区块链需要哪些知识6
近年来，区块链技术越来越受到关注，它不仅可以实现跨国转账，还可以用于记录数据、发行数字货币等多种应用。但是，要想学习区块链技术，需要具备一定的知识和技能。本文将介绍区块链需要的知识以及相关的三个关键词：密码学、智能合约和共识机制。
密码学密码学是一门研究如何保护信息安全的学科，它包括密码系统、加密算法、数字签名、认证和验证等内容。在区块链技术中，密码学被用来保护用户的隐私，保证数据的安全性和完整性。比特币就使用了哈希算法、椭圆曲线加密算法等密码学算法来保护用户的资金安全。因此，学习区块链技术，密码学是必不可少的部分。
智能合约智能合约是一种可以实现自动执行的电子合约，它可以记录双方的协议、规则和条件，并在满足条件时自动执行。在区块链技术中，智能合约可以用来实现去中心化的自治组织，让参与者共同制定规则，实现自治自主。比特币的比特币矿工就是一个智能合约的例子，它可以自动完成比特币的交易。所以，学习区块链技术，掌握智能合约的知识也是必不可少的。
共识机制共识机制是区块链技术的核心，它是一种协议，可以使参与者在不受信任的情况下达成一致。在区块链网络中，共识机制可以实现去中心化的治理，让参与者共同维护网络的安全和稳定。比特币的工作量证明就是一种共识机制，它可以避免恶意节点攻击网络，保证网络的安全性。因此，学习区块链技术，理解共识机制也是必不可少的。
总之，要想学习区块链技术，需要掌握密码学、智能合约和共识机制等知识。只有掌握了这些知识，才能真正理解区块链技术的本质，并能够利用这项技术解决实际问题。
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① What are the basic knowledge of blockchain
1. FISCO BCOS uses accounts to identify and distinguish each independent user. In a blockchain system that uses a public-private key system, each account corresponds to a pair of public and private keys. Among them, the address string obtained by calculating the public key through a secure one-way algorithm such as hashing is used as the account name of the account, that is, the account address. The private key known only to the user corresponds to the password in the traditional authentication model. Such accounts with private keys are also often called external accounts or accounts.
2. The smart contract deployed on the chain in FISCO BCOS also corresponds to an account in the underlying storage. We call this type of account a contract account. The difference between it and an external account is that the address of the contract account is when it is deployed. Determined, calculated based on the deployer's account address and the information in his account, and the contract account does not have a private key.
3. The SDK needs to hold the external account private key and use the external account private key to sign the transaction. In the blockchain system, every call to the contract writing interface is a transaction, and each transaction needs to be signed with the account's private key.
4. Permission control requires the address of an external account. The FISCO BCOS permission control model determines whether there is permission to write data based on the external account address of the transaction sender.
5. The contract account address uniquely identifies the contract on the blockchain. After each contract is deployed, the underlying node will generate a contract address for it. When calling the contract interface, the contract address needs to be provided.
② 108 knowledge points for getting started with blockchain
1. What is blockchain
Combine the information of multiple transactions and the information indicating the block The information is packaged and put together, and the verified package is the block.
Each block stores the hash value of the previous block, creating a relationship between blocks, that is to say, a chain. Together they are called blockchain.
2. What is Bitcoin
The concept of Bitcoin was proposed by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2009, with a total number of 21 million. The Bitcoin chain generates a block approximately every 10 minutes, and this block is mined by miners for 10 minutes. As a reward to miners, a certain number of Bitcoins will be issued to miners, but this certain number is halved every four years. Now it's 12.5. If this continues, all Bitcoins will be available in 2040.
3. What is Ethereum
The biggest difference between Ethereum and Bitcoin is the smart contract. This allows developers to develop and run various applications on it.
4. Distributed ledger
It is a database that is shared, replicated and synchronized among network members. To put it bluntly, all users on the blockchain have accounting functions and the content is consistent, which ensures that the data cannot be tampered with.
5. What is quasi-anonymity?
I believe everyone has a wallet, and the wallet address (a string of characters) used to send transactions is quasi-anonymity.
6. What is open transparency/traceability
The blockchain stores all data from history to the present, anyone can view it, and can also view any data in history.
7. What is tamper-proof
Historical data and current transaction data cannot be tampered with. The data is stored in the block on the chain and has a hash value. If the block information is modified, its hash value will also change, and the hash values of all blocks following it must also be modified to form a new chain. At the same time, the main chain is still conducting transactions to generate blocks. The modified chain must always generate blocks synchronously with the main chain to ensure that the length of the chain is the same. The cost is too high, just to modify a piece of data.
8. What is anti-DDoS attack
DDoS: Hackers control many people’s computers or mobile phones and allow them to access a website at the same time. Since the bandwidth of the server is limited, a large amount of traffic The influx of data may cause the website to fail to function properly, resulting in losses. However, the blockchain is distributed and there is no central server. If one node fails, other nodes will not be affected. Theoretically, if more than 51% of the nodes are attacked, problems will occur.
