区块链的信息写入,区块链作假

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区块链技术是一种可以让计算机安全地记录和分享信息的技术，它可以用来记录任何形式的数据，包括货币、文件、交易、合同等。它是一种分布式数据库，在其中的信息可以被不同的节点安全地共享。

1.去中心化：区块链技术是一种去中心化的技术，它不依赖于任何一个中心服务器来存储数据，而是将数据分布在网络中的节点之间，这样可以保证数据的安全性，也可以更好地防止数据的篡改。

2.不可篡改：区块链技术使用一种叫做“共识机制”的技术来确保数据的安全性，它可以确保数据在传输过程中不会被篡改，这样可以有效地防止数据被篡改，从而保证数据的安全性。

3.透明度：由于区块链技术的去中心化特性，所有的数据都可以在网络中公开可见，这样可以有效地提高数据的透明度，从而使得用户可以更容易地查看和验证数据的真实性。

区块链技术是一种新兴的技术，它可以有效地改善传统的数据存储和共享方式，从而实现更安全、可靠和透明的数据存储和共享。它的出现为我们提供了一种新的方式来存储和共享数据，它将为传统的数据存储和共享模式带来一种新的变革。
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㈠ Blockchain for 12 years: In what fields has it been applied?

#「光 Moment」Theme Essay Competition Issue 2#

People have talked about it countless times Talk about the applicable scenarios and application opportunities of blockchain. But in fact, it is very stupid and ridiculous to simply and crudely bundle blockchain with all businesses.

If you just use the word "blockchain" (rather than the technology behind it) to hype it, the result will be in vain. But if used properly, blockchain can indeed promote the development of certain economic sectors.

To achieve this goal, you need to take it slowly, step by step. Gartner experts believe that blockchain is currently on the verge of “escape from fantasy” stage. At this stage, its technical shortcomings were fully exposed, and most media from all walks of life were critical.

So, are there any good products that are truly based on blockchain? If so, in what areas?

First of all, financial services are a good choice. After all, many traditional intermediaries suffer from low transparency and high commissions. Currently, many large banks are already researching and testing decentralized solutions. So what are the options available on the market now?

Netting is a good example. It is based on Hyperledger Fabric and is capable of offsetting multiple positions or payments resulting from transactions between two or more parties. Often used to determine which party should receive remuneration in a multi-party agreement. Netting, as a general concept, has many more specific uses in financial markets (in securities trading).

In addition, there is endless discussion about blockchain bonds, mortgages and bank guarantees. Almost all big banks, including Islamic banks, are trying this approach.

Hyperledger Fabric and Corda blockchain technologies are also often used in other use cases, but the prospects require us to draw final conclusions through continued follow-up and observation.

Bank of America, Goldman Sachs, Citibank, Morgan Stanley, JPMorgan Chase, Bank of China and Commonwealth Bank of Australia have all achieved good results in 2019. In addition, in the banking industry, people often talk about cross-border financial transactions, and there is even an intention to get rid of SWIFT.

Some people believe that blockchain technology has great prospects in copyright protection and combating data fraud. For example, for the purpose of copyright protection, the startup Sputnik DLT developed the Depositor service on the Waves platform.

Similarly, Emernotar is based on EmerA similar solution for coin uses the SHA-512 algorithm. According to the developers, businesses and lawyers can use the Emernotar service to sign contracts, use online services to collect user consents, and creative industry representatives to confirm copyright.

The democracynotary.org platform, powered by Emercoin technology, aims to protect important election-related information. Although the blockchain cannot yet guarantee the anonymity of voting during the election process, it can at least guarantee the authenticity of voting.

The effectiveness of this platform was recently put to the test in a Macedonian referendum on ratifying a treaty with Greece that called for changing the country’s name to “North Macedonia.” ". The platform notarized public reports from the referendum process, thereby blocking the spread of false information.

Blockchain use cases are extremely promising in the registration of real estate transactions. Last year, there were attempts to leverage smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain to conduct such buy/sell transactions in jurisdictions. While not all local legislatures understand what lawyers are doing, there have been and will be attempts.

For example, the most famous example was a deal to sell 10 acres of land through a decentralized Propy marketplace in California, conducted entirely in Bitcoin and using blockchain To register. Since then, the EU has also completed its first blockchain real estate sale.

In December 2018, the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority approved the business model of the blockchain company “Blockimmo Real Estate Company”. Currently, the Blockimmo platform is in a testing phase and is available to residents of Switzerland and Liechtenstein. After that, the company plans to enter other markets throughout Europe.

