国外区块链制度研究现状,国外区块链制度有哪些
国外区块链制度研究现状，拓展的相关关键词有：区块链技术、加密货币和智能合约。
区块链技术是一种分布式的数据库技术，它可以让用户在不需要信任任何中心化机构的情况下，安全地记录和存储数据，并且可以自动执行智能合约。区块链技术的特点在于它可以提供信任，安全性和可见性，从而使得它在金融服务、医疗保健、物流管理以及其他行业都得到了广泛的应用。
加密货币是一种基于区块链技术的数字货币，它使用密码学技术来确保货币的安全性和可信度。加密货币的特点在于它可以提供安全的网络支付服务，从而改变了传统金融系统的支付方式。此外，加密货币还可以提供更高的透明度和安全性，从而有助于降低欺诈和货币洗钱的风险。
智能合约是一种基于区块链技术的自动执行的电子合同，它可以根据指定的规则和条件来执行交易。智能合约的特点在于它可以提供快速、安全和可靠的交易服务，从而改变了传统金融系统的交易方式。此外，智能合约还可以提供更高的透明度和可追溯性，从而有助于降低欺诈和洗钱的风险。
以上是关于国外区块链制度研究现状的拓展关键词：区块链技术、加密货币和智能合约的介绍，这些技术都可以提供信任、安全性和可见性，从而改变了传统金融系统的支付和交易方式，有助于降低欺诈和洗钱的风险。
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1. Is it far away for foreign banks to experiment with "blockchain technology" and subvert the financial industry?
Although blockchain technology has many benefits, it will also make financial institutions no longer able to Making profits by reinvesting during the capital turnover period is why many financial institutions are on the sidelines.
In China, the same topic is continuing. On January 20, 2016, the Digital Currency Seminar of the People's Bank of China announced the initial results of digital currency research and stated that the central bank is exploring the issuance of digital currency, and blockchain technology is the core behind it.
In the future, we feel that not only digital currency, but also blockchain technology will play a huge role in crowdfunding, P2P, securities and other fields, playing the role of a "disruptor".
However, many blockchain applications with promising applications have emerged in the world, such as Ethereum and the decentralized content publishing platform DECENT.
2. Is blockchain conflux legal?
Blockchain conflux is legal.
Blockchain is completely legal and compliant. Blockchain is a new application model of computer technology such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm, etc. It is a shared database, and the data or information stored in it has the characteristics of "unforgeable" and "full traces". Features such as "traceability", "openness and transparency" and "collective maintenance".
Legal basis: "Blockchain Information Service Management Regulations" of the State Internet Information Office
Article 4 encourages blockchain industry organizations to strengthen industry self-discipline, establish and improve industry self-discipline systems and industry standards, and guide blockchain Chain information service providers should establish and improve service standards, promote the construction of industry credit evaluation systems, urge blockchain information service providers to provide services in accordance with the law, accept social supervision, improve the professional quality of blockchain information service practitioners, and promote the health and orderliness of the industry develop.
Article 5 Blockchain information service providers shall implement information content security management responsibilities and establish and improve management systems for user registration, information review, emergency response, and security protection.
Article 6 Blockchain information service providers should have technical conditions suitable for their services. For information content prohibited by laws and administrative regulations, they should have immediate and effective means of publishing, recording, storing, and disseminating information content prohibited by laws and administrative regulations. Emergency response capabilities and technical solutions should comply with relevant national standards and specifications.
3. What information should be provided when registering a foreign blockchain project with a Singapore foundation and legal opinion?
How should a blockchain project operate in compliance with regulations?
First you have to register a subject to operate your project. Since our domestic companies are not allowed to issue blockchain coins for their works, most of them are registered Singapore foundations. Why are there so many registered foundations in Singapore?
1. The Singapore government supports the development of the blockchain industry.
2. Well-known early blockchain projects are all registered in Singapore, such as Litecoin, Bytom, and Quantum Chain.etc.
3. Good follow-up service and high cost performance. Follow-up legal services are improved.
The current compliance of blockchain projects is divided into two sections:
1. Compliance of blockchain currency issuance projects: Singapore Foundation + Legal Compliance Opinion
Singapore foundation registration requires preparation:
1. Foundation name, 2 registrant information, 3/2 business scope. Specific requirements can be communicated at that time.
This will help you register the foundation. The general registration time is about 15 to 15 working days.
The common legal opinions in Singapore generally include the following items:
1. LEGAL OPINION issues a legal opinion certifying the non-securities nature of the Token in accordance with the Singapore MAS regulatory regulations. Relevant securities laws, regulations, etc. will not interfere.
2. WHITE PAPER white paper is a legal and compliance lawyer’s opinion, proving that the project is legal and compliant and does not touch or violate any current Singapore regulatory regulations. This is a partial modification made by the lawyer based on your white paper.
3. PURCHASE AGREEMENT is based on the private placement terms of the project’s token issuance issued in accordance with Singapore regulations.
4. SINGAPORE LAW GOVERNED TERMS.CONDITIONS FOR PUBLIC issues token public offering terms in accordance with Singapore regulatory regulations
4. A popular explanation of what blockchain is
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Question 1: What is blockchain? Can you explain the principle of 10-point blockchain in plain language: a decentralized distributed accounting system
The core of blockchain technology All currently participating nodes jointly maintain transactions and databases. It makes transactions based on cryptographic principles rather than trust, so that any two parties who reach an agreement can directly conduct payment transactions without the participation of a third party.
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Technically speaking, a block is a data structure that records transactions, reflecting the flow of funds for a transaction. The blocks of transactions that have been reached in the system are connected together to form a main chain, and all nodes participating in the calculation record the main chain or part of the main chain. A block contains the following three parts: transaction information, hash hash formed by the previous block, and random number. The transaction information is the block exchangeThe task data carried includes the private keys of both parties to the transaction, the number of transactions, the digital signature of electronic currency, etc.; the hash formed by the previous block is used to connect the blocks to achieve the order of past transactions; random Numbers are the core of the transaction. All miner nodes compete to calculate the answer to the random number. The node that gets the answer the fastest generates a new block and broadcasts it to all nodes for update, thus completing a transaction.
1.1 What is Blockchain
Blockchain (BlockChain) refers to a technical solution that collectively maintains a reliable database through decentralization and trustlessness. This technical solution mainly allows any number of nodes participating in the system to associate and generate a series of data blocks (blocks) using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains all the information exchange data of the system within a certain period of time, and generates The data fingerprint is used to verify the validity of its information and chain to the next database block.
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In layman’s terms, blockchain technology refers to a way for all people to participate in accounting. Behind all systems there is a database, which is a big ledger. Then who will keep this ledger becomes very important. At present, it is whoever owns the system who keeps the accounts. Each bank’s account books are kept by each bank, and Alipay’s account books are kept by Alibaba. But now in the blockchain system, everyone in the system has the opportunity to participate in accounting. If there are new transaction data changes within a certain period of time, everyone in the system can do accounting. The system will judge the person who has the fastest and best accounting during this period, write the recorded content to the ledger, and Send the contents of the ledger during this period to all other people in the system for backup. In this way, everyone in the system has a complete ledger. Therefore, this data becomes very safe. A tamperer needs to modify more than half of the system node data at the same time to truly tamper with the data. Such tampering would be extremely costly, making it nearly impossible. For example, Bitcoin has been running for more than 7 years. Countless hackers around the world have tried to attack Bitcoin, but so far there have been no transaction errors. It can be considered that the Bitcoin blockchain has been proven to be a safe and reliable system.