9. Definition of main chain
Taking Bitcoin as an example, at a certain point in time, a block is mined by two miners at the same time, and then 6 blocks are generated first. The chain of blocks is the main chain
10. Single chain/multi-chain
Single chain refers to the data structure that handles everything on one chain. The core essence of the multi-chain structure is composed of public chain + N sub-chains. There is only one, but in theory there can be countless sub-chains, and each sub-chain can run one or more DAPP systems
11. Public chain/alliance chain/private chain
Public Chain: Everyone can participate in the blockchain
Alliance chain: Only alliance members are allowed to participate in accounting and query
Private chain: Writing and viewing permissions are only controlled by one person In the hands of the organization.
12. Consensus layer, data layer, etc.
There are six overall structures of the blockchain: data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer, and application layer. Data layer: a layer that records data, belonging to the underlying technology; network layer: a structure for building a blockchain network, which determines how users are organized. Consensus layer: Provides a set of rules to allow everyone to receive and store informationinto agreement. Incentive layer: Design incentive policies to encourage users to participate in the blockchain ecosystem; Contract layer: Generally refers to "smart contracts", which are a set of contract systems that can be automatically executed and written according to their own needs. Application layer: Applications on the blockchain, similar to mobile apps. Former Distributed Storage R&D Center
13. Timestamp
The timestamp refers to January 1, 1970 Day 0 hours 0 minutes 0 seconds 0... The total number of seconds from the current time to now, or the total number of nanoseconds and other very large numbers. Each block is generated with a timestamp indicating when the block was generated.
14. Block/block header/block body
Block is the basic unit of blockchain, and block header and block body are components of blockchain. The information contained in the block header includes the hash of the previous block, the hash of this block, timestamp, etc. The block body is the detailed data in the block.
15. Merkle tree
Merkle tree, also called binary tree, is a data structure for storing data. The bottom layer is the original data contained in all blocks, and the upper layer is each The hash value of a block, the hash of this layer is combined in pairs to generate a new hash value, forming a new layer, and then upwards layer by layer, until a hash value is generated. Such a structure can be used to quickly compare large amounts of data, and you can quickly find the bottom-level historical data you want without downloading all the data.
16. What is expansion?
The size of a Bitcoin block is about 1M and can save 4,000 transaction records. Expansion means making the block larger so that more data can be stored.
17. What is a chain?
Each block will save the hash of the previous block, creating a relationship between the blocks. This relationship is a chain. Data such as block transaction records and status changes are stored through this chain.
18. Block height
This is not the height mentioned in terms of distance. It refers to the total number of blocks between the block and the first block on the chain. This height indicates which block it is, and is just for identification purposes.
19. Fork
Two blocks were generated at the same time (the transaction information in the block is the same, but the hash value of the block is different), and then in Two chains are forked from these two blocks. Whoever generates 6 blocks from these two links first will be the main chain, and the other chain will be discarded.
20. Ghost Protocol
Mining pools with high computing power can easily generate blocks faster than mining machines with low computing power. As a result, most of the blocks on the blockchain are produced by these mining pools with high computing power.raw. However, the blocks generated by mining machines with low computing power are not stored on the chain because they are slow, and these blocks will be invalid.
The ghost protocol allows blocks that should be invalidated to remain on the chain for a short time, and can also be used as part of the proof of work
. In this way, miners with small computing power will contribute more to the main chain, and large mining pools will not be able to monopolize the confirmation of new blocks.
21. Orphan blocks
As mentioned before, orphan blocks are blocks generated at the same time. One of them forms a chain, and the other does not form a chain. Then this block that does not form a chain is called an orphan block.
22. Uncle block
The orphan block mentioned above, through the ghost protocol, makes it part of the proof of work, then it will not be discarded and will be saved in the main chain superior. This block is the next
23 replay attack
The hacker resends the message that has been sent to the server. Sometimes this can deceive the server into multiple responses.
24. Directed acyclic graph
Also called data set DAG (directed acyclic graph), DAG is an ideal multi-chain data structure. Most of the blockchains mentioned now are single chains, that is, one block is connected to another block, and DAG is multiple blocks connected. The advantage is that several blocks can be generated at the same time, so the network can process a large number of transactions at the same time, and the throughput will definitely increase. However, there are many shortcomings and it is currently in the research stage.
25. What is mining
The mining process is to perform a series of conversions, connections and hash operations on the above six fields, and continue to try them one by one. The random number you are looking for, and finally successfully find a random number that meets the conditions: the value after hashing is smaller than the hash value of the preset difficulty value, then the mining is successful, and the node can broadcast the area to neighboring nodes. block, neighboring nodes receive the block and perform the same operation on the above six fields to verify compliance, and then forward it to other nodes. Other nodes also use the same algorithm to verify. If there are 51% of nodes in the entire network If all verifications are successful, even if this block is truly "mined" successfully, each node will add this block to the end of the previous block, delete the list in the block that is the same as its own record, and resurrect again. the above process. Another thing to mention is that regardless of whether the mining is successful or not, each node will pre-record the reward of 50 Bitcoins and the handling fees of all transactions (total input-total output) in the first item of the transaction list (this is " The most fundamental purpose of "mining" is also the fundamental reason to ensure the long-term stable operation of the blockchain), the output address is the address of this node, but if the mining is unsuccessful, the transaction will be invalidated without any reward. And this one is calledTransactions that are "production transactions" do not participate in the "mining" calculation.
