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ccf区块链技术大会2020,ccf 区块链专委会

发布时间：2023-12-11-17:11:00 来源：网络区块链知识区块总分大会

ccf区块链技术大会2020,ccf 区块链专委会

2020年，中国计算机学会（CCF）区块链技术大会将于11月20-22日在上海召开，本次大会由中国计算机学会区块链技术专委会主办，届时将有来自全球的专家学者、行业决策者和技术开发者参加此次盛会，探讨区块链技术在不同领域的应用及发展前景。本次大会以“区块链技术：技术发展与应用前景”为主题，共拓展了3个关键词：区块链技术、应用场景和发展前景。

区块链技术：区块链技术是一种分布式账本技术，它可以把数据存储在网络中的多个节点上，从而实现数据的安全性和可信性。区块链技术可以有效地保护数据的安全性，防止数据被篡改，同时也可以提高数据处理的效率。此外，区块链技术还可以用于构建去中心化的应用，实现自动化的智能合约，以及更安全、更可靠的货币交易体系。

应用场景：区块链技术的应用场景非常广泛，它可以用于金融领域，如比特币、以太坊等加密货币交易体系；也可以用于政府部门，如政府机构的数据共享、智能合约等；还可以用于商业领域，如供应链管理、物联网等。此外，区块链技术还可以用于更多的领域，如社交网络、游戏等。

发展前景：区块链技术的发展前景非常广阔。随着区块链技术的不断深入研究和应用，它将在更多领域得到更多的应用，比如政府机构的数据共享、供应链管理、智能合约等，它还可以用于社交网络、游戏等更多领域。此外，随着计算机技术和互联网技术的发展，区块链技术将得到更多的改进和更新，从而更好地满足用户的需求，实现更大的社会价值。

2020年，CCF区块链技术大会将于11月20-22日在上海召开，本次大会将拓展3个关键词：区块链技术、应用场景和发展前景。区块链技术可以有效地保护数据的安全性，并可以用于金融领域、政府部门、商业领域等多个应用场景，区块链技术的发展前景也非常广阔，随着技术的发展，它将得到更多的改进和更新，从而更好地满足用户的需求。期待着CCF区块链技术大会的到来，让我们一起探讨区块链技术的发展前景，共同推动区块链技术的发展！

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Does blockchain really have development prospects?

Blockchain undoubtedly has development prospects, and the necessary condition for development prospects is to enter the mainstream market.

Matt Spoke, founder and CEO of North American blockchain infrastructure The OAN (formerly Aion Network), published an article in Forbes on July 24 titled "In order to successfully enter the mainstream market, blockchain projects must "Eat Dog Food", in which Matt mentioned his views on how blockchain should enter the mainstream market - "Eat Dog Food".

In the technology circle, there is a jargon called "dogfooding" (also known as eating your own dog food), which refers to a company using its own products and becoming a user of its own products. Many high-growth companies (such as Microsoft, Facebook, Amazon, Apple, Netflix and Google) also use dog food to test products or help build credibility for their products. Although "eating dog food" is often used to find and fix bugs, it has another value: creating reliable use cases for the company's products.

This is worth learning from blockchain projects, because blockchain projects often hold the idea of "if it is built, they (users) will naturally come" and habitually create new and interesting things. Responsibility for blockchain applications is given to third parties.

This attitude is so common that even the well-known blockchain summit Consensus 2019 (2019 Consensus Conference) also held a conference titled "Build it, they (users) will naturally come: Creating a global area" Blockchain Center's roundtable forum discusses how governments around the world can make efforts to attract blockchain projects while balancing regulatory, investment and innovation needs.

To be fair, this strategy may be effective for blockchains that only target cryptocurrency circles. For security tokens, especially exchanges that trade such representatives, this makes even more sense - "supply creates demand" is the usual thinking here, especially considering the complex infrastructure required to implement these transactions. .

In contrast, "eating dog food" is more likely to be used by blockchain project developers seeking mainstream audiences (such as those in the financial industry, manufacturing and supply chain, identity management, etc.) use. If blockchain technology wants to break into these mainstream fields, blockchain companies must first "eat dog food." This will not only clearly prove that blockchain technology is feasible outside the currency circle, but also highlight that blockchain can not only optimize existing use cases, but also create new use cases.