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1.2 Why is there blockchain innovation?
Human beings need to communicate during their activities, and communication is based on information. In the past, information circulation was not convenient enough to satisfy market participants. There is a demand for information, so intermediaries and centers are born. This centralized system has problems such as high cost, low efficiency, value dispersion, "information islands" and insecure data storage. However, due to technical and environmental factors, this system continued to operate for many years until the emergence of the Internet. The starting point of the first generation of the Internet is the TCP/IP protocol, which is an open code that implements a unified format for peer-to-peer transmission of information by all nodes on the network, and brings the basic values of freedom and equality required by a global unified market into programmed, protocol-based, and reliably Execution. The Internet eliminates valueThe low-cost and high-cost intermediate chain decentralizes the low-cost and high-efficiency global information transmission.
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However, the first generation of the Internet did not solve the problem of information credibility. Activities that can be decentralized on the Internet must be activities that do not require credit endorsement, and activities that require credit guarantee must be activities involving centralized third-party intermediaries. Therefore, Internet technology that cannot establish global credit has encountered great obstacles in its progress - people cannot participate in any value exchange activities on the Internet in a decentralized manner. To realize value exchange, people still need third-party intermediaries based on credit (such as banks, clearing agencies, exchanges). The global centralized credit system still has problems such as high operating costs, low efficiency, and vulnerability to attacks and damage. For example, each country's legal currency has different credit values and incompatible clearing systems, which adds a lot of cost to global trade.
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Therefore, what the second generation Internet must break through is: how to establish global credit in a decentralized manner? Let...>>
Question 2: What is blockchain? What does it mean in layman’s terms? What is China’s attitude towards blockchain? What can blockchain do? Blockchain, a great technology that accompanied the birth of Bitcoin, is currently being used in the financial field to significantly reduce transaction costs and improve efficiency, which is enough to excite Wall Street. However, this is just the tip of the iceberg. Its potential applications are very broad and will subvert every aspect of our lives in the future.
Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database and serves as the underlying technology of Bitcoin. One of the most basic characteristics of Bitcoin is decentralization. In recent months, financial giants have gradually begun to pay attention to Bitcoin's technology and used it in non-monetary fields, such as stock trading, election voting, etc. (1) Art Industry
Artists can use blockchain technology to declare ownership and issue numberable, 100% edition works in digital form for any type of artwork. It even includes a marketplace where artists can buy and sell through their website without the need for any intermediary services.
(2), Real estate industry
Use blockchain technology to solve various problems faced by everyone involved in real estate, including the naming process, land registration, agency intermediaries, etc.
(3), Insurance Industry
The financial industry has always been the most sensitive to advanced technology. Traditional banking and securities industry giants have been involved in the booming blockchain venture capital investment since 2014, with the total global investment reaching US$1 billion within two years.
(4) P2P wallet
Personal assets can be traded through this P2P wallet in the future without going through any central institution, such asSuch as Bitcoin.
Most blockchains are in their infancy, mainly overseas. There are very few good domestic blockchain projects, so it is not recommended for any non-professionals to invest in blockchain projects. If you are very interested in blockchain technology and have a technical or financial background, it is recommended that you consider starting a business in this area. In terms of the blockchain protocol system, the lowest layer is the underlying technology of the blockchain, including the technical protocols of the blockchain, as well as some platform routing and basic algorithms; in the middle layer, some application interfaces and some credentials must be solved Issuance and verification, including some industry platform services, big data analysis, etc. This is a very rough classification, and there should be more detailed classifications; the top ones are some applications of blockchain, including finance Some applications and some applications in other aspects, the Internet of Things and so on.
Introduction to Bubi Blockchain
Bubi Blockchain has been focusing on the research and development and innovation of blockchain technology and products since its establishment. It has a number of core technologies and has achieved substantial results in many aspects. Radical innovation has resulted in a number of core technological achievements, such as: mathematically provable distributed consensus technology, fast large-scale ledger access technology, multi-chain general ledger technology that supports business expansion, and interconnection technology between heterogeneous blockchains. wait. On April 25, "Gege Points" introduced the concept of blockchain into the points system, jointly opened it up with multiple parties, issued and redeemed points, and promoted the circulation of points. Each cooperative institution can jointly participate in transaction verification, ledger storage, and real-time settlement; the third-party payment platform of the enterprise points issuer makes the entry and exit of points more flexible. Bubi has developed its own basic blockchain service platform, which has been applied in equity, supply chain, points, credit and other fields. Bubi has been committed to building an open value circulation network with decentralized trust as the core, allowing digital assets to flow freely.
A simple understanding of blockchain is a technology underlying Bitcoin, which is also a peer-to-peer electronic cash system that can realize peer-to-peer value delivery. We should distinguish between Bitcoin, Bitcoin blockchain, blockchain and blockchain. Blockchain technology and other concepts. In countries with relatively developed finance in the past, finance and blockchain technology have a long history, and the legislation of digital currencies and blockchain networks is also very important. With the advent of the financial era, large financial institutions are studying blockchain technology. They have their own teams and conceptual technologies. Slowly, banks in various regions are also participating in digital currency discussions. The application and support of this technology are not only that. The influence of blockchain on enterprises is also huge. For larger domestic enterprises, Bubi Blockchain is also used in various equity, supply chain, points and other fields. Major domestic financial institutions and enterprises have taken a fancy to the new industry. value, they have developed their own blockchain platforms, and blockchain has instantly become a new innovative industry in China. In terms of overseas internationalization, the United States has already obtained 15 blockchain patents at the end of last year compared to China. Blockchain financial applications are entering a new stage in an all-round way. Various applications will become more and more in-depth, and related changes will also become more and more profound. Become more and more popularThis project will also form a huge new trend... >>
Question 3: What is blockchain technology? What exactly is blockchain? What is blockchain? 1. Data blockchain is an important concept in the Bitcoin financial system. It records transaction record data on the entire Bitcoin network, and these data are shared by all Bitcoin nodes. Through the data block, we can query each transaction record. A look at the history of Bitcoin transactions. 2. Example: There are three persons A, B, and C. All funds of A and B are kept by C. And every financial transaction must be recorded by C. Now assume that A and B each have 1 million in custody of C. Then: A spends 80,000 yuan to B, then C's account book record will subtract 80,000 yuan from A's name, and add 80,000 yuan to B's name. If B transfers 50,000 yuan to A, C will add 50,000 yuan to A's name and subtract 50,000 yuan to B's name in the account book. A spends 50,000 yuan to B, then C's account book record will subtract 50,000 yuan from A's name, and add 50,000 yuan to B's name. 3. The role of the data blockchain is similar to that of C’s account record book. It records the user’s ownership of Bitcoin and the records of all users’ Bitcoin transactions. It’s just that this “account record book” is recorded by the mining software of every Bitcoin miner on the network. If a Bitcoin transaction is confirmed by the data blockchain, the relevant information will be recorded in the data blockchain. Bitcoin’s “account record book” is called the data blockchain. All data blockchains on the network form Bitcoin’s distributed network database system. 4. The essence of data blockchain technology is a decentralized and distributed structure of data storage, transmission and certification methods. It uses data blocks to replace the current Internet's dependence on central servers, so that all data changes or transaction items are recorded. On a cloud system, the self-certification of data during data transmission is theoretically realized. In a far-reaching sense, this transcends the traditional and conventional information verification paradigm that relies on a center and reduces the cost of establishing global "credit." This point-to-point verification will produce a "basic protocol", a new form of distributed artificial intelligence, and will establish a new interface and shared interface for human brain intelligence and machine intelligence.