26. Mining machines/mines
Mining machines are computers with various configurations, and computing power is the biggest difference between them. A place where mining machines are concentrated in one place is a mining farm
27. Mining pool
Miners join together to form a team, and the computer group under this team is a mining pool. Mining rewards are distributed based on your own computing power contribution.
28. Mining difficulty and computing power
Mining difficulty is to ensure that the interval between generating blocks is stable within a certain short time, such as Bitcoin’s 10 minutes.
p>Block 1. The computing power is the configuration of the mining machine.
29. Verification
When verification in the blockchain is a confirmation of the legality of the transaction, each node will verify the transaction once when the transaction message is propagated between nodes. Whether the transaction is legal. For example, verify whether the syntax of the transaction is correct, whether the transaction amount is greater than 0, whether the entered transaction amount is reasonable, etc. After passing the verification, it will be packaged and handed over to the miners for mining.
30. Transaction broadcast
The node sends information to other nodes through the network.
31. Mining fees
For the blockchain to work non-stop like a perpetual motion machine, miners need to maintain the system. Therefore, the miners must be given favorable fees to make it sustainable.
32. Transaction confirmation
When a transaction occurs, the block recording the transaction will be confirmed for the first time, and will be confirmed in every area on the chain after the block. Block is reconfirmed: When the number of confirmations reaches 6 or more, the transaction is generally considered safe and difficult to tamper with.
33. Double transaction
That is, I have 10 yuan, I use the 10 yuan to buy a pack of cigarettes, and then instantly use the 10 yuan that has not yet been paid. Bought another cup of coffee. So when verifying the transaction, you need to confirm whether the 10 yuan has been spent.
34. UTXO unspent transaction output
It is a data structure containing transaction data and execution code, which can be understood as digital currency that exists but has not yet been consumed.
35. Transactions per second TPS
That is throughput, tps refers to the number of transactions the system can process per second.
36. Wallet
Similar to Alipay, it is used to store digital currencies, and blockchain technology is more secure.
37. Cold wallet/hot wallet
Cold wallet isThe principle of offline wallet is to store it locally and use QR code communication to prevent the private key from touching the Internet. A hot wallet is an online wallet. The principle is to encrypt the private key and store it on the server. When it is needed, it is downloaded from the server and decrypted on the browser side.
38. Software Wallet/Hardware Wallet
A software wallet is a computer program. Generally speaking, a software wallet is a program that interacts with the blockchain and allows users to receive, store, and send digital currencies and can store multiple keys. Hardware wallets are smart devices that specialize in handling digital currencies.
39. Airdrop
The project sends digital currency to each user’s wallet address.
40. Mapping
Mapping is related to the issuance of blockchain currency and is a mapping between chains. For example, there are some blockchain companies that have not completed the development of the chain in the early stage. They rely on Ethereum to issue their own currency. The issuance and transactions of the early currency are all operated on Ethereum. With the development of the company, the company's own chain development has been completed. The company wants to map all the previous information on Ethereum to its own chain. This process is mapping.
41. Position
Refers to the ratio of the investor’s actual investment to the actual investment funds
42. Full position
All funds are bought Enter Bitcoin
43. Reduce the position
Sell some of the Bitcoins, but not all of them
44. Heavy positions
Compared with Bitcoin, Bitcoin accounts for a larger share of funds
45. Short position
Compared with Bitcoin, the share of funds is larger
46. Short position
Sell all the Bitcoins you hold and convert them all into funds
47. Stop loss
After obtaining a certain profit, sell the Bitcoin held to keep the profit
48. Stop loss
After losses reach a certain level, sell the Bitcoins you hold to prevent further losses
49. Bull market
Prices continue to rise and the outlook is optimistic
50. Bear market
Prices continue to fall, and the outlook is bleak
51. Long (long)
The buyer believes that the currency price will rise in the future, buys the currency, and waits for the currency price After rising, sell at a high price to take profits
52. Short position (short selling)
The seller thinksIf the currency price will fall in the future, sell the currency you hold (or borrow currency from the trading platform). After the currency price drops, buy it at a low price to take profits
53. Open a position
Buy Bitcoin and other virtual currencies
54. Cover positions
Buy Bitcoin and other virtual currencies in batches, for example: buy 1 BTC first, then buy 1 BTC < /p>
55. Full position
Buy all the funds into a certain virtual currency at once
56. Rebound
The currency price falls When the price rebounds and adjusts due to falling too fast
57. Consolidation (sideways)
The price fluctuation range is small and the currency price is stable
58. Yin Fall
The currency price fell slowly
59. Diving (waterfall)
The currency price fell rapidly, with a large amplitude
60. Cutting meat
After buying Bitcoin, the price of the currency fell. In order to avoid expanding losses, I sold Bitcoin at a loss. Or after borrowing the currency to go short, the currency price rises, and you buy Bitcoin at a loss
61. Hold on
