区块链技术对建筑的影响有哪些,区块链技术对建筑的影响论文

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⑴ Blockchain has officially entered the 3.0 era, and real estate, supply chain, etc. will become key areas of application

With the continuous development of blockchain, the application of blockchain covers The scope is getting wider and wider. With the improvement of scalability and efficiency, the application scope of blockchain will go beyond finance and expand to fields such as logistics, real estate and the Internet of Things, becoming a bottom-level protocol in the future society. This means It means that the blockchain will enter the 3.0 era.

The blockchain 1.0 era is represented by BTC (decentralized concept), which plays more of a distributed accounting role, such as BTC, Ripple, BCH, Litecoin, Dogecoin, etc. It is more used for digital currency accounting. Of course, the development in the first stage is not perfect. Bitcoin still has many problems that need to be solved, such as expansion, lightning payments, hard forks, etc.

With further completion, the blockchain has entered the 2.0 era, represented by ETH (smart contract), entering the contract stage.

Blockchain 2.0 represented by ETH is a great progress, but there are still many problems, such as channel congestion, slow transaction speed, and fork risk. High handling fees and so on. For example, after the popular CryptoKitties were launched on the Ethereum platform, they occupied about 25% of the Ethereum network at its peak, causing congestion on the entire Ethereum network and seriously affecting the experience of other Ethereum users. . The current development is a transition process from the first stage to the second stage.

After bidding farewell to the 1.0 and 2.0 eras, thanks to the continuous development of technology, blockchain has become more practical. This also means that the blockchain will completely break away from the financial attributes of the start-up period and enter practical application scenarios in all walks of life with its decentralization and other characteristics.

This also means that the blockchain has officially opened its 3.0 era - the era of comprehensive application. The blockchain industry structure in the 3.0 era is also more complex. Today I will give you a brief analysis.

The blockchain industry in the 3.0 era is divided into three levels: basic layer, service layer and application layer.

(1), Basic layer

The corresponding upstream, middle and downstream of the industrial chain include: upstream underlying technology and infrastructure (core technology, equipment, underlying platform deployment method), the midstream service layer mainly provides developers with applications based on blockchain technology; the downstream application layer includes finance, supply chain management, intelligent manufacturing, government enterprises, services, social applications, etc.

Hardware, technology and infrastructure manufacturers mainly provide areasChips, mining machines, mining pools, hard drives, routers and other infrastructure necessary for blockchain applications.

The underlying platform deployment methods can be divided into public chain, alliance chain, and private chain.

The underlying technology includes core basic components, protocols and algorithms. Based on the underlying core technology components, it provides different functions for different application scenarios, including smart contracts, programmable assets, incentive mechanisms, member management, etc.

The base layer provides the underlying blockchain or distributed ledger technology framework, mainly including Ethereum, Hyperledger Fabric, R3 Corda, FISCO BCOS, etc.

(2) Service layer

The service layer refers to the BaaS (Blockchain as a Service) platform. The main domestic BaaS platforms are Ant Blockchain BaaS platform, Tencent Cloud TBaaS, Ping An One Account BaaS platform, etc.

It mainly provides developers with applications based on blockchain technology, and provides smart contracts, information security, data services and other products based on the underlying technology. services to improve the convenience and scalability of developers developing applications at the platform layer.

Application and service vendors are responsible for the research and development of general blockchain technology and technology expansion platforms, the construction of digital currency education and storage platforms, and provide technology for the industry application layer. support.

(3) Application layer

The application layer is represented by core application components, including smart contracts, programmable assets, incentive mechanisms, member management, etc.

Refers to the end user or service provider of blockchain. The main application scenarios of blockchain now include cross-border payment, anti-counterfeiting traceability, and supply chain. Finance, trade finance, electronic bills, ABS, etc.

Service objects are divided into two categories: B-side (initial stage): blockchain + (finance, supply chain management, copyright protection, education); C-side (first to land): blockchain+ (sharing economy, pan-entertainment).

The downstream blockchain application field is the combination of blockchain technology and existing industries. Now, Many industries have begun the application era of blockchain 3.0.

(1) Blockchain + supply chain

Blockchain + supply chain implementationProduct information traceability throughout the process. The traceability and anti-counterfeiting system of the traditional supply chain has shortcomings such as opaque information, easy data tampering, poor security and relative closure. However, using blockchain technology and Internet of Things technology, the information on the raw material purchasing process, production process and circulation process of goods can be processed. Integration and traceability can truly realize the full-process authentic traceability across brands, channels, retailers, and consumers, down to each item and code, significantly improving user trust experience.

(2), Blockchain + Internet of Things

Build an information exchange network in the era of Internet of Everything. As the number of devices in the Internet of Things grows, the distributed nature of the blockchain provides a way for self-governance of the Internet of Things, which can help devices in the Internet of Things understand each other and understand the correlation between different devices, thereby realizing the distribution of the Internet of Things. type control.

(3), Blockchain + Medical

Ensure the safe sharing of medical data. Using blockchain technology to mathematically encrypt medical data can effectively prevent risks such as malicious modification of medical data. The medical data sharing and exchange system developed using blockchain technology uploads encrypted medical data, allowing data to be shared and circulated quickly, efficiently and securely between patients and medical institutions, effectively simplifying the management of medical data. Call process to provide data guarantee for accurate diagnosis of illness.

(4) Blockchain + Real Estate

There are many potential application scenarios of blockchain in the real estate industry. Common ones include: Real estate transactions. Pain points in the process of buying and selling property include: lack of transparency during and after the transaction, reams of paperwork, potential for fraud, errors in public records, and that’s just to name a few. Blockchain provides a way to achieve the need for paperless and fast transactions. In addition, real estate blockchain applications can help record, trace and transfer title deeds, deeds, liens, etc., and also provide a platform for financial companies, title companies and mortgage companies. Blockchain technology strives to securely preserve files while enhancing transparency and reducing costs. In addition, blockchain is also applied in the field of construction engineering, and many companies are applying this technology in the current urban renewal boom. For example, Shenzhen's Lanfang Chain has proposed a package of solutions including blockchain + urban renewal/construction engineering/real estate development based on blockchain, which comprehensively serves many fields in the real estate industry. Currently, its official website and mobile applications are online.

In addition, blockchain has already had many applications in supply chain finance, stock trading, banking, etc., so I won’t go into details here.

As one of the important contents of my country’s 14th Five-Year Plan, officialThe Chinese side has long proposed to accelerate the innovation and development of blockchain technology and industry, and actively promote the integrated development of blockchain and economy and society.

The key to achieving the above two developments lies in the following two points:

1. Breakthrough in the core technology of blockchain technology.

Blockchain technology is currently the technology with the smallest gap between my country and Europe and the United States. Officials particularly emphasize that in this emerging field, my country must be at the forefront of theory, occupy the commanding heights of innovation, and gain new industrial advantages. It is necessary to promote collaborative research, accelerate breakthroughs in core technologies, and provide safe and controllable technical support for the development of blockchain applications.

At present, most of the blockchain technology is still in the conceptual hype stage, and many business scenarios use blockchain purely for the sake of blockchain. So far, no one in our country has been able to solve core technical dilemmas such as the ternary paradox on a global scale. Therefore, we must return to basic theories and core technologies and achieve major breakthroughs through long-term and concentrated research.

