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⑴ What exactly is blockchain and can it make money?

Blockchain is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm. . The so-called consensus mechanism is a mathematical algorithm that establishes trust and obtains rights and interests between different nodes in the blockchain system.

How to make money in the blockchain:

1. Earn commissions through promotion.

The blockchain method is to first register an exchange account, generate your own invitation link, and then promote it. If someone registers the exchange through your link and generates transactions, you will get a commission.

2. Coin speculation.

Speculating in currencies is like speculating in stocks. Coin speculation is the lowest threshold way to make money in the blockchain.

3. Mining.

"Mining" in Bitcoin is the accounting process. This process requires grabbing, and if you grab the opportunity to bookkeeping rights, you will be rewarded, and the reward is Bitcoin. This behavior is "mining".

4. Develop wallet.

The wallet is the infrastructure of the blockchain, just like the "Alipay" or "WeChat Pay" of the blockchain.

Extended information:

1. Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database and serves as the bottom layer of Bitcoin. technology. Blockchain is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains information about a Bitcoin network transaction and is used to verify the validity of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block.

2. Blockchain was born from Satoshi Nakamoto’s Bitcoin. Since 2009, various Bitcoin-like digital currencies have appeared, all based on public blockchains.

3. On January 20, 2016, the Digital Currency Seminar of the People’s Bank of China announced that it had achieved phased results in digital currency research. The meeting affirmed the value of digital currency in reducing the issuance of traditional currency and stated that the central bank is exploring the issuance of digital currency. The expression of the People’s Bank of China’s Digital Currency Seminar has greatly enhanced the confidence of the digital currency industry. This is the first time that the five central bank ministries and commissions have expressed a clear attitude towards digital currencies since they issued a notice on preventing Bitcoin risks on December 5, 2013.