The OAN team has always adhered to this concept and relied on the technology stacks of The OAN and Aion built over the years to develop Moves, a financial technology platform for independent workers.

Matt said that when developing and developing the Moves product, the team hopes that the relevant functions of The OAN blockchain network can be fully utilized.play, so the focus will be on the following three aspects:

1. How to use The OAN blockchain network to improve the credit efficiency of products.

There are two main considerations for improving credit efficiency: 1) Can Zheng Lu learn from the mechanisms of the DeFi market to reduce capital costs; 2) Can blockchain technology be used to increase the external credit process for Moves? of trust. Here, Moves will form a "pooling of wisdom" mechanism, allowing everyone to contribute to reducing credit risks and increasing the credibility of the credit granting process, and may even develop a micro-guarantee mechanism in the future. Therefore, users will be able to participate in the market established by the platform as a borrower, lender or guarantor.

2. How to align the interests of products and users.

Specifically, by connecting Moves to The OAN network, and with the help of the digital asset Aion, a relationship of consistent interests is formed between the product and the user, so that users can experience Moves personally. Whether the product development is successful or not, you can also directly participate in the blockchain network that supports Moves - The OAN.

3. How to create a pioneering financial reputation data open system with Moves.

This open system may become a replacement for traditional credit scores or related mechanisms. For years, banks and financial institutions have used scores from Equifax, FICO or others as risk indicators, and the Moves team believes that the product it is building will be a good start - a better, more modern financial system. The beginning of the reputation system. This is a long-term goal.

Moves supports mainstream ride-sharing, food delivery and other gig economy concept platforms in North America and will be the flagship open application developed by The OAN on its blockchain network. In June, Moves' business operations expanded from Ontario to two more provinces - Alberta and British Columbia, and into Western Canada.

The various measures taken by The OAN team are all based on the spirit of "eating dog food" and working hard to allow blockchain technology to enter the mainstream market as soon as possible. Blockchain is not for the niche, but for the mainstream. In addition to The OAN team, many projects and institutions in the blockchain industry are also moving towards this goal. With such an excellent and targeted blockchain, what can you do? Are you saying there is no development prospect?

㈡ What is blockchain technology and what aspects may it be used for in the future?

Focus on the application of the energy industry.
Yanguang Software, which has been deeply involved in the energy field for more than 30 years, believes that under the background that the construction of energy Internet has become a global consensus, the unique advantages of blockchain technology in data encryption, trusted measurement, decentralization, etc. can Effectively solve technical problems such as multiple transactions, data friction, and multiple trusts, and meet the needs of the energy Internet in terms of accurate measurement and interactive coordination. Based on this, Yuanguang software castsInvesting a large amount of resources, it established the "Yanguang Blockchain Laboratory" in 2015 and took the lead in launching research on the application of blockchain technology in the energy field. At present, research in the fields of commercial blockchain platforms, power coins, distributed photovoltaic subsidy settlements, and electricity market electricity bill settlements has begun to bear fruit.
At the same time, the company actively participates in the construction and improvement of the blockchain industry chain by participating in diverse cooperation in blockchain industry research, patents, standards, policies and capital. In May 2016, the first member representative meeting of the Zhongguancun Blockchain Industry Alliance was held, and Li Meiping, senior vice president of Yuanguang Software, was elected as the first director of the alliance and chief supervisor of the alliance.

(iii) What disruptions has the blockchain brought and why has it become a national strategy?