Some experts are very optimistic about the application prospects of blockchain in the wholesale and logistics fields; but at the same time, some experts believe that it has no use in this field. However, as consumers, we should recognize the success that has been achieved in the industry.

In the late autumn of 2018, oil giants BP and Shell, as well as large banks and companies, launched the Vakt blockchain platform, which aims to optimize the commodity transaction process - including converting paper documents into smart contracts .

At the same time, the UAE is also using blockchain technology in the field-Maqta Gateway LLC launched the first blockchain logistics solution in Abu Dhabi. The Silsal blockchain technology developed by the company can improve logistics and freight efficiency. Maqta Gateway hopes to use DLT technology to reduce paperwork, facilitate real-time status updates and speed up information sharing.

Last fall also launched the IBM Food Trust Blockchain Platform - based on Hyperledger Fabric technology and designed to regulate the food industry supply chain. Well-known companies such as Carrefour, Nestle, Dole Food, Tyson Foods, Kroger, Unilever, and Walmart are among the Platform members. Monthly fees for IBM blockchain services range from $100 to $10,000, which explains why these industry giants are willing to invest in this area.

The decentralized Shelf.Network auction protocol was launched in the fall of 2017. Car dealers can conduct car sales and leasing transactions through the platform.

A year later, the auction network received investment from Japanese IT giant Broadleaf. At the same time, Broadleaf has also obtained a license to supply Shelf.Network technology to establish a trading network for automobile and parts sales in Southeast Asian countries (including Japan, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Laos, Australia, India and Singapore).

By the end of 2018, 60,000 vehicles from the United States had joined the service network. Shelf.Network also implements interaction with the Carfax web service, through which vehicle history reports can be provided to individuals and businesses. For example, startup Auto1 Group GmbH recorded the purchase of a car in Germany through blockchain for loan and insurance products, significantly speeding up the transaction (which would have taken two weeks to complete with traditional paperwork).

A survey of large companies conducted by the IBM Institute for Business Value shows that by 2021, blockchain will play a key role in the automotive industry, and at the same time, blockchain will also be used in the aviation field . For example, S7 Airlines and Alfa Bank (Russia) have enabled real-time payments for aircraft fuel costs by applying smart contracts on the Hyperledger blockchain platform.

All walks of life in the industry believe that DLT technology can simplify and speed up mutual settlement processes, eliminate various financial risks, and automate processes. As in the field of wholesale logistics, this technology also has important application significance in the field of transportation.

Blockchain technology is also gradually penetrating into the public sector and is widely used in document authentication processes. For example, the Proofstack service is able to archive files with the owner’s personal signature, date and time stamp, and then writes the archive hash to the blockchain. Users can also choose to affect the timestamp typeCountry, and the storage location (computer, cloud) required to generate the archive. Created archives allow people to identify when and by whom a file was archived. At the same time, the application of blockchain in the judicial system is becoming more and more popular. For example, ServeManager and Integra have applied blockchain technology to services that track subpoena delivery.

In China, government-backed blockchain solutions continue to develop rapidly. Its judicial blockchain system "Tianping Chain" has collected about 1 million pieces of online evidence data just three months after its release. All materials submitted on the platform are DLT certified, totaling 190,000 documents. The platform electronic evidence system was jointly developed by the Beijing Internet Court, the China Industrial Control System Emergency Response Team (CICS-CERT), the Research Center of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Network Internet Group and the TrustDo blockchain startup. The platform is based on the hyperchain infrastructure of the Internet giant network, optimizes the evidence collection and storage process, and ensures the authenticity of the data through the blockchain. In addition, the platform also achieves the purpose of saving time and resources by reducing Internet-related litigation costs.

As a global leader in container shipping, Maersk began using Insurwave blockchain solutions last spring. The marine insurance platform was jointly developed by consulting firms EY and Guardtime and is based on Microsoft Azure cloud technology. In the first year of cooperation with Insurwave, Maersk plans to insure 1,000 ocean-going vessels, and the total number of digital transactions will exceed 500,000.

Currently, platform users include Willis Towers Watson, XL Catlin and MS Amlin. Developers are trying to expand Insurwave's capabilities to expand insurance into the aviation and energy sectors.