Blockchain - Network

⑵ Core logical issues that blockchain needs to pay attention to

Core logical issues that blockchain needs to pay attention to
Blockchain is a decentralized, deintermediated, point-to-point transaction processing system. It is a distributed account system that is verified by the whole network, recorded by the whole network, irreversible, difficult to tamper, traceable, open and transparent. This is the current situation. Blockchain defines two main things. But if you follow the standards of decentralization, deintermediation, and peer-to-peer transactions, and use blockchain as many people say, it is basically not the case. Because there are almost no truly decentralized blockchain applications. Many people say that blockchain will be a machine of trust and valueIn the Internet, blockchain will recreate production relations, economic organizations, and operating models, subvert the legal currency system, subvert the double-entry accounting method, and even create a new era in which everyone can issue currency, everyone can finance, and everyone can self-organize. society. Is it this way?
Today I want to share with you how we view the blockchain in such a hot atmosphere, how to grasp its core logic and avoid major subversive mistakes.
This is mainly based on the Bitcoin blockchain.
The first is whether encrypted digital currencies such as Bitcoin can become real currencies, and whether this type of digital currency can subvert the legal currency system.
We know that currency has existed in human society for thousands of years and has continued to evolve, from the initial physical currency to regulated metal currency, to paper money under the metal standard, and then to credit currency without the metal standard. What are its logic and rules as it continues to evolve to today? This is what we need to accurately grasp.
In the evolution of currency, especially after the introduction of paper money, people gradually discovered that currency has more and more functions and its influence is growing, but its most important and core function is the measure of value.
To function as a value scale, the most basic requirement is that the currency value must be relatively stable. To achieve a relatively stable currency value, theoretically, a country's currency total must correspond to the scale of monetizable wealth that can be protected by law within the country's sovereignty. In other words, the total amount of money and the scale of wealth must correspond.
How to correspond? It is impossible to completely correspond to each one, so the concept of an intermediary target is introduced. There is a concept of a general consumer price index for the whole society, the so-called CPI concept. When a country's CPI changes, that is, the fluctuation of the inflation rate, is within our target range and within a controllable level, we consider the price or currency value to be relatively stable.
Here we are talking about relative stability, because the bigger a country is, the less likely it is that prices will be absolutely stable, and at the same time, fluctuations must be controlled within a certain range and not get out of control. When your inflation rate is controlled within a certain rising range, it means that the currency is devaluing to a certain extent. What are the benefits of currency devaluation? It can inhibit deposits, encourage investment and consumption, thereby playing the role of monetary policy and promoting economic development. It is precisely because the monetary aggregate can be artificially controlled and there is room for control that monetary policy came out. Monetary policy, like fiscal policy, has become one of the two major policies for national macro-control. But there is a premise: currency depreciation or inflation cannot get out of control. Once it gets out of control, the people at the bottom cannot survive, violent social turmoil will occur, and governments or dynasties will change. There are many such examples in history.
Today, we are also faced with many temptations in monetary policy, tempting people to overissue currency. It is precisely for this reason that some people have begun to say that your monetary system is wrong. If humans can control it, there will be corruption and unfairness. Can we use technical means to form some currencies that cannot be interfered with by people?Currency system? This also gave birth to encrypted digital currencies such as Bitcoin.
But we must know that the law of currency development is that currency must gradually separate from wealth and become a counterpart to wealth. In this way, we can use the total amount of currency to completely correspond to wealth, and at the same time, there will be certain controls. room. Therefore, something like gold, which has strong physical properties and is greatly restricted by its reserves and mining and processing, needs to be separated from currency and become the counterpart of currency. Of course, it may have a great store of value function. In this way, currency has developed to this day and has become what people call credit currency or currency guaranteed by national credit. I personally feel that this term is not necessarily accurate, because the debts of many countries' governments are getting larger and larger and will never be repaid, so it is a bit far-fetched to call it a credit currency. Strictly speaking, today's currency is legal currency or sovereign currency. It means that the total amount of currency in a country must correspond to the scale of wealth that can be protected by law within the country's sovereignty. It is precisely because of this that everyone will find that today we can no longer use physical currency and use gold as currency. At the same time, let’s go back to the private issuance of currency, and the denationalization of currency is also not allowed. Today, many cryptocurrency enthusiasts cite a holy scripture, saying that Mr. Hayok said that currency should be denationalized. But Hayok's idea has not been implemented to this day, because it violates the trajectory and logic of currency development.
Let’s take a look at Bitcoin. Bitcoin uses very complex technology and rigorous mathematical operations, but its monetary system is highly imitated by gold, so we can see that its total amount is fixed, and it is reduced by half every four years, because gold reserves are fixed. , the easier it is to dig out first, and the later it is, the harder it is to dig out. Therefore, the new output is theoretically lower and lower, and one day it will be dug out. The same is true for Bitcoin, with a total of 21 million. The content contained in every ten minutes is set by the system. It will be automatically halved every four years, and it will basically end by 2140.
You may have seen that there are some problems with the current credit currency, but if you think about going back in time and designing a new currency system based on gold, it itself violates the logic and rules of currency development. From this perspective, it It cannot be a real currency. These things can only be a kind of online virtual assets, or tokens or business district coins used in a business district. It does not necessarily have no value at all. Does it mean that gold has no value without currency? Still valuable, as long as you have real application scenarios.
Everyone will see things like Bitcoin. As long as it is in the Bitcoin circle that everyone recognizes, it also has a certain basis for circulation and use. Just like the current legal currency in China is RMB, it does not mean that there are no company meal tickets or shopping coupons in shopping malls.
Once it is determined that the currency belongs to the business district, its use within the business district must be strictly controlled and cannot be used outside the business district. Otherwise, it will challenge the application of legal currency. If it affects legal currency, it will definitely be subject to national sanctions. Supervision. As long as you get bigger and pose a threat to the legal currency system, it will definitely regulate you.. Today you will see that this trend has already emerged, and countries are gradually beginning to strengthen the supervision of cryptocurrency. This is an issue we need to pay attention to.
Everyone knows that although Bitcoin imitates gold, its design is much stricter than gold, because it tells you how many coins it produces every ten minutes, and it cannot be adjusted manually. However, strictly limiting the output every ten minutes will cause a serious separation between the supply of money and economic development and changes in wealth, and then the value of the currency will be difficult to control at all. If Bitcoin is really like the one thousand US dollars in early 2017 to nearly 20,000 US dollars in November, some people say that it may be 100,000 US dollars or 200,000 US dollars in the future. If a Bitcoin is used as a currency, think about the fluctuations in the entire currency value. How big. Because if your stock price rises quickly, your stock price may drop significantly as well. More importantly, Bitcoin did not attract everyone's attention at the beginning. Many students played it in the dormitory. Because it was not valuable, the Bitcoin keys dug out in the early stage were lost and became death coins, and this could not be activated. About 17 million Bitcoins were mined today, of which 37.8 million were death coins. The original 21 million were very limited. If you remove another 37.8 million coins, the supply of this coin would be even greater. It’s limited. What's more, if it really has room for growth, many people will soon use it not as payment for coins, but as storage and collectibles, and the supply will be even more limited. So from these perspectives, people who are really engaged in currency will find that it is actually difficult for it to play the role of currency. It is more like a counterpart to currency, and it can be used as a store of value like gold.
Second, let’s see whether blockchain like Bitcoin can subvert the world and what role it can play.
Bitcoin places great emphasis on decentralization, deintermediation, and peer-to-peer. But how to achieve decentralization? There must be a need for computers in society to join in running together and maintaining rules together. Because if the host that the system runs on is a host from a certain company, it is very easy for you to change the rules of the system. How can you say it is decentralized? Therefore, Bitcoin must require computers in society to participate in its operation. If everyone wants to participate, the first premise is that the system must be open source, and the automatic download can run immediately. It does not require a lot of testing to run online. Otherwise, it will not be able to cope with the social and global franchise system.
The second rule must be built into the system. The so-called encoding is the rule. Everyone is maintaining this rule while running this system. In the future, without the consent of more than half of the participating nodes, even the person who maintained the code at the beginning will not have the right to change the rules of the system. But it is not easy to achieve this. It requires consensus and encouragement. The final result is that the more we pursue decentralization and intermediation, the more we pursue decentralization and the formation of a completely closed network system. What do you see today that can run on Bitcoin? There is only one thing, Bitcoin. And where did Bitcoin come from? It is a chain-generated asset that is mined and has nothing to do with the real world. Because of this, it can achieve any change from the initial coin production to the coin., every account is monitored by the entire network, is difficult to tamper with, and can be traced back to its source. Precisely because each account can maintain its authenticity, we can do it without knowing who the person behind the account is. As long as we ensure that the account is genuine, we can do transactions.
As a result, someone deduced on this basis that using the blockchain, you can do transactions without knowing who the other party is. Is this really the case?
Bitcoin’s decentralized and peer-to-peer transactions have strict prerequisites. It must be in a closed network system from the beginning. The assets traded can only be chain assets, and it is impossible to send real wealth to it. How can this solve real problems when real wealth cannot be put into operation? Therefore, Bitcoin still needs to be converted into legal tender today to realize its value. If it cannot be converted into fiat currency, its value will be significantly reduced. More Bitcoin interpretation: www.yangfenzi.com/tag/bitebi
The problem is that the Bitcoin blockchain itself has no exchange function, only mining, currency production and internal point-to-point transfers. There is no exchange function. To exchange, you must get out of the Bitcoin circle and enter a plug-in trading system. So you will see that there are many digital currency exchanges today. Problems with the exchanges do not mean that there is a problem with the Bitcoin system. The Bitcoin system is still safe today, provided that it is a completely closed system that is not affected by outside influences.
There is another one, the rule of Bitcoin’s currency production is how many coins every ten minutes. It forgets that currency and finance are connected. Finance requires loans to earn interest or investment dividends. Let’s take a look at the rules for Bitcoin’s interest-earning currency production. Are there any foreign currency production rates for loan interest-earning and investment dividends? No, it must be exchanged for legal currency. Only through legal currency can the needs for loans and investments be realized. If the Bitcoin blockchain is strictly used, the financial functions will be greatly affected, which is what we need to see.
Because of this, our Bitcoin blockchain brings a problem, which is that everyone imagines it very well. It is a brand new thing, but it is a completely closed system and cannot actually solve our real problems.
Therefore, the designers of Ethereum said that this would not work, and that it would become an online game. Practical problems must be solved in this thing, so Ethereum added a smart contract on which some private work can be done. However, the addition of smart contracts has broken the traditional isolation. Today, the security of Ethereum is weaker than that of Bitcoin.
At the same time, Bitcoin and Ethereum insist on network-wide verification and network-wide recording. When the volume increases, the storage space of the entire network will occupy a very large space, the efficiency is very poor, and the resources consumed are increasing. Today, some people are exploring whether further improvements can be made. For example, does it have to be verified and recorded across the entire network? Aren’t the existing banks just in two places and three centers, and haven’t there been any big problems? Can we select a certain number of core nodes here, such as 21 nodes or 31 nodes? EOS or something similar called a blockChain 3.0 basically uses smaller nodes and no longer records and stores the entire network at the same time.
This raises another question: Who will choose these core nodes? If one of your parties designates the core node, wouldn’t that mean there is no decentralization? So everyone is discussing whether we can compile a system that is decentralized when selecting nodes. It is still being discussed, and it is even further said that mining requires huge energy consumption. Is mining necessary? Similar to these aspects, blockchain is still being explored today.
So, at this point we can draw a conclusion that blockchain is still in its early stages of research and development. We may think that it has great room for development, but we should not easily say that it can subvert this and subvert this. That, at present, we can see that the real applications are very limited, and a lot of exploration is still needed.
It is from this perspective that I have been calling on everyone since last year to treat digital currencies and blockchain rationally. Judging from the current development stage and application scenarios, blockchain research and development will have two major branches: One branch will continue to focus on the development of the underlying technology, which is the research and development of the public chain, and continuously improve it. But you must know that the research and development of underlying technology and public chains requires a lot of long-term research and development, which is very difficult. We hope that someone will continue to follow this path to develop and make breakthroughs in a down-to-earth manner.
Another branch is application. This application should not think about a blockchain like Bitcoin, but focus on mining and coinage. I have been calling on everyone to find applications outside the paradigm of Bitcoin mining and coinage. What application are you looking for? Then stop pursuing decentralization and deintermediation. What you pursue is distributed processing of information, continuous encryption, traceability, non-tampering, etc. Prioritize these aspects to solve practical problems. From this aspect, we can see that there are many application scenarios, because this society is accelerating towards an information society.
First of all, we can look for other things that are not so closely related to our property or claims and debts. As you will see, BAT and others are now making online games, whether they are raising cats or pets. They are online applications and do not involve real property or laws and regulations. The second is to do public welfare undertakings, such as donations. Money and goods go out in one direction and do not need to come back. There is no buying and selling relationship or loan relationship, but people care about whether this thing goes according to my wishes, so it can be traced and tracked. .
Going a step further, many of our administrative institutions now have a large number of documents, contracts, images and other things in government affairs. Can we help them push them to the chain and run them online to ensure that these things are authentic and legal? Yes, irreversible and can be checked at any time. This is all possible. Going one step further may be the future development towards the integration of so-called computer networking, information networking and value networking, that is, the integration of the physical Internet of Things. The so-called real solution to our practical problems may still take a while.
This is the communication I want to have with you. Blockchain is the integration of multiple technologies, and Bitcoin is the first application.It is also a very complete closed system so far. It is very safe, but it cannot solve practical problems. More and more people are discovering that the current Bitcoin blockchain or similar blockchains have an incompatible triangular relationship of "decentralization, high efficiency and security", so they must seek truth from facts and focus on solving real-world problems. , pay attention to the use of applications, and jump out of the paradigm of the Bitcoin blockchain. This is a basic point of view that I will share with you today for your reference.

⑶ Introduction to Blockchain (1) - Let’s keep accounts together

When I was a child, I was curious about many novel things and full of desire to understand and learn. At that time Countless exclamation marks often appear in my brain. As I grow older and gain more experience, this kind of experience becomes less and less common, and I am not surprised by the new things that many people follow. When "blockchain" first appeared, I was completely attracted. After that, just like when I was a child, I was instinctively driven to learn and understand deeply, and found that "blockchain" is a new world that is about to come. s future.