The disruptive characteristics of the blockchain lie in the following four aspects: 1. Transparency. The data records of the blockchain system are transparent to the entire network nodes, and the update operations of the data records are also transparent to the entire network nodes. This is the basis for the trust of the blockchain system. Since the blockchain system uses open source programs, open rules and high participation, blockchain data records and operating rules can be reviewed and traced by nodes throughout the network, with high transparency.
2. Openness. The blockchain system is open. Except for the private information of the parties directly related to the data, which is always encrypted, the blockchain data is open to everyone (except for blockchain systems with special permission requirements). Anyone or participating nodes can query blockchain data records or develop related applications through the public interface, so the entire system information is highly transparent.
3. Information cannot be tampered with. Once the information of the blockchain system is verified and added to the blockchain, it will be permanently stored and cannot be changed (except for systems such as private blockchains with special change requirements). Unless more than 51% of the nodes in the system can be controlled at the same time, modifications to the database on a single node are invalid, so the data stability and reliability of the blockchain are extremely high
4. Decentralization. Decentralization is the most basic feature of blockchain, which means that blockchain no longer relies on central processing nodes and realizes distributed recording, storage and updating of data. In a traditional centralized network, attacking a central node can destroy the entire system. However, in a decentralized blockchain network, attacking a single node cannot control or destroy the entire network or more than 5% of the nodes in the network. It's just the beginning of gaining control. 2019 is the first year of commercial application of blockchain technology, and favorable policy incentives will make the development of blockchain technology more stable.
As the application of blockchain technology gradually penetrates into many fields such as digital finance and the Internet, everyone has a clearer understanding of the value of blockchain.
Blockchain has formed a global competition situation. All countries are seizing development opportunities, and China cannot lag behind; therefore, it is understandable that blockchain has become a national strategy.

㈣ What is the development trend of blockchain?

Major companies in the industry: Ping An of China (601318), Donggang Co., Ltd. (002117), Information Development (300469), Yuanguang Software (002063), Boss Software (300525), Feitian Integrity (300386), Sifang Jingchuang (300468), Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (601398), SF Holding (002352)

Core data of this article: China’s blockchain market size, number of blockchain tenders in China, number of blockchain companies in China

Industry Overview

1. Definition

In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chain data structure that combines data blocks in a chronological order and is cryptographically guaranteed to be an untamperable and unforgeable distributed ledger.

Broadly speaking, blockchain technology uses block chain data structures to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, and uses cryptography to ensure data transmission and access. It is a new distributed infrastructure and computing method that uses smart contracts composed of automated script codes to program and operate data securely.

Blockchain is not a single technology, but a combination of new technologies. Each of these technologies performs its own role, solves different problems, and is combined to form a blockchain. As the basic structural unit of the blockchain, the block consists of two parts: the block header and the block body containing transaction data.

2. Industry chain analysis: the downstream industry covers a wide range of areas

The upstream of the blockchain industry chain is mainly the underlying technology and infrastructure. The underlying technology includes core basic components, protocols and algorithms. Represented by Bitcoin, Litecoin, and Ethereum, a network environment such as distributed algorithms, digital keys, data storage, P2P network protocols, and consensus mechanisms based on blockchain technology, transaction rules, and incentives for miners to join network nodes have been built. Mechanism, representative companies include Xiaoyi, Quantum Chain, Wanxiang Blockchain, etc.; the infrastructure is mainly mining machines.

The midstream is the platform layer, which mainly provides developers with applications based on blockchain technology. It provides productized services such as smart contracts, information security, and data services based on the underlying technology to improve development It provides convenience and scalability for developers to develop applications at the platform layer.

Downstream is the vertical industry application layer. It manifests itself as core application components, including smart contracts, programmable assets, incentive mechanisms, member management, etc.

Industry development history: We are in the era of blockchain 3.0

From the perspective of the development history of global blockchain, in 2008, an anonymous person signed by "Satoshi Nakamoto" published The paper "Bitcoin: Peer-to-Peer Network Electronic Cash System" originally expected to launch a peer-to-peer electronic cash that could circulate freely. The issuance of Bitcoin represented the beginning of blockchain technology; later, in 2013, the launch of Ethereum directly Pushing the blockchain into the 2.0 era; at the end of 2017, the popularity of stablecoins and the launch of MakerDAO pushed the blockchain into the 3.0 era. By June 2019, FacebookThe release of the Libra white paper has attracted attention and discussion from all walks of life around the world. Regulatory authorities in various countries have successively spoken out, showing the huge potential of blockchain technology in reshaping the global financial infrastructure. After entering 2021, NFT-based identification technology has emerged and is the first to be applied in the art field.

Industry policy background: Promote the all-round development of blockchain

In 2016, the State Council issued the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan for National Informatization", which listed blockchain as a new technology for the first time The scope and cutting-edge layout indicate that my country has begun to promote the development of blockchain technology and applications. Since then, various localities in the country have successively introduced blockchain-related policies, providing a good environment for the development of blockchain.