In fact, the official has put forward very high requirements for the theoretical technology and subsequent application development of blockchain technology. Do a good job in basic theoretical research on blockchain, Focusing on conquering a number of key core technologies and truly shouldering the burden of technology research and development is the key to the current development of blockchain.

2. Enhance international voice and rule-making power.

Different from previous information technologies, blockchain technology is highly scalable, or aggressive. Its rules or right to speak determine its scope of influence, because every business on the chain is Individuals or institutions must obey the rules set by the blockchain, whether at home or abroad. For example, when using the Windows system, everyone must obey the rules of Windows, but Windows only stipulates the rules for information interaction for users, which is acceptable to us, while the blockchain stipulates industry governance rules. With its distributed characteristics, the governance rules of the blockchain can quickly transcend national borders and geographical restrictions.

In order to achieve the above two points, we must strengthen the construction of the talent team, establish and improve the talent training system, create various forms of high-level talent training platforms, and cultivate a A group of leading figures and a high-level innovation team.

Blockchain, as an architectural innovation technology, has a huge demand for comprehensive talents, requiring practitioners to master a variety of professional and technical knowledge involving cryptography, information science, basic mathematics, etc. To develop blockchain, we must strengthen the construction of a talent team with deep cross-integration of disciplines, and establish a talent cultivation system in a forward-looking and systematic manner from the aspects of basic research, applied research and development, and industrial integration.

Blockchain technology is an important part of the future digital economy and has rich advantages for all walks of life. Although we have entered the 3.0 era, the vertical application of blockchain in various industries has just begun.

What do you think of the future of blockchain?

⑵ In the era of digital economy, how construction companies embrace digitalization

According to the "White Paper on the Development of China's Digital Economy (2020)" released by the China Academy of Information and Communications Technology, in 2019, my country's digital economy increased The value scale reached 35.8 trillion yuan, accounting for 36.2% of GDP. Calculated on a comparable basis, my country's digital economy grew by 15.6% in nominal terms in 2019, which was about 7.85 percentage points higher than the nominal GDP growth rate in the same period. The white paper shows that the penetration rates of the digital economy in the service industry, industry, and agriculture are 37.8%, 19.5%, and 8.2% respectively.

As a pillar industry of the national economy, the construction industry accounted for 7.16% of GDP in 2019, but the overall digitalization of construction is low. According to "China in the Digital Age: Building a New Globally Competitive Economy" released by McKinsey Global Institute in December 2017, China's construction industry is one of the industries with the lowest degree of digitalization. According to statistics from the China Construction Association, my country's construction informatization investment accounts for only 0.08% of the total output value of the construction industry, while it is 1% in developed countries in Europe and the United States.

Obviously, accelerating the digitalization process of the construction industry is of great significance to promoting the further development and growth of the digital economy. Below, we will base ourselves on the present, sort out the current situation of digitalization in the construction industry, and look forward to the future of digitalization in the construction industry.

Freeing hands and arming the brain, the stages of digitalization in the construction industry

The stage of freeing hands is when designers throw away their drawing boards and estimators throw away their calculators. Since the 1990s, the construction industry has carried out two key actions: "off the drawing board engineering" and "computerized cost calculation". Both of them used computer software to replace manual operations, reduce misoperations, and improve efficiency. It is the production efficiency of the operation level positions. The digitization of the operation level lays the foundation for subsequent management digitization. At this stage, many influential companies were born in the field of construction digitalization, such as PKPM, Glodon, Sver, and Tianzheng, all of which were born under this background.

The arming brain stage is to help construction companies improve internal collaboration efficiency through the informatization of management. The informatization of management has mainly started since the millennium. Electronic bidding systems, construction site management systems, knowledge management systems, decision support systems and many other management systems have been introduced one after another, which have improved the situation of construction enterprises with dense personnel and high dispersion to varying degrees. , information dispersion, low information utilization level and other problems have greatly improved the management level of construction enterprises. In 2000, New Zhongda Software acquired Hangzhou Trina and entered theIn the military engineering management software market, project management and enterprise management of construction companies have entered the era of internal collaboration.

BIM boom, construction digitalization moves from internal collaboration to industrial collaboration

The implementation of BIM must not only realize the informatization of various departments of the enterprise, but also open up the enterprises with different divisions of labor in the industrial chain. Information, this is exactly the same concept as the Industrial Internet.

At present, the digital construction of some large construction companies focuses on internal process management and further transforms towards industrial collaboration. Industrial collaboration benefits from the promotion of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development on the one hand. The Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development proposed that by the end of 2020, Class A survey and design units in the construction industry, as well as special and first-class housing construction engineering construction companies, should master and implement the integrated application of BIM, enterprise management systems and other information technologies. Industrial collaboration, on the other hand, stems from the needs of enterprises’ own development. China Construction Cloud Construction Network, China Railway Luban Network, and Shanghai Construction Engineering Co., Ltd. all use the digitization of the supply chain to connect upstream and downstream enterprises. Using supply chain digitization to collaboratively reduce costs and increase efficiency has become a consensus among large construction companies.

The digitalization of the supply chain is a typical application scenario for industrial collaboration in the construction industry.

The digitalization of the supply chain can help companies manage multiple off-site projects and improve management efficiency. The construction industry is characterized by scattered project construction locations, high value chain dispersion, and short project cycles, resulting in high supply chain costs. Usually, the construction period of a construction project ranges from several months to several years. During the construction period, it is necessary to establish suppliers of main materials such as steel, suppliers of various floor materials, and subcontracting partners. When expanding the project in other places, the original supply system Low reusability and needs to be rebuilt. Taking Yunzhu.com as an example, China Construction and other purchasing units of Yunzhu.com can share the platform with 360,000 suppliers, which can reduce the sourcing cycle and procurement costs of construction companies, and at the same time improve suppliers and logistics through localized scale efficiency. The service capabilities of each party and the efficiency of the entire industry chain collaboration.

Supply chain digitization can help companies reduce efficiency. According to data released by the China Construction Association, the average net profit margin of Chinese construction companies is about 3.5%. Among construction project costs, procurement costs (including materials, labor, mechanical equipment, etc.) account for approximately 80% of the overall cost and are an important part of the project cost. In recent years, large construction companies have implemented B2B centralized procurement platforms to reduce procurement costs and improve procurement efficiency through digital means. According to incomplete estimates, after the implementation of supply chain digitization, average procurement costs will be reduced by about 1% to 3%, and profit margins will increase by 5% for every 1% reduction in procurement costs. This is of great significance to the construction industry with low net profit margins.

Digitalization of the supply chain can solve the problems of financing difficulties and high financing costs for construction companies. In the financial field of traditional supply chains, warehouse receipt financing and mortgage financing are relatively common. Financing is difficult, the financing cycle is long, and the cost of financing is high. Yema Technology’s alliance chain uploads construction procurement, contracts, bills and other data to the chain, realize value transfer, on the one hand, it solves the problem of suppliers' trust in the supply chain platform, on the other hand, it facilitates the sharing of supply chain data and financial services institution data, and facilitates platform companies to embed supply chain financial business. Zhujicai’s “Building Chain Intelligence” uses blockchain technology to upload data to the chain and store evidence, helping construction companies’ supply chain data to realize multi-party data transfer from core companies to logistics companies and suppliers. The financing amount through the platform has exceeded 10 billion.