The first time I heard the word "Blockchain" was in teacher Li Xiaolai's column "The Road to Freedom of Wealth", and I read it many times in the column after that. to the emergence of this term. Out of curiosity, I followed and read the articles on Lao Mao's public account "Cat Talk", and gradually gained a 0 to 1 understanding of the blockchain. block-block, chain-chain, blockchain-connect the blocks one by one into a chain, imagine the DNA extending infinitely in front of you...

This paragraph is about blocks on the network An explanation of the chain, to put it in simpler terms, the blockchain is an open, decentralized, trustless, and jointly maintained accounting system.

Let’s first look at the traditional centralized banking business model. When we do transactions, why do we need third-party centralized companies such as banks, Alibaba, and Tencent? Because there is no trust between people. A lends B 100 yuan today. If B does not recognize the loan tomorrow, what will A do? The bank helps solve this problem. Everyone creates a real-name certified account in the bank. With the help of this centralized company, A lends 100 yuan to the bank (deposit), and B takes out 100 yuan from the bank (withdraw/borrow). Then the bank Responsible for recording this transaction, A's account will be 100 yuan more, while B's account will be 100 yuan less. This method of relying on third-party centralized companies for accounting can be seen everywhere in our lives: for online shopping, we need Alibaba's Taobao City and JD.com; for loans, we need to find reliable small loan companies; for new books, we need to go through a certain publishing house... …In the final analysis, it’s because people don’t trust each other, or the risks and costs of maintaining trust are too high, so we need such centralized and powerful third-party companies to endorse transactions and let them Taking these risks, of course, they also make us money. But relying on a third partyThe centralized business model brings us inefficient services, cumbersome procedures and diversion of value, such as banks queuing up to handle business, small loan companies’ lending process, Taobao and JD.com’s rent collection from merchants, and publishers’ Author's share of royalties, etc. This is the centralized, third-party trust-based world we currently live in.

The blockchain world is a new world where no third party is needed, all transaction information is public, and everyone participates in bookkeeping! As the world's first proven and feasible blockchain application, Bitcoin subverts the traditional financial model by using automatic accounting and open accounting, information cannot be tampered with, and can be queried at any time, bypassing third-party centralization. Buyers and sellers conduct transactions directly. Such a transaction model must be efficient, low-cost, and open. Just imagine if blockchain technology becomes popular in the future, when you want to transfer a large amount of money to a friend abroad, you can skip the lengthy steps and get it instantly; if you write a book and publish it, you don’t have to worry about being pirated. There is no need for the publisher to earn your royalties; a peer-to-peer mutual insurance platform will be built directly between people, and the insurance company will become a consulting company, etc. (In fact, Bitcoin and Press.one are realizing such a subversion)

The Internet is currently booming. We have Didi taxis or shared bicycles for outside work, Ele.me for ordering food, and Ele.me for dining in restaurants. Dianping, convenient payment via WeChat and Alipay is everywhere. When we pay on the Internet, we need to rely on a third-party platform company trusted by both buyers and sellers to complete the transaction for us. These third-party companies have a large amount of transaction data and information on both parties to the transaction. If a hacker intrusion occurs and information is lost, we will bear the consequences for our "trust risk"; not to mention the delays caused by reviewing and clearing transaction data. The inconvenience, and the huge cost of managing such a huge amount of data.

So how is blockchain technology implemented? For example, if there is an army that wants to seize an enemy fortress, and each soldier wears a special helmet with a red button, each time a fortress is captured, the army headquarters will award a medal. First, a soldier A took the lead in occupying the first fort 1. He announced to other comrades through his helmet that he had occupied fort 1. At this time, the helmet would record the coordinate information of fort 1 and pass it to other soldiers along with A's shouting. All soldiers and others heard A's shouting through the helmet and pressed the red button to indicate that the message had been recorded simultaneously. Then everyone knows that fortress 1 has been occupied by A, and A is rewarded with a medal. Then others will immediately capture other fortresses and broadcast their achievements in the same way. In this way, the information that different fortresses were captured by different soldiers in this battle is all stored in everyone's helmet. Here, the helmet is this public ledger (strictly speaking, the helmet's program), and everyone participates in the accounting;Each captured information constitutes a block, and all the information is arranged in a certain order to form a blockchain; in addition to keeping accounts (pressing the red button), participants also scramble to grab the right to package new data (capture fortress).

So let’s take a look at the advantages of this joint accounting method. 1. Decentralization. The ledger is jointly recorded and maintained by everyone. It doesn’t matter who records it first, because if there is an incentive (medal), someone will do it, and there is no need for a third party to intervene (no need for the command of a general or combat department, which reduces military expenses and commanders) risk of sacrifice). 2. Data cannot be tampered with. If you want to modify the accounted data, you must modify more than 51% of the node information to succeed. Just imagine, if this army has one million people (actually the number of blockchain nodes is much larger than this number), it would be an almost impossible task to modify the helmets of more than half of the army. 3. Information is open and transparent. Everyone can check this transaction information in their own ledger (all fortress capture information has been recorded in everyone's helmet).

This is the first article I started writing. The last time I wrote so many words was probably in the college entrance examination. The first article was about a new field that I had never touched before. The text was a bit confusing and mediocre, and I didn’t know whether the analogy I made was correct or not, but I finally started to do it. Writing is indeed a skill that everyone should have, and it is a skill that can be improved through deliberate practice and urge yourself to maintain it.

⑷ What exactly is the blockchain?

What exactly is the blockchain? In essence, blockchain is a distributed, decentralized network database system that will make the storage, update, maintenance, and operation of data different. Blockchain has four indispensable core technologies, namely: distributed storage, consensus mechanism, cryptography principles, and smart contracts.

Then let’s talk about how blockchain is different from traditional data processing to help everyone understand what blockchain is and give everyone a general understanding of blockchain. cognition.

1. Data storage in blockchain: block chain data structure

In terms of data storage, blockchain technology utilizes "block chain data structure" To verify and store data.

What does the blockchain structure mean? Everyone has seen an iron chain, with one link within another. In fact, each link can be regarded as a block, and many links are linked together to form a blockchain.

How does this so-called "iron chain" store data? To put it simply, the difference between blockchain and ordinary stored data is that on blockchain, the data in the next block includes the data in the previous block.

Take reading as an example: when we usually read a book, we read page 1, then page 2, page 3...
In the blockchain, if each block is marked with a page number, then the content on page 2 includes the content on page 1, and the content on page 3 includes the content on page 1 and page 2. Content... Page 10 contains the content of the first 9 pages. It is such a chain nested layer by layer. In this way, the original data can be traced back. This is the traceability of the blockchain. sex.

The "blockchain data structure" of blockchain makes it traceable, which is naturally suitable for many fields, such as: food traceability, drug traceability, etc. In this way, the probability of tainted milk powder, fake vaccines, and fake and substandard food incidents will be greatly reduced, because once a problem occurs, through traceability, we can clearly know which link caused the problem, and accountability and recovery will be clearer.

2. Data update in the blockchain: distributed node consensus algorithm

In terms of data update, blockchain technology uses the "distributed node consensus algorithm" to Generate and update data.

Every time a new block is generated (that is, when data is updated), an algorithm needs to be used to obtain the approval of more than 51% of the nodes in the entire network to form a new block. To put it bluntly, it is a vote, and it can be generated if more than half of the people agree, which makes the data on the blockchain non-tamperable.

Why do you say that? Let’s make an analogy: we compare the blockchain to a ledger, because it records data. In the traditional world, the bookkeeping power lies with the bookkeeper, and the ledger belongs to the bookkeeper alone. So in the blockchain, everyone owns this account book. If you want to update the account, you must vote. Only if more than half of the people agree can you update the account data.

In this process, we will involve several terms: distributed, node, consensus algorithm. These terms are actually very easy to understand:

Everyone Accounting (that is, everyone has a ledger, and the ledger is scattered in everyone's hands) is the so-called "distributed";

The accounting method that everyone discusses, votes for, and unanimously agrees on is The so-called "consensus algorithm";

Every person participating in accounting is a so-called "node".

3. Data maintenance in blockchain: cryptography

In the data maintenance stage, the difference of blockchain is that it uses cryptography to Ensure the security of data transmission and access.