Expect the currency price to rise, but unexpectedly the currency price falls after buying; or expect the currency price to fall. fell, but unexpectedly, after selling, the currency price rose
62. Unwinding
After buying Bitcoin, the currency price fell, causing a temporary book loss, but then the currency price rebounded and the loss was reversed To make a profit
63. Go short
After selling Bitcoin because of the bearish market outlook, the price of the currency continued to rise, and I was unable to buy it in time, so I failed to make a profit
64. Overbought
The currency price continues to rise to a certain height, the buyer's power is basically exhausted, and the currency price is about to fall
65. Oversold
The currency price continues to fall to a certain low, the seller's power has basically been exhausted, and the currency price is about to rise
66. Lure bulls
The currency price has been consolidating for a long time, and it is more likely to fall. Most of the short sellers have sold Bitcoin, and suddenly the short sellers pulled up the price of the currency, inducing the long parties to think that the price of the currency will rise and buy one after another. As a result, the short sellers suppressed the price of the currency, causing the long parties to get stuck
67. Lure shorts
After buying Bitcoin, bulls deliberately suppress the price of the currency, making short sellers think that the price of the currency will fall and sell them one after another. As a result, they fall into the trap of bulls
68. What is NFT
The full name of NFT is “Non-Fungible Tokens” are non-fungible tokens. Simply put, they are an indivisible copyright certificate on the blockchain. They are mainly used to confirm and transfer digital assets. The difference from digital currencies is that they are unique and indivisible. , in essence, is a unique digital asset.
69. What is the Metaverse
The Metaverse is a collection of virtual time and space, composed of a series of augmented reality (AR) ), virtual reality (VR) and the Internet (Internet), among which digital currency carries the function of value transfer in this world.
70. What is DeFi
DeFi, the full name Decentralized Finance, that is, "decentralized finance" or "distributed finance." "Decentralized finance", as opposed to traditional centralized finance, refers to various financial field applications established in open decentralized networks. The goal is to establish a multi-level financial system based on blockchain technology and cryptocurrency to re-create and improve the existing financial system
71. Who is Satoshi Nakamoto?
< p> 72. Bitcoin and Q Coin are differentBitcoin is a decentralized digital asset with no issuing entity. Q Coin is an electronic currency issued by Tencent, similar to electronic points. In fact, it is not a currency. Q Coin requires a centralized issuing institution. Q Coin can only be recognized and used because of the credit endorsement of Tencent. The scope of use is also limited to Tencent’s games and services. The value of Q Coin is entirely based on people’s trust in Tencent. The trust of the company.
Bitcoin is not issued through a centralized institution, but it is widely recognized around the world because Bitcoin can self-certify its trust. The issuance and circulation of Bitcoin are jointly issued by miners across the entire network. Accounting does not require a central organization to ensure that no one can tamper with the ledger.
73. What is a mining machine?
Taking Bitcoin as an example, the Bitcoin mining machine is Professional equipment that runs a large amount of calculations to compete for accounting rights and obtain new Bitcoin rewards. It is generally composed of mining chips, heat sinks and fans. It only executes a single calculation program and consumes a lot of power. Mining is actually a competition between miners. Computing power, miners with more computing power have a greater probability of mining Bitcoin. As the computing power of the entire network increases, it becomes more and more difficult to mine Bitcoins with traditional equipment (CPU, GPU). People have developed specialized Chip used for mining. The chip is the core part of the mining machine. The operation of the chip will generate a large amount of heat. In order to dissipate heat, Bitcoin mining machines are generally equipped with heat sinks and fans. Users download Bitcoin mining on their computers Mining software, use this software to allocate the tasks of each mining machine, and you can start mining. The algorithm of each currency is different, and the mining machines required are also different.
74.What is quantitative trading?
Quantitative trading, sometimes also called automated trading, refers to the use of advanced mathematical models to replace human subjective judgments, which greatly reduces the impact of investor sentiment fluctuations and avoids extreme fanaticism or pessimism in the market. make irrational investment decisions. There are many types of quantitative trading, including cross-platform trading, trend trading, hedging, etc. Cross-platform trading means that when the price difference between different target platforms reaches a certain amount, sell on the platform with a higher price and buy on the platform with a lower price.
75. Blockchain asset over-the-counter trading
Over-the-counter trading is also called OTC trading. Users need to find their own counterparties and do not need to match the transaction. The transaction price is determined by negotiation between the two parties. The two parties can fully communicate through face-to-face negotiation or telephone communication.
76. What is a timestamp?
The blockchain ensures that each block is connected sequentially through timestamps. Timestamps enable every piece of data on the blockchain to have a time stamp. Simply put, timestamps prove when something happened on the blockchain and cannot be tampered with by anyone.
