区块链存证技术为什么很复杂呢,区块链存证技术的原理

区块链存证技术为什么很复杂呢？这是因为它涉及到多个领域，涉及到技术、法律、会计等多个方面，需要综合考虑和解决的问题比较多。本文将从三个关键词：数字签名、分布式账本和智能合约，来讲解区块链存证技术的原理。

数字签名是一种加密技术，它可以用来确认用户的身份，以及验证文件的完整性。数字签名是基于公钥密码体制的一种应用，它利用一种称为哈希函数的技术，将用户的信息摘要化，然后使用用户的私钥加密，生成一个唯一的数字签名。数字签名的作用是让用户可以放心地使用区块链存证技术，确保信息的安全性和完整性。

分布式账本是区块链存证技术的核心，它是一种分布式数据库，可以实现多个节点之间的数据共享和交互。它的特点是去中心化、安全性高、不可篡改，可以将用户的信息记录在区块链上，保证信息的安全性和完整性。分布式账本不仅可以记录用户的信息，还可以记录用户的交易信息，以及用户之间的合同等。

智能合约是区块链存证技术的另一个重要组成部分，它是一种自动执行的程序，可以根据用户的要求，自动执行指定的操作。智能合约可以让用户在不需要人工干预的情况下，自动执行合同中的条款，从而提高了交易的效率和安全性。智能合约还可以用于执行投票、股权转让等操作，可以有效地实现信息的完整性和安全性。

以上就是区块链存证技术的原理，它涉及到的技术复杂，但是它的应用范围非常广泛，可以有效地实现信息的完整性和安全性，为用户提供更多的便利。

『一』Is blockchain technology easy to learn? Can you learn it if you don’t have a high degree of education?

Blockchain technology is a very complex technology. Of course not too studious. Because if it is very good, it will not be so valuable if it is empty. But people with low academic qualifications can also learn, because learning like this also relies on talent.
Blockchain is a term in the field of information technology. In essence, it is a shared database, and the data or information stored in it has the characteristics of "unforgeable", "full traces left", "traceable", "open and transparent" and "collectively maintained". Based on these characteristics, blockchain technology has laid a solid foundation of "trust" and created a reliable "cooperation" mechanism, which has broad application prospects.
Characteristics of blockchain technology.
Decentralization. Blockchain technology does not rely on additional third-party management agencies or hardware facilities, and there is no central control. In addition to the self-contained blockchain itself, each node realizes self-verification, transmission and management of information through distributed accounting and storage. Decentralization is the most prominent and essential feature of blockchain.
Openness. The foundation of blockchain technology is open source. In addition to the private information of the transaction parties being encrypted, the data of the blockchain is open to everyone. Anyone can query the blockchain data and develop related applications through the public interface. Therefore, the entire System information is highly transparent.
Independence. Based on consensus specifications and protocols (similar to various mathematical algorithms such as the hash algorithm used by Bitcoin), the entire blockchain system does not rely on other third parties. All nodes can automatically and securely verify and exchange data within the system without the need for any human intervention.
Security. As long as you cannot control 51% of all data nodes, you cannot manipulate and modify network data at will. This makes the blockchain itself relatively safe and avoids subjective and artificial data changes.
Anonymity. Unless required by legal regulations, technically speaking, the identity information of each block node does not need to be disclosed or verified, and information transfer can be carried out anonymously

『二』How is blockchain technology connected with electronic evidence?

The unique characteristics of blockchain technology such as non-tampering, non-repudiation, and multi-party participation are naturally in line with the needs of electronic data storage. Electronic data storage is an important potential application area of ​​blockchain technology.

Faced with the growing demand for electronic data storage, traditional evidence storage methods have gradually revealed shortcomings such as high cost, low efficiency, and difficulty in acceptance. In addition, in judicial practice, parties generally lack the ability to produce evidence, and the quality of electronic evidence submitted to the court is poor. There are a lot of problems such as improper evidence collection procedures, incomplete evidence, and poor pointing to the facts of the case, which directly affect the use of electronic evidence in litigation. Acceptance ratio.

The combination of blockchain and electronic data storage can reduce the cost of electronic data storage, facilitate the identification of electronic data evidence, and improve the efficiency of litigation in the field of judicial storage.

Therefore, we have been committed toBlockchain technology is integrated into products to provide users with financial-level security: for example, by uniting multiple parties (including forensic identification centers) to jointly establish a judicial evidence storage chain to achieve permanent solidification and storage of decentralized evidence while simplifying the traditional evidence collection and issuance process. . That is, distributed blockchain evidence storage technology is used to ensure that contract evidence is not tampered with.

『三』How to do a good job of blockchain certification for intellectual property rights

Blockchain certification, simply put, is to store electronic data on the blockchain. Guaranteed security.