The cryptographic principles applied in the blockchain mainly include: hash algorithm, Merkle hash tree, elliptic curve algorithm, and Base58. These principles actually ensure data security on the blockchain through a series of complex operations and conversions.

4. Data operations in the blockchain: smart contracts

A smart contract is a commitment agreement defined and automatically executed by a computer program. To put it bluntly, it is a set of transaction rules executed with code. Similar to the current automatic repayment function of credit cards, if you turn this function on, you don't have to worry about anything. The bank will automatically deduct the money you owe when it expires.

The outstanding advantage of smart contracts is that they largely avoid a series of problems caused by trust.
Many of us have encountered the situation of being borrowed money: a friend who is short of money borrows 2,000 yuan from you and promises to pay back the money after the salary is paid next month, but next month he finds other excuses. Also, dragging it around would be pointless. We didn't have much money, but we were still friends. Even though you were depressed, let it go.

Then, after having a smart contract, he cannot default on his debt, because in the smart contract, once the terms in the contract are triggered, the code will automatically execute, whether he wants it or not, as long as he sends Once you have earned your salary and have money in your account, he has to pay you back.

To summarize the contents of this section, there are four indispensable core technologies in the blockchain, namely: distributed storage, consensus mechanism, cryptography principles, and smart contracts.

We can understand it this way: distributed storage corresponds to the data storage stage, the consensus mechanism corresponds to the data processing and update stage, cryptography corresponds to data security, and smart contracts correspond to data operational issues.

⑸ Can anyone tell me how blockchain games work? Describe blockchain games in the most concise and clear language.

Blockchain games mainly refer to game-type blockchain applications in Dapps, which require a certain degree of interaction with various public blockchain chains. Blockchain games have gradually emerged since November 2017, and their development history is extremely short. Compared with mature games, the current gameplay is also quite simple. In the eyes of industry insiders, many games are even just money trays wrapped in game garb.
According to the classification of Cryptogames, among the currently online blockchain games, hot potato, collection trading, spinach and ponzi are the main game methods. The largest number of games belong to the hot potato category, including two recent popular games of this type - CryptoCelebrities (encrypted celebrities) and CryptoCountries (encrypted world). There are 35 models in the collection and transaction category, ranking second, with the main representative being CryptoKitties. There are 17 models in the spinach and ponzi category, ranking third. The star products are EtherRoll and Etheremon respectively.
The themes used in blockchain games are also diverse, ranging from cats, dogs, dragons, pigs and other animals, to people, cars, countries, teams, etc.material.
Blockchain game 1.0 era
Time: November to December 2017
Main gameplay: collection + transaction
Representative works: CryptoKitties, CryptoPunks
Blockchain technology Give players’ digital assets uniqueness. This gradually gave rise to the concept of NFT (non-fungible tokens, non-fungible tokens). The uniqueness and scarcity of people's assets in blockchain games will not change with the game itself. The first to apply this concept was CryptoPunks launched by LarvaLabs in June 2017. The system randomly generates 10,000 punk avatars, puts them on Ethereum through smart contracts, and distributes them to players for free for players to trade.
When Axiom Zen studio added attributes, reproduction and auction functions on the basis of NFT, Cryptokitties was born. People can buy kittens with different attributes, "breed" them with other cats, or sell their own cats through a Dutch auction. Kittens with rare and unique genes are highly sought after and fetch considerable premiums.
People continued to develop on the basis of Cryptokitties, adding accessories and combat functions, as well as gameplay methods such as digging for gold, feeding, and grabbing treasures.
Blockchain Game 2.0 Era
Time: December 2017 to January 2018
Main gameplay: Ponzi-like
Masterpiece: Etheremon
At the beginning, Etheremon The gameplay is very simple and crude at the beginning. After the player buys a certain pet, as long as someone buys the same pet later, the player can get a small part of the eth reward. The game team quickly made a profit of about 2,000 ETH within a week. Then the gameplay was completely changed and successfully transformed into a collection + combat game. This Ponzi-like gameplay was quickly imitated by other manufacturers, and many imitators such as ether cars and ethertanks appeared.
Blockchain Game 3.0 Era
Time: January 2018
Main gameplay: hot potato mode with fixed selling price and forced price increase
Representative works: CryptoCelebrities, CryptoCountries
Players purchase crypto celebrities (Satoshi Nakamoto, Musk, etc.) and crypto countries (Japan, the United States, etc.). Due to the uniqueness of the asset, subsequent players can only purchase it from the asset owner at a higher price, and the price is forced to increase. , the platform earns part of the price difference. Currently, the country with the highest price is Japan, which is about more than 700 ETH. The most expensive celebrity is Elon Musk, who is "worth" about 200 ETH.
Blockchain Game 4.0 Era
Time: February 2018
Main gameplay: multipleMechanism combination
Representative works: World.Mycollect, Cryptocities
The game adopts multi-level sales and sharing, player exploration (randomness), lottery, resource uniqueness and other gameplay methods. For example, in Cryptocities, players can purchase countries, continents, and worlds to “conquer.” Players who conquer the world can get 1% tax on the continent and country's transaction volume, and players who conquer the continent can get 1% tax on the country's transaction volume. Players who conquer a country will receive 1% tax on the transaction volume of their subordinate cities in the future. When players explore new cities, they have a chance to discover gems. Obtaining gems can earn ETH rewards.
At the same time, spinach games also emerged. The high transparency of blockchains makes it easier for them to gain the trust of investors. The more famous ones are Etheroll and Vdice. The gameplay is simple and crude. Players spend a certain amount of ETH to bet on a certain number. When the number randomly generated by the system is smaller than the number, they can get profits.
In addition, there are RPG (EtherCraft), fighting games (Etherbots) and two-dimensional (Ether Cute King), etc.
2
Advantages and Disadvantages of Blockchain Games
Looking at these successful cases, we find that blockchain games do have unique advantages:
Higher trust: Trust is quickly established through open source contracts, the usage process is completely transparent, and the information is completely symmetrical. Fairness: The data cannot be tampered with and the rules never change. Assets belong to the players personally: Player assets will not be lost as the game declines. Has strong community attributes: The blockchain itself has strong transaction and community attributes.
Of course, the current blockchain game is also in its infancy, with obvious shortcomings:
Inability to interact in time: blockchain transactions have uncertain waiting times and the possibility of congestion, making it difficult to win among players. Form real-time interaction between them. The cost of sending instructions is high: each time you send an instruction, you need to consume GAS, and the price of ETH still makes the GAS fee relatively high. Immature development environment: At present, Ethereum’s virtual machine and programming language Solidity are already the most mature development environments among many public chains. But it is still very immature compared to other popular languages.
3
Gamification will boost the implementation of blockchain
In traditional desktop online games, manufacturers continue to incentivize new players, leading to inflation. The actual value of all assets in a game account is often Far less than the player's investment. After the emergence of mobile games, the model of binding items to accounts and accounts to ID cards quickly became popular. This also makes it necessary for players to give up all virtual assets in the game once they decide to leave a game. The emergence and continuous maturity of blockchain technology will make the decentralized formulation of game rules and the decentralized storage of virtual assets technically feasible. The convenience of putting virtual assets on the chain also makes the blockchainIt is easier to land in the game scene.
Cryptogames believes that the development direction of blockchain games, or the development direction of classic games (just like basketball, football and chess, once the rules are determined, they will last forever) must be "decentralization" ":
The rules are negotiated and determined by the players. Players supervise each other to ensure that the game is played according to the rules. All props used in the game are owned by each player. Anyone who breaks the rules or is not happy with the game can just leave the game itself. There is a centralized organizer
The popularity of CryptoKitties has greatly promoted private wallets. As an early blockchain application, blockchain games have rapidly promoted the popularity of blockchain. Similarly, using game development experience and game design concepts to develop

⑹ One article to understand the Internet blockchain

One article to understand the Internet blockchain

One article to understand To understand the Internet blockchain, you have to study the brief history of the technological development of the blockchain starting from the birth of the Internet, discover the motivations for the emergence of the blockchain, and infer the future of the blockchain. Let’s understand the Internet blockchain in one article.