Question 4: What is blockchain: This explanation of blockchain is more understandable. Blockchain refers to a technology that collectively maintains a reliable database through decentralization and trustlessness. plan.
In layman’s terms, blockchain technology refers to a way for all people to participate in accounting. There is a database behind all systems. You can think of the database as a big ledger. Then who will keep this ledger becomes very important. Currently, whoever owns the system keeps the accounts. Tencent keeps the accounts of WeChat, and Alibaba keeps the accounts of Taobao. But now in the blockchain system, everyone in the system has the opportunity to participate in accounting. If there are any numbers within a certain period of timeAccording to changes, everyone in the system can do accounting. The system will judge the person who has the fastest and best accounting during this period, write the content recorded by him into the ledger, and send the content of the ledger during this period to the system. Back up all others within the . In this way, everyone in the system has a complete ledger. In this way, we call it blockchain technology.
Blockchain technology has become the darling of the financial community in China and has become a hot topic. Domestic Puyin Group has launched Puyin, a tea-based digital currency.
Question 5: Explain in an easy-to-understand manner what blockchain is. Blockchain can be understood as a database system in a sense. The development of blockchain can be divided into 1.0 and 2.0
1.0 is represented by Bitcoin, and its main application is virtual currency or digital currency application. The blockchain at this time can only be used for simple digital currency transactions.
2.0 is represented by the now popular ethereum (Ethereum) and the upcoming hyperledger. The blockchain at this stage can not only meet the corresponding digital currency transactions, but also use smart contracts to customize currency or asset transactions. If we use the database analogy, the emergence of smart contracts can be understood as allowing users to define functions or stored procedures in the database and call and execute them.
Different from traditional databases, the blockchain introduces consensus mechanism, incentive mechanism, p2p (network), hash and other specific elements, making it open, decentralized and non-tamperable. characteristic.
Question 6: What is blockchain? Can anyone explain it in simple terms? Blockchain is the underlying technology of Bitcoin. It is like a ledger that records all transactions. It is decentralized. What is decentralization? For example, when you buy something on Taobao, you place an order and pay it to Alipay. Alipay will not transfer the money to the seller until you receive the goods. Alipay is the third party in that center. Without it, it means decentralization, just like buying things offline. If you pay with one hand and get the goods with the other hand, there is no third party.
The blockchain itself is a series of cryptographically related data blocks generated.
Look carefully to see if it looks like a ledger. The pieces one by one are blocks, and connected together they are the blockchain.
Many companies are developing this technology, including ours, and its prospects are incredible. For details, you can go to our official website and hope to adopt it, thank you
Question 7: What is blockchain technology? What is blockchain? How to explain the concept of blockchain? People in each industry have different understandings, and relevant explanations are gradually emerging due to more and more real-life applications. With the popularization of this blockchain technology, related results are becoming more and more popular.Come bigger. If we want to understand this technology, we must have an in-depth understanding of reality.
In the past six months, the concept of blockchain has gradually become popular in China, and a blockchain whirlwind has taken off in the financial circle. Blockchain has attracted the attention and favor of more and more people in the industry due to its unique technical advantages. Blockchain technology, which is decentralized (or multi-centered), highly transparent, cannot be tampered with, and has no single point of failure, is entering the field of vision of financial institutions and enterprises. It has at least been used in digital currency, payment exchange, registration and settlement, Digital assets, traceability and anti-counterfeiting, supply chain, Internet of Things and many other fields have moved from theoretical discussions to practical applications.
"Blockchain" was first introduced with "Bitcoin" released in early 2009. Blockchain has become the basic protocol and technical application for the launch, recording and circulation of Bitcoin. Although Bitcoin has been controversial since its inception and cannot even be regarded as a "currency" by governments and monetary authorities, the blockchain technology used in Bitcoin has been recognized by governments, including governments and monetary authorities. extensive attention.
Why has blockchain become a rapidly heating up hot technology and topic?
The most important of these may be that the launch of Bitcoin based on blockchain technology has opened up a new relationship with traditional society ( The exploration and attempt of new technologies and rule systems such as Internet user identity verification, wealth confirmation, transaction records, notarization and verification, which have little connection with offline) and are completely applied to the online world (online), provide people with the opportunity to adapt to the Internet society. Development provides alternative paths and unlimited imagination.
Judging from its application in Bitcoin, blockchain is a set of new network blocks (BLOCK, also called communities) formed by combining encryption technology with the Internet. Bitcoin configuration, netizen identity verification, and Bitcoin (value) confirmation formed by mining, Bitcoin transaction records, and extended encryption of Bitcoin cross-block flow (value transfer) (added block and transaction time identification, etc. Internet protocol rules and accounting (Ledger) system including block chain, full encryption, mutual authentication, etc., including factor) registration and verification. Precisely because Bitcoin is not a substitute for offline legal currency, but is issued and managed by non-legal currency authorities, mainly imitating the model of gold, and is completely new and decentralized protected and supported by basic Internet protocols and strict encryption technology. Internet currency (virtual currency) has thus formed a new set of currency rules and systems that are different from and not subject to real social laws, and can be bought, sold or exchanged with legal currency. It has been more than 8 years since Bitcoin was launched. There has been no record of funds or user information being stolen. Its security has been verified, and its efficiency and cost of fund settlement also have obvious advantages. This has made people's confidence in the blockchain technology used by Bitcoin continue to increase, and people have become increasingly aware that although blockchain is a technology pioneered and applied by Bitcoinand protocols, but blockchain is not the same as Bitcoin, and its application will never be limited to Bitcoin. The application of blockchain can be decentralized or centralized; it can be a public chain model or a private chain model. Therefore, after Bitcoin, blockchain technology is also constantly developing and innovating, and constantly exploring new application fields, especially in the financial field.
The reason why blockchain is valued highly by more and more people is because the development and widespread application of the Internet have caused more and more economic exchanges and transaction activities to be conducted online, and the online world (or online world) society) is rapidly expanding, enriching and active, and online transactions must solve the efficiency and security protection issues of the parties' identity verification, value verification, transaction records, inspection and verification, etc., and require strict intermediaries and agreements (rules or constitutions). In this regard, traditional thinking and customary practices are to follow the development trajectory of the transfer of offline transactions to online and push the common rules and practices of the real (offline) society to the online (network) society. However, in practice, it is increasingly It is difficult to adapt to the needs of online transactions.
