information to other nodes through the network.

31. Mining fees

For the blockchain to work non-stop like a perpetual motion machine, miners need to maintain the system. Therefore, the miners must be given favorable fees to make it sustainable.

32. Transaction confirmation

When a transaction occurs, the block recording the transaction will be confirmed for the first time, and will be confirmed in every area on the chain after the block. Block is reconfirmed: When the number of confirmations reaches 6 or more, the transaction is generally considered safe and difficult to tamper with.

33. Double transaction

That is, I have 10 yuan, I use the 10 yuan to buy a pack of cigarettes, and then instantly use the 10 yuan that has not yet been paid. Bought another cup of coffee. So when verifying the transaction, you need to confirm whether the 10 yuan has been spent.

34. UTXO unspent transaction output

It is a data structure containing transaction data and execution code, which can be understood as digital currency that exists but has not yet been consumed.

35. Transactions per second TPS

That is throughput, tps refers to the number of transactions the system can process per second.

36. Wallet

Similar to Alipay, it is used to store digital currencies, and blockchain technology is more secure.

37. Cold wallet/hot wallet

A cold wallet is an offline wallet. The principle is to store it locally and use QR code communication to prevent the private key from touching the Internet. A hot wallet is an online wallet. The principle is to encrypt the private key and store it on the server. When it is needed, it is downloaded from the server and decrypted on the browser side.

38. Software Wallet/Hardware Wallet

A software wallet is a computer program. Generally speaking, a software wallet is a program that interacts with the blockchain and allows users to receive, store, and send digital currencies and can store multiple keys. Hardware wallets are smart devices that specialize in handling digital currencies.

39. Airdrop

The project sends digital currency to each user’s wallet address.

40. Mapping

Mapping is related to the issuance of blockchain currency and is a mapping between chains. For example, there are some blockchain companies that have not completed the development of the chain in the early stage. They rely on Ethereum to issue their own currency. The issuance and transactions of the early currency are all operated on Ethereum. With the development of the company, the company's own chain development has been completed. The company wants to map all the previous information on Ethereum to its own chain. This process is mapping.

41. Position

Refers to the ratio of the investor’s actual investment to the actual investment funds

42. Full position

Buy with all funds Enter Bitcoin

43. Reduce the position

Sell some of the Bitcoins, but not all of them

44. Heavy positions

Compared with Bitcoin, Bitcoin accounts for a larger share of funds

45. Short position

Compared with Bitcoin, the share of funds is larger

46. Short position

Sell all the Bitcoins you hold and convert them all into funds.

47. Stop loss

After obtaining a certain profit, sell the Bitcoin held to keep the profit

48. Stop loss

After losses reach a certain level, sell the Bitcoins you hold to prevent further losses

49. Bull market

Prices continue to rise and the outlook is optimistic

50. Bear market

Prices continue to fall, and the outlook is bleak

51. Long (long)

The buyer believes that the currency price will rise in the future, buys the currency, and waits for the currency price After rising, sell at a high price to take profits

52. Short position (short selling)

The seller believes that the currency price will fall in the future, and sells the currency he holds (or borrows it from the trading platform) (coin) sell, wait for the price of the currency to fall, buy at a low price to take profits

53. Open a position

Buy virtual currencies such as Bitcoin

54 . Cover position

Buy Bitcoin and other virtual currencies in batches, for example: buy 1 BTC first, then buy 1 BTC later

55. Full position

Buy all the funds into a certain virtual currency at once

56. Rebound

When the currency price falls, due to the decline The price rebounds and adjusts too quickly

57. Consolidation (sideways)

The price fluctuation is small and the currency price is stable

58. Falling

The currency price fell slowly

59. Diving (waterfall)

The currency price fell rapidly, with a large amplitude

60. Cutting meat

After buying Bitcoin, the price of the currency fell. In order to avoid expanding losses, I sold Bitcoin at a loss. Or after borrowing the currency to go short, the currency price rises, and you buy Bitcoin at a loss

61. Hold on

Expect the currency price to rise, but unexpectedly the currency price falls after buying; or expect the currency price fell, but unexpectedly, after selling, the currency price rose

62. Unwinding

After buying Bitcoin, the currency price fell, causing a temporary book loss, but then the currency price rebounded and the loss was reversed To make a profit

63. Go short

After selling Bitcoin because of the bearish market outlook, the price of the currency continued to rise, and I was unable to buy it in time, so I failed to make a profit

64. Overbought

The currency price continues to rise to a certain height, the buyer's power is basically exhausted, and the currency price is about to fall

65. Oversold

The currency price continues to fall to a certain low, the seller's power has basically been exhausted, and the currency price is about to rise

66. Lure bulls

The currency price has been consolidating for a long time, and it is more likely to fall. Most of the short sellers have sold Bitcoin, and suddenly the short sellers pulled up the price of the currency, inducing the long parties to think that the price of the currency will rise and buy one after another. As a result, the short sellers suppressed the price of the currency, causing the long parties to get stuck

67. Lure shorts

After buying Bitcoin, bulls deliberately suppress the price of the currency, making short sellers think that the price of the currency will fall and sell them one after another. As a result, they fall into the trap of bulls

68. What is NFT

The full name of NFT is "Non-Fungible Tokens", which is a non-fungible token. Simply put, it is an indivisible token on the blockchain. Copyright certificate is mainly used to confirm and transfer the rights of digital assets. The difference from digital currency is that it is unique and indivisible. In essence, it is a unique digital asset.