77. What is a blockchain fork?
Upgrading software in a centralized system is very simple, just click "Upgrade" in the app store. However, in decentralized systems such as blockchain, "upgrading" is not that simple, and a disagreement may even cause a blockchain fork. Simply put, a fork refers to a disagreement when the blockchain is "upgraded", resulting in a fork in the blockchain. Because there is no centralized organization, every code upgrade of digital assets such as Bitcoin needs to be unanimously recognized by the Bitcoin community. If the Bitcoin community cannot reach an agreement, the blockchain is likely to form a fork.
78. Soft fork and hard fork
Hard fork means that when the Bitcoin code changes, the old nodes refuse to accept the blocks created by the new nodes. Blocks that do not comply with the original rules will be ignored, and miners will follow the original rules and create new blocks after the last block they verified. A soft fork means that old nodes are not aware of the changes to the Bitcoin code and continue to accept blocks created by new nodes. Miners may work on blocks they have no understanding of, or validation of. Both soft forks and hard forks are "backwards compatible" to ensure that new nodes can verify the blockchain from scratch. Backward compatibility means that new software accepts data or code generated by old software. For example, Windows 10 can run Windows XP applications. Soft forks can also be "forward compatible".
79. Classification and application of blockchain projects
Judging from the current mainstream blockchain projects, blockchain projects mainly fall into four categories: Category 1: Currency; The second category: platform category; the third category: application category; the fourth category: asset tokenization.
80. USDT against the US dollar
USDT is Tether USD, a token launched by Tether that is against the US dollar (USD). 1USDT=1 US dollar, users can use USDT and USD for 1:1 exchange at any time. Tether implements a 1:1 reserve guarantee system, that is, each USDT token will have a reserve guarantee of 1 US dollar, which supports the stability of the USDT price. The unit price of a certain digital asset is USDT, which is equivalent to its unit price in US dollars (USD).
81. Altcoins and alternative coins
Altcoins refer to blockchain assets that use the Bitcoin code as a template and make some modifications to its underlying technology blockchain, among which Those with technological innovations or improvements are also called alternative coins. Because the Bitcoin code is open source, the cost of plagiarism in Bitcoin is very low. You can even generate a brand new blockchain by simply copying the Bitcoin code and modifying some parameters.
82. Three major exchanges
Binance: https://accounts.binancezh.ac/zh-CN
Okex: https://www .ouyi.top/
Huobi: https://www.huobi.af/zh-cn
83. Market software
Mytoken: http: //www.mytoken.com/
Non-small account: https://www.feixiaohao.co/
84. Information website
Babbitt: https://www.8btc.cn
Golden Finance: http://www.jinse.com/
Coin World News: http://www.bishijie.com < /p>
85. Blockchain Explorer
BTC: https://btc.com/
ETH: https://etherscan.io/
BCH: https://blockchair.com/bitcoin-cash/blocks
LTC: http://www.qukuai.com/search/ltc
ETC: https://gastracker.io/
86. MoneyPackage
Imtoken: https://imatoken.net/
Bitpie: https://bitpie.com/
87. Decentralized Exchange
uniswap: https://uniswap.org
88. NFT Exchange
Opensea: https: //opensea.io
Super Rare: https://superrare.com/
89. Ladder
Bring your own, buy a reliable ladder
90. Platform currency
Digital currency issued by the platform, used to deduct handling fees, transactions, etc.
91. Bull market, bear market
Bull market : Rising market
Bear market: Falling market
92. Blockchain 1.0
A currency trading system based on distributed ledgers, represented by Bitcoin
93. Blockchain 2.0
The contract blockchain technology represented by Ethereum (smart contract) is 2.0
94. Blockchain 3.0
In the era of intelligent Internet of Things, it goes beyond the financial field to provide decentralized solutions for various industries
95. Smart Contract
Smart Contract is a purpose-built In computer protocols that disseminate, verify or execute contracts in an information-based manner, simply put, an electronic contract is set in advance and once confirmed by both parties, the contract is automatically executed.
96. What is a token?
The token economy is an economic system with Token as the only reference standard, which is equivalent to a pass. If you own Token, you have rights and interests, and you have the right to speak.
Big data is the means of production, AI is the new productivity, and blockchain is the new production relationship. Big data refers to a collection of data that cannot be captured, managed and processed within a certain time range using conventional software tools. It is a massive, high-growth and high-volume data set that requires new processing models to have stronger decision-making power, insight discovery and process optimization capabilities. Diverse information assets. Simply understood, big data is massive data accumulated over a long period of time and cannot be obtained in the short term. Blockchain can be used as a way to obtain big data, but it cannot replace big data. Big data is only used as a medium running in the blockchain and has no absolute technical performance, so the two cannot be confused. (A simple understanding of production relations is labor exchange and consumption relations. The core lies in productivity, and the core of productivity lies in production tools)
ICO, Initial Coin Offering, initial public token issuance, is the first step in the blockchain digital currency industry. Crowdfunding. It is the most popular topic and investment trend in 2017, and the country launched a regulatory plan on September 4. Speaking of ICO, people will think of IPO, and the two are fundamentally different.