For example, for the identity verification of the parties, the natural choice is to use the information on the identity documents protected by the laws of various countries as the basis, and then add account or transaction passwords, as well as facial recognition, iris, fingerprints and other biometrics to conduct online transactions. Verification, but this method first makes the citizen identity information in the cross-border interconnected online world subject to the administrative jurisdiction of real society... >>
Question 8: Easy to understand Explain clearly what is blockchain. The English name of blockchain is Blockchain. Block literally means block, block, and chain means chain, chain. Therefore, together they are translated into blockchain.
1. Use cryptography technology to encrypt and decrypt so that records cannot be tampered with. Common blockchain encryption methods include hash algorithm, RSA algorithm, elliptic curve algorithm, etc.;
2. The huge amount of calculation needs to be supported by a reasonable reward mechanism. Because every transaction must be recorded, Bitcoin’s blockchain has more than 60 gigabytes so far. Every new transaction requires confirmation of the information related to the trading account to ensure that the transaction is valid. The huge amount of calculation requires a computer with powerful computing power to complete.
In order to encourage the participation of powerful computing power, Bitcoin provides two rewards: one is to issue a certain number of bitcoins to these computers every day; instead, all transfer fees are awarded to these computers. (The technical term for these computers is "mining machines", and the people who hold the mining machines are called "miners".)
Biying China is working hard on asset digitization and launched the digital currency crowdfunding platform Biying China.
Question 9: What is the so-called "blockchain"? The blockchain itself is a tool called decentralization and trustlessness, such as your academic qualificationsWhen you graduate from college, the current practice is to have a certificate recognized and issued by an authoritative agency as your certificate. This setting is more troublesome, because this is a piece of paper, and paper can be forged, so there will be various gaps. The issuing authority is also a person, and there will be various gaps in the middle. As long as it is related to people, whoever There are various possibilities related to media. The blockchain provides a great opportunity. As soon as you graduate, you will have a record on the blockchain. No one can change this record. This thing exists objectively. You, as a physical existence , and then as a data existence, the blockchain was born. In this case, anyone who wants to check where you graduated can easily solve the problem. This is similar to the big data often involved in social networking (WeChat) and payment platforms (Alipay, Yibao).
Question 10: What does blockchain mean? Regarding blockchain, I think you have already seen the concept on the Internet. Let me explain it based on my understanding!
First, let’s talk about its characteristics: 1. Openness and transparency 2. Decentralization 3. Anonymity 4. Information cannot be tampered with, eliminated 5. No trust cost
Blockchain is like a public ledger , everyone has the right to record and read it, and everyone will jointly supervise to ensure its accuracy, and the recorded content will be saved permanently and can only be added but not deleted! However, as the number of blocks continues to increase, costs will increase and efficiency will decrease. (I’m not sure whether technology can be used to make up for this. I hope someone who understands technology can point it out.)
Blockchain is divided into public chain, private chain, and alliance chain. Public chain: accessible to everyone, everyone has read and write permissions, completely open, transparent and decentralized. Private chain: Open to individuals or institutions, in which the owner of the private chain can set various permissions to make it partially centralized. Alliance chain: Open to specific organizations or groups, it is also "partially decentralized". According to the ledger at the beginning, members can view and transact, but cannot record and confirm bills, or require permission from the alliance. (The latter two do not have cost and efficiency issues)
Regarding blockchain, countries have begun to recruit talents in this area. For this, you can search online for "Central Bank Recruiting Digital Currency R&D Personnel". In addition, you can increase your understanding of blockchain by understanding its existing applications. What we usually refer to generally refers to public chains. Currently, those used abroad include Bitcoin, Ethereum and other domestic blockchains. Chain
1. Open and transparent: Every piece of data is verified by everyone and can be viewed by everyone at any time.
2. Decentralization: For example, when we shop on Taobao, we conduct transactions through the intermediary Taobao, and blockchain allows both supply and demand parties to directly contact each other for direct transactions through blockchain technology.
3. Anonymity: No personal privacy information is required to complete transactions on the blockchain, only your unique alphanumeric signature is required.
4. Information cannot be tampered with or deleted: Once the data has been verified and recorded, no one has the authority to modify it, let alone delete it!
5. No trust cost: The trust crisis in reality will not appear in the blockchain. Transactions in the blockchain do not require you to trust the other party. Only when both of you have enough "digital assets" to trade can it be carried out, and Under the supervision of the entire network, transactions will not be broken. If you have no idea about the cost of trust, just think about how many intermediaries there are in your city, or just think about Jack Ma, and you will know how big the cost of trust is.
I am still learning more about blockchain. I am Li Ailin. If you have any questions, you can discuss and learn together!
5. What are the core blockchain technologies of blockchain technology?
What is the hottest Internet topic at the moment? You don’t need to explain it to the editor to know, that is the area Blockchain technology, but many friends have only heard of this technology and do not have much in-depth understanding of it. So what are the blockchain technologies? Below we will bring you an introduction to the core technology of blockchain for your reference.
What are the core elements of blockchain technology?
Blockchain technology can be a public ledger (visible by anyone) or a permissioned network (visible only by those authorized), which solves supply chain challenges , because it is an immutable record that is shared among network participants and updated in real time.
Blockchain technology----data layer: designing the data structure of the ledger
Core technology 1. Block + chain:
Technically speaking, block is a data structure that records transactions. Reflects the flow of funds for a transaction. The blocks of transactions that have been reached in the system are connected together to form a main chain, and all nodes participating in the calculation record the main chain or part of the main chain.
Each block consists of a block header and a block body. The block body is only responsible for recording all transaction information in the previous period, mainly including the number of transactions and transaction details; the block header encapsulates the current version number, previous A block address, timestamp (recording the time when the block was generated, accurate to seconds), random number (recording the value of decrypting the answer to the math question related to the block), target hash value of the current block, and Merkle number Root value and other information. From a structural point of view, most functions of the blockchain are implemented by the block header.
Core technology 2. Hash function:
The hash function can convert data of any length into a set of fixed-length codes through the Hash algorithm. The principle is based on a cryptographic one-way hash function. This kind of function is easy to verify, but difficult to crack. Usually, the industry uses y=hash(x) to represent it. This hash function implements operations on x to calculate a hash value y.
Commonly used hash algorithms include MD5, SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-384 and SHA-512, etc. Taking the SHA256 algorithm as an example, any string of dataInputting to SHA256 will result in a 256-bit Hash value (hash value). Its characteristics: the same data input will get the same result. As long as the input data changes slightly (for example, a 1 becomes a 0), a completely different result will be obtained, and the result cannot be predicted in advance. Forward calculation (calculating the corresponding Hash value from the data) is very easy. Reverse calculation (cracking) is extremely difficult and is considered impossible under current technological conditions.
Core technology 3. Merkle tree:
Merkle tree is a hash binary tree, which can be used to quickly verify the integrity of large-scale data. In the blockchain network, the Merkle tree is used to summarize all transaction information in a block, and ultimately generates a unified hash value of all transaction information in the block. Any change in transaction information in the block will cause Merkle tree changes.
Core technology 4. Asymmetric encryption algorithm:
Asymmetric encryption algorithm is a key secret method that requires two keys: public key and private key. The public key and the private key are a pair. If the public key is used to encrypt data, only the corresponding private key can be used to decrypt it, thereby obtaining the corresponding data value; if the private key is used to sign the data, then only the corresponding public key can be used to sign the data. In order to verify the signature, the sender of the verification information is the holder of the private key.