69. What is the Metaverse

The Metaverse is a collection of virtual time and space, consisting of a series of augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR) and the Internet (Internet) Composed of digital currency, which carries the function of value transfer in this world.

70. What is DeFi

DeFi, the full name is Decentralized Finance, which is "decentralized finance" or "distributed finance". "Decentralized finance", as opposed to traditional centralized finance, refers to various financial applications based on open decentralized networks. The goal is to establish a multi-level financial system based on blockchain technology and cryptocurrency. As a basis, re-create and improve the existing financial system

71. Who is Satoshi Nakamoto?

Satoshi Nakamoto is the developer and founder of Bitcoin. Satoshi Nakamoto published the Bitcoin white paper on November 1, 2008, and mined Bitcoin for the first time on January 3, 2009. Whoever can use the Bitcoin in the genesis block is Satoshi Nakamoto himself, so who Is it Satoshi Nakamoto? There have been many "Satoshi Nakamotos" in history: In 2013, someone revealed that Mochizuki Shinichi, who had made outstanding contributions in the field of mathematics, was Satoshi Nakamoto, but no direct evidence was provided. In 2014, hackers broke into the mailbox used by Satoshi Nakamoto and found the owner of the mail, Dorian Nakamoto. Later, Dorian said that he only obtained the mailbox address and password by chance, not Nakamoto. Cong. In 2016, Craig Wright said that he was Satoshi Nakamoto and could provide Satoshi Nakamoto's private key. But later, Wright withdrew his statement because he could not face everyone's doubts.

72. Bitcoin is different from Q Coin

Bitcoin is a decentralized digital asset with no issuing entity. Q Coin is an electronic currency issued by Tencent. It is similar to electronic points, but it is not actually a currency. Q Coin requires a centralized issuing institution. Q Coin can only be recognized and used because of the credit endorsement of Tencent. The scope of use is also limited to Tencent's games and services. The value of Q coins is entirely based on people's trust in Tencent.

Bitcoin is not issued through a centralized institution, but it is widely recognized around the world because Bitcoin can self-certify its trust. The issuance and circulation of Bitcoin are jointly accounted for by miners across the entire network, and are not A central authority is also needed to ensure that no one can tamper with the ledger.

73. What is a mining machine?

Taking Bitcoin as an example, a Bitcoin mining machine is a professional equipment that competes for accounting rights by running a large amount of calculations to obtain new Bitcoin rewards. It is generally composed of a mining chip, a heat sink and a fan, and only performs A single calculation program consumes a lot of power. Mining is actually a competition between miners for computing power. Miners with more computing power have a greater probability of mining Bitcoin. As the computing power of the entire network increases, it becomes increasingly difficult to mine bits with traditional equipment (CPU, GPU), and people have developed chips specifically for mining. The chip is the core part of the mining machine. The process of chip operation will generate a lot of heat. In order toFor heat dissipation and cooling, Bitcoin mining machines are generally equipped with heat sinks and fans. Users download Bitcoin mining software on their computers, use the software to assign tasks to each mining machine, and then start mining. Each currency has a different algorithm and requires different mining machines.

74. What is quantitative trading?

Quantitative trading, sometimes also called automated trading, refers to the use of advanced mathematical models to replace human subjective judgments, which greatly reduces the impact of investor sentiment fluctuations and avoids extreme fanaticism or pessimism in the market. make irrational investment decisions. There are many types of quantitative trading, including cross-platform trading, trend trading, hedging, etc. Cross-platform trading means that when the price difference between different target platforms reaches a certain amount, sell on the platform with a higher price and buy on the platform with a lower price.

75. Blockchain asset over-the-counter trading

Over-the-counter trading is also called OTC trading. Users need to find their own counterparties and do not need to match the transaction. The transaction price is determined by negotiation between the two parties. The two parties can fully communicate through face-to-face negotiation or telephone communication.

76. What is a timestamp?

The blockchain ensures that each block is connected sequentially through timestamps. Timestamps enable every piece of data on the blockchain to have a time stamp. Simply put, timestamps prove when something happened on the blockchain and cannot be tampered with by anyone.