Calastone, a British financial technology company specializing in investment flow management, announced that it will transfer all calculations to the blockchain. The company expects the technology to help cut billions of dollars in costs across its global settlement division. Calastone provides risk assessment management services, IT infrastructure and payment solutions to more than 1,700 companies, with clients including JP Morgan Asset Management, Schroders and Invesco.

If the enterprise's goal is to achieve transparency of transactions and information entered into the DLT registry, this will create an excellent application scenario for blockchain; however, if the enterprise is pursuing anonymity or "tracking "In financial transactions, there is no opportunity for blockchain to exert its influence.

Singapore Power Group (SingaporePower Group has launched a blockchain trading market for renewable energy (REC) certificates. Its company representatives said the "in-house developed" platform was designed to improve the security, reliability and traceability of such certificate transactions.

REC certificates are certificates that certify the amount of energy released by solar panels and are sold by Cleantech Solar Asia and LYS Energy Solutions. City Developments Limited and DBS Bank, who are interested in purchasing certificates, are both very interested in the platform. Katoen Natie Singapore has also joined the platform and plans to launch renewable electricity production capacity soon.

KT Corporation, South Korea’s largest telecommunications company, has also launched its own blockchain network, with distributed registration technology involved in user authentication and improving international roaming services. This enables KT to securely transfer customer data to its partners. Network bandwidth can handle 100,000 transactions per second.

Time will tell whether these initiatives gain mass market acceptance. Likewise, the applications of blockchain in power, data, and user-identified accounts/records/transactions are old news.

At the end of 2017, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) used the Blockcerts wallet (which can issue a "verifiable, tamper-proof" authentication certificate) to more than a hundred people through the Bitcoin blockchain. Graduates were issued digital diplomas.

The pilot project is supported by software company Learning Machine, which was involved in the development of Blockcerts together with Media Lab.

The purpose of this is to allow students to become the true owners of their own files. Learning Machine CEO Chris Jagers said that even if the agency ceases to exist, people will be able to extract important official information stored in it.

The same approach is used by Tbilisi University of Business and Technology: the university uses a similar blockchain platform, Trusted Diploma, through a partnership with Emercoin. The platform is able to restore registration data (subjects studied, quality of training and scores obtained) with the help of blockchain. From this point of view, in the future, blockchain may be useful in further promoting digital learning methods.

㈡ What problems can blockchain technology solve

Most business operations require a certain trust foundation, especially in cross-subject scenarios.Down. Blockchain can provide very effective help in application scenarios where trust establishment is difficult and trust maintenance costs are high.

㈢ The significance of blockchain technology in anti-counterfeiting and traceability

——Yinlian’s answer:

Blockchain can realize data traceability and non-tampering , because it is based on a distributed database established by cryptographic links, thus forming a data source that cannot be tampered with. Therefore, complete information recording can be achieved in the entire process of products from production to circulation, providing comprehensive product data information to regulatory authorities, allowing them to complete product quality inspection and data interconnection and mutual sharing more efficiently. In this process, blockchain can solve Four issues:

First, information cannot be tampered with, consensus is reached and trust is established. In the network nodes composed of various participants, the business process forms data records. In the product logistics, warehousing, and production links, including raw material sources, processing, assembly and other information are stored in the blockchain network, providing regulatory authorities and cooperative enterprises with Or organizations provide data information for each link.

Second, the process is open and transparent. To achieve product anti-counterfeiting and circulation in the business process, identification chips can be implanted into the product and registered on the blockchain so that it has a digital identity, and then all the information of this digital identity can be recorded through a jointly maintained ledger. Such as source, circulation, etc., to achieve verification effect.

Third, save costs and improve efficiency. The data recorded on the blockchain are kept confidential, and the regulatory authorities store, transmit, verify, and analyze product information, and transfer it between different departments to achieve unified vouchers, full-process records, and corporate credit reporting, which can effectively solve the problem. Issues such as multi-party participation, information fragmentation, and repeated review of circulation links.

Fourth, information sharing. The circulation of enterprise product certification relies on the interconnection of public data resources among departments and institutions such as commerce, customs, quality inspection, industry and commerce, and banks. Under the review environment established by the blockchain, all departments obtain information simultaneously and establish a supply chain-based The credit evaluation mechanism is organically connected with various supply chain platforms to disclose and share information such as credit ratings, credit records, risk warnings, illegal and dishonest behaviors, etc.

The disadvantages of traditional anti-counterfeiting traceability have become very obvious. Anti-counterfeiting traceability has always been an important scenario in blockchain applications. Typical Ruyin Chain also starts from the anti-counterfeiting traceability scenario, hoping to create a blockchain suitable for commercial use. .