Microcopyright is a brand of Yibaoquan. Through microcopyright, the data for work rights verification, network evidence collection, and certificate preservation will be stored on the blockchain in the form of Hash, relying on the blockchain to decentralize With the characteristics of digitalization and distributed storage, it can store evidence on the blockchain and effectively ensure the originality and non-tamperability of electronic evidence.

Currently, it has been awarded the 2018 Industrial Internet Pilot Demonstration Project of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (the only blockchain selected project), and the first batch of domestic blockchain information service registration enterprises by the Cyberspace Administration of China in 2019 .

『四』 How does blockchain technology ensure the authenticity of electronic evidence

We mainly apply blockchain technology to the field of distributed electronic data storage. , including contract storage, email storage, document storage, structured data storage, etc.

The specific manifestations of electronic evidence in judicial practice are becoming increasingly diverse, and the frequency of use and data volume of electronic data storage have increased significantly. Different types of electronic evidence are formed in different ways, but they generally have the characteristics of being easy to perish, easily tampered with, and highly dependent on technology. Compared with traditional physical evidence, it is more difficult to determine the authenticity, legality, and relevance of electronic evidence in judicial review. .

Blockchain technology can be used to securely protect electronic data, prevent tampering, and leave traces of data operations throughout the entire life cycle of electronic data generation, collection, transmission, and storage, thereby providing Provide effective means for review by relevant agencies. Blockchain technology is used to preserve electronic evidence, and the electronic data that needs to be deposited are recorded in the form of transactions, stamped with timestamps, and recorded in blocks, thereby completing the process of data preservation and evidence depositing. During the data storage process, multiple participating nodes jointly witness and jointly maintain a distributed ledger, thus greatly reducing the possibility of data loss, tampering, and attack. The combination of blockchain and electronic data storage can reduce the cost of electronic data storage, facilitate electronic data collection and evidence identification, and improve litigation efficiency in the field of judicial storage.

『Wu』What is the blockchain certificate of electronic contract?

Simply speaking, the blockchain is a distributed bank accounting system without a central organization. The trust network is a distributed database. Due to its distributed storage, decentralization and other characteristics, it can effectively prevent tampering and denial, and has system stability that is unmatched by traditional models.

Based on the above characteristics, blockchain technologyTechnology has been integrated with the financial industry and has been applied on a large scale, achieving remarkable results. In August 2016, we joined forces with Onchain to jointly launch the multi-party open blockchain alliance "Fa Chain" based on Microsoft's trusted cloud technology and open platform, based on Microsoft's comprehensive technology and open platform.

Based on the technical support of "FaChain", we have reached cooperation with Alibaba Mailbox and launched the world's first mailbox certificate storage product based on blockchain technology. As the Internet environment grows, the demand for electronic certificates will also grow, and our "legal chain" will also play a greater role.

『Lu』 What is the blockchain certification technology for intellectual property protection?

1. The application of blockchain certification technology in intellectual property protection:

Blockchain, because of its characteristics such as decentralization, distributed accounting, full traceability, and traceability, has laid the foundation for blockchain evidence storage of intellectual property rights.

When the work is completed, the user uploads the data to the blockchain, and the work data will be stored on the blockchain in the form of a Hash value for blockchain storage and preservation to realize evidence. Solidification and blockchain preservation effectively ensure the integrity and non-tamperability of electronic data.

The Supreme People's Court pointed out in the "Decision of the Supreme People's Court on Amending the Several Provisions on Evidence in Civil Procedures" that the people's courts at all levels should implement During the process, it is necessary to accurately grasp the application of electronic data rules and carefully study the impact of new technologies such as big data, cloud computing, and blockchain on the investigation, identification, and acceptance of evidence.

Blockchain certificate storage opens up the "last mile" of trust in intellectual property data.

『撒』How blockchain technology can transform electronic data into legal and effective electronic evidence