The digitalization of the supply chain plays an important role in social governance. Affected by the public health incident, everyone started to stay at home in the first quarter of this year. Various materials were in short supply, and the supply chain of construction projects also faced the risk of disruption. From the industrial level, a comprehensive understanding of the supplier's geographical location, inventory reserves, production capacity, upstream and downstream conditions, and linkage with natural disasters and traffic dynamic data can help companies establish contingency plans and ensure the smooth progress of major national project construction. At the beginning of the year, Wuhan's Leishenshan and Huoshenshan hospitals were quickly built during the epidemic. "China speed" once again attracted global attention, and the digitalization of the supply chain also played a major role in this.

Supply chain digitization is the basis for industrial collaboration in the construction industry. In the early days, construction companies moved their bidding and procurement systems online to solve the problem of online-to-online conversion. However, the quantity and quality of suppliers still failed to maximize procurement efficiency and optimize procurement costs. It has become an inevitable trend for the bidding and procurement system dominated by single enterprises to evolve into an industrial centralized procurement platform. Multiple buyers (construction parties) are stationed on the platform, and enterprises share suppliers, material information, and logistics providers. Bulk material procurement is used to leverage sporadic MRO, supply chain finance and other enterprise services in more scenarios, forming a set of industrial chain synergy. The platform uses digital means to transform suppliers, logistics providers, and financial service institutions to solve problems such as material flow, capital turnover, and information transmission during the operation of industrial chain enterprises. China Construction Cloud Construction Network, Nantong Sanjian Investment's Zhuji Procurement, and the steel e-commerce Lange centralized procurement platform are all practitioners of industrial centralized procurement platforms in the construction industry.

In building digital construction, we cannot blindly launch satellites, but must be pragmatic

Digital construction usually has three stages, namely, the digitalization of positions and departments, the digitalization of internal enterprise collaboration, and the digitalization of industry collaboration. stage. In the digitization stage of positions and departments, the basic solution is the digitization of the operation layer. In the collaborative digitization within the enterprise, the main solution is the digitization of enterprise management. Digital applications in these two stages are mainly internal applications of the enterprise, and product selection is relatively flexible. ; The industrial digital collaboration stage relies on the ecological construction of the industrial chain and the interconnection of internal resources within the enterprise, which is relatively restrictive.

Let’s talk about the four methods of digital construction of buildings.

First, cooperate with mature ISVs (Independent Software Developers) and purchase mature products. This has the advantage of being fast and relatively low cost. The disadvantage is that the autonomy of the enterprise is weak and the products are not closely related to the enterprise. The degree of integration is low, and this method is more suitable for small and medium-sized construction companies.

Second, cooperate with the development team to customize the software. The advantage of this is that it is customized on the basis of semi-finished products, the development cycle is fast, and the cost is moderate. The disadvantage is that companies usually do not have complete intellectual property rights, which is more suitable for large and medium-sized construction companies that are interested in digitalization. Enterprises with high requirements for refinement.

Third, self-built team development has the advantage that digital construction is highly consistent with enterprise processes and management, and the enterprise has complete intellectual property rights. The disadvantages are high development costs, long development cycles, and Mature IT management capabilities are required and are more suitable for large construction companies or their independent technology companies. They can build their own digital ecosystem based on this and export it to the outside world.

Fourth, join forces to build a platform. Companies such as Nantong No. 2 Construction, Nantong No. 4 Construction and Longxin Construction have formed alliances to jointly build a supply chain digital platform. The advantage of this is resource sharing and the ability to quickly build an ecosystem. The disadvantage is that model design is difficult and requires a strong core enterprise to take the lead.

In the implementation of digital construction, four methods are usually mixed. For example, financial software and project management software with a high degree of standardization can be purchased directly, but material supply chains or labor supply chains with a high degree of personalization can be selected. Customized development, or self-built team development, the specific construction method will be determined based on the business evaluation.

Building digitalization cannot blindly launch satellites, but should be pragmatic. A first-level construction enterprise with an annual output value of 2 billion. Except for the software owned by the finance department, other internal management uses QQ and WeChat for information transmission and data sharing. A first-level enterprise in the same region has established its own software research and development team to conduct research and development of enterprise management software, and has a deep understanding of digital process and standardization. We have noticed that some leading construction companies are already promoting BIM and building smart construction sites, but most construction companies are still in the process of digital construction from 0 to 1. In digital construction, we cannot blindly compare and set goals randomly. Satellites should be pragmatic, oriented towards operating profits and management efficiency, proceeding steadily and advancing step by step.

This year, the central government has proposed major deployments to promote new infrastructure construction and promote the development of the digital economy. The digitalization of the construction industry should be closely integrated with the central deployment. The core of the industrial Internet in the new infrastructure part is the digitization of the supply chain. The supply chain is called the nervous system of the industry, and its importance is self-evident. The digitalization of the construction industry needs to start from the digitalization of the supply chain. On the one hand, it promotes the supply-side reform of the construction industry. On the other hand, it helps enterprises reduce costs and increase efficiency and improve productivity. On the other hand, it promotes industrial collaboration and sharing, connects the entire industry chain, and integrates into the trend of the digital economy. among.