Understand the Internet blockchain in one article 1

The originator of blockchain is mahjong, and the earliest blockchain was invented by the Chinese! The blockchain is just like Mahjong, except that Mahjong has fewer blocks. Mahjong only has 136 blocks. The rules of Mahjong vary from place to place and can be regarded as a hard fork of Bitcoin.

As the oldest blockchain project, Mahjong has a team of four miners. The first one to dig out the 13 correct hash values ​​will get the accounting rights and rewards. It adopts the method of being willing to admit defeat and not cheating. Thousands of consensus mechanisms!

Mahjong is decentralized, everyone can be the banker, and it is completely peer-to-peer.

Mining pool = commission from the boss of the chess and card room.

It cannot be tampered with, because convincing the other three people requires too much computing power and physical strength.

A typical value Internet. The value in my pocket didn't last eight rounds before it went into their pockets.

The Chinese are basically good at playing mahjong. In terms of blockchain, they produce 70% to 80% of the world’s mining machines and have the most computing power in the world, accounting for about 77% of the computing power.

Mahjong is actually the earliest blockchain project:

1. A group of four miners. The miner who first collides with the correct hash value of 13 numbers can obtain the accounting rights. and get rewarded.

2. It cannot be tampered with. Because convincing the other three people requires too much computing power and physical strength.

3. Typical value Internet. The valuable digital currency www.gendan5.com/digitalcurrency/btc.html in my pocket ran into their pockets after eight rounds.

4. Decentralization, everyoneThey can all be bankers, it’s completely point-to-point.

5. UTXO, unspent transaction expenses.

There is another blockchain method of credit, assuming that everyone has no cash

Let’s take a closer look. When everyone reaches a consensus, we see There is no intermediary or third party to judge C’s win, and the rewards given to C do not need to be transferred to C through a third party. They are all direct peer-to-peer transactions. This process is decentralized, and players (miners) record their own records. After recording the results of the first game, B Dahu drew thirteen pieces, and B drew Jia Dongfeng. After the record is completed, a complete block is generated, but remember, this is only the first game. In the entire blockchain , this is just one node. After the 8 rounds mentioned at the beginning, there are 8 nodes (blocks). The 8 blocks are connected together to form a complete ledger, which is the blockchain. Because everyone has one of this ledger, it is a distributed ledger. The purpose is to prevent someone from tampering with the record. At the end of the game, it is clear who wins and who loses.

Four men (A, B, C, and D) got together to play mahjong for money. None of them brought any cash, so they asked a beautiful woman (centralized) to keep a book and record who won how much money in each round. , Who lost how much? At the end of the day, everyone uses Alipay or WeChat to pay and settle the ledger. However, if this beauty made a mistake in accounting or was bribed by one of the four people in advance to make a mistake on purpose, there is no guarantee that the outcome of this game will be fair, just, and reasonable. ,dont you agree? then what should we do? If you "play mahjong", you can use "blockchain" as the game rules and adapt it as follows:

Four men (A, B, C and D) got together to play mahjong for money. No one brought any cash. B said Let the beauty she brought keep accounts. A said that none of us knew this beauty, so the four of them, A, B, C, and D, agreed that everyone would keep accounts at the same time (decentralized) on their mobile phones (blockchain nodes) for each game. ), after finally playing mahjong and paying with electronic money directly on the mobile phone, everyone checked the accounting results. The accounting results should have been the same.

Assume that the original result is the account recorded on A’s mobile phone: B owes A 10 yuan. However, the record on B's mobile phone shows that there is no debt, but the other two people (C and D) have the same accounting as A, so the settlement is still based on the majority rule. In addition, everyone has a bad impression of B's ​​integrity. Next The first time I play mahjong, I won’t take B to play with me.

Unless B bribes two people (C and D) in advance to deliberately cheat, but the cost of B bribes them is 100,000 yuan (10,000 times the default of 10 yuan), then in common sense, B only You can choose to give up because the cost of counterfeiting is too high.

Assume that even if B is secretly willing to pay a high price of 100,000 yuan to buy C and D to do this silly cat transaction with huge losses during the card game, the rules of the blockchain are to keep accounts based on timestamps. Yes, it turns out that B owed A 10 yuan when debiting the account at 1 p.m., that is, when C and D changed the account at 3 p.m., time is irreversible and they can only record 3 p.m., then it is inconsistent with the rules of the game.

In fact, in 2017 the blogger has developed a set of Mahjong coins

China’s earliest blockchain project: a group of four miners, first starting from 148 random numbers The miner who collides with the correct hash value of 14 numbers can obtain an accounting right incentive. Since distributed accounting requires the consensus of several other miners, each accounting transaction takes about ten minutes.

Understanding the Internet Blockchain in One Article 2

1. Before the birth of Bitcoin, 5 Internet technologies that will have a significant impact on the future of the blockchain

In 1969, the Internet was born in the United States. Since then, the Internet has expanded from four research institutions in the United States to the entire planet. In terms of application, it has expanded from the earliest military and scientific research to all aspects of human life. In the nearly 50 years since the birth of the Internet, five technologies have been of particularly great significance to the future development of blockchain.

1. The TCP/IP protocol born in 1974: determines the position of blockchain in the Internet technology ecosystem

In 1974, the most critical step in the development of the Internet was taken by The TCP/IP protocol, the core communication technology of the Internet jointly developed by American scientists Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn, was officially launched.

This protocol enables the transmission of information between different computers and even different types of networks. All computers connected to the network can communicate and interact as long as they comply with this protocol.

In layman's terms, Internet data can travel tens of thousands of kilometers to reach the computer users who need it. This is mainly because the Internet world has formed a unified information dissemination mechanism. That is to say, Internet devices follow a unified law-TCP/IP protocol when disseminating information.

Understanding the TCP/IP protocol is of great significance to mastering the Internet and blockchain. After the invention of TCP/IP in 1974, the entire Internet was between the underlying hardware devices, the intermediate network protocols and the network Addresses have always been relatively stable, but an endless stream of innovative applications are emerging at the top application layer, including news, e-commerce, social networks, QQ, WeChat, and blockchain technology.

In other words, in the technical ecology of the Internet, blockchain is a new technology at the top layer of the Internet - the application layer. Its emergence, operation and development have not affected the underlying infrastructure and communication protocols of the Internet. , is still one of the many software technologies that operates according to the TCP/IP protocol.

2. Cisco router technology born in 1984: an imitation of blockchain technology

In December 1984, Cisco was established in the United States. The founder was a professor from Stanford University. A couple, Leonard Posak, director of the computer center, and Sandy Lerner, director of the computer center at the School of Business, designed a networking device called a "multiprotocol router" and placed it on the Internet's communication lines.Helps data travel accurately and quickly from one end of the Internet to the other end thousands of kilometers away.

In the entire Internet hardware layer, tens of millions of routers are busy working, directing the transmission of Internet information. An important function of Cisco routers is that each router saves a complete Internet device address table. Once something happens Changes will be synchronized to tens of millions of other routers (theoretically), ensuring that each router can calculate the shortest and fastest path.

When you see the operation process of the router, you will feel very familiar. That is the important feature of the blockchain later. The significance of understanding the router lies in the important features of the blockchain. It has been implemented on the router in 1984. For the router, even if the node device is damaged or attacked by hackers, it will not affect the transmission of the entire Internet information.

3. The B/S (C/S) architecture that was born with the World Wide Web: the opponent of the blockchain and the target of attempted subversion

The World Wide Web is referred to as the Web and is divided into Web clients and server. All updated information is only modified on the Web server. Thousands, tens of thousands, or even tens of millions of other client computers do not retain the information and only obtain the information data when accessing the server. This structure is often called the Internet B/S architecture is a centralized architecture. This architecture is also the most important architecture of the current Internet. Internet giants such as Google, Facebook, Tencent, Alibaba, and Amazon have all adopted this architecture.

Understanding the B/S architecture will be of great significance to the subsequent understanding of blockchain technology. The B/S architecture is that data is only stored in the central server, and all other computers obtain information from the server. Blockchain technology has tens of millions of computers without a center, and all data will be synchronized to all computers. This is the core of blockchain technology.