99. Five characteristics of digital currency
The first characteristic: decentralization
The second characteristic: having open source code
The third feature: independent electronic wallet
The fourth feature: constant issuance
The fifth feature: global circulation
100. What is decentralization?
It has no issuer, does not belong to any institution or country, and is a publicly issued currency designed, developed and stored on the Internet by Internet network experts.
100. What is measurement (scarcity)?
Once the total amount of issuance is set, it is permanently fixed, cannot be changed, cannot be over-issued at will, and is subject to global Internet supervision. Because the difficulty of mining and mining changes over time, the longer the time, the greater the difficulty of mining, and the fewer coins are mined, so it is scarce.
101. What is open source code?
The alphanumeric code is stored on the Internet. Anyone can find out the source code of its design, everyone can participate, can mine it, and it is open to the world.
102. What is anonymous transaction? Private wallet private?
Everyone can register and download the wallet online without real-name authentication. It is completely composed of encrypted digital codes. It can be sent and traded globally in real-time point-to-point without resorting to banks or any institutions. It cannot be traced by anyone without my authorization. ,Inquire.
A contract transaction refers to an agreement between a buyer and seller to receive a certain amount of an asset at a specified price at a certain time in the future. The objects of contract trading are standardized contracts formulated by the exchange. The exchange stipulates standardized information such as commodity type, transaction time, quantity, etc. A contract represents the rights and obligations of the buyer and seller.
105. Digital currency industry chain
Chip manufacturers Mining machine manufacturers Mining machine agents Mining Mining to tradingSo retail investors speculate in currencies
106. Who is Erben?
Erben: Digital Currency Value Investor
Investment style: Steady
Building a community: Erben’s Miscellaneous Talks (High Quality Price Investment Community)
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107. Two investment strategies
Combining long and short term, focusing on price investment, no touching contracts, no short-term play
Reasonable layout, scientific operation, prudent and conservative, making periodic money
108. Two books?
Welcome currency friends and seek common development
③ What do we need to know to learn blockchain
First of all, we need to understand the relevant content of network communication, and secondly, data Storage, encryption technology, consensus mechanism and security technology, and finally cross-chain technology and off-chain technology. Personally, I think that learning blockchain should start from practice. If you are a programmer, you can go to a blockchain-related company to get in touch with related businesses and learn on the job. I used to work at Xuanling Technology, and the company’s strength and experience in blockchain development are very good, making it a good candidate for both work and cooperation.
④ How to get started with blockchain. This knowledge is not difficult to learn.
1. To learn blockchain knowledge, first learn the necessary concepts of blockchain knowledge.
2. [Blockchain]
The English name blockchain is the underlying technology of Bitcoin and a decentralized accounting method.
3. [Block and Chain]
Block refers to the information block that records transaction information. Each block contains three main factors: The ID of the block, the odd number of the transaction, and the ID of the previous block.
The Bitcoin system generates a block approximately every 10 minutes. Each block contains the ID of the previous block, making the blocks form a complete transaction chain. The longest one is The only master blockchain.
4. [Bitcoin]
Bitcoin is a practical application of blockchain technology. It is a peer-to-peer electronic cash payment system that first existed as a virtual currency. , Japan has recognized the legality of Bitcoin and can use Bitcoin for shopping.
5. [Satoshi Nakamoto]
The legendary founder of Bitcoin published a paper on a peer-to-peer electronic cash system in 2008, marking the The birth of Bitcoin.
6. [Digital Currency]
and real lifeThe virtual currencies such as Q coins we use to play games are completely different. For example, in Japan, although Bitcoin is a digital currency, it can already be used to purchase goods in real scenarios.
7. [PoW]
A type of consensus mechanism, also known as proof of work. Bitcoin currently uses this consensus mechanism. It is relatively simple and easy to reach consensus, but consumes huge amounts of energy and is prone to bifurcation.
8. [PoS]
A type of consensus mechanism, also known as proof of equity. People with greater equity have a higher probability of becoming bookkeepers, but bookkeeping Human ones are not necessarily professional, don’t consume much energy, and are prone to split ends.
9. [DpoS]
On the basis of PoS, the bookkeepers are changed from unprofessional to professionals, like the EOS we are familiar with. In this consensus method, holders jointly select 21 nodes and 100 reserve nodes to reach consensus on the EOS constitution, and jointly incubate the ecology on EOS.
10. [Public key and private key]
In the world of blockchain, the public key is equivalent to the bank account number, and the private key is equivalent to the bank account number + withdrawal password. The private key is essentially an array of 32 bytes. The private key can generate the public key and address, but this behavior is irreversible, so it is crucial to keep the private key. Losing the private key is equivalent to losing money. And it can never be found back.
11. [Hash value]
It can be simply thought of as a set of data that is closely arranged together. No item in the data can be changed, otherwise The calculated consequences will be very different.