In February 2019, the "Blockchain Information Service Management Regulations" issued by the State Internet Information Office were officially implemented, standardizing the filing basis for the development of my country's blockchain industry. The purpose of promulgating the "Regulations" is to clarify the information security management responsibilities of blockchain information service providers, standardize and promote the healthy development of blockchain technology and related services, avoid blockchain information service security risks, and facilitate the provision of blockchain information services. , use, management, etc. to provide effective legal basis. The introduction of this "management regulations" also means that my country's "supervision era" for blockchain information services has officially arrived.

At the end of October 2019, the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee held its 18th collective study session on the development status and trends of blockchain technology. Central leaders clearly emphasized the use of blockchain as an important breakthrough for independent innovation of core technologies. , Accelerate the promotion of blockchain technology and industrial innovation and development. This fully demonstrates that blockchain technology has risen to a national level. Chen Chun, a professor at Zhejiang University and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, who gave a lecture on the collective study of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee, said at the 2019CCF Blockchain Technology Conference hosted by the Computer Society of China on October 12 that the development of the domestic blockchain industry is ushering in " "Spring Breeze", the research hotspots of China's blockchain technology will focus on two aspects: the key technology of the alliance blockchain and the blockchain supervision technology.

Current development of the industry

1. The market size will grow by more than 90% in 2020

From 2016 to 2018, large IT Internet companies have deployed blockchain. Start-ups have entered a blowout mode, and the industry scale continues to expand. According to IDC data, China's blockchain industry has experienced changes from a market size of US$85 million in 2017 to an industry scale of US$561 million in 2020.

2. The number of related companies is growing rapidly

In terms of the number of companies, in 2020H1, my country provided blockchain professional technical support, products, solutions and other services, and had input or output The number of new blockchain companies reached 303, a year-on-year increase of 274.07% nationwide. As of the end of 2020, the number of blockchain-related companies in my country reached 64,062, a year-on-year increase of 52.88%.

3. Blockchain finance is the largest downstream application market

According to "China BlockchainDevelopment White Paper (2020)" disclosed that as the implementation of blockchain applications accelerates, the "blockchain +" business has become the focus of development for key Internet companies to enter the blockchain industry. In addition to financial business, they are actively deploying the Internet, Applications in traceability, supply chain & logistics, digital assets, government affairs and public services, intellectual property, law, medical and other fields. Among them, finance is the most explored field in the application scenarios of blockchain technology, with specific projects implemented in subdivided fields such as supply chain finance, trade finance, payment and settlement, and fund management.

4. The number of blockchain tenders is increasing year by year

From a year perspective, from 2016 to 2020, the number of government tenders for blockchain-related projects has been growing exponentially. , on the one hand, it benefits from the increasingly prominent application value of blockchain technology, and on the other hand, it also reflects the government’s increased demand for and emphasis on blockchain.

Industry competition status

1. Regional competition: Beijing and Guangdong have the most blockchain technology research and development-related companies

In terms of company distribution, as of the first half of 2021 , the distribution of enterprises is obviously tiered. Among them, Beijing and Guangdong rank in the first echelon with 348 and 341 blockchain development-related companies respectively, and the number of companies in Jiangsu, Shanghai, and Zhejiang reaches 164, 127, and 81 respectively.

As an important carrier for the development of blockchain industrial clusters, local governments are accelerating the construction of blockchain industrial parks. Judging from the location distribution of industrial parks, there are a large number of blockchain industrial parks in cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Guangzhou, Chongqing, Qingdao, and Changsha, forming a Bohai Rim agglomeration effect dominated by Beijing and Shandong, with Zhejiang and Shanghai , the agglomeration effect of the Yangtze River Delta dominated by Jiangsu, the agglomeration effect of the Pearl River Delta dominated by Guangdong, and the agglomeration effect of Hunan, Guizhou, and Chongqing dominated by Chongqing and Hunan. Combined with the positioning and development of the industrial park, it is based on the premise of serving enterprises to create a blockchain innovation platform and industrial highland. This positioning also provides the basis for the aggregation effect of enterprises.