⑶ Research on the new construction project budget platform

Project budget is a very important work item in the management of construction engineering enterprises. At the same time, in the process of engineering construction, the project budget is an important part of the construction project. is very important and requires extremely detailed work. Since the influencing factors of this work will cover a very wide range, how to reduce the influencing factors willIt is an important research direction in the future of engineering construction quality and funding. With the continuous in-depth research on blockchain technology, based on the important characteristics of blockchain technology, the establishment of a new blockchain engineering calculation platform will inevitably become the development trend of the future industry, reducing errors in project budget estimates, reducing deviations and even Eliminate the influence of other hidden risk factors.
The project budget is a foreseeable calculation of the overall income and expenditure of the overall construction project in a certain period of time in the future. The measurement unit of the project budget is in the form of currency. Therefore, through the normal income and expenditure of currency, we can evaluate the economic value of the project based on the overall budget results, and even strengthen the management, economic accounting and cost assessment of the enterprise. It must be referred to and considered. Of course, when bidding for construction projects, budget is also one of the most important basis for determining the quotation and overall project cost. It can be seen that the project budget is of vital significance in the construction of construction projects. At present, the budget budget mainly faces three major problems.
1) The influence of human factors: Although engineering budget software such as Glodon has long been an essential calculation software in engineering budgets, manual calculations are still included, and errors will inevitably exist. In addition, malicious competition or malicious competition may occur. Incidents where data loss eventually destroys calculation results occasionally occur. The loss of these calculation results not only loses the hard work and crystallization of the estimator, but may even directly affect the bidding results, and even affect the construction schedule and project quality. 2) Loss of stored data. Previous calculation results basically required triple backup, but in the face of emergencies, it is still possible to lose all calculation results, including the influence of subjective factors or objective factors, such as man-made destruction, natural disasters, and natural losses. How to ensure data It exists permanently and cannot be modified without authorization. This is also an issue that needs to be solved urgently in the project budget.
3) Work allocation. The traditional project budget work allocation is based on step-by-step calculations of individual projects such as steel bars, concrete, prefabricated panels, and labor costs. It is prone to omissions, miscalculations, etc. If a one-step calculation error is not discovered in time, a large number of inquiries will be made later. After checking the data, overturning and recalculating, all the calculation efforts of one or even multiple people will be wasted. With the rapid development of technology, the emergence of blockchain technology seems to be able to perfectly solve many "difficulties" existing in past project budgets. The so-called blockchain is a new application model that includes distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other computer technologies [1]. Its essence is decentralization. Take the project budget as an example. In the past, a complete project construction budget was calculated manually by the estimator using the software, and then calculated and summarized by the budget engineer, and finally the project cost manager. The person in charge will make the final calculation and sign for confirmation.
The procedures are complicated, the time span is long, and omissions are easy to occur. However, if the blockchain technology platform is embedded, the entire construction project is assumed to be an "engineering chain". Based on the peer-to-peer transmission of blockchain technology,The budgeter directly loads the final confirmed results into the entire project chain as a module. Through the consensus mechanism, each budgeter on the project chain serves as a node. The calculations under the consensus mechanism can reduce the probability of calculation errors, and more It can avoid artificially changing the calculation results. So how can a completed "project construction blockchain" solve various problems that arise in the project budget? Through research, we found that we can build such a blockchain login platform by using the consensus mechanism of blockchain technology and distributed storage of data. Solve many problems and hidden dangers in the construction of engineering projects.
1 Use the consensus mechanism to solve the trust crisis
The distributed ledger technology applied in the blockchain can build a visibility organization to ensure that the data is not changed. Therefore it is very transparent and trustworthy. Blockchain provides a permanent record and data storage that is immutable. The characteristics of blockchain, which cannot be tampered with and are completely open and transparent, are the first impression of this new technology for everyone who comes into contact with it [4]. In the construction of construction projects, many budget projects have relevant data in different specific sub-projects. In the past, data could not be shared between different projects. It must be consolidated and recalculated by the final estimator, although the application of software has been widely popular [3].
However, in the actual application process, such problems cannot be avoided. Due to the lack of artificial intelligence integration, all calculation data are not centered on the project, but on the estimator as the center of the calculation results, with fragmentation The method exists and is stored in the hands of different estimators, which is equivalent to a small database. Such "small database" needs to be converted and moved again to the medium-sized database of the estimator, and finally completely summarized into the large database of the general project. , such a step-by-step calculation and transmission process is not only to avoid errors, but also to ensure the trustworthiness of the data. However, the original good intentions are no longer appropriate after the emergence of new technologies. Using the consensus mechanism of the blockchain can completely solve the problem of human modification and impact on data, because the data cannot be tampered with and is completely open to the public. It is transparent and uses its distributed storage characteristics to completely avoid problems in the entire operation caused by personal mistakes. Solve the trust crisis and potential human impact in project budgets.
2Use "smart contracts" to provide construction guarantee and work allocation for engineering projects
What is a "smart contract"? A simple example is given: When a developer builds a building, there may be more than 10,000 contracts, which are subcontracted by the general contractor and several levels of contractors. However, when the general contractor receives the money, how can we ensure that the other contractors at all levels will get the money? This requires the protection of blockchain. "The smart contract will write in the code what action to perform under what conditions. Put this contract on the blockchain and no one can change it. As long as the general contractor receives the money, subsequent transfers will automatically start [ 5]." In the same way, this "smart contract" is applied to the estimated budget of the engineering construction project,Only when the first-level budget is confirmed and preparations begin, the smart contract will take effect and perform the next step of calculation, which not only ensures the entire operation of the calculation process, but also ensures the complicated correction procedures after the project is completed. and verification process. What the engineering project blockchain needs to do is to provide a very comprehensive and complete data for all engineering project participants, and to provide personalized specific project implementation details with the entire project as the center, so that the engineering construction project can automatically determine the next step. To whom execution information is shared [6]. Once you have this comprehensive database, the efficiency and overall security of engineering construction projects can be completely improved.
3 "Blockchain + Engineering" makes use of data storage
Centralizes fragmented engineering construction budget data to help budgeters and chief engineers make decisions based on more sufficient basis and provide engineering projects with More comprehensive engineering project construction advice. This is the application prospect of blockchain in the field of engineering and construction [2]. For "computational security," blockchain can also play a role. Using the traceability function of the blockchain, full chain traceability can be achieved throughout the entire budgeter's computing supply chain, thereby ensuring the security of data storage. The budget data supply chain is the lifeblood of engineering enterprises. The scientific management of the budget data supply chain can add a protection lock to the data security of engineering construction projects. The distributed and peer-to-peer characteristics of blockchain are very suitable for engineering and construction projects. The purpose of introducing blockchain technology into engineering projects is to achieve the "separation of three powers" of data - to determine the relationship between the "owner", "user" and "executor" of data, in line with the country's standardized management and use of data. It can also meet the industry’s openness and transparency needs in data applications.
Through blockchain, a new platform can be created for Internet-based services. "Blockchain + engineering construction" can make the construction of engineering projects more and more safe and reliable. At the same time, based on blockchain, data sharing can be promoted and a trustworthy system can be built. Combining the two with Internet services can even build a new platform. Today, with the diversification of data storage technologies, various technologies bring various security risks. The funds involved in the construction project itself are very huge, and the problem of human corruption that breeds is particularly serious, such as changing data, erasing data, etc. Type problems often occur during the project budgeting stage. This has become one of the common topics in the industry. Once blockchain is implemented, all engineering project data will be open, transparent and cannot be tampered with, whether it is the person responsible for the project itself or the person responsible for the project. All persons responsible for estimating budgets need to carry out lifelong responsibility for the entire project, which not only solves the fundamental problems technically, but also solves people's psychological fluke mentality, and ultimately ensures the convenience, practicality and safe storage of data.
A certain city office building, a complex large-scale public construction project, the total cost of the building is about 1 billion yuan, the estimated budget of this construction project needs to be calculated before bidding, the total project list of this building is estimated in 2000 itemsIt is estimated that a company with a cost budget of about 10 people per person will need 7 days to 10 days to carry out this project. However, it will still be affected by many factors, such as labor. In recent years, the market has changed greatly, and labor rates have been affected. There are also huge differences. Taking the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region as an example, the daily difference for a single work station is often dozens of yuan. Secondly, the difference between Beijing and Tianjin is that Tianjin is divided into Category I workers, Category II workers, and Category III workers. Then there are environmental differences. For example, in hydropower projects, there is a huge gap between the north and the south, which also needs to be considered; the difference in construction sequence also directly affects the construction of the overall building project.
Influencing factors such as these may bring about price fluctuations in engineering budget projects at any time, and such price fluctuations directly lead to the differentiation of budget projects. If such budget projects use blockchain technology The platform re-budgets only requires 5 people and can be easily completed in 4 days to 6 days. Moreover, based on the platform's internal AI, 3 calculation project results can be obtained using 3 data, namely peak data, average data and underestimated data, and then you can choose to calculate Submit and declare the results, and respond to possible influencing factors at any time. While the efficiency has been improved by more than 50%, it can almost avoid the existence of influencing factors, which will lead to fluctuations in the results of budget projects. At the same time, the permanent distributed storage, artificial intelligence technology, consensus mechanism and other technologies of the blockchain platform are borrowed to make the results of the project budget estimate more accurate and perfect. It is worth mentioning that in this study, we need to rethink how to "reshape" the construction industry with the various technical services that appear in life. In particular, technologies such as artificial intelligence and 5G can be used to add trusted systems and data sharing to the construction of engineering projects, thereby improving the level and efficiency of project construction. In the future, blockchain should focus on three aspects.