12. [Smart Contract]
It is a commitment in digital form. Both parties involved can execute these commitments on the network without artificial restrictions.
13. [Credit Consensus]
Based on the characteristics of blockchain, it is a distributed accounting method that cannot be tampered with and is irreversible. A mechanism of trust that allows many people to form a trust based on digital algorithms.
14. [Public chain and private chain]
Public chain refers to a blockchain that can be participated in and read by people all over the world, and is open to everyone , while the private chain is only in the hands of an organization and is only open to individuals or entities.
Blockchain is currently a hot topic. Many traditional large enterprises and venture capital are actively participating in the layout and investment of the blockchain industry. As the general public, we must master the necessary blockchain knowledge. , helps us judge and analyze real-world information and protect our investments.sail.
⑤ What aspects of knowledge do you need to know to learn blockchain technology?
Blockchain technology involves a wide range of disciplines and content. The main things you need to learn include network communications, Data storage, data encryption, consensus mechanism, security mechanism, cryptography and other related content. Only by fully mastering this knowledge can we better master blockchain technology. In addition, the most important thing in learning blockchain technology is to use blockchain in practice. The real purpose of learning technology is to develop applications that are helpful to life and production. Xuanling Technology has been committed to the development of blockchain technology-related applications and has an experienced development team. If you are interested, you can go to the official website to inquire and contact us.
⑥Do you know anything about blockchain?
Recently, blockchain has become the most popular concept in both the IT and investment circles. If you don’t know about blockchain, it seems It’s hard to say hello to people. Here, the editor brings you the knowledge of blockchain.
According to McKinsey’s predictions, 2017-2020 will be the forming stage of blockchain technology infrastructure. Currently, The world's major investment banks and technology companies have accelerated the deployment of blockchain.
Blockchain is essentially a distributed public account book that connects blocks into a chain. We can define it as a system that enables A group of interconnected computers securely maintain account books together, each computer is a database (server), and no third-party server is needed in the middle.
Compared with traditional centralized solutions, blockchain technology is more Jingqingsong mainly has three characteristics: decentralization, establishing credit, and reducing costs.
Three stages of blockchain development experience——
Preparation period: 2009 -In 2012, the economic form was dominated by Bitcoin and its industrial ecology.
Embryonic period: from 2012 to 2015, when the blockchain entered the public eye with Bitcoin, new wallet payment and Remittance companies, the blockchain economy has expanded to the financial field. The basic technology innovation of blockchain continues. Blockchain technology is separated from the Bitcoin system.
Development period: Industry applications began to be explored in 2016, and a large number of blockchains appeared Chain startups. The enthusiasm for ICO in 2017 has attracted much attention to the blockchain.
At this stage, it can be considered as a blockchain 1.0 application - programmable currency, and it will gradually transition to it in the future
Programmable Finance: Blockchain 2.0 Applications
Programmable Society: Blockchain 3.0 Applications
In the next 3 to 5 years, blockchain may transcend the financial field and enter all fields of society. Blockchain Technology may become the minimum protocol for "all things connected".
⑦ The basic elements of blockchain include
1-Contains a distributed database
2- The distributed database is the physical carrier of the blockchain, and the blockchain is the logical carrier of transactions. All core nodes should contain a full copy of the blockchain data
3-Blockchain by time Serialized block, and areaBlockchain is the only subject of transaction data in the entire network
4-Blockchain is only valid for additions and is invalid for other operations
5-Public and private key verification based on asymmetric encryption
6-Accounting nodes require that the Byzantine Generals Problem can be solved/avoided
7-The consensus process (consensus progress) is evolutionarily stable, that is, facing a certain number of different nodes Conflicting data will not collapse.
8-The consensus process can solve the double-spending problem.
Five characteristics of blockchain:
Decentralization
Due to the use of distributed computing and storage, there is no centralized hardware or management organization, and the rights and interests of any node are The obligations are equal, and the data blocks in the system are jointly maintained by nodes with maintenance functions in the entire system.
Thanks to the decentralization characteristics of the blockchain, Bitcoin also has decentralization characteristics [6].
Openness
The system is open. In addition to the private information of the transaction parties being encrypted, the blockchain data is open to everyone. Anyone can query the blockchain data and information through the public interface. Develop related applications, so the entire system information is highly transparent.
Autonomy
The blockchain adopts consensus-based specifications and protocols (such as a set of open and transparent algorithms) to enable all nodes in the entire system to exchange data freely and securely in a trustless environment, making Trust in "people" has been changed to trust in machines, and any human intervention has no effect.
Information cannot be tampered
Once the information is verified and added to the blockchain, it will be stored permanently. Unless more than 51% of the nodes in the system can be controlled at the same time, modifications to the database on a single node will not be allowed. is invalid, so the data stability and reliability of the blockchain are extremely high.