77. What is a blockchain fork?

Upgrading software in a centralized system is very simple, just click "Upgrade" in the app store. However, in decentralized systems such as blockchain, "upgrading" is not that simple, and a disagreement may even cause a blockchain fork. Simply put, a fork refers to a disagreement when the blockchain is "upgraded", resulting in a fork in the blockchain. Because there is no centralized organization, every code upgrade of digital assets such as Bitcoin needs to be unanimously recognized by the Bitcoin community. If the Bitcoin community cannot reach an agreement, the blockchain is likely to form a fork.

78. Soft fork and hard fork

Hard fork means that when the Bitcoin code changes, the old nodes refuse to accept the blocks created by the new nodes. Blocks that do not comply with the original rules will be ignored, and miners will follow the original rules and create new blocks after the last block they verified. A soft fork means that old nodes are not aware of the changes to the Bitcoin code and continue to accept blocks created by new nodes. Miners may work on blocks they have no understanding of, or validation of. Both soft forks and hard forks are "backwards compatible" to ensure that new nodes can verify the blockchain from scratch. Backward compatibility means that new software accepts data or code generated by old software. For example, Windows 10 can run Windows XP applications. Soft forks can also be "forward compatible".

79. Blockchain project classification and application

Judging from the current mainstream blockchain projects, blockchain projects are mainly divided into four categories: Category 1: Currency; Category 2: Platform; Category 3: Application; Category 4: Asset tokenization.

80. USDT against the US dollar

USDT is Tether USD, a token launched by Tether that is against the US dollar (USD). 1USDT=1 US dollar, users can use USDT and USD for 1:1 exchange at any time. Tether implements a 1:1 reserve guarantee system, that is, each USDT token will have a reserve guarantee of 1 US dollar, which supports the stability of the USDT price. The unit price of a certain digital asset is USDT, which is equivalent to its unit price in US dollars (USD).

81. Altcoins and alternative coins

Altcoins refer to blockchain assets that use the Bitcoin code as a template and make some modifications to its underlying technology blockchain, among which Those with technological innovations or improvements are also called alternative coins. Because the Bitcoin code is open source, the cost of plagiarism in Bitcoin is very low. You can even generate a brand new blockchain by simply copying the Bitcoin code and modifying some parameters.

82. Three major exchanges

Binance

Okex

Huobi

83. Market software

Mytoken

Non-small account

84. Information website

Babbitt

Golden Finance

Coin World News

85. Blockchain Browser

BTC

ETH

BCH

LTC

ETC

86. Wallet

Imtoken

Bitpie

MetaMask (Little Fox)

87. Decentralized exchange

uniswap

88. NFT exchange

Opensea

Super Rare

89. Ladder

Bring your own, buy a reliable ladder

90. Platform currency

Digital currency issued by the platform, used to deduct handling fees, transactions, etc.

91. Bull market, bear market

Bull market: rising market

Bear market : falling market

92. Blockchain 1.0

A currency trading system based on distributed ledgers, represented by Bitcoin

93. Blockchain 2.0

The contract blockchain technology represented by Ethereum (smart contract) is 2.0

94. Blockchain 3.0

In the era of intelligent Internet of Things, it goes beyond the financial field and provides various A variety of industries provide decentralized solutions

95. Smart Contract

Smart Contract is a computer protocol designed to disseminate, verify or execute contracts in an information-based manner , to put it simply, the electronic contract is set in advance, and once both parties confirm it, the contract will be automatically executed.

96. What is a token?

The token economy is an economic system with Token as the only reference standard, which is equivalent to a pass. If you own Token, you have rights and interests, and you have the right to speak.

97. The difference between big data and blockchain

Big data is the means of production, AI is the new productivity, and the blockchain is the new production relationship. Big data refers to a collection of data that cannot be captured, managed and processed within a certain time range using conventional software tools. It is a massive, high-growth and high-volume data set that requires new processing models to have stronger decision-making power, insight discovery and process optimization capabilities. Diverse information assets. Simply understood, big data is massive data accumulated over a long period of time and cannot be obtained in the short term. Blockchain can be used as a way to obtain big data, but it cannot replace big data. Big data is only used as a medium running in the blockchain and has no absolute technical performance, so the two cannot be confused. (A simple understanding of production relations is labor exchange and consumption relations. The core lies in productivity, and the core of productivity lies in production tools)

98. What is ICO?

ICO, Initial Coin Offering, is the initial public offering of tokens, which is crowdfunding in the blockchain digital currency industry. It is the most popular topic and investment trend in 2017, and the country launched a regulatory plan on September 4. Speaking of ICO, people will think of IPO, and the two are essentially different.

99. Five characteristics of digital currency

The first characteristic: decentralization

The second characteristic: having open source code

The third feature: independent electronic wallet

The fourth feature: constant issuance

The fifth feature: global circulation

100. What is decentralization?

It has no issuer, does not belong to any institution or country, and is a publicly issued currency designed, developed and stored on the Internet by Internet network experts.

