长租公寓产业链分析,长租公寓互联网

长租公寓产业链分析是指对长租公寓产业发展现状及其影响因素进行研究，以及长租公寓产业的发展趋势及其对投资的影响，以及如何进行长租公寓互联网拓展。本文将介绍长租公寓互联网拓展的三个关键词：互联网技术、智能管理和社交营销。

互联网技术是指采用互联网技术来改善长租公寓服务。互联网技术可以帮助长租公寓提升服务质量，提高客户满意度。例如，长租公寓可以采用互联网技术来实现在线预订、支付、客户服务等功能，从而提高服务效率，提升客户体验。此外，长租公寓还可以采用互联网技术来改善管理效率，实现自动化管理，减少人工成本，提高管理效率。

智能管理是指采用智能管理技术来改善长租公寓的管理效率。智能管理技术可以帮助长租公寓自动化管理，实时监控公寓的运行状况，实现全天候的管理。例如，长租公寓可以采用智能管理技术来实现自动化的维修管理、客户服务管理、房源管理等功能，从而提高管理效率，降低人工成本。

社交营销是指采用社交媒体技术来提升长租公寓的知名度和影响力。社交媒体技术可以帮助长租公寓快速宣传服务，提升客户知晓度，吸引更多的客户。例如，长租公寓可以采用社交媒体技术来实现社交媒体营销、社交媒体活动、社交媒体广告等功能，从而提高知名度和影响力，吸引更多的客户。

以上就是长租公寓互联网拓展的三个关键词：互联网技术、智能管理和社交营销，以及它们在长租公寓发展中的重要作用。长租公寓可以采用互联网技术、智能管理和社交营销技术来提高服务质量，提升客户满意度，吸引更多的客户，从而实现长租公寓的发展。

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Ⅰ What are the classifications and applications of blockchain projects

From the current mainstream blockchain projects, blockchain projects mainly fall into four categories: Category 1 : Coin type; second type: platform type; third type: application type; fourth type: asset tokenization.

Coins mainly serve as the "medium of exchange" in the field of blockchain assets. The medium of exchange refers to general equivalents, such as gold and silver notes in the past. (Trade blockchain assets on "Bihui Exchange")

Platform projects refer to the establishment of technology platforms to meet the development of various blockchain applications, which can reduce the cost of developing applications on the blockchain. threshold.

The scope of application projects is relatively wide, covering many fields such as finance, social networking, games, property rights protection, etc. It is also the fastest growing field