With the rapid development of the Internet and information technology, a large amount of evidence in litigation is gradually being electronically In the form of data storage evidence, with the help of blockchain technology, in judicial practice, how to overcome the natural defects of electronic data that are "difficult to obtain evidence, easy to lose, and easy to forge" and ensure that it can be used as evidence in court?
Blockchain is based on technical features such as multi-party consensus, non-tampering, transparency and traceability, which can effectively solve the problems of electronic evidence such as "large quantity, scattered evidence, difficulty in obtaining evidence, easy to be tampered, and difficult to identify", and realize "electronic data "Transforming to "legal and effective electronic evidence" will facilitate the identification of electronic data evidence and improve litigation efficiency in the field of judicial evidence storage.
On September 3, 2018, the Supreme People's Court issued the "Regulations on Several Issues Concerning the Trial of Cases by Internet Courts" which for the first time determined that on-chain data can be used as a basis for judicial admission.
On May 18, 2021, the Supreme People's Court issued the "People's Court Online Litigation Rules" and came into effect on August 1. For the first time, it stipulated the scope of validity of blockchain evidence and clarified the scope of blockchain storage. After the data is uploaded to the chain, it is presumed to be valid without tampering. At the same time, the districtAuthenticity review rules for block chain storage data after and before it is uploaded to the chain.
This not only promotes the integration of blockchain technology and litigation rules, but also opens up the development path of the blockchain judicial model.
Yibaoquan is one of the first companies to register for blockchain information services through the Cyberspace Administration of China. It uses self-developed security chain technology to build a consortium chain, and combines blockchain with justice to build a data storage system. The notarization system can well solve the credibility problem of the entire chain of electronic data from generation and storage to notarization and proof:
When uploading to the chain, blockchain technology is used to store the data in advance with multiple parties. , to ensure the originality and integrity of the evidence-stored data; after being uploaded to the chain, the data is synchronized with each node on the alliance chain for backup and retention, ensuring the credibility and security of the data; during litigation, the evidence can be verified at multiple judicial nodes , extraction, and relevant judicial documents can also be issued online, effectively improving the efficiency of rights protection.

『8』 How blockchain is used in the field of certificate storage

Blockchain technology has the advantages of being difficult to tamper with and easy to trace.

Over the years, we have also been continuously polishing our products and deploying intelligence in an all-round way. Our electronic contract SaaS product function, based on the original two core functions of real-name authentication and contract signing, adds six modules: organization management, approval management, seal management, contract drafting, contract template management, and notarization and storage. Earlier, we also released a number of technologies such as handwriting recognition, fragmented storage mechanism, and text and print security and anti-counterfeiting. In addition, in response to problems such as the lack of online judicial processing channels and different standards for determining the validity of electronic evidence, we have launched a "real hammer" preservation system to achieve evidence preservation and real-time issuance of certificates. While providing customers with electronic contract services, we also provide More professional and efficient legal protection services.

『九』Optimize the business environment and decrypt the technical principles of blockchain evidence storage and verification

Block Chain evidence

Certification and verification

The technical principle of electronic data certification, in short, is to store a certain electronic data Save to prove the existence of the electronic data at a certain point in time. The blockchain certificate storage method is to perform a hash value operation on the original data, and then upload the resulting hash value summary to the blockchain for encryption and storage, without uploading the original data itself.

The original data is still stored locally and may be modified. How does the judge confirm that the evidence submitted by the parties is consistent with the original data? Is the data consistent and not tampered with? Is it possible that the data on the chain can be tampered with?

This requires blockchain certificate storageLet’s start with the technical principles.

Encrypted storage

Blockchain evidence does not store the electronic data itself , instead, the hash value corresponding to the electronic data is stored in the blockchain, also known as the hash value on the chain. The hash algorithm is a one-way encryption function that is difficult to decipher under the current technical conditions. Any original data (and its completely equivalent copy) has and only corresponds to one hash value, and the hash value is therefore called "Data fingerprint". Any modification to the original data will cause its hash value to change, making it impossible to pass subsequent verification and comparison.

Multi-node distributed storage

The blockchain uses "distributed ledger" technology, that is, in a distributed ledger with multiple nodes In the system, each node saves and updates data independently, and there is no central organization that maintains each node. Each node confirms data updates through a consensus mechanism, thereby ensuring that the data on the chain is not tampered with.

For example:

There is a village where the village accountant originally kept accounts, and the village chief kept the books (centralized accounting). However, the accountant and the village chief colluded to make false accounts for personal gain, leaving the villagers helpless. After adopting distributed ledger technology (decentralization), it is changed to a public ledger. The whole village has one ledger. Every time an account occurs in the village, it must be broadcast to the whole village, and the villagers will then include the account in their own account. in the ledger.

If more than 51% of the villagers confirm that the account is valid and reach a consensus based on the principle of the minority obeying the majority, the account will be included in the public ledger, and the entire village will add the account to the public account book. Go to the account book you keep.

If the account is false, it cannot be confirmed by the consensus of the whole village and will be invalidated. The public ledger is based on the consistent version in the hands of the majority of villagers.

Chained data structure

The data unit on the blockchain is a "block". In addition to recording general data, the latter block , and also wraps the hash value of the previous block, which is transmitted in this way and interlocked to form a "chain", and the electronic data is stored in the blockchain with time records and is sequential, which makes any block unable to be Modify independently, and as time passes, the difficulty and cost of modifying data on the chain also increase linearly.

Focus on cases

This technology was applied to our hospital’s first “blockchain evidence verification” case.