100. What is measurement (scarcity)?

Once the total amount of issuance is set, it is permanently fixed, cannot be changed, cannot be over-issued at will, and is subject to global Internet supervision. Because the difficulty of mining and mining changes over time, the longer the time, the greater the difficulty of mining, and the fewer coins are mined, so it is scarce.

101. What is open source code?

The alphanumeric code is stored on the Internet. Anyone can find out the source code of its design, everyone can participate, can mine it, and it is open to the world.

102. What is anonymous transaction? Private wallet private?

Everyone can register and download the wallet online without real-name authentication. It is completely composed of encrypted digital codes. It can be sent and traded globally in real-time point-to-point without resorting to banks or any institutions. It cannot be traced by anyone without my authorization. ,Inquire.

103. What is a contract transaction?

A contract transaction refers to an agreement between a buyer and seller to receive a certain amount of an asset at a specified price at a certain time in the future. The objects of contract trading are standardized contracts formulated by the exchange. The exchange stipulates standardized information such as commodity type, transaction time, quantity, etc. A contract represents the rights and obligations of the buyer and seller.

104. Digital Currency Industry Chain

Chip manufacturers, mining machine manufacturers, and mining machine agents mine and export to exchanges for retail investors to speculate in coins

105. Who is Bei Feng?

Beifeng: Digital currency value investor

Investment style: Steady

106. Build a community?

Reasonable layout, scientific operation, prudent and conservative, earning periodic money

Welcome currency friends and seek common development.

ⅢWhat exactly is the blockchain?

What exactly is the blockchain? In essence, blockchain is a distributed, decentralized network database system that will make the storage, update, maintenance, and operation of data different. Blockchain has four indispensable core technologies, namely: distributed storage, consensus mechanism, cryptography principles, and smart contracts.

Then let’s talk about how blockchain is different from traditional data processing to help everyone understand what blockchain is and give everyone a general understanding of blockchain. Cognition.

1. Data storage in blockchainStorage: Blockchain Data Structure

In terms of data storage, blockchain technology uses "blockchain data structure" to verify and store data.

What does the blockchain structure mean? Everyone has seen an iron chain, with one link within another. In fact, each link can be regarded as a block, and many links are linked together to form a blockchain.

How does this so-called "iron chain" store data? To put it simply, the difference between blockchain and ordinary stored data is that on blockchain, the data in the next block includes the data in the previous block.

Take reading as an example: when we read a book, we finish page 1, then page 2, page 3...
What about in the blockchain? If each block is marked with a page number, then the content on page 2 contains the content on page 1, the content on page 3 contains the content on page 1 and page 2...Page 10 contains The content of the first 9 pages is such a chain nested layer by layer. In this way, the most original data can be traced back. This is the traceability of the blockchain.

The "blockchain data structure" of blockchain makes it traceable, which is naturally suitable for many fields, such as: food traceability, drug traceability, etc. In this way, the probability of tainted milk powder, fake vaccines, and fake and substandard food incidents will be greatly reduced, because once a problem occurs, through traceability, we can clearly know which link caused the problem, and accountability and recovery will be clearer.

2. Data update in the blockchain: distributed node consensus algorithm

In terms of data update, blockchain technology uses the "distributed node consensus algorithm" to Generate and update data.

Every time a new block is generated (that is, when data is updated), an algorithm needs to be used to obtain the approval of more than 51% of the nodes in the entire network to form a new block. To put it bluntly, it is a vote, and it can be generated if more than half of the people agree, which makes the data on the blockchain non-tamperable.

Why do you say that? Let’s make an analogy: we compare the blockchain to a ledger, because it records data. In the traditional world, the bookkeeping power lies with the bookkeeper, and the ledger belongs to the bookkeeper alone. So in the blockchain, everyone owns this account book. If you want to update the account, you must vote. Only if more than half of the people agree can you update the account data.

In this process, we will involve several terms: distributed, node, consensus algorithm. These terms are actually very easy to understand:

Everyone Accounting (that is, everyone has a ledger and the ledger is scattered in everyone's hands) is the so-called ""Distributed";

The accounting method that everyone discusses, votes, and unanimously agrees on is the so-called "consensus algorithm";

Everyone who participates in accounting, It is the so-called "node".

3. Data maintenance in blockchain: cryptography

In the data maintenance stage, the difference of blockchain is: It uses cryptography to ensure the security of data transmission and access.

The cryptography principles applied in the blockchain mainly include: hash algorithm, Merkle hash tree, elliptic curve algorithm, Base58 .These principles are actually used to ensure the security of data on the blockchain through a series of complex operations and conversions.