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⑷ What should the phenomenon and application of blockchain look like

1. The revolution of blockchain

Until the 7th year after the emergence of Bitcoin In this year, its underlying core technology blockchain has only begun to become known to people. With the wealth effect caused by Bitcoin’s multi-million-fold increase, blockchain is becoming more and more popular. Its value is widely recognized and it is generally considered to be the core technology leading the fourth industrial revolution.

In 2018, Xu Xiaoping, a well-known angel investor, raised his arms and shouted: "The blockchain revolution has arrived! We must embrace this revolution!" With one stone, it caused thousands of waves, and soon the official blockchain learning book was launched online , official media interpreted that a wave of entrepreneurship and recruitment are coming one after another. In 2019, blockchain was officially designated as “an important breakthrough for independent innovation in core technology.”

Under this situation, blockchain has become an out-and-out "new outlet", and blockchain applications have become a key issue.Keywords. It has significant advantages in optimizing business processes and building trustworthy systems. How can we use these advantages of blockchain technology to empower the real economy?

Not only blockchain project parties are trying, but also Chinese Internet companies represented by BAT, financial systems and mobile operators represented by China Merchants Bank, Bank of China, and Ping An Insurance, etc. They are all actively carrying out "blockchain+", and it is also in full swing overseas. Facebook, Goldman Sachs, JPMorgan Chase, etc. are all actively promoting it.

2. Blockchain+

On August 10, 2018, Tencent issued the first blockchain electronic invoice. As of July 3, 2020, invoices were issued Volume reaches 25 million. Blockchain electronic invoices have the advantages of simple invoicing, on-demand supply, low cost, high efficiency, and anti-counterfeiting. Tencent Blockchain quickly occupied the market with first-mover advantages in blockchain + government affairs and blockchain + taxation.

Ant Financial, owned by Alibaba, began to deploy blockchain as early as 2015. So far, Ant Blockchain has open alliance chain, BaaS platform and other products covering dozens of application scenarios. It has reached on-chain cooperation with many well-known global companies such as Intel, Jingdezhen Porcelain, and Bayer. The Internet also entered the blockchain very early and launched blockchain games, blockchain certificate storage and other services. Currently, the number of certificates stored on the chain has exceeded 100 million.

In 2019, the scale of China's blockchain industry alone reached 1.2 billion yuan. Data from the research institution Research and Markets shows that the output value of blockchain technology in the telecommunications field will surge from 4.66 million US dollars in 2018 to 2023. 993.8 billion US dollars in the year. Against this background, 2020 will usher in multiple policy benefits.

1. Officials have included blockchain into the scope of new infrastructure and new technology infrastructure;

2. Hunan released the "Three-Year Action Plan for the Development of the Blockchain Industry in Hunan Province" ( 2020-2022)";

3. Guangzhou launched the "Implementation Opinions of Guangzhou on Promoting the Innovation and Development of the Blockchain Industry (2020-2022)";

4. Beijing issued the "Beijing Blockchain Innovation and Development Action Plan (2020-2022)";

5. Jiangxi launched a blockchain service hall online;

6. Wuhan A special event for the transformation of blockchain technology scientific and technological achievements will be held;

7. The Chongqing Smart Expo Blockchain Application Innovation Competition plans to invest a huge amount of 50 million yuan as investment incentives.

However, although blockchain has achieved remarkable results in the implementation and empowerment of entities such as finance, government affairs, charity, games, agriculture, manufacturing, medical care, copyright, etc., in the fight against the new coronavirusIt also plays a positive role in the epidemic.

However, due to the influence of the general environment, more funds, resources, and attention have been attracted to the direction of blockchain empowering the real economy, but the core native applications of blockchain have been ignored.

3. Blockchain native applications

The Internet has opened an era of information explosion, and blockchain will bring a future where value flows freely. In today's global economic and financial system, affected by many factors such as ideology, cultural systems, business models, and technological levels, the cost of value transfer is high and the efficiency is low, especially in cross-border payment scenarios.

In the future blockchain era, value transfer will be like information transfer: global, instant, free, and equally enjoyed by everyone. All offline assets such as stocks, securities, identities, and real estate can be freely converted on the chain.

Moreover, the impact of blockchain technology has far exceeded the technical category itself. It is also an idea. The soul of blockchain lies in consensus. In the era of blockchain, truly powerful vitality will be born in community consensus and application implementation, and community and consensus will become the main body and soul of the industry.

In a community with consensus, individual energy and value will be fully stimulated, offsetting the fission effect of traditional centralization, breaking the original solid underlying structure, and reshaping new business and social values.

Therefore, blockchain native applications should be based on community and consensus, give individuals a path to realize their value, and be able to maximize the application ecosystem that stimulates individual energy and creativity, ultimately breaking monopoly and forming Decentralized free value exchange network.

Individual energy and value are multi-dimensional and highly subjective. These blockchain model designs obviously cannot fully stimulate individual energy, and are even far from it.

Native applications that truly conform to the spirit of blockchain should be grand and comprehensive in application model design, taking into account all online and offline value-creating behaviors of individuals for personalized use by individuals. , each individual’s areas of expertise are different.

Borrowing from the Pareto optimal solution theory, each individual's energy can be maximized to maximize the overall energy, break the original centralized business model, and form a free flow of global individuals. A peer-to-peer value transmission network builds a new decentralized business infrastructure, changes the value creation and delivery model, and reshapes the values ​​of the entire society.

#BTC[超话]# #digital currency# #OUyiOKEx#

⑸ What is the application status of blockchain technology in the real estate industry

After an in-depth analysis of the application of blockchain in commercial real estate transactions, it was pointed out that blockchain technology has huge potential to eliminate existingof many deficiencies in key processes to improve commercial real estate transparency and efficiency, as well as cost savings. Jinwowo Network Technology Research summarized the key points of blockchain + real estate:
1. Improve the search process for real estate buyers and sellers;
2. Reduce the cost of investigation before renting and selling;
3. , Optimize asset management after leasing and selling.

⑹ What kind of advancement will the application of blockchain technology in the construction industry bring? Can blockchain change the construction industry?

Blockchain technology can be applied in many fields. At present, my country We are vigorously developing blockchain. Due to its decentralization, many practical applications of blockchain technology are convenient and beneficial to the people, and have improved a lot of efficiency. Detailed blockchain technology application information can be found at Crypto Finance mimacaijing.

⑺ What is ETB

1. ETA expected time of arrival.

2. ETB Expected time of berth.

3. ETCD Expected time of completion of discharge.

The spelling letters used in modern English also completely borrow 26 letters. The so-called "English letters" are the spelling letters used by the ancient Romans when writing.