Because encryption and decryption use two different keys, this algorithm is called an asymmetric encryption algorithm, while symmetric encryption uses the same key in the encryption and decryption processes.
Blockchain technology----network layer: realize the decentralization of accounting nodes
Core technology 5. P2P network:
P2P network (peer-to-peer network), also known as point-to-point technology, is no Central server, Internet system that relies on user groups to exchange information. Unlike a centralized network system with a central server, each client in a peer-to-peer network acts as both a node and a server. Domestic Xunlei software uses P2P technology. The P2P network has the characteristics of decentralization and robustness.
Blockchain technology----Consensus layer: allocate the task load of accounting nodes
Core technology 6. Consensus mechanism:
Consensus mechanism is how to reach consensus among all accounting nodes to identify The validity of a record is both a means of identification and a means of preventing tampering. There are currently four main types of consensus mechanisms: PoW, PoS, DPoS and distributed consensus algorithms.
PoW (Proof of Work, proof of work): PoW mechanism, which is like Bitcoin’s mining mechanism, miners package existing transactions that have not been recorded by the network into a block, and then continue to traverse and try to find a random number , so that the hash value of the new block plus the random number meets certain difficulty conditions. Finding a random number that meets the conditions is equivalent to determining the latest block of the blockchain, and is also equivalent to obtaining the current round of accounting rights of the blockchain. Miners broadcast blocks that meet the mining difficulty conditions in the Yuanfu network, and other nodes in the entire networkAfter verifying that the block meets the mining difficulty conditions and that the transaction data in the block meets the protocol specifications, each will link the block to its own version of the blockchain, thereby forming a consensus on the current network status in the entire network.
PoS (ProofofStake, Proof of Stake): PoS mechanism requires nodes to provide proof of a certain number of tokens to obtain a distributed consensus mechanism for competing for blockchain accounting rights. If you rely solely on the token balance to determine the bookkeeper, you will inevitably make the rich win, which will lead to the centralization of bookkeeping rights and reduce the fairness of the consensus. Therefore, different PoS mechanisms use different methods to increase the amount of money based on the proof of equity. The randomness of accounting rights avoids centralization. For example, in the PeerCoin PoS mechanism, the Bitcoin with the longest chain age has a greater chance of obtaining accounting rights. NXT and Blackcoin use a formula to predict the next accounting node. The more tokens you own, the greater the probability of being selected as an accounting node. In the future, Ethereum will also switch from the current PoW mechanism to a PoS mechanism. Judging from the information currently available, Ethereum's PoS mechanism will use nodes to place bets on the next block. The winner of the bet will receive an additional Ethereum currency award. Those who do not win will be deducted Ether coins to reach consensus on the next block.
DPoS (DelegatedProof-Of-Stake, share authorization certificate): DPoS is easy to understand and is similar to the modern corporate board of directors system. The DPoS mechanism adopted by BitShares is that shareholders vote to select a certain number of witnesses. Each witness has two seconds of authority to generate blocks in order. If the witness cannot generate a block within the given time slice, The block generation authority is given to the witness corresponding to the next time slice. Shareholders can replace these witnesses at any time by voting. This design of DPoS makes the generation of blocks faster and more energy-saving.
Distributed Consistency Algorithm: Distributed Consistency Algorithm is based on traditional distributed consistency technology. Among them are Byzantine fault-tolerant algorithms that solve the Byzantine Generals problem, such as PBFT (Byzantine fault-tolerant algorithm). In addition, distributed consensus algorithms (Pasox, Raft) that solve non-Byzantine problems are not explained in this article. This type of algorithm is currently a commonly used consensus mechanism in alliance chain and private chain scenarios.
Taken together, POW is suitable for public chains. If you build a private chain, it is more suitable to use POS because there is no trust problem in verification nodes; and because there are untrustworthy local nodes in the alliance chain, it is more suitable to use DPOS.
Blockchain technology----Incentive layer: Develop a "salary system" for accounting nodes
Core technology 7. Issuance mechanism and incentive mechanism:
Take Bitcoin as an example. Bitcoins are initially rewarded by the system to miners who create new blocks, and this reward is halved approximately every four years. At the beginning, miners were rewarded with 50 Bitcoins for each new block recorded, and this reward is halved approximately every four years. By analogy, by around 2140 AD, newly created blocks will have no systemThe rewards are given. By then, the total number of Bitcoins will be approximately 21 million. This is the total number of Bitcoins, so it will not increase indefinitely.
Another source of incentives is transaction fees. When there are no system rewards for newly created blocks, the miners' income will change from system rewards to transaction fees. For example, when you transfer, you can specify 1% of it as a handling fee to be paid to the miner who records the block. If the output value of a transaction is less than the input value, the difference is the transaction fee, which will be added to the incentive for that block. As long as a given amount of electronic currency has entered circulation, the incentive mechanism can gradually be converted to rely entirely on transaction fees, so there is no need to issue new currency.
Blockchain technology----Contract layer: giving the ledger programmable features
Core technology 8. Smart contract:
Smart contract is a set of programmed rules and logic that respond to scenarios. Implemented by decentralized, trusted shared script code deployed on the blockchain. Normally, after the smart contract is signed by all parties, it is attached to the blockchain data in the form of program code, and is recorded in a specific block of the blockchain after being propagated through the P2P network and verified by nodes. Smart contracts encapsulate a number of predefined states and transition rules, scenarios that trigger contract execution, response actions under specific scenarios, etc. The blockchain can monitor the status of smart contracts in real time, and activate and execute the contract by checking external data sources and confirming that specific trigger conditions are met.
The above is what blockchain technologies the editor has brought to you? All content introduced to the core technology of blockchain.
6. Lesson 3 of the explanation: Blockchain
There was a Bitcoin craze a few years ago, and readers may have heard of the blockchain at that time. , however, recently, domestic and foreign financial institutions have begun to study and launch financial services based on blockchain technology. What is so special about it that can attract the favor of formal financial institutions?
Decentralized accounting system
Blockchain is one of the core technologies of Bitcoin. Its most important feature is its ability to create an untamperable and A centralized, highly transparent, and anonymous accounting system can provide low-cost, high-security transfer services, and can further be used as a financial management tool.
To understand the blockchain, we must first start with how it works. Taking the application of Bitcoin as an example, during each transaction, the system will seal the transaction content and related information into a set of blocks, and arrange all the blocks according to time to produce a so-called blockchain.
Since the blockchain records the information of every transaction in the world in detail, you can figure out which "wallet" is just by counting from the first data to the last data. How much "money" do you have.
It should be noted that the blockchain does not directly store the balance in each "wallet", but the flow of "money" in each transaction, so when querying the balance, just by verifying the authenticity of each data in the blockchain and conducting statistics, you can get the final balance of each "wallet".
Since generating blocks requires complex cryptographic calculations, if a centralized server is used to perform calculations, many high-performance computers will need to be prepared to meet the demand. However, Bitcoin’s approach is to distribute operations to all computers that perform “mining.” These computers are called nodes and will receive a certain amount of rewards after verifying transactions and encapsulating blocks. Therefore, there will be many miners trying to earn Bitcoins. Bitcoins are put into computers for calculation, so that no specific server is needed, but all calculation work is distributed to various nodes of the Bitcoin network.