Compared with the traditional centralized anti-counterfeiting traceability technology, Yinlian uses the underlying technology of the blockchain, and the merchants produce the anti-counterfeiting codes themselves, eliminating the trust problem of cheating by the middle anti-counterfeiting dealers. The main process is as follows:

㈣ How does blockchain improve security and data sharing

In view of the security features and shortcomings of existing blockchain technology, It is necessary to build a security system around physics, data, application systems, encryption, risk control and other aspects to improve the security performance of the blockchain system as a whole.
1. Physical security
The network and hosts running the blockchain system should be in a protected environment, and their protectionMeasures vary according to the regulatory requirements of specific businesses, and methods other than VPN private networks, firewalls, and physical isolation can be used to protect physical networks and hosts.
2. Data security
Data exchange between nodes in the blockchain should not be transmitted in plain text in principle. For example, asymmetric encryption negotiation keys can be used, and symmetric encryption algorithms can be used to encrypt data. and decryption. Data providers should also strictly evaluate the sensitivity and security level of the data, decide whether to send the data to the blockchain, whether to desensitize the data, and adopt strict access control measures.
3. Application system security
The security of the application system needs to start from the aspects of identity authentication, permission system, transaction rules, anti-fraud strategy
and other aspects. The relevant personnel involved in the operation of the application, transaction nodes, Transaction data should be controlled beforehand and auditable afterward. Taking the financial blockchain as an example, a consensus algorithm with stronger fault tolerance, fraud resistance and higher performance can be used to avoid joint fraud by some nodes.
4. Key security
The keys used to encrypt communication data between blockchain nodes and to encrypt data stored on blockchain nodes should not exist in plain text on the same node and should be passed through The encryption machine keeps the private key securely. When a key is lost or leaked, the system can identify relevant records of the original key, such as account control, communication encryption, data storage encryption, etc., and implement response measures to invalidate the original key. Keys should also undergo strict life cycle management and should not be permanently valid and need to be replaced after a certain period of time.
5. Risk control mechanism
There should be careful detection measures for the network layer of the system, host operations, data access of the application system, transaction frequency and other dimensions, and alarms should be issued for any suspicious operations. , record, and verify. If illegal operations are discovered, damage assessment should be conducted, remediation should be carried out at the technical and business levels, security measures should be strengthened, and the source of the illegal operations should be traced to prevent further attacks.

Article source: China Blockchain Technology and Application Development White Paper

㈤ How is the elimination of product counterfeiting implemented in the Ant Blockchain?

This In fact, the problem is still widely used in life. Online shopping has now become one of the important consumption methods that we rely on for survival. Therefore, product counterfeiting will definitely destroy the fortress of trust between buyers and sellers. Therefore, in order to solve this problem, Ant Chain uses the technical means of product tracking and traceability. To put it simply, it is to realize the whole process of authentic traceability down to one item and one code. In this way, every link is recorded,This greatly ensures the uniqueness of the product and prevents counterfeit merchants from taking advantage of it.

㈥ How blockchain prevents data tampering

Blockchain is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm.

Different from traditional distributed storage, the uniqueness of blockchain distributed storage is mainly reflected in two aspects: First, each node of the blockchain Complete data is stored according to the block chain structure. Traditional distributed storage generally divides the data into multiple parts for storage according to certain rules. Second, the storage of each node in the blockchain is independent and has equal status, relying on the consensus mechanism to ensure the consistency of storage, while traditional distributed storage generally synchronizes data to other backup nodes through the central node.

No node can record ledger data independently, thus avoiding the possibility of a single bookkeeper being controlled or bribed to record false accounts. Also because there are enough accounting nodes, theoretically speaking, the accounts will not be lost unless all nodes are destroyed, thereby ensuring the security of the accounting data.

The transaction information stored on the blockchain is public, but the account identity information is highly encrypted and can only be accessed with the authorization of the data owner, thus ensuring the security and personalization of the data. privacy.

Blockchain proposes four different consensus mechanisms, which are suitable for different application scenarios and strike a balance between efficiency and security.

Based on the above characteristics, this data storage technology can perfectly prevent the possibility of data tampering. In reality, it can also be applied to many fields. It is better than our electronic certificate storage technology in electronic contract signing. provides a safer and more reliable guarantee.

㈦ What is blockchain technology? What are the core components of blockchain technology?