After the bank and the lender sign an electronic contract, the banking business system uses the hash calculation program provided by the blockchain certificate deposit platform to automatically perform hash operations on the electronic contract documents and other related electronic data to form the corresponding hash After the value is obtained, the hash value is uploaded to the blockchain electronic certificate deposit platform for certificate storage. When the two parties filed a case online after a dispute occurred, the bank submitted electronic evidence stored on the blockchain online.

Later in the court trial, during the evidence and cross-examination process, the court performed a hash value calculation on the electronic evidence submitted by the bank on the spot, and compared the resulting hash value with the hash value on the blockchain evidence storage platform. After comparison, the verification result is obtained that "the evidence has not been tampered with since the date it was uploaded to the chain." This will help the judge quickly determine whether the evidence has been tampered with since it was uploaded to the chain, and further certify its authenticity.

The application of blockchain evidence storage and verification technology effectively solves the problem of authenticity determination of electronic evidence in online litigation, effectively reduces the parties’ costs of evidence storage, evidence production and cross-examination, and reduces the burden of litigation for the parties. , and at the same time, the court's certification efficiency has been greatly improved, and the quality and efficiency of trials have been further improved.

Legal Express

"People's Court Online Litigation Rules"

Article 16 [Effectiveness of Data Stored by Blockchain Technology] If the electronic data submitted by the parties as evidence is stored through blockchain technology and is consistent after technical verification, the People's Court may determine that the electronic data has not been uploaded to the chain. has been tampered with, unless there is sufficient contrary evidence to overturn it.

Article 17 [Audit Rules for Data Stored by Blockchain Technology] If a party objects to the authenticity of electronic data stored by blockchain technology after being uploaded to the chain, and has reasonable grounds, the People’s Court shall Make a judgment based on the following factors:

(1) Whether the certificate deposit platform complies with the relevant regulations of the relevant national departments on providing blockchain certificate deposit services;

(2) The parties and the certificate deposit Whether the platform has an interest and uses technical means to improperly interfere with the evidence collection and evidence storage process;

(3) Whether the information system of the evidence storage platform meets the national standards for cleanliness, safety, reliability, and availability or Industry standards;

(4) Whether the information system of the certificate storage platform meets the requirements of relevant national standards or industry standards regarding system environment, technical security, encryption methods, data transmission, information verification, etc.

Article 18 [Authenticity review of data before uploading to the chain]If a party claims that the electronic data is no longer authentic before being uploaded to the chain and stored, and provides evidence to prove it or explains the reasons, the people's court shall review it.

Based on the circumstances of the case, the People's Court may require the party that submitted the electronic data stored with blockchain technology to provide evidence to prove the authenticity of the data before being stored on the chain, combined with the specific source and source of the data before being stored on the chain. Make a comprehensive judgment based on the generation mechanism, storage process, notarization by a notary agency, third-party witness, and related verification data. If the party concerned cannot provide evidence to prove or make a reasonable explanation, and the electronic data cannot be mutually corroborated with other evidence, the people's court will not confirm its authenticity.

Article 19 [Reinforced Determination of Authenticity of Blockchain Stored Data] The parties may apply for a person with specialized knowledge to provide opinions on technical issues related to electronic data stored in blockchain technology. The People's Court may, based on the application of the parties or ex officio, entrust the identification of the authenticity of the electronic data stored by blockchain technology, or obtain other relevant evidence for verification.

Acknowledgments: Special thanks to Tencent Group Legal Affairs Mr. Jiang Hongming, Product Director of the Ministry of Legal Innovation Center, for his guidance and support in the writing of this article.

『Shi』How does blockchain revolutionize judicial evidence storage

Blockchain is a new application of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm. model. It has the characteristics of decentralization, non-tampering, full traces, traceability, collective maintenance, openness and transparency. These characteristics ensure the "honesty" and "transparency" of the blockchain and lay the foundation for creating trust in the blockchain. The rich application scenarios of blockchain are basically solved by blockchain.

Blockchain technology can be used in the entire generation, collection, transmission and storage of electronic data. During the life cycle, electronic data is protected against tampering, and traces of data operations are left, thereby providing effective means for review by relevant agencies. The use of blockchain technology for the storage and issuance of electronic evidence is the basis for the application of blockchain technology in the legal field.

We took the lead in the industry in establishing a blockchain team in the early days, investing in research on core underlying blockchain technologies such as cryptography, distributed ledger storage structures, and consensus mechanisms, and exploring blockchain technology. In the application scenarios of the legal technology industry, we currently mainly apply blockchain technology to the field of distributed electronic data storage, including contract storage, email storage, document storage, structured data storage, etc.

In the future, we will also use blockchain technology to better serve the already very mature electronic contract business and the rapidly developing online arbitration business, and make more blockchain attempts in legal technology. Promote the use of blockchain technology in judicial or legal services while protecting the security and confidentiality of the systems of all parties.field of application.