English began to use the Latin alphabet as its spelling system around the sixth century AD during the Anglo-Saxon era. The missionaries at that time introduced letters in order to record the local language into writing. The problem they faced was that there were more than 40 different sounds in English at that time.

The Latin letters could not correspond one to one, so they used methods such as adding letters, adding diacritical marks on letters, and connecting two letters to correspond to different pronunciations. After that, Old English gradually formed 26 A writing system that is spelled with the Latin letters +& and accompanied by some spelling rules.

⑻ BIM+blockchain makes urban construction smarter

In this article, we talk about the combination and application of blockchain and the construction industry.

Before starting the text, let me first explain the concept of BIM.

BIM (Building Information Modeling) Building information modeling. The U.S. National BIM Standard explains BIM as follows:

(1) Use digital methods to express the physical and functional characteristics of a facility.

(2) A shared knowledge resource.

(3) The process of sharing information related to this facility and providing reliable basis for all countermeasures throughout the life cycle of the facility.

(4) In different stages of the construction project, each participant embeds, extracts, updates and modifies information in the information model to support and reflect the collaborative work of their respective responsibilities.

The construction industry is one of the largest industries in the world today and will remain a key driver of world economic growth in the future.

The construction industry plays an important role in my country's national economy. According to data from the National Bureau of Statistics, my country's GDP in 2020 was 101 trillion yuan, of which the total output value of the construction industry was 26 trillion yuan, accounting for more than 25%.

The construction industry is an ancient industry. As early as 2,000 years ago, the ancients built magnificent projects such as the Great Wall and the pyramids of ancient Egypt. However, since its development, the overall management level and efficiency of the construction industry are still very low. The main reasons can probably be attributed to the following five points:

1) The one-time nature of the project;

2) The looseness and temporary nature of the organization;

3) The fragmentation of management;

4) The multi-party nature and inefficiency of cooperation;

5) Production Destandardization and deindustrialization of processes.

The problems caused by the above reasons are also obvious:

1) Lack of trust. Due to the one-time nature of the project, the temporary nature of the organization, and the multi-party nature of cooperation, trust is inevitable Missing.

2) Low efficiency. Due to the loose and temporary nature of the organization, the non-standardization and non-industrialization of the production process, high consumption and low efficiency, the average profit level of construction companies in the entire construction industry is only about 3%

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3) Risk controllability is weak. Due to the lack of a systematic standardized management system and fragmented management, project delays, design changes, and cost claims are inevitable for almost every project.

Domestic building informatization has gone through three stages and is currently in the third stage:

The first stage: design informatization, The "off the drawing board" project in the 1990s promoted the popularization of domestic CAD technology applications;

The second stage: enterprise information management, in 2005 computer-aided management problem solving realized the informatization of project and enterprise management;

The third stage: full life cycle informatization. In 2015, the application of BIM technology assisted the integration of full life cycle information in the construction industry.

1. Why should BIM be implemented in the construction field?

The Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development has a detailed explanation of the significance of BIM application in the "Notice of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development on Issuing Guiding Opinions on Promoting the Application of Building Information Models". The guiding opinions point out that: BIM should provide technical support for the connection of the industrial chain, industrialized construction and prosperous architectural creation. . In other words, BIM is the technical foundation for the industrial transformation of the construction industry.

2. What can BIM do specifically?

1) Realize data sharing among all participants in the whole life cycle of the building based on the same multi-dimensional building information model;

2) Support the engineering environment, energy consumption, economy, quality, Analysis, inspection and simulation of safety and other aspects;

3) Provide a basis for program optimization and scientific decision-making in the entire project process;

4) Support the collaborative work of various disciplines and the virtualization of the project Construction and refined management.

3. The significance of industrialization of construction

1) Industrially produced materials and prefabricated construction methods make it easier to form a standardized system to ensure product quality;

2) Most components of prefabricated buildings are completed in the factory, and the overall delivery is 30% to 50% faster than traditional buildings;

3) Prefabricated building sites are mainly dry operations, which can effectively reduce Energy consumption and environmental pollution, low carbon and environmental protection;

4) Prefabricated buildings can also be reused due to their dismantling characteristics;

5) There is room for reduction in prefabricated construction costs For now, it is much higher than traditional buildings, with lower post-operation and maintenance costs and greater cost advantages throughout the life cycle.

The transformation of construction industrialization has become a national strategy

In recent years, the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development and other departments have successively introduced a number of important policies to promote the industrialization, digitalization, green construction, and intelligent construction of the construction industry.

In March 2021, the State Council issued the "Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan and Long-term Goals for 2035". The outline clearly proposes to develop intelligent construction, promote green building materials, prefabricated buildings and steel structure residences, and build low-cost Development goals of carbon cities.

4. The importance of BIM digitalization in the construction industry

Vigorously develop the industrialization, digitalization, and intelligent upgrading of construction, increase the application of intelligent construction in all aspects of engineering construction, and realize the transformation and upgrading of the construction industry It is the strategic goal of the construction industry and even the country in the past 10 to 20 years. Therefore, BIM digital technology will play a fundamental and important role in the transformation and upgrading of the construction industry.

The direction of construction industrialization transformation is standardization + factoryization + assembly, BIM solves the problem of digital integration and visualization in this process.

Although BIM is an indispensable technology in the industrial transformation process of the construction industry, it cannot effectively solve the problems of production relations, such as trust and efficiency between collaborative parties, and fragmented management under complex systems. And other issues.

Solving trust, collaboration, efficiency, and fragmented management under complex systems are precisely the natural advantages of blockchain technology, and can well complement BIM technology.

Therefore we say: Industrialized production (BIM support) + digital collaboration (blockchain support) + big data decision-making (AI technology) = smart construction

We consider the entire life cycle of the building It is divided into three stages: planning and design, construction, and operation and maintenance to illustrate.

1. Planning and design stage

Cross-department collaborative approval will be the main scenario for the application of blockchain technology.

The planning and design stage is characterized by many administrative supervision roles and collaborative approval procedures. The decentralized features of blockchain technology are exactly suitable for such scenarios and can greatly improve the efficiency of collaborative approval (multiple places The government has started a pilot project for a blockchain government approval system).

We assume that the regulatory units in the planning and design stage include the National Development and Reform Commission, Land and Resources, Transportation, Housing and Urban-Rural Development, Water Conservancy, etc. In addition, relevant units include construction units, planning and design and other consulting units, and they all have their names on the blockchain. Each node has its own information management system.

When the consulting unit creates the first-stage BIM conceptual model (for example, suitable for project proposals), and loads various economic indicators such as GIS information, scale, land occupation, and cost, the model data is uploaded to the area. Blockchain.

After the BIM conceptual model and project proposal are confirmed by the construction unit, the construction unit will initiate the approval procedures with the National Development and Reform Commission, and the blockchain smart contract will automatically initiate all review processes.

The National Development and Reform Commission accesses the BIM conceptual model on the blockchain through the key, loads the BIM model and GIS information of the surrounding infrastructure when necessary, analyzes whether the project complies with the urban development master plan and the feasibility of the project, and will approve it The results are uploaded to the blockchain, and the smart contract automatically sends the data file of the approval results back to the construction unit.