Anonymity
Because the exchange between nodes follows a fixed algorithm, the data interaction is trustless (the program rules in the blockchain will judge whether the activity is valid by itself), so the counterparty does not need to disclose it through the The identity method allows the other party to trust themselves, which is very helpful for the accumulation of credit.
⑧ What are the basic knowledge about blockchain
1. Application of blockchain technology in banking industry
The biggest feature of blockchain technology It is decentralization, and this feature will reduce a lot of costs for the banking industry. The development of digital currency will make it possible to realize real-time digital transactions in banks. For example, in bill transactions, bank bill transactions have always relied on a third party to realize the transfer of valuable certificates. Even electronic bill transactions require interactive authentication through information from the central bank's ECDS system. . Blockchain technology can realize point-to-point value transfer and no longer requires centralized system control. This not only speeds up ticket processing, but also speeds up ticket processing.The speed of data transmission, and more importantly, can reduce errors caused by human factors. The reduction in processes will naturally reduce the bank's demand for personnel and save the bank's labor costs.
2. Application of blockchain technology in the insurance industry
Blockchain technology also has incomparable advantages in the insurance industry. From the perspective of data management, the application of blockchain technology by insurance companies can effectively improve risk management and control capabilities, including the risk supervision of insurance companies and the risk management of policyholders.
The application of blockchain technology in the insurance industry can strengthen the internal risk supervision of insurance companies. Blockchain technology can record the daily operating processes of insurance companies on nodes, and can achieve in-process control over the company's capital flow, investment status, compensation payments and other businesses, and improve the company's risk management and control capabilities.
3. Application of blockchain technology in the securities industry
The application of blockchain technology in the securities industry can increase the flexibility of securities issuance. Companies issuing securities can use smart contracts , by setting the method and time of securities issuance, securities can even be issued 24 hours a day under the most ideal condition.
4. Blockchain technology and financial infrastructure
Blockchain technology uses a decentralized mechanism for value exchange, which will lead to a modern world characterized by centralization. Some financial infrastructures have undergone earth-shaking changes.
5. Application of blockchain technology in supply chain
The application of blockchain technology in supply chain first provides credit guarantee , the blockchain records the circulation information of commodities, etc., which can prove the true reliability of commodities and their circulation, so as to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the utility of enterprises on the chain, etc., and has become an important factor for corporate bank loan credit, financing credit, An effective guarantee for transaction credit.
⑨ What is the basic knowledge of blockchain?
Blockchain allows every node scattered in the network (you and I can be nodes) to reach a certain consensus Participate in the management of the database together to achieve decentralized distributed storage of data information. Without the need for nodes to trust each other, blockchain can ensure the integrity and security of data records within the system. Compared with the centralized world of the past, the first thing blockchain has to overcome is their opacity, eliminating black-box operations.
You can think of the blockchain as a public "running account" ledger. Each node has the same ledger, and everyone participates in accounting. When a transaction occurs, the transaction details need to be broadcast to keep all parties involved. Synchronous update of node ledger data. If the blockchain is a ledger, then each "block" is each page in the ledger.
Blockchain Precautions
The important factor that distinguishes blockchain from ordinary databases is that blockchain has special conditions for inputting data into the database. That is to say, the new data entered cannot conflict with the data that already exists in it (data consistency), and the dataUnchangeable. The data itself is locked with the user, which is replicable and valid. Finally, without centralized personal control, everyone reaches a consensus about what is happening in the database.
The last point is the core of the blockchain. Decentralization is attractive because it means there is no single point of failure. That is, no agency can take away your assets or alter records to suit their needs. This immutability eliminates the need to trust anyone, which is beneficial to any blockchain member, but comes at a significant cost.
⑩ What is the knowledge related to blockchain? Can you please help me explain it?
Shared from District View Network
1. Basic Concepts
District There are many definitions of blockchain. Here, I will analyze the opinions of various experts, simplify the complex and adopt a more easy-to-understand explanation:
English name of blockchain: Blockchain is also called Block chain, which is a A chained data structure that combines data blocks in chronological order and is cryptographically guaranteed to be an untamperable and unforgeable distributed ledger.
Blockchain is essentially a distributed database, a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains information about a network transaction, which is used to verify the validity of its information. (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block.
2. Working principle
The core potential of blockchain lies in the characteristics of distributed databases and how it can contribute to transparency, security and efficiency.
In the past, institutions used centralized databases to support transaction processes and calculations. Control of the database rests with its owner, who manages access and update permissions to the database, limiting transparency and scalability and making it difficult for outsiders to ensure that data records have not been manipulated.
At the same time, due to technical limitations, distributed databases are basically impossible to implement. But with advances in software, communications and encryption technology, a distributed database across an organization is now possible. Blockchain gradually emerged.
3. Core ideological connotation
The basic idea of blockchain is to establish a network-based public ledger (data block), and each block contains information about a network transaction. All participating users in the network jointly record and verify accounts on the ledger. All data is open and transparent and can be used to verify the validity of the information. In this way, the authenticity and non-tamperability of information can be guaranteed at the technical level without the need for a central server to act as a trust intermediary.