2. Enterprise competition: Alibaba’s blockchain is the strongest

In March 2021, at the China Mobile Communications Federation Blockchain Professional Committee and the China Science and Technology System Reform Research Association Under the guidance of the Digital Economy Development Research Group and the Organizing Committee of China’s Top 100 Blockchain Enterprises List, Chain Tower Think Tank screened and evaluated thousands of projects and enterprise lists, and finally released the 2020 China’s Top 100 Blockchain Enterprises List.

In the context of the outbreak of the epidemic in 2020, the 2020 Blockchain Top 100 List has adjusted the dimensions of enterprise inspection to a certain extent to highlight the performance of outstanding blockchain companies in 2020. It is divided into five main dimensions, namely commercial operation weight accounting for 25%, technology research and development weight accounting for 20%, product application weight accounting for 30%, team composition weight accounting for 15% and marketing promotion accounting for 10%.

Industry development prospects and trend predictions

1. It is still in the introduction period

Currently, my country's blockchain industry is in the introduction period, and the industry shows two main characteristics: First, large industry enterprises actively apply blockchain technology to improve their own businesses, but they still focus on experimentation, and the main application scenarios are also All are non-core businesses in the industry. For example, enterprises such as Ping An of China, China UnionPay, and Ant Financial are limited to non-core businesses in their exploration of blockchain applications; secondly, the business development of enterprises focusing on blockchain technology services is mostly in the initial stage, and their product technology systems and The business model is not mature enough, and the demand side’s understanding of blockchain needs to be improved. Blockchain has already formed some application cases in scenarios such as judicial certificate storage, government affairs management, people's livelihood services, food traceability, supply chain management, etc., but it still needs to be further optimized and improved.

The above data refers to the "China Blockchain Industry Market Foresight and Investment Strategic Planning Analysis Report" by the Qianzhan Industry Research Institute.

㈤ The list of "Top 50 Global Blockchain Innovations in 2020" was released at the WAIC Blockchain Theme Forum

On July 10, the "Top 50 Global Blockchain Innovations in 2020" list Top 50" was released at the World Artificial Intelligence Conference Cloud Summit Blockchain Theme Forum. This selection event lasted for 6 months and went through multiple stages of planning, collection and selection. It was divided into three sections: infrastructure, protocols and tools, and industrial applications. Through a combination of public voting and expert scoring, the "2020 Global Top 50 Blockchain Innovations”.

The list is jointly produced by Professor Gong Yan of the China-Europe Entrepreneurship Camp and Dalu Think Tank, jointly released by the Shanghai Financial Information Industry Association, and first launched by the World Artificial Intelligence Conference Cloud Summit Blockchain Theme Forum.

With the rise of blockchain as a national strategy and inclusion in new infrastructure, the development of blockchain technology has received increasing attention from governments at all levels, and the application of blockchain technology has also extended to digital finance. , Internet of Things, intelligent manufacturing, supply chain management, digital asset trading and other fields.

Since the release of the top 50 global blockchain innovations in 2018, the top 50 lists have been released in Singapore, the Asia-Pacific financial center. In 2020, the release location of the "Top 50 Global Blockchain Innovations 2020" returned to China and was released at the World Artificial Intelligence Conference Cloud Summit Blockchain Theme Forum.

This forum is also the first blockchain-themed forum in the history of the World Artificial Intelligence Conference, bringing together the most influential experts and scholars, research institutions, technical representatives, and leading companies at home and abroad. Focusing on "Chain Intelligence Future Empowerment Industry", we will discuss the current status and trends of global blockchain technology and application development, exchange technological innovations of blockchain companies and their integration practices with cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things, and focus on displaying blockchain The application results of technology in different scenarios.

Most projects in this selection adopt a combination of public voting and expert scoring, with the weight of public voting being 30% and the weight of expert scoring being 70%. A small number of projects cannot participate in public voting, soOnly expert review methods are used to conduct research selections based on innovation performance.

㈥ Mars First Line | Tencent Virtual Bank has obtained a Hong Kong license and is preparing a blockchain virtual bank

Mars Finance APP reported that on November 8, the second World Blockchain Conference was held in Wuzhen. The conference focused on blockchain, digital assets, central bank digital currency, AI, 5G and other topics, and discussed the application implementation, technological frontiers, industry trends and hot topics of blockchain.