Similarly, the construction unit starts the land pre-examination related procedures, the smart contract is activated, and the land department accesses the BIM land occupation model on the blockchain through the key, conducts the review, and uploads the approval results to the blockchain. The smart contract sends the data file of the approval result back to the construction unit.

At the same time, any regulatory department can use the key to verify the authenticity of the approval results of the National Development and Reform Commission, Land and Resources and other departments.

WithSubsequent feasibility studies, preliminary designs, and construction drawing designs continue to improve the model. The National Development and Reform Commission, land, transportation, housing and construction and other industry regulatory authorities can access the BIM model data of the project on the blockchain at any time through the key, and monitor the project in real time. There is no illegal design or construction.

All approval processes run automatically online, but they are no longer based on a centralized platform, but on decentralized blockchain technology, which can effectively reduce collaboration costs and improve collaboration efficiency. and ensure data privacy and security.

2. Construction stage

Similarly, we assume that construction units, supervision units and other third-party consulting agencies also have their own nodes on the blockchain and their own information systems. , then they can all access the BIM model data of the project on the blockchain through the key.

We simply divide the construction process into planning, procurement, production, acceptance, and payment. And it is assumed that the model and the WBS decomposition structure of the construction stage are in one-to-one correspondence.

· Planning link:

The contractor can prepare the plan through the Office series of Projec software, or the domestic Glodon Zebra, and import the plan data file into the BIM on the blockchain Model, BIM model has 4D progress visualization attributes (such as can be displayed by InfraWorks of Autodesk series), and the data can also include resources, funds and other plans. All participating parties can simultaneously carry out project management based on the BIM model.

· Procurement link:

The construction industry has a highly decentralized and complex supply chain system. The cooperation between suppliers and contractors may be temporary or one-time, so trust is relatively low. Difficult to establish, low collaboration efficiency.

Let’s first talk about how blockchain solves the trust problem in transactions.

Blockchain uses smart contracts to complete transactions. For example, for the buyer, before the transaction, the smart contract first detects whether the balance of the buyer's digital wallet (central bank digital renminbi) (or bank credit or guarantee limit) is satisfied. If the transaction object is satisfied, it will be locked. When the buyer accepts and signs for the seller's goods, the smart contract will automatically transfer the locked digital renminbi point-to-point to the seller's digital wallet.

Therefore, what the blockchain solves is not the problem of mutual trust between buyers and sellers, but trust is no longer a problem.

Sand and gravel materials are used in large quantities in construction projects, and are purchased frequently and from scattered sources. They are one of the most difficult materials to control in the building materials supply chain.

We assume that the contractor has installed a camera in the silo, and the contractor's procurement system detects through the camera that the remaining material in the silo is lower than the predetermined value.Threshold (computer vision recognition technology), the system calls the planning data (the data imported by the Project into the BIM model) and finds that the future usage demand is greater than the total capacity of the silo, then the smart contract is started to automatically complete the sand and gravel order, and even from multiple suppliers Choose the one with the lowest price.

Sand and gravel suppliers do not need to join any system. They only need to create their own accounts on the blockchain node to complete automated transaction collaboration with contractors.

During the transportation process, the supplier uploads the GPS location of the transportation vehicle or ship to the blockchain in real time through IOT hardware. The contractor's procurement system can track the location of the goods in real time through the key. The system can Analyze (search algorithm) whether the material delivery time has an impact on the production plan, so that the smart contract can be restarted for remediation.

The purchase batch and arrival time of each batch of materials can be written into the corresponding location of the BIM model and written into the blockchain ledger. The smart contract will remind the supervision unit to organize acceptance or acceptance according to the batch of materials arriving. Test and inspection work.

The system can free project managers from complicated orders, inquiries, and accounting processing, so they can better devote themselves to more important matters.

· Production link:

The production process is inevitably inseparable from people and equipment.

An inevitable result of industrialization is the improvement of efficiency and quality, and the process behavior quality of people and equipment will determine the formation process of product quality.

Therefore, the result-oriented construction process management in the past must turn to the industrial process-oriented construction management. So which teams will produce each sub-project, and the construction cooperation for each group of concrete The parameters are monitored in real time (IOT hardware) and written to the corresponding location of the BIM model. At the same time, these data are written into the blockchain ledger, which is permanently saved and cannot be tampered with. All data in the production process should be authentic and credible.

We assume that large structures are installed by hoisting equipment. We also assume that if it is not suitable for hoisting operations in heavy rain or wind exceeding level 6, then the hoisting equipment will sense the situation through IOT hardware (or network communication). After this extreme state, the blockchain smart contract will remind on-site managers to restore the equipment to a safe state until the dangerous state is relieved.

The fuel consumption and electricity consumption of each equipment during the production process will be monitored through IOT hardware, and these data will be written into the blockchain ledger.

The blockchain smart contract automatically calculates carbon emission indicators for energy consumption (GBT 51366-2019). Once it is found that carbon emissions exceed the approved indicators, new indicators are automatically purchased in the carbon trading market.

IOT on all production equipment mentioned earlierThe hardware does not need to be connected to the systems of the participating parties. All participating parties only need to use the device key to access data. Perhaps this key is designed by the device developer into a client (such as an APP), then all parties involved only need to install a client to access all data generated by the device.

· Acceptance link

We assume that the strength of the concrete construction is determined by the test equipment (IOT hardware) writing the data directly to the location corresponding to the BIM model and writing it to the blockchain ledger.

The appearance dimensions and number of steel bars of the construction may be generated by using 3D laser scanning equipment to generate point clouds and compared with the BIM design model. The percentage of honeycomb pitted surface and the acceptance accuracy can be accurately calculated according to the quality inspection and assessment standards. The accuracy, which is much higher than manual calculation, is written into the corresponding location of the BIM model and the blockchain ledger.

All personnel and data participating in the acceptance are written into the blockchain ledger and stored permanently and cannot be tampered with.

If a quality problem occurs, the ledger records on the blockchain are like a running account arranged in chronological order, starting from the current record and tracing forward. Who has accepted it? Who made it? Who transported it? Who purchased it? It’s clear who supplied it.

· Payment stage:

With the official issuance of digital renminbi and support for programmability, when digital renminbi enters the field of project payment, it can be said that every project payment The destination has been basically fixed and can be tracked on the blockchain, making it impossible for project funds to be misappropriated. Then when the quality of the project passes the acceptance inspection and meets the conditions set by the smart contract, the point-to-point payment operation of the smart contract will be automatically triggered. No longer going through banks, it can also reduce the company's financial costs.

Therefore, according to the provisions of the capital construction procedures, projects that have not yet been funded in the future will inevitably not receive approval to start construction. For projects that have obtained approval to start construction, contractors, professional subcontractors, material suppliers and even labor personnel will no longer be able to No need to worry about defaulting on project payment.

When the BIM model is anchored to the physical building and turned into a digital asset, the ownership of the digital asset can flow on the blockchain.