4. Peer-to-Peer Network (P2P): Blockchain The father of the chain and its technical basis

Peer-to-peer network P2P is another Internet infrastructure corresponding to C/S (B/S). Its characteristic is that multiple computers connected to each other are connected to each other. In a peer-to-peer position, there is no distinction between master and slave. A computer can be used as a server, setting shared resources for use by other computers in the network, and as a workstation.

Napster is one of the earliest P2P systems, mainly used for sharing music resources. Napster cannot be regarded as a true peer-to-peer network system. On March 14, 2000, a message was posted on the Slashdot mailing list of the underground hacker site in the United States, saying that AOL's Nullsoft department had released Gnutella, an open source Napster clone software.

In the Gnutella distributed peer-to-peer network model, each networked computer is functionally equivalent, serving as both a client and a server, so Gnutella is called the firstTrue peer-to-peer network architecture.

In the past 20 years, some Internet technology giants such as Microsoft and IBM, as well as liberals, hackers, and even criminals who infringe intellectual property rights, have continued to promote the development of peer-to-peer networks. Of course, those on the Internet want to strengthen information sharing. The idealists also put a lot of enthusiasm into peer-to-peer networks. Blockchain is a software application based on a peer-to-peer network architecture. It is a benchmark application for peer-to-peer networks trying to break out from the silence of the past.

5. Hash algorithm: the key to generating Bitcoin and tokens (tokens)

The hash algorithm converts numbers of any length into fixed-length values ​​using a hash function. Algorithms, famous hash functions such as: MD4, MD5, SHS, etc. It is a member of the family of cryptographic functions defined by the American National Institute of Standards and Technology.

This family of algorithms is crucial to the functioning of the entire world. From Internet application stores, emails, anti-virus software, to browsers, etc., all of them are using secure hashing algorithms. It can determine whether Internet users have downloaded what they want, and it can also determine whether Internet users are involved in man-in-the-middle attacks or network attacks. Victim of a phishing attack.

The process of blockchain and its application to generate new coins from Bitcoin or other virtual currencies is to use the function of the hash algorithm to perform operations to obtain numbers that meet the format requirements, and then the blockchain program gives Bitcoin rewards.

Mining, including Bitcoin and tokens, is actually a small mathematical game built with a hash algorithm. However, because of the fierce competition, people all over the world used powerful servers to perform calculations in order to get the rewards first. As a result, many computers on the Internet participated in this little mathematical game, which even consumed more than 40% of the electricity in some countries.

2. The birth and technical core of blockchain

The birth of blockchain should be the most unusual and mysterious invention and technology in the history of human science, because apart from blockchain, So far, there is no major invention in the history of modern science whose inventor cannot be found.

On October 31, 2008, Bitcoin founder Satoshi Nakamoto (pseudonym) published a paper on the cryptography mailing group - "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System". In this paper, the author claims to have invented a new electronic currency system that is not controlled by governments or institutions. Blockchain technology is the basis for supporting the operation of Bitcoin.

The preprint address of the paper is at http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf. From an academic point of view, this paper is far from a qualified paper. The main body of the article is composed of 8 flow charts. It is composed of corresponding explanatory text, no nouns and terms are defined, and the format of the paper is also very irregular.

In January 2009, Satoshi Nakamoto released an application case of blockchain on the SourceForge website - the open source software of the Bitcoin system. After the open source software was released, it is said thatSatoshi Nakamoto mined approximately 1 million Bitcoins. A week later, Satoshi Nakamoto sent 10 Bitcoins to cryptography expert Hal Finney, which became the first transaction in Bitcoin history. With the booming development of Bitcoin, research on blockchain technology has also begun to show explosive growth.

It is indeed difficult to fully and clearly explain the blockchain to the public. We use Bitcoin as the object to introduce the technical characteristics of the blockchain as simply as possible but in depth.

1. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer network (P2P) software application

As we mentioned before, at the beginning of the 21st century, the Internet formed two major types of applications. Architecture, centralized B/S architecture and non-centered peer-to-peer (P2P) architecture. Many Internet giants such as Alibaba, Sina, Amazon, etc. all have centralized B/S architecture. Simply put, it is data Put it in a giant server, and our ordinary users can access the servers of Alibaba, Sina and other websites through mobile phones and personal computers.

Since the beginning of the 21st century, there have been many software applications for freely sharing music, videos, and paper materials. Most of them use a peer-to-peer network (P2P) architecture, that is, there is no central server, everyone's personal computer They are all servers and clients, with equal status. However, this type of application has never become popular. The main reasons are large resource consumption and intellectual copyright issues. Blockchain is a software application in this field.

2. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer network (P2P) software application that synchronizes information across the entire network

Peer-to-peer networks also have many application methods. In many cases, everyone is not required to Each computer keeps the same information. Everyone only stores the information they need, and downloads it to other computers when needed.

However, in order to support Bitcoin financial transactions, the blockchain requires that every transaction that occurs must be written into historical transaction records and change information be sent to all computers with Bitcoin programs installed. Every computer with Bitcoin software installed maintains the latest and complete Bitcoin historical transaction information.

The characteristics of blockchain's network-wide synchronization and network-wide backup are often referred to as blockchain information security, and the source cannot be changed. Although it is still not absolutely safe in practice, when the number of users is very large, it does have certain security advantages in preventing information tampering.

3. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer network (P2P) software application that uses a hash algorithm to generate "tokens" to synchronize information across the entire network

Area The first application of blockchain is the famous Bitcoin. When discussing Bitcoin, a term that is often mentioned is "mining". So what exactly is mining?

The metaphor is that the blockchain program gives the miners (players) 256 coins, numbered 1, 2, 3...256. Every time a Hash operation is performed, it is like tossing a coin. 256 coins are thrown simultaneously,After landing, if all the coins with the first 70 numbers happen to be heads up. The miner can tell the blockchain program this number, and the blockchain will reward the miner with 50 Bitcoins.

From the perspective of software programs, Bitcoin mining is a mathematical game built using the hash SHA256 function. The blockchain first stipulates a winning mode in this small game: a 256-bit hash number is given, but the last 70 bits of the hash number are all 0, and then the player (miner) continuously enters various numbers. Give the hash SHA256 function and see if you can use this function to get a number with 70 zeros. If you find one, the blockchain program will reward the player with 50 Bitcoins. Actual mining and rewards are more complex, but the above example expresses the core process of mining and obtaining Bitcoin.

When Bitcoin was born in 2009, each bounty was 50 Bitcoins. Ten minutes after its birth, the first batch of 50 Bitcoins was generated, and the total currency amount at this time was 50. Subsequently, Bitcoin increased at a rate of about 50 every 10 minutes. When the total amount reaches 10.5 million (50% of 21 million), the bounty is halved to 25. When the total amount reaches 15.75 million (new output is 5.25 million, which is 50% of 1050), the bounty is further halved to 12.5. According to the design of the Bitcoin program, the total number of Bitcoins is 21 million.

From the above introduction, Bitcoin can be seen as a guessing game based on a peer-to-peer network architecture. The Bitcoin information rewarded for each correct guess will be transmitted to all players and recorded. into each player's history database.

4. Smart contracts, tokens, ICOs and blockchain basic platforms generated by blockchain technology due to the rise of Bitcoin

From the above introduction, Bitcoin technology It is not a new technology falling from the sky, but a clever combination of various original Internet technologies, such as peer-to-peer network architecture, network-wide synchronization of routing, and network security encryption technology. It can be regarded as a combination of innovative algorithm games. .

Because Bitcoin can be exchanged for legal currency, purchased in kind, and made huge profits through appreciation, the whole world is not calm. With the attitude that if you can do it, I can do it, many people have created their own imitation Bitcoin software applications. At the same time, taking advantage of the difficulty for the government to regulate peer-to-peer networks, various altcoins exploded together with Bitcoin. There have been many incidents of fraud and absconding, which have gradually attracted the attention of governments around the world.

Blockchain basic platform: It is still quite technically difficult to create currency using the blockchain technology framework. At this time, basic technology platforms such as Ethereum, the blockchain basic platform, have emerged, making it convenient for ordinary people. Create a "Bitcoin"-like software program, each showing its magical powers, inviting people to join the game to mine coins, speculate on coins, and gain profits from it.