From a technical perspective and an architectural perspective, let me tell you about it in popular language. Some understanding of blockchain.

What exactly is blockchain? Block chain, in a word, blockchain is a storage system, and the storage system is more detailed. Block chain is a distributed storage system without an administrator, and each node owns all data.

What do common storage systems look like?

First, let’s take a look at how to ensure high availability?

Ordinary storage systems usually use "redundancy" to solve high availability problems. As shown in the figure above, if the data can be copied into several copies and redundantly spread to multiple places, high availability can be ensured. If the data in one place is down, there will still be data in another place. For example, the master-slave cluster of MySQL has this principle, and the RAID of the disk also has this principle.

Two points that need to be emphasized here are: data redundancy, which often causes consistency problems

1. For example, in the master-slave cluster of MySQLIn fact, there will be a delay in reading and writing. It actually means that reading and writing are inconsistent within a short period of time. This is a side effect of data redundancy.

2. The second point is that data redundancy often reduces writing efficiency, because data synchronization also consumes resources. If you look at single-point writing, if two slave libraries are added, the writing efficiency will actually be affected. Ordinary storage systems use redundancy to ensure high data availability.

Then the second question is, can an ordinary storage system perform multiple writes?

The answer is yes, for example, take this picture as an example:

In fact, MySQL can do a dual-master master-slave synchronization, dual-master master-slave synchronization, two nodes , and can be written at the same time. If you want to build a multi-machine room and multi-active data center, in fact, multi-machine room and multi-active data center also requires data synchronization. What should be emphasized here is that multi-point writing often leads to consistency issues of write-write conflicts. Taking MySQl as an example, assuming that the attribute of a table is an auto-increment ID, then the data in the database is now 1234, then one of the nodes When writing, a piece of data is inserted, it may become 5. Then these 5 pieces of data are synchronized to another master node. Before the synchronization is completed, if another writing node also inserts a piece of data, it will also generate A piece of data with an auto-incrementing ID of 5 is obtained. Then, after it is generated, it is synchronized to another node, and then when the synchronized data arrives, it will conflict with the two local 5s, and the synchronization will fail, which will cause write consistency conflicts. This problem will occur if there are multiple writes.

How to ensure consistency when writing multiple points?

Weixin's "Swan Master Class" gives you more technical work

㈧The reasons why the blockchain cannot be tampered

1. Transactions cannot be tampered with
2. The block body cannot be tampered
3. The block header cannot be tampered
4. The blockchain cannot be tampered
Extended information:
1. The consensus mechanism of the blockchain has The characteristics of "the minority obeys the majority" and "everyone is equal", where "the minority obeys the majority" does not entirely refer to the number of nodes, but can also be computing power, the number of shares, or other characteristics that computers can compare. "Everyone is equal" means that when a node meets the conditions, all nodes have the right to give priority to the consensus result, which will be directly recognized by other nodes and may eventually become the final consensus result. Taking Bitcoin as an example, it uses proof of work. Only when more than 51% of the accounting nodes in the entire network are controlled, it is possible to forge a non-existent record. When there are enough nodes joining the blockchain, this is basically impossible, thus eliminating the possibility of fraud
2. Smart contracts are based on these trustworthy and non-tamperable data and can automatically execute some predefined rules and terms. Take insurance as an example. If everyone's information (including medical information and risk occurrence information) is true and trustworthy, it will be easy to use it in some standardized insurance products.Go for automated claims settlement. In the daily business of insurance companies, although transactions are not as frequent as those in the banking and securities industries, the reliance on trusted data continues unabated. Therefore, the author believes that using blockchain technology from the perspective of data management can effectively help insurance companies improve their risk management capabilities. Specifically speaking, it is mainly divided into risk management of policyholders and risk supervision of insurance companies
3. The blockchain has a scattered network hierarchical structure connected by nodes, which can realize the comprehensive transmission of information throughout the network and can verify the information. degree of accuracy. This feature improves the convenience and intelligence of IoT transactions to a certain extent. The blockchain + big data solution utilizes the automatic filtering mode of big data to establish credit resources in the blockchain, which can double improve the security of transactions and improve the convenience of IoT transactions. Save time and cost for smart logistics model applications. Blockchain nodes have very free entry and exit capabilities and can independently participate in or leave the blockchain system without any interference to the entire blockchain system. Blockchain + big data solutions take advantage of the integration capabilities of big data to make the basic user expansion of the Internet of Things more directional and facilitate user expansion among dispersed users of smart logistics

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