Let’s assume that the ownership of a physical engineering component is temporarily retained in the hands of the contractor before the owner has paid the project fee. When a contractor encounters financial difficulties, it happens that the BIM digital assets on the blockchain (anchored (physical engineering components) to prove a certain future income (a project payment paid by the owner in the future), then the contractor can completely mortgage the ownership of this part of the digital asset, and the smart contract can lock the project payment paid by the future owner. The amount is used by the contractor to redeem the ownership of the digital asset.

3. Operation and maintenance phase

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A very good scenario in the operation and maintenance phase is the intelligent interaction between devices.

We assume that an unmanned patrol car discovers a defect in the asphalt pavement on the highway through the computer vision recognition system, triggers a smart contract to start another asphalt pavement maintenance vehicle, and this maintenance vehicle also uses smart The contract automatically places an order to purchase the required asphalt mixture repair materials, and automatically drives to the defective location to complete the repair, with little or no human intervention in the process.

In summary, blockchain technology + BIM can better realize smart construction. In turn, the BIM model can be used as a data dashboard for blockchain technology. With the continuous emergence of IOT hardware ( Especially in the operation and maintenance stage), with the continuous filling of data, the continuous refreshing of models, the dimensions becoming more and more full, what you see is what you get, blockchain + BIM will become a smarter smart construction decision-making system.

In the article, we listed some applications in the three stages of planning, design, construction, and operation and maintenance. However, the actual application scenarios are far more than these examples. These examples only serve as a point-to-point discussion.

All the technologies mentioned in the article are existing or already implemented functions (such as blockchain government systems, supply chain tracking, quality traceability, etc.). What is lacking is just the integration of these technologies. It seems that blockchain technology is not originally a new technology, but the integration of existing computer technologies such as distributed storage, asymmetric encryption, and consensus algorithms to achieve this great invention.

Some people may say that BIM forward design has not yet become popular in my country’s construction industry, and 4D and 5D digital construction management based on BIM have only begun to become popular. At this time, we should explore the smart construction of blockchain technology + BIM Is it too early?

What I want to say is,

The concept of BIM was proposed as early as 1975 by Dr. Chuck Eastman of Georgia Institute of Technology in the United States. In 2002, Autodesk officially proposed the BIM concept and technology. 3D visualization has developed to today's 8D concept.

Blockchain technology was also proposed by Satoshi Nakamoto as early as 2008. In addition to digital currency, it has also been widely used in other non-digital currency fields.

Just like artificial intelligence technology,

It was first proposed by computer expert John McCarthy in 1956, but it has been limited by computer technology and hardware and has stagnated until the ImageNET challenge in 2012. The accuracy of visual recognition in the game reached more than 95%, surpassing the limits of the human eye. After breaking through the limitations of computer hardware and technology, the application of artificial intelligence technology ushered in a big explosion.In recent years, life applications such as beauty cameras, voice recognition, and smart push notifications have exploded in our mobile phones.

Therefore, before any technology breaks out in large-scale applications, energy has been accumulating. This is a necessary process. On the one hand, it may be due to technology and hardware limitations, and another very important reason is that there are too few people who understand and participate. Once everyone understands and knows how to do it, this explosive power will naturally flourish.

Just like we keep blowing up a balloon, one day it will explode.

If you are also interested in blockchain applications, search the WeChat public account "Candy Chain Notes" and let's move forward together.

⑼ Why does the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development carry out green construction pilot projects in many places with the support of blockchain and other technologies

Housing and the General Office of the Ministry of Urban and Rural Development decided to launch green construction pilot projects in Hunan Province, Shenzhen City in Guangdong Province, and Changzhou City in Jiangsu Province. Pilot areas should vigorously promote the integrated application of BIM technology in the design, production, and construction phases of pilot projects, and use 5G, Internet of Things, blockchain, artificial intelligence and other technologies as support to promote the application of intelligent equipment such as smart construction sites and construction robots. Achieve project quality traceability, improve project quality and management efficiency, and enhance the level of construction informatization. With the continuous development of information technology, the world has officially entered the digital era. Under the wave of digitalization, more and more enterprises have joined the team of digital transformation. How to effectively ensure data security will become the core competitiveness of this era.

Blockchain has significant advantages such as decentralization, distributed accounting, and encrypted traceability, which can well ensure the integrity and authenticity of on-chain data. Once it has been tampered with or forged, it can be discovered. At the same time, because the blockchain has the characteristics of distributed accounting, even if the data on individual nodes is deleted, other nodes can still completely save the data, ensuring the integrity of the entire blockchain certification system. normal operation. Based on the above advantages, blockchain is naturally suitable for electronic data storage. The introduction of blockchain certificate storage can effectively solve the authenticity and legality issues of electronic evidence, making the electronic data certificate storage process more trustworthy.

After the Reform Commission incorporated blockchain into new infrastructure, the country ushered in a blockchain policy boom. The central and local governments have promulgated blockchain-related policies and regarded blockchain as a new economic and technological field. The main breakthrough is to build future strategic competitive advantages, and the related application scenarios of blockchain are hot. The deep integration of blockchain and industry is the embodiment of maximizing the use of blockchain. Since 2014, Yibaoquan has begun to delve into the underlying technology research and development and application innovation of blockchain from an industrial perspective. Based on blockchain electronic data storage and preservation, it has launched the gentleman's signature and district signature in the field of blockchain electronic contracting. Micro-copyright in the field of blockchain intellectual property protection, Zhong Zhengbao in the blockchain Internet judicial field, etc.brand.

⑽ What impact does blockchain have on real estate?

Blockchain may affect the real estate market in five aspects.

To understand how blockchain could improve the real estate market, five members of the Forbes Real Estate Council measured its impact and concluded with the following:

1. Accelerate the transaction process

Using blockchain tokens, there is no need to go through property rights investigations or middlemen to protect property rights transfers. By using a blockchain distributed database to prove the authenticity of transactions, household owners can quickly transfer property rights without the need for third-party verification. The technology could revolutionize the real estate industry by making escrow companies obsolete.

——Hillary Hobson, Highest Cash Offer

2. Increase transparency

One of the biggest costs of real estate transactions is the lack of transparency. One is transaction friction caused by too many middlemen (think custodians, underwriters, brokers). Blockchain enables all transactions to be conducted peer-to-peer without the need for middlemen, and all information records are completely transparent. This leads to efficiency and trust.

——Ridaa Murad, BREAKFORM | RE

3. Protect online data storage

In addition to cryptocurrencies, blockchain technology can also protect online data storage. In the future, it can be used to store all property records, such as title, apartment, land survey, property chain, etc. Blockchain may eventually become part of multiple listing services systems. Uses beyond cryptocurrencies will become widespread.

——Roger Blankenship, Flipping America

4. Cost-effective and trustworthy

Blockchain will eliminate dependence on title insurance and increase Transaction efficiency and confidence. It can also add transparency to the entire buyer platform, making financial considerations like difficulty affording attorney fees less of a factor in understanding title and ownership issues.

——Susan Tjarksen, KIG CRE LLC

5. Publicly provide important information

Gordon Gekko said personally, “The most valuable thing I know The commodity is information”. Blockchain will become a repository of information. A lot of information, once entered properly, can be valuable. When institutions have good information, and that information is public, risk is greatly eliminated for all counterparties who have trading relationships with those institutions.

The information comes from the Internet, I hope it can be helpful to your question.