4. Data operations in the blockchain: smart contracts
 A smart contract is a commitment agreement defined and automatically executed by a computer program. To put it bluntly, it is a set of transaction rules executed by code, similar to the current automatic repayment function of credit cards. If you turn this function on, you don’t need to do anything. Regardless, the bank will automatically deduct the money you owe when it matures.

The outstanding advantage of smart contracts is that it largely avoids a series of problems caused by trust.
Many of us, We have all encountered situations where we have been borrowed money: a friend who is short of money borrows 2,000 yuan from you and promises to repay the money after the salary is paid next month. But the next month he finds other excuses not to repay, and drags the matter back and forth. I don't know what to do. I didn't have much money, but I was still a friend. Even though you were very depressed, let it go.

Then, with the smart contract, he can't default on the debt, because in the smart contract Once the terms in the contract are triggered, the code will be executed automatically. Regardless of whether he wants it or not, as long as he has paid his salary and has money in his account, he has to pay you back.

To summarize this article Section content, there are four indispensable core technologies in the blockchain, namely: distributed storage, consensus mechanism, cryptography principles, and smart contracts.

We can understand it this way: distributed storage corresponds to is the stage of data storage, the consensus mechanism corresponds to the stage of data processing and updating, cryptography corresponds to data security, and smart contracts correspond to data operation issues.

IV Blockchain Token +Decentralization, realizing data confirmation and value redistribution

In "The Real Business Opportunities of Blockchain", the author mentioned such an example of token application, which is about travel planning. .

Tokens in a centralized digital environment

The above picture describes the role of tokens in a centralized solution, and the process is relatively complicated.
1. In the real world, travelers need to share this information with travel agencies. On the Internet, they can use templates provided by online travel sites. These websites function like data brokers: they can use their accumulated customer information to attract marketers from various segments of the travel industry and generate revenue through marketing services. In a tokenized environment, information about traveler plans would be passed to one of the data brokers.
2. After receiving the passenger's data, the data broker will collect the information and tokenize the information to create a data token. Wallets managed by data brokers will also collect tokens issued by service providers.
3. Passengers start paying to use services. They will use the tokens issued by the service provider during the trip, such as for checking into and spending money at the hotel.
4. The pass is still useful during the traveler’s vacation. For example, when a traveler decides to take a hotel's recommendation to stay an extra night, they can receive additional tokens for room service, bar drinks, or room upgrades. In these scenarios, the pass can incentivize travelers to stay in the service provider’s business ecosystem.
5. Whether during or after vacation, travelers can upload photos, restaurant reviews and itineraries to multiple social media, which will also involve data brokers.
6. Data brokers coordinate with service providers to reward customers for posting reviews through free accommodation or free meal passes to encourage word-of-mouth spread. Travelers can save these passes for their next trip, use the pass elsewhere where the service provider offers services, or share the pass via a digital wallet with friends who are traveling to the same destination.

What will be the effect if we switch to a blockchain solution?
This solution ensures the decentralization of customer data, allowing participants to keep data locally and selectively share it with third parties. Passengers can customize the parameters on how to use the pass, and how to use smart contracts to obtain the pass under these parameter configurations.

Instructions for token circulation in a complete blockchain solution

In this case, passengers can coordinate on their own and share relevant data in a tokenized form. Travel service providers, such as airlines and hotels, simultaneously obtain quotes through digital wallets or other interfaces accessible only to travelers. If these interactions are coordinated on a blockchain-enabled platform, travelers will have the opportunity to choose to share data across multiple platforms, thereby obtaining more and better offers. Travelers as hubs gain sovereignty over their data.
In a decentralized model, service providers trusted by consumers can better set their own terms. These companies can negotiate pricing rather than having to base it on the platform’s requirementsto price. Such freedom encourages participation and innovation among service providers. Therefore, decentralization of data monetization is conducive to market competition.

From the above example, the addition of the decentralized model of tokens has brought major changes to the business world - that is, data assets are owned by individuals, data is valuable, and the price is determined by consumers. Sure! Such a business model is bound to have an impact on existing Internet platforms. In the first picture, almost all the roles revolve around the data service provider, that is, the Internet platform. In the second picture, individuals have become the protagonists of this business world, and data service providers have been marginalized. Well, now that this model has appeared in people's minds, some people will try out this business model, and we look forward to seeing such new business models in the future.