Pass or token: If each "Bitcoin" or "Altcoin" uses a hash algorithm to create a guessing game and generates its own "currency", this "currency" is collectively referred to as " PassICO: Since Bitcoin and Ethereum have been exchanged with legal currencies in various countries, when other new virtual currencies are issued, only Bitcoin and Ethereum are allowed to be purchased. The process of issuing new coins is called ICO. The emergence of ICO has amplified the transaction volume of Bitcoin and Ethereum. At the same time, many ICO projects are completely based on nihilistic projects, resulting in a large number of frequent fraud cases. Further deepening social awareness Blockchain generates negative perceptions of virtual currency.

Smart contract: It can be seen as a software function on the blockchain. It is a program that assists various virtual currency transactions on the blockchain. Specific functions Just like Alipay's fund custody on Taobao, when a user receives the goods and confirms them on Alipay, the funds are automatically paid to the buyer and owner. Smart contracts also serve as intermediaries in blockchain applications such as Bitcoin. Payment function.

3. The historical status and future prospects of blockchain technology in the Internet

1. Where is the blockchain in Internet technology? Is it a new top-level technology? Software and architecture.

We mentioned in the previous introduction to TCP/IP that the blockchain, like browsers, QQ, WeChat, online game software, mobile APPs, etc., is the top layer of the Internet - the application layer. A form of software. Its operation still relies on the TCP/IP architecture system to transmit data. But unlike most application layer software, it does not use the central software architecture of C/S (B/S). Instead, it uses an uncommon Peer-to-peer network architecture, from this point of view, blockchain cannot subvert the Internet infrastructure.

2. Who does blockchain want to subvert? Want to subvert the B/S (C/S) of the World Wide Web Structure.

It attempts to subvert the B/S, C/S structure of the World Wide Web, which was actually born in 1989. As mentioned before. Because of the European physicist Tim Berners-Lee's 1989 Invented the World Wide Web and gave up applying for patents. In the past 30 years since then, companies including Google, Amazon, Facebook, Alibaba, Internet, Tencent and other companies have used the B/S (C/S) structure of the World Wide Web to grow into Internet giants.

In their headquarters, a powerful central server cluster was established to store massive amounts of data. Hundreds of millions of users obtained the data they needed from the giant servers. This also led to the emergence of cloud computing, and then the Internet giants made themselves useless The complete central server resources are opened up to further absorb the data of enterprises, governments, and individuals. The centralized Internet giants have an increasing influence on the world, countries, and Internet users.

The goal of the blockchain is By distributing data to each Internet user's computer and trying to reduce the influence of Internet giants, it can be seen that the real opponent of the blockchain and what it wants to subvert is the B/S (C/S) structure born in 1990. But whether it can be subverted depends on its technical advantages and bottlenecks.

3. Technical shortcomings of blockchainTrap: The dilemma brought about by the pursuit of complete equality and freedom

The technical flaws of blockchain first come from its peer-to-peer network architecture. For example, Taobao currently has a B/S structure and massive data storage In the Taobao server cluster computer room, hundreds of millions of consumers go to the Taobao server website through their browsers to obtain the latest information and historical information.

If blockchain technology is used, hundreds of millions of people will retain a complete Taobao database on their personal computers or mobile phones. Every time a transaction occurs, it will be synchronized to hundreds of millions of other users. This is completely unachievable in reality. The amount of data transferred and stored is too large. It is equivalent to setting up and running hundreds of millions of Taobao websites at the same time.

Therefore, blockchain cannot be applied to projects with large amounts of data, and even smaller website projects will have difficulty using blockchain. By 2018, Bitcoin had been running for nearly 10 years, and the accumulated transaction data had brought the entire system to collapse.

So the blockchain has adopted many alternative methods, such as establishing relay nodes and lightning nodes. These two concepts can also make people confused. In layman's terms, the blockchain will ask it for The subversive object B/S structure has been studied, and a data server center has been established to become the relay node of the blockchain, which can also be accessed with a browser-like terminal. This is the lightning node of the blockchain.

This change can alleviate the technical shortcomings of the blockchain, but it does make the blockchain what it opposes, centralization. It can be seen that pure blockchain technology has major flaws due to its technical characteristics and cannot be widely used like the World Wide Web. If the technology is upgraded and some parts adopt a B/S (C/S) structure, the blockchain will become centralized. The information node no longer maintains the dream when it was born.

4. Looking at the future prospects of blockchain from the Internet brain model

We know that the Internet generally refers to the Internet that connects computer networks around the world. On this basis The development of a global Internet network covering the whole world is called the Internet, which is a network structure that is interconnected.

Since the birth of the Internet in 1969, humans have innovated in the Internet field from different directions, and there is no unified plan to build the Internet into a structure. When the wheel of time reaches 2017, with the advent of artificial intelligence, With the vigorous development of science and technology such as the Internet of Things, big data, cloud computing, robots, virtual reality, and the industrial Internet, when humans look up to see the giant systems they have created, the model and architecture of the Internet brain have become increasingly clear.

Through nearly 20 years of development, relying on the B/S and C/S structures of the World Wide Web, Tencent QQ, WeChat, Facebook, Weibo, and Twitter Amazon have developed structures similar to neuron networks. Internet devices, especially personal computers and mobile phones, map personal data and functional space on the giant's central server through the software on the device, allowing them to add friends, communicate and transfer information. Internet giants continue to upgrade their software through central server clustersOptimize the software version of hundreds of millions of terminals. In the neurological system, this is a standard central nervous system structure.

The birth of the blockchain provides another neuron model. Instead of uniformly managing neurons in the centralized services of giants, each terminal, including personal computers and personal mobile phones, becomes an independent neuron node. , retaining an independent data space and synchronizing mutual information. In the neurological system, this is a distributed neural structure with no center and multiple neural nodes.

Interestingly, these two different types of neural structures appear in the development of the nervous system. In lower organisms, blockchain-like neural structures have appeared. There are multiple ganglia with the same functions, all of which can command body activities and reactions. However, as organisms evolve, these ganglia gradually merge. When they evolve into higher In biology, the central nervous system appeared, which contains a large number of neurons that interact with each other.

4. Judgment on the future status of blockchain in the Internet

1. Understanding of Bitcoin: a guessing game based on peer-to-peer network architecture (P2P), Through clever financial and public opinion operations, it has become a "world currency" that is not subject to government supervision.

2. Understanding of blockchain: a peer-to-peer (P2P) software application that uses a hash algorithm to generate "tokens" to synchronize information across the entire network.

3. Blockchain has specific uses, such as large-scale election voting, large-scale gambling, financial transactions that circumvent government financial supervision, etc. It still has irreplaceable uses.

4. In more cases, blockchain technology will rely on the B/S and C/S structures of the Internet to achieve functional expansion, but overall it is still a supplement to the existing technology of the Internet. Most of the application scenarios currently envisaged by blockchain can be implemented using B/S and C/S structures, with higher efficiency and more mature technology.

5. Whether from the perspective of information transmission efficiency and resource consumption, or from the evolution of the nervous system, blockchain cannot become the mainstream architecture of the Internet, let alone a subversive and revolutionary leader of the future Internet.

6. Of course, Internet giants developed with B/S and C/S structures also have their problems, but these can be gradually solved through commercial and political methods in the future.

⑺ Hot! Create and play with your own blockchain in 5 minutes

Blockchain is developing so fast this year! From an unfamiliar concept at the beginning, it has now taken off in various industries. A single spark has the potential to start a prairie fire. I really hope I can have my own blockchain to practice with! But how can one person and one computer set up a blockchain environment? The blockchain is so popular that it is not easy to say that I love you!