▲The blockchain is formed by connecting many blocks in series. Since it can record transfers from the first to the last and has a high degree of security, it is very suitable for financial applications. . (Image source: Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System)
It is theoretically possible to crack, but in practice it is not feasible
In the block During the operation of the chain, all nodes will jointly verify each newly added block to ensure the correctness of the transaction. When the block information recorded by some nodes does not match that of other nodes, other nodes will not recognize the transaction. , so transaction records will not be written to the blockchain.
However, the security of blockchain is not theoretically unbreakable. As long as someone can control more than half of the computing performance of the entire network (that is, control 51% of the computing performance), it can create fake transaction records and ensure that it can complete the block operation before other nodes complete the operation and raise objections. The data is written to the blockchain so that it can modify its own transaction records and reuse the same bitcoin for payment.
Using video games as a simple example, this attack is like using a cheat, which can modify the money to never decrease.
However, from a practical point of view, there are many users of Bitcoin, so there are quite a few nodes in the network, including many professional miners who use special computers to perform calculations, so the computing power of all nodes The total value is quite large, and it is difficult for ordinary people or organizations to grasp 51% of computing performance by themselves.
Assuming that the current computing power of all nodes is equivalent to 100 supercomputers, then the attacker would need to prepare 101 supercomputers to obtain more than half of the computing performance, which is unlikely to be achieved in the actual implementation.
Taking a step back, assuming that someone can really control more than half of the computing performance, then he can also monopolize the issuance of Bitcoin and transaction fees, and earn considerable profits from it. On the contrary, if If he chose to tamper with transaction data, Bitcoin users would lose confidence in the currency, causing the value of Bitcoin to collapse, or even "banknotes turning into wallpaper" overnight.
Therefore, assuming that the attacker is motivated by profit, even if he can launch a 51% attack, he will not do so. This will ensure that Bitcoin and the blockchain are still safe.
▲Bitcoin is one of the most representative application examples of blockchain.
Example of using Shuowenjiezi: Blockchain
O: Blockchain can distribute the load of verifying transactions to everyone in the network node.
X: After parking the bicycle, remember to lock it with the blockchain.
7. What is blockchain technology and how does it change business and financial models
Blockchain technology is a distributed ledger technology that Allows multiple participants to jointly maintain a secure, transparent and immutable record on a decentralized network. Blockchain technology was originally designed for the digital currency Bitcoin, but is now widely used in many other fields.
The core features of blockchain technology include:
Decentralization: Blockchain has no central control agency, and data is distributed on various nodes in the network, which makes it decentralized. The centralization feature reduces the risk of single points of failure.
Transparency: Transaction records on the blockchain are public to all participants, and anyone can view these records. This helps increase trust and reduce the risk of fraud.
Immutable: Once a transaction is recorded on the blockchain, it cannot be easily modified or deleted. This guarantees data integrity and security.
Smart contracts: Transactions on the blockchain can be automatically executed to implement "smart contracts", which automatically execute corresponding operations when specific conditions are met. This helps simplify complex business processes and reduce costs.
Blockchain technology has had a profound impact on business and financial models, which is mainly reflected in the following aspects:
Reducing costs: Blockchain technology can reduce intermediary links and reduce costs. Transaction costs and operating costs. For example, by adopting blockchain for cross-border payments, remittance fees can be significantly reduced.
Improve efficiency: The automation and smart contract features of blockchain technology help improve the efficiency of business processes, reduce manual intervention, and reduce error rates.
Enhance trust: The transparency and non-tamperability of blockchain technology help to establish a reliable trust system, reduce the risk of fraud, and provide better protection for business activities.
Innovative business models: Blockchain technology has spawned many new business models, such as decentralized finance (DeFi), digital asset trading, supply chain finance, etc. These new business models have brought disruptive changes to existing industries.
In short, blockchain technology, as an emerging technical means, is gradually changing the landscape of business and finance. With the continuous development of technology and the in-depth promotion of applications, blockchain hasIt is expected to have a more extensive and far-reaching impact in the future
8. What is the DPOS technology of the blockchain
DPOS - Return to Satoshi Nakamoto
Bitcoin mining, There is currently a phenomenon that a few major mining pools control the majority of the computing power of the entire network. Taking the domestic Antpool, Fishpool, and Guochi as examples, the total computing power of the three combined reaches 225P, occupying the entire network. The computing power is about 50%. In this regard, the founders of multiple crypto 2.0 projects, including Ethereum and BitShares, believe that Bitcoin mining has already encountered centralization problems. Stan Larimer talked about the DPoS mechanism of BitShares, which is called the share authorization proof mechanism (also known as the trustee mechanism) in Chinese. Its principle is to allow everyone who holds Bitshares to vote, thus generating 101 representatives. We It can be understood as 101 super nodes or mining pools, and the rights of these 101 super nodes are completely equal to each other. From a certain perspective, DPOS is a bit like the American parliamentary system. If the representatives cannot perform their duties (failed to generate blocks when it is their turn), they will be removed and the network will elect a new super node. to replace them.
At present, this kind of currency is very popular. The well-known Ethereum will be changed to POS next year. The coins raised by European crowdfunding projects are generally POS coins, but the total amount is fixed.
9. How to define blockchain and what are the application scenarios of blockchain?
Many people now think that blockchain is a universal technology that can do anything. Blockchain technology is a myth!
Regarding the definition of blockchain technology, American scholar Melanie Swann defined blockchain technology as an open, transparent and decentralized technology in her book "Blockchain: A New Economic Blueprint and Introduction" database.
Definition of Blockchain: Narrow VS Broad
As for the application scenarios of blockchain technology, it is natural to combine the differences between blockchain and other technologies. In terms of system characteristics.
Blockchain technology features include:
Blockchain is a global A database storage system that can be operated collaboratively in various places is different from traditional database operations where read and write permissions are in the hands of a company or a centralized authority (a characteristic of centralization). Blockchain believes that anyone with the ability to set up a server can participate. Nuggets from all over the world have deployed their own servers locally and connected to the blockchain network to become a node in this distributed database storage system; once joined, the node enjoys exactly the same rights as all other nodes and obligations (decentralized, distributed characteristics).
At the same time, for those who carry out services on the blockchain, they can go to any of the systems in this system.The nodes perform read and write operations, and finally all nodes around the world will complete synchronization one after another according to a certain mechanism, thereby achieving complete consistency of the data of all nodes in the blockchain network.
At the beginning of this year, the term blockchain began to enter everyone’s lives. From national leaders to aunts who dance square dances, everyone knows this term. This term is widely known by Bit Brought by coins.
As we all know, the first few dozen bitcoins could only be exchanged for one pizza. At its peak, it was more than 20,000 US dollars each, which has skyrocketed by more than a thousand times, which has also benefited a large number of wealthy people. Currently, there are blockchain The virtual currency generated by technology is gradually entering into everyone's life, and many people have joined the ranks of currency speculation. I often hear people say that if you buy the right currency a hundred times, a bicycle will become a sports car, and one coin will turn a young model. You can imagine how many of them are involved. Attractive.