IV What is blockchain and how to make money with blockchain

Blockchain is a term in the field of information technology. In essence, it is a shared database, and the data or information stored in it has the characteristics of "unforgeable", "full traces left", "traceable", "open and transparent" and "collectively maintained". Based on these characteristics, blockchain technology has laid a solid foundation of "trust" and created a reliable "cooperation" mechanism, which has broad application prospects.
The ways to make money in the blockchain are as follows:
1. Coin speculation. Coin speculation is like stock speculation. Coin speculation is the lowest threshold for making money in the blockchain;
2. Vendors, district Blockchain is a global market. Like small traders, you can move from a low-price platform to a high-price platform to sell and earn the price difference;
3. Earn commissions for promotion. The blockchain method is to register first Exchange account, generate your own invitation link, and then promote it. If someone registers the exchange through your link and generates transactions, you can get a commission;
4. Mining, "mining" in Bitcoin is The accounting process;
5. Technical support, providing blockchain technical support to some teams and enterprises;
6. Opening a trading website and charging handling fees;
7. Developing wallets and wallets It is the infrastructure of the blockchain, just like the "Alipay" or "WeChat Pay" of the blockchain;
8. Be a blockchain project or infrastructure equipment supplier.

Warm reminder: The above explanation is for reference only and does not make any suggestions. There are risks in entering the market, so investment needs to be cautious. Before making any investment, you should ensure that you fully understand the investment nature of the product and the risks involved. After understanding and carefully evaluating the product, you can make your own judgment on whether to participate in the transaction.
Response time: 2020-12-02. For the latest business changes, please refer to the official website of Ping An Bank.
[I know about Ping An Bank] Want to know more? Come and take a look at "I Know Ping An Bank"~
https://b.pingan.com.cn/paim/iknow/index.html

VI What is MeikeMerkle

First of all, it is not a plum tree. Although the name is similar, this tree is not that tree. The Merkle tree is one of the three giants in the block header. We must know that the block is the basic structural unit of the blockchain. It consists of a block header containing metadata and a block body containing transaction data. And our plum tree is a major member of the block header.

Maybe you are curious, what is the block header? Is it a mutated header? In fact, it is very simple. As the name suggests, the block header is the front part of a block, which is equivalent to the head of the human body and controls key parts of the human body. The block header consists of three sets of metadata, one is the hash value of the parent area; the other is the mining difficulty, Nonce, timestamp; the third is the Merkel tree root, which is our protagonist today. Don’t underestimate this tree, it It can quickly summarize and verify all the transaction data in the block. Isn’t it super excellent~

The blockchain uses the data structure of the Merkel tree to store the values of all leaf nodes and generates them based on this. A unified hash value. The leaf nodes of the Merkle tree store the hash value of the data information, and the non-leaf nodes store the hash value obtained by hashing the combination of all leaf nodes below it.

There is another point that needs to be paid attention to, just like we pay attention to our college entrance examination results, that is, any change in the data in the block will cause the Merkle tree structure to change. In the verification and comparison of transaction information, In the process, the Merkle tree structure can greatly reduce the amount of data calculation. After all, we only need to verify the unified hash value generated by the Merkle tree structure.

See a world in a grain of sand, a paradise in a wild flower, put infinity in the palm of your hand, and collect eternity in a moment. Blake’s words could not be more appropriate to explain the Merkel tree.

Ⅶ What is blockchain technology? What exactly is blockchain? A chained data structure composed of sequential connections, and a cryptographically guaranteed distributed ledger that cannot be tampered with or forged.

Broadly speaking, blockchain technology uses block chain data structures to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, and uses cryptography to ensure data transmission and access. It is a new distributed infrastructure and computing method that uses smart contracts composed of automated script codes to program and operate data securely.

[Infrastructure]

Generally speaking, the blockchain system consists of data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer and application layer composition. Among them, the data layer encapsulates the underlying data blocks and related basic data and basic algorithms such as data encryption and timestamps; the network layer includes distributed networking mechanisms, data dissemination mechanisms, and data verification mechanisms; a total ofThe knowledge layer mainly encapsulates various consensus algorithms of network nodes; the incentive layer integrates economic factors into the blockchain technology system, mainly including the issuance mechanism and distribution mechanism of economic incentives; the contract layer mainly encapsulates various scripts, algorithms and intelligence Contracts are the basis for the programmable features of the blockchain; the application layer encapsulates various application scenarios and cases of the blockchain. In this model, the chain block structure based on timestamps, the consensus mechanism of distributed nodes, economic incentives based on consensus computing power, and flexible programmable smart contracts are the most representative innovations of blockchain technology.

Extended information:

[Blockchain core technology]

Blockchain mainly solves the trust and security issues of transactions, so it addresses this issue Four technological innovations:

1. Distributed ledger means that transaction accounting is completed by multiple nodes distributed in different places, and each node records a complete account, so they all Can participate in supervising the legality of transactions and can also jointly testify for them.

The uniqueness of blockchain's distributed storage is mainly reflected in two aspects: First, each node of the blockchain stores complete data according to the block chain structure. Traditional distributed storage generally stores The data is divided into multiple parts for storage according to certain rules. Second, the storage of each node in the blockchain is independent and of equal status, relying on the consensus mechanism to ensure storage consistency, while traditional distributed storage generally synchronizes data to other backup nodes through the central node.