Don’t Worry! The editor has been addicted to blockchain and smart contracts and can’t extricate himself!Now I will take you step by step to start from scratch and create your own blockchain in 5 minutes! ~
The SuperVessel platform developed by IBM China Research Institute provides a blockchain development and testing environment for blockchain enthusiasts and developers. Through this platform, users can create multi-node blockchains based on Hyperledger Fabric for free and super quickly, and play with smart contracts on their own chains.
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0.
Preparation
All you need is your local browser!
1. Register an account
Access the public beta address of SuperVessel blockchain service: 8800/bc.
Click the Log in button in the upper right corner, click Register in the pop-up window, fill in your email and password and submit. At this time, it is recommended to check the activation email in your mailbox and activate your account (Editor's tip: It doesn't matter if you activate lazily, but some advanced services must be activated before they can be used).
2.
Quickly create your own blockchain
After registration is completed, return to the homepage and click on the huge GIVE ME A BLOCKCHAIN ​​(Give me a blockchain!) button. Select the Consensus Plugin (consensus plug-in) and Size (number of blockchain network nodes) you want in the pop-up box.
Editor's note: Currently there are two consensus plug-ins officially provided by Hyperledger Fabric: noops and pbft.
After clicking Submit, you will get your own blockchain in a few seconds and automatically enter the monitoring panel. That’s right, getting your own blockchain is that simple!
After entering the monitoring panel, you can see that the left side is the smart contract management panel, including the management and deployment of smart contracts; the right side is the network panel, which displays the applied blockchain network status, topology, and connections between nodes. Latency information, etc. are clear at a glance; click the telescope icon in the upper right corner to monitor the log information of each node in real time. The bottom is the blockchain panel, which shows the overall situation of the current blockchain. In the initial state, there is only one block.
3. Deploy and use smart contracts
Next, the editor will teach you how to deploy and use smart contracts on your own blockchain.
Under the Smart Contracts tab of the smart contract management panel, 2 smart contracts are listed as examples, namely map and chaincode_example02. The map contract can store key-value pairs, and the chaincode_example02 contract can simulate transfers and queries between two people.
Editor's note: The code for these two sample contracts can be found in the Hyperledger Fabric source code.
To deploy and use chaincode_eThe xample02 contract is an example:
Deploy the contract
Click the Deploy button corresponding to the chaincode_example02 contract, and fill in the initialization value of the contract, including the contract name, initial function, and initial parameters. The initial function of the contract is init, and the initial parameters need to be filled in according to the format, such as ["a", "100", "b", "200"], which means registering two people a and b, giving them 100 units and 200 units respectively.
Click the Deploy button and the contract will be deployed in your blockchain. The process will take about 20 to 40 seconds. When a new block appears on the blockchain panel, it usually means that the contract has been deployed.
Call the contract
After the deployment is completed, view the deployed contract instance under the My Deployment tab of the smart contract management panel.
Click the Invoke button below the Action to call the smart contract, and fill in the called method name and corresponding parameters (the method names and parameters of different contracts have different meanings, which are related to the content of the contract). For this contract, call the invoke method name and fill in the parameters ["a", "b", "50"], which means a transfers 50 units to b.
After clicking Submit to complete the call, you can view the blockchain situation and a new block will be generated.


Query Contract
After the call is completed, you can query the contract execution results. Still under the My Deployment tab, click the Query button under Action to query the smart contract, and fill in the query method name and corresponding parameters. If you select the query method name and fill in the parameter ["a"], it means querying the current unit of a.
After clicking Submit, you can see that the current unit of a is 50. You can try query b again!
OK, then you can continue to operate the contract, observe the blockchain situation, or deploy a new smart contract, such as map, on the blockchain. For ease of use, the method names and parameter formats for deploying, calling, and querying contracts are all filled in by default. You only need to select a method name and change the parameters as you like! See how long you can play with the chain~
4. Upload and test your own private smart contract
In addition to the two public smart contracts currently provided, you can also upload and test your own private contract! Private contracts can only be seen by you.
Click Import private smart contract under the Smart Contracts tab.
After filling in the contract name and description, and uploading the contract code file, click Import to complete the upload.
Then the contract I uploaded will appear in the Smart Contracts list and can be deployed, called and queried as before.

⑻ What is "Blockchain Cat Raising" and how to play it (very detailed tutorial)

This time, cats meow in the blockchain world again.

In a few days, "blockchain cat raising" has become a hot topic in the currency circle.

CryptoKitties is the first virtual pet game that uses blockchain technology and runs on the Ethereum network.

Her emergence has a certain historical significance, and it has now become the most popular project on the Ethereum blockchain, once accounting for 20% of the entire Ethereum traffic. The market has reached millions of dollars in transaction volume and is still growing rapidly...

The concept is simple. You use Ethereum to buy a cat. Each cat is unique. As long as you don't sell it, it is 100% owned by you and cannot be copied or destroyed.

The fun part is that you can go to the market to find cats to breed with, or you can buy a cat, match two of them, and the resulting kitten will be yours.

Each kitten extracts a certain sequence from its parents and combines it. Whether it is coat color, markings, pupils, hairstyle, expression, tail and other characteristics, they are all random. There are 4 billion types in total. Possibility of change. Then you can sell your cat on the market, and you set the price yourself.

Another point is that every 15 minutes, a gen 0 creation cat will be born. Its price is equivalent to the average price of the five latest cats sold, plus an increase of 50%. . Of course, Genesis cats are very popular. After all, they are virgins and they give birth to kittens the fastest.

Isn’t this a bit like our story of chickens laying eggs and eggs laying chickens, and our descendants are endless?

Of course, having a baby takes time.

The birth of a kitten has always been from fast to slow~slow~slow~, and the gap ranges from one minute to a week.

The shorter the time it takes for your cat to give birth, the better. This allows the newborn CryptoKitties to be sold quickly and continue to breed. This also means an increase in income.

The more babies you have, the longer the cat’s cooldowns will take, and the birth rate will also slow down.

Another interesting thing is that the breeding system of kittens is complex and random, which means that there are always some mutant attributes (attributes) appearing in it, and these become collectibles or hot-demand items. .

1. Enter CryptoKitties official website:cryptokitties.co Click sign in to jump to the registration page. You need to install the Ethereum light wallet MetaMask plug-in on your chrome or firefox browser. (This process needs to be learned. There are three ways here. Do it as you like, guest. Password: 1rjo)

2. Click on the Mertamask plug-in to install it.

3. Accept the terms and enter your password.

4. You must remember the generated 12 English word passwords. Save it together with the jason file.

5. Then the wallet creation is completed. Enter the cryptokitties.co website to see your account, set your name, email, etc.

Method 1: If you have ETH in other Ethereum wallets, such as imtoken, you can directly transfer it to your CryptoKitties address.

Method 2: Two of the three OTC Bitcoin exchanges mentioned in this article: Coincola and bitcoinworld both support ETH transactions, and you can also transfer them directly.

Method three: It is the coinbase recommended by Matamask, but it shows US only.

1. Go to the marketplace to find the cat you like (as shown below).

2. After you like it, click buy now.

The details page shows the cat’s detailed information, serial number, and price trend chart (price over time in 1 day or 2 days) Continue to increase or decrease), the price to buy now, and the cooling time for giving birth to kittens, etc.

3. After clicking ok, buy this kitty, matamask will pop up to display the detailed estimated cost. If there are no results, maybe your mining fee is not enough, or the cat is sold. Try more. The max transaction fee shows the maximum transaction fee, which is generally not reached. Just wait for the transaction to be completed after the summit. To cancel the transaction, click reject.

During the transaction process, you can click on the transaction to enter https://etherscan.io to view the details. Or view historical transaction information on the ECG-like icon on the right side of the website.

4. Transaction successful! Congratulations, you have your first virtual cat. How to make more?

One way, life.

Pair up two by two. There is also a transaction fee for giving birth to kittens. The speed of birth depends on the speed of the parents.

Breed kitty gives birth to kittens;

Sell kitty sells kittens

Gift kitty gives kittens to friends

Another way is to rent.

Sire to the public, which means renting out your cat as a male cat, setting the initial price and end price and date, and acting as a sperm bank.

sire to my kitties means letting your two cats XXOO have kittens.

The final way is to sell.

When a kitten is born, you will be notified by email. You can choose to sell, set the price and then sell.

If someone buys it, you will be notified by email.

Okay, let’s happily be cat slaves~

Original text: http://li-wu.net/how-to-cryptokitties.html