Since 2008, various games applying blockchain technology have also become popular, such as development games (Network Letts Dog, 360 Block Cat), mining games (NetEase Planet, Virtual Earth, Gongxinbao), these are attracting everyone to join in the name of blockchain, and of course there are some that are really reliable, which requires everyone to identify them carefully.
The three words "blockchain" were completely ignited during the Spring Festival that just passed, and the limelight overshadowed everything else. Some people said that this is the arrival of a new era, and the past has become classic, and others To say that everything is hype is ultimately a bubble.
In fact, blockchain technology is not a new concept. It has been applied to many industries, such as electronic signatures, as early as the past two years. Recently, the third-party electronic signature platform eShanbao revealed the latest progress of blockchain applications to NewSeed.
Currently, blockchain technology is mainly used in e-signing products for certificate deposit and certificate issuance. The application scenarios include copyright protection and online signing. , web page forensics, phone recording, email storage of evidence, etc.
Take the rights protection of online works as an example. Since online rights protection generally adopts the method of collecting evidence after the fact, real-time confirmation of rights is not carried out in the process of evidence generation, so the entire confirmation process is difficult. The copyright process is time-consuming, difficult and costly to obtain evidence, and extremely difficult to prove and trace the source. It cannot meet the characteristics of rapid dissemination and large quantity of online works.
eShanbao’s new intellectual property protection solution based on timestamp + blockchain starts from the user’s real-name authentication and solidifies the information generated during the real-time solidification process. Electronic data, and through the time source service synchronized with the National Time Service Center, online works are stamped with legally valid timestamps to prove that electronic files have not been tampered with in a certain period of time. Blockchain technology can establish point-to-point trust in the network and ensure that all blockchain nodes can record complete copyright confirmation and transaction records., and can be traced to the source, truly realizing anti-repudiation and anti-tampering, and realizing a distributed trust infrastructure.
Founder and CEO Jin Hongzhou believes that the application of decentralized blockchain technology has greatly improved the efficiency of data storage and certification, and The credibility of the identity of the parties reduces the cost of trust, but it cannot replace the original centralized public key encryption technology. The two should complement each other. Through the combination of the two, it can provide users with real-time and reliable Confirmation plan.
Next, e-Shanbao will also focus on building a smart contract platform based on blockchain technology. Jin Hongzhou said that data storage, Issuing certificates is only a relatively superficial application based on blockchain technology. It is the first step to implement blockchain technology, and the realization of real smart contracts is the second step. "Smart contracts cannot simply be understood as electronic contracts. They refer to a process, from the conclusion of the contract to the confirmation to the final execution." Jin Hongzhou explained.
Through the following limited cases, I hope everyone can understand the actual performance of blockchain technology, thereby stimulating interest in such solutions.
1. Administrative Services
Over the centuries, the roles and responsibilities of public administration have not changed significantly – or rather, what has changed dramatically is actually the size of the data and the specific ways in which public agencies handle it. Although various digital technologies already exist to help collect and process data, issues such as anonymization, portability, and the immutability of large amounts of data remain unresolved.
Sasha Ivanov, founder, entrepreneur and CEO of Waves Platform and Vostok projects, said, "What the public administration currently lacks is a more convenient user experience (UX) for data use. To improve the user experience , we should introduce some kind of layer to it that acts as a trusted public environment that is transparent and can store data anonymously and immutably."
Governments are working on this by launching the U.S. Federal agency and enterprise-level initiatives such as the Federal Blockchain Initiative are gradually confronting the existence of such problems. The United States held its first federal government blockchain forum in July 2017, and the U.S. General Services Administration currently has more than 200 related use case repositories. Ivanov explained, “Distributed systems can really help us build such a reliable environment, improve our big data work, and even integrate all emerging technologies – including artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things. In fact, , whenever we face any kind of technology, it always embodies the sum of certain other technologies."
Now, the system supported by the blockchain can actually work - this The view has been unanimously recognized by all experts, and become the most important theoretical basis. In other words, what we need to do next is create more production-ready solutions.
2. Payment services
The government needs to process transactions, many of which involve the exchange of funds with citizens. Blockchain technology has huge potential application value in reducing the cost of fund transfers - including using new blockchain-based cryptocurrencies as intermediate transaction carriers, or using blockchain as a means of fund transfer, etc. Once a perfect solution is discovered, the business opportunities will be endless - especially for those who need to conduct frequent cross-border or Internet transactions.
The Jasper project was developed by the Bank of Canada to help it further think about how central banks and other financial institutions should implement payment operations between different banks based on distributed ledgers. The Bank of Canada has also developed its own digital currency variant, “CAD Coin,” to test the feasibility of using a national currency on top of the blockchain.
This project brings to an interesting conclusion that we should say no to proof-of-work public chain systems. In a paper titled "Project Jasper: Is a Distributed Batch Payment System Feasible?" the author observed that "Proof-of-work systems are not suitable for such large transaction processing systems because they assume that all transactions in the system are There is a need for openness and observability to a certain extent.”
3. Digitization and intellectual property
Governments are responsible for maintaining copyright records and databases. These records prove ownership of intellectual property. A blockchain-based system would allow artists, performers and writers of all kinds to time-stamp their works and theoretically detect copyright infringements and even keep a permanent record of their rights. In fact, many governments have already taken important exploratory steps in this direction.
Iran recently announced that it will deploy this technology. "Iran Financial Tribune" quoted Morteza Mousavian as saying that "the Digital Media Department of the Ministry of Culture has reached an agreement with a blockchain company to jointly design a system that can be used to protect online copyrights." He also added that "the relevant procedures will It will soon be released to users in an easy-to-use format."
This work is still in the early exploratory stages, but it offers enterprise customers the possibility of preserving records through replication technology. From a theoretical level, companies can use blockchain solutions to conduct financial accounting and discover errors in real time.
4. Welfare distribution
The government has the responsibility to create a level playing field for citizens. Citizens who are chronically poor or economically disadvantaged certainly need government support and assistance to ensure that they are able to sustain themselves and develop. However, welfare distribution is neither simple nor often straightforward. Issues such as corruption and impersonation have beenSeriously damaging various distribution channels within government plans.
In China, the National Council of Social Security Fund is conducting early research on how to use blockchain technology to improve the delivery of national benefits to citizens. At the same time, India is also taking action. Andhra Pradesh and Telangana are already using blockchain to support their civilian resource supply systems.
It is said that many companies, including Microsoft, are also considering using the same technology. These solutions, which will touch individual employees and functional roles, are expected to gradually appear in small businesses in the near future.
5. Bidding activities
In order to build public infrastructure or provide related services, the government hopes to achieve economies of scale and competitive gains through bidding as much as possible. However, the bidding process is often not fair or transparent. Public procurement has long been a major scene of rampant corruption around the world. Transparency International noted that “many governments will award project contracts to a certain supplier in the absence of fair competition. This allows companies with greater political resources to improperly win over competitors; or companies in the same industry Bids will be negotiated in advance, ensuring that each company gets a share of the tender. This will significantly increase the cost of delivering services to the public - we have found that corruption issues can increase project costs by 50%."
So, how can blockchain technology solve the bidding problem? According to Ivanov, “Unlike decentralized centralized systems, independent ledgers powered by blockchain will be able to improve bidding or anything else that needs to be tracked. Transparency of financial processes. The intervention of blockchain technology will help track the use of funds and ensure that they are paid out as expected and within the allowed time."
Currently, Japan's internal affairs and The Ministry of Communications has announced a blockchain-based bidding system, which means that in industries with serious collusion problems, small and medium-sized enterprises are expected to usher in a more transparent bidding method and brighter development prospects.
Although quite a few of the cases mentioned previously are far from finalized, they do provide many possibilities for companies and governments. Of course, the key lies in implementation; and we should also look at all this with optimism, that is, although blockchain technology is often misunderstood, it is and will eventually find a direction in which it can exert its own energy!
< p> In layman's terms, the blockchain is like a dozen beacon towers on the Great Wall. If an enemy comes at one place, they will send out smoke. The other beacon towers will know about it and enter a defensive state together. In technical language, it is a distributed ledger. Each node keeps accounts separately. The failure of one or two nodes will not affect the entire network.
How is this distributed network different from the distributed servers of Google Network? Google network their distributionThe servers still belong to Google's network and are controlled by their central scheduling algorithm. The distributed nodes in the blockchain do not know each other and have no legal relationship. You can just go offline and shut down if you want, but because of the currency rewards, there will always be someone who will turn on the machine as a new node to support the network.
After the popular and technical explanation, I hope you understand. So the first application scenario is finance. I put my money in Alipay. If Alipay doesn't recognize it one day, there's nothing you can do. But on the blockchain, it is useless if one node does not acknowledge it, because other nodes still have my records. The second is the contract. Nowadays, contracts are made on paper and are easy to be faked. But if they are put on the blockchain, they cannot be faked.
There are more application scenarios. It is recommended to check the top 100 digital Huobi online to understand the corresponding projects behind them and become a blockchain expert. .
Blockchain technology was first used in Bitcoin. Blockchain provides a reliable and trustworthy means of organizing data for cross-subject business scenarios. JD.com is essentially a supply chain company, and blockchain technology will be first used in many scenarios of the supply chain.
Blockchain is a decentralized technology. Blockchain can be applied to all products currently covered by the Internet.
The most popular application industry at present is the financial industry.
An application that has been implemented is product traceability. Alibaba and JD.com are already using blockchain technology to fully trace the origin of some of the products they sell. Consumers can trace the origin of the purchased products. There are also many blockchain applications in the digital advertising industry. Since digital advertising traffic fraud causes losses of tens of billions of dollars every year, there are already blockchain application projects based on digital advertising, such as DCAD, which is based on blockchain. The digital advertising application of blockchain technology mainly solves the problem of traffic fraud
In the future, as the application of blockchain technology becomes more mature, it will be applied in many industries, creating a new ecosystem based on technological trust. Mode
The characteristics of blockchain are distributed accounting and decentralization, but the ultimate goal is to make people get along more equally. Technology is meaningful only when it serves human values, and technology that meets human value needs will develop. Therefore, blockchain is in line with human pursuit of freedom and equality, so its trend to become mainstream is unstoppable.
Currently, there are many blockchain gimmicks, which are basically used to issue coins. The newly launched ono is a decentralized, free and global social platform. Due to decentralization, your chat communication information is peer-to-peer and cannot be viewed by others. In other words, your every word and deed will no longer be recorded and reviewed at any time like it is now on WeChat, QQ, and Facebook, freeing you from the trouble of surveillance.
In fact, blockchain technology can be used in any field. Information that previously required third-party confirmation can be completed online and confirmed at multiple nodes, making it difficult (almost impossible) to delete or modify.
At present, blockchain is still in its infancy, and the technology is not mature enough, but it is also a better time to enter.
What is blockchain If we use non-technical terms to explain blockchain, blockchain is a place where data is stored. However, the data stored in the blockchain is safe and reliable and does not need to be managed by anyone, so In the Internet, a place where data and information are exploding, having such a place would be like a magical treasure.
If you ask what the blockchain can do, it is better to say what applications require the use of the blockchain. As mentioned earlier, blockchain is a safe place, so wherever data needs to be protected securely on the Internet, blockchain technology needs to be used. For example:
Because the use of blockchain technology can better protect the data of policyholders, in today’s Internet, data is value and wealth, so value protection and value transmission are the future development directions of the Internet. And blockchain technology can really do just that.
If there are any deficiencies, you are welcome to comment and correct me.
In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chained data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is cryptographically guaranteed to be non-tamperable and non-tamperable. Fake distributed ledger.
The two parties involved in the transaction do not need to know who the other party is, nor do they need a third party for trust endorsement. They only need to trust a common algorithm to establish mutual trust and conduct direct transactions.
Its characteristics are trustlessness and decentralization. The destruction of each node's ledger has no impact on the entire blockchain. The blockchain runs point-to-point payments without a center that may cheat, and the security is greatly improved. Improved, the entire transaction network has changed from a star structure to a point-to-point P2P structure.
In the future, blockchain will be used in many fields and will have a great impact on human life. . It can be widely used in fields ranging from digital currency to securities and financial contracts, medical care, games, artificial intelligence, smart contracts, Internet of Things, e-commerce, file storage and other fields.
1. Cloud storage
This is the statistics of current cloud storage on the Internet. In terms of volume, Google has the largest volume, which is 8,000PB. So what if we share the idle data on the Internet?
Starlight Cloud builds a blockchain data computing and storage lake through Starlight Chain, with a total storage capacity of 15,000P (approximately 15,728.64 billion G) in the future. this will be aliMore than 10 times the cloud 1500PB! It is also more than four times the size of the Taizhou Storage Center, the largest storage lake in the world after expansion.
2. Medical aspects
Using blockchain technology to save personal medical records also retains personal medical historical data, which can be used when seeing a doctor or planning for your own health in the future. Historical data can be called directly. These data are highly private, and the use of blockchain technology also helps protect patient privacy.
10. Blockchain and its security mechanism
Blockchain technology has been mainly used for virtual currencies so far. The main example is the Bitcoin system. Blockchain is A distributed database is composed of continuous blocks and contains multiple pieces of information. (Multiple nodes back up the same data and maintain continuous transaction files). The block chain has no managers and no center at all. If the center conducts transactions, the biggest worry is It is the security of transactions. Today’s editor introduces the blockchain and its security mechanism.
Characteristics of centralized and distributed transactions
The blockchain is a distributed database with centralized characteristics. The following example is a comparison of centralized and split-bridge deployment types in financial systems. For red, yellow, and blue, according to the traditional financial mechanism, transactions must be conducted through banks. However, in the use of distributed block-chain models Afterwards, there is no need to conduct autonomous transactions through banks.
(1) Centralized model:
1) Transactions through banks and other financial institutions
2) Bank unification Manage information such as balance and account number
3) You need to open an account in advance and obtain an ID card.
4) Security depends on the bank, and fraud needs to be checked through various regulations and systems.
(2) Distribution model:
1) Transact with users on the P2P network
2) Addresses are managed by the participants themselves, and the balance is shared globally Distributed ledger management
3) You need to install software and connect to the P2P network