No node can record ledger data independently, thus avoiding the possibility of a single bookkeeper being controlled or bribed to record false accounts. Also because there are enough accounting nodes, theoretically, unless all nodes are destroyed, the accounts will not be lost, thus ensuring the security of the accounting data.

2. Asymmetric encryption and authorization technology. Transaction information stored on the blockchain is public, but account identity information is highly encrypted and can only be accessed with authorization from the data owner. , thus ensuring data security and personal privacy.

3. The consensus mechanism is how all accounting nodes reach a consensus to determine the validity of a record. This is both a means of identification and a means of preventing tampering. Blockchain proposes four different consensus mechanisms, which are suitable for different application scenarios and strike a balance between efficiency and security.

The consensus mechanism of the blockchain has the characteristics of "the minority obeys the majority" and "everyone is equal". "The minority obeys the majority" does not entirely refer to the number of nodes, but can also be the computing power and the number of shares. Or other characteristic quantities that the computer can compare. "Everyone is equal" means that when a node meets the conditions, all nodes have the right to give priority to the consensus result, which will be directly recognized by other nodes and may eventually become the final consensus result.

4. Smart contracts. Smart contracts are based on these trustworthy and non-tamperable data and can automatically execute some predefined rules and terms. Taking insurance as an example, if everyone’s information(Including medical information and risk occurrence information) are all true and credible, then it will be easy to carry out automated claims settlement in some standardized insurance products.

In the daily business of insurance companies, although transactions are not as frequent as those in the banking and securities industries, the reliance on trusted data continues unabated. Therefore, the author believes that using blockchain technology from the perspective of data management can effectively help insurance companies improve their risk management capabilities. Specifically speaking, it is mainly divided into risk management of policyholders and risk supervision of insurance companies.

Blockchain-Network

Ⅷ What is blockchain mining and what it does Detailed introduction to blockchain and virtual currency

in When Bitcoin was first released, people discovered that it is decentralized and not subject to any central control; it is completely open, except for the encryption of transaction information, the entire system information is highly transparent, and the technology is open source; security, as long as you cannot control everything %51 of the nodes cannot modify the data arbitrarily, which makes it relatively safe; independence, the entire model and Bitcoin do not rely on any third party, all nodes verify and exchange data within the system without any intervention

Here we explain in detail what blockchain technology is. To put it bluntly, it is block + chain. So what is a "block"? What is a "chain" again?

A block is a ledger. Transaction accounting is completed by multiple nodes distributed in different places, and each node records a complete account, so they can all participate in supervising the legality of the transaction, and at the same time Can jointly testify for it

Each block contains the cryptographic hash of the previous block, the corresponding timestamp, and the transaction data (usually a hash value calculated using the Merkle tree algorithm) represents), this design makes the block content difficult to tamper with. The distributed ledgers connected by blockchain technology can effectively record transactions between two parties, and can permanently verify this transaction.

The function of the hash function h(): convert a string of any length into a fixed-length (for example, 256 bits) output. The output is also called a hash value. This output is irreversible

It is difficult to find two different x and y such that h(x) = h(y), that is, two different inputs, There will be different output. Theoretically, two different inputs may have different outputs, but this is almost impossible. For example, if an infinite space is mapped to a finite space, there must be a many-to-one situation. The theory exists, but there are no rules. It is guaranteed that you cannot find this result through any mathematical inference. Why is it 256 bits here? Isn't it longer? Because 256 bits are secure enough.

Split the ledger into blocks. For example, a piece of paper in a book is a block. Each block records transactions within a period of time, such as 10 minutes.

WeCompare each piece of paper to a block. Add a part of content to each block. We call it a block header, which records the hash value of the parent block. Each block stores the hash of the parent block. Value, connect all blocks smoothly to form a blockchain

Record the hash value of block 1 to the block header of block 2. In this way, the block header of each block is The hash value of the parent block is recorded, and each block is linked in order. This is called a blockchain. The first block has no block header and is also called the genesis block

The blockchain is a ledger. Only when transactions occur in the ledger will the money in your account increase. If you need to make a transaction, you first need an account number and password. Just like your bank card has an account number and password, others can make a transfer to you. The account password on the block ledger is the public key and private key

Lao Wang (who already has a private key and a public key) wants to transfer 10 BTC to Zhang, which requires some operations

It is proved that Lao Wang himself issued the transfer signature function Sign (Lao Wang’s private key + Transfer information: Lao Wang transferred 10 BTC to Zhang San) = signature of this special account
The verification is that Lao Wang himself issued the transfer verification function Verify (Lao Wang’s address + Transfer details: Lao Wang transferred 10 BTC to Zhang San) + Signature of this transfer) = true
Once the transfer is recorded in the block, no one can change it. Zhang San will increase it by 10 BTC, and Lao Wang will decrease it by 10 BTC accordingly. The entire operation is automatic, such as your wallet The app will help you do this. The app knows your private key, you tell the wallet the transaction content, the wallet signature is announced to the entire network, and it waits for others to verify the transaction