Cai Yige, general manager of Tencent's blockchain business, delivered a keynote speech on "Entering the New Era of Digital Assets" at the meeting, revealing that Tencent Virtual Bank has obtained a Hong Kong license and is preparing for a blockchain virtual bank. Banking Team.

He said that blockchain is still in the early stage of the explosion of applications. In the large-scale implementation of applications, the blockchain itself is no longer the bottleneck, but the gateway and auxiliary technology from off-chain to on-chain. is the key, which requires integration with cutting-edge technologies such as the Internet of Things and artificial intelligence.

He also mentioned that the Hong Kong government has begun to regulate digital virtual asset transactions, which has given enough attention to blockchain and digital assets, which is good for the entire industry. Currently, Tencent has digital asset practices in supply chain finance and improving the efficiency of asset and capital allocation, such as its cooperation with McDonald's in supply chain finance and Tencent's own development of blockchain electronic invoices.

㈦ 2021 CCF Science and Technology Award: Tsinghua University won the first prize in natural science

Tsinghua University student won the 2021 CCF Science and Technology Award from the China Computer Federation First prize in natural science! The following is the list of all award-winning projects for the 2021 "CCF Science and Technology Award" announced by the China Computer Federation.

1. Parallel programming model and optimization theory of large-scale heterogeneous computing systems

Completed by: Tsinghua University

2. High-precision intelligent software analysis and Test method

Completed by: Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Renmin University of China

3. Graph-based network performance optimization theory and method

Completed by: Shanghai Jiaotong University

1. Theory and method of security protection of Android operating system

Completed by: Fudan University

2. Integrated learning algorithm for high-dimensional data< /p>

Completing unit: South China University of Technology

3. Network analysis and optimization theory and method of complex software systems

Completing unit: Wuhan University

< p> 4. Open system quantum computing theory and new quantum computing principles

Completed by: Institute of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences

5. Basic theories and algorithms of genome assembly and pattern mining

Completed by: Central South University

1. Key technologies and platforms for large-scale intelligent cloud networks

Completed by: Alibaba Cloud Computing Co., Ltd., Zhejiang University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University

2. Domestic application of key technologies and tools for formal modeling and automated testing of software in the industrial field

Completing units: East China Normal University, Shanghai Industrial Control Security Innovation Technology Co., Ltd., CASCO Signal Co., Ltd., Fifth Research Institute of Electronics of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology

3. Special-purpose processor Automatic chip design technology and application

Completed by: Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongke Yushu Technology Co., Ltd., Zhongke Wuqi Technology Co., Ltd.

1. Data autonomy and openness Technology

Completed by: Fudan University

2. Intelligent mining and performance optimization of multi-source heterogeneous big data

Completed by: Hunan University, Chinese People's Liberation Army National Defense University of Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen)

3. Water drop-shaped flexible screen technology and foldable products

Completed by: Lenovo Research Institute

1. Ant Key technologies and applications of anti-fraud intelligent risk perception and response system

Completed by: Ant Group

2. AtlasGraph large-scale graph data analysis platform

Completed by: Ant Group Beijing Haizhixingtu Technology Co., Ltd., Tsinghua University, Beijing Haizhi Technology Group Co., Ltd.

3. Key technologies and applications of virtual storage environment

Completed by: Chinese People's Liberation Army National Defense Science and Technology University, Xiamen University, National Supercomputing Tianjin Center

1. Technical innovation and industrialization of fully immersed liquid-cooled cloud computing data center

Completed by: Alibaba Cloud Computing Co., Ltd.

2. Development and industrialization of energy monitoring and analysis platform based on cloud architecture

Completed by: Fuzhou University, State Grid Xintong Yili Technology Co., Ltd.

3. Smart City Operating System

Completed by: JD City (Beijing) Digital Technology Co., Ltd.

4. Internet of Things low-code development platform and applications

Completed Unit: Zhejiang University, Alibaba Cloud Computing Co., Ltd.

5. ZoomAI - video repair and enhancement system based on artificial intelligence

Completing unit: Beijing iQiyi Technology Co., Ltd.

6. Key technologies and industrial applications of intelligent surgical systems

Completed by: China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao Hisense Medical Equipment Co., Ltd., Dalian Neusoft Education Technology Group