Centralized accounting The efficiency will be higher. Banks, governments or Alipay will keep accounts for you, which is very reliable, because they can't touch your money unless they have your private key

There are some disadvantages in centralized accounting

In decentralization, everyone can keep accounts, and everyone can keep a complete ledger. Anyone can download open source programs, participate in Bitcoin's p2p network, monitor transactions sent from all over the world, become an accounting node, and participate in accounting. Suppose Xiaoyi releases a transaction and broadcasts it to the entire network, and accounting node A listens. When this transaction arrives, A verifies that the transaction bit is true and puts it into the transaction pool to continue to spread to other nodes. Because it is spread through the network, the transaction pools of different accounting nodes are not necessarily the same at the same time. Every 10 minutes, from all accounting nodes Among the nodes, select one according to a certain method. After verifying that the transaction of this node is true, then compare the transaction records in the transaction pool of this selected node with the transaction records in the transaction pool of your own (A) node. The comparison is completed. Afterwards, the transactions recorded by the selected accounting node in its own transaction pool will be deleted., otherwise do not move and continue accounting and wait for the next selection. Every 10 minutes is a cycle. During this 10 minutes, all accounting nodes will record accounts normally. After 10 minutes, a node will be selected to treat the transactions in its transaction pool as a A new block, this block comes from the transaction pool of an accounting node I randomly selected among all the accounting nodes, and the cycle continues

The transaction is not completed when it is recorded, only when the transaction When it becomes a certain block, the transaction is truly completed. This is a complete accounting process of decentralization. Your transaction will not be recorded immediately because the p2p network propagation takes time. If the node of the selected block has not received your transaction, the transaction will be not done. A block is generated every 10 minutes, but not all transactions within 10 minutes can be recorded. 10 minutes is just an average value

Due to the characteristics of decentralized accounting, accounting nodes with accounting rights will receive a 50BTC reward every ten minutes, which is about the same for every 210,000 blocks. In 4 years, the reward is halved. Bitcoin has been halved twice since its issuance. Then a new block is generated every ten minutes. The reward for this accounting node is 10.5 BTC. If it is halved every 4 years, the total number of BTC can be calculated. The amount is approximately 21 million, and it is expected to be mined in 2040. Recording the reward of a block is also the only way to issue Bitcoin. When BTC is mined, the only income that the accounting node can obtain is the transaction fee.

Accounting nodes compete for accounting rights through questions,

Find a certain random number that makes the equation invalid
SHA256 hash function (random number + parent block hash value + Transactions in the transaction pool) A certain specified value)
There is no other solution except traversing the random numbers starting from 0 and trying luck. The process of solving the problem is also called mining, so the accounting node that solves this problem is also called mining. It’s called a miner. The faster you traverse random numbers, the greater the possibility of getting the accounting rights. This traversal speed is called computing power by mine bosses. In order to obtain this computing power, mine bosses will Purchase more mining machines with higher computing power

Whoever solves the problem correctly first will get the accounting rights. Accounting node A is the first to find the solution, which is announced to the entire network. After other nodes verify that it is correct, node A obtains the block, gains 12.5 BTC, and restarts a new round of calculation after the new block. This method is called (POW) allocating accounting rights

It usually takes about 10 minutes to solve this random number. 10 is not absolute, because the process of solving this problem is a process of luck. In response to changes in computing power in the future, Bitcoin will increase or decrease the difficulty every 2016 blocks, about two weeks, so that the average block generation time is ten minutes

Each block contains The cryptographic hash of the previous block, correspondingTimestamps and transaction data (usually represented by hash values calculated using the Merkle tree algorithm), this design makes the block content difficult to tamper with. The distributed ledgers connected by blockchain technology can effectively record transactions between two parties, and can permanently verify this transaction.

Different from traditional stored data, each node of the blockchain stores complete data according to the block chain structure. Each node of the blockchain is independent and has equal status, relying on The consensus mechanism ensures storage consistency, while traditional distributed storage generally synchronizes data to other backup nodes through a central node.

Mahjong is a traditional Chinese blockchain project. A group of four miners work together. The miner who first collides with the correct hash value of 13 numbers can obtain the accounting rights and be rewarded.

Many people say that blockchain is a scam and Bitcoin is a scam. This may be a scam, but this technology has been widely recognized and applied. The cryptography knowledge involved in blockchain can only be used by ordinary people. Even if you don’t understand it, the most important thing is to look at the problem from a relatively rational perspective. Don’t let the wind be the rain.

There is something incredible about this technology. It maintains absolute order without a center or supervision. This is the trust that only needs to be established by everyone’s consensus. Bitcoin created this consensus, and in the blockchain In the world everyone is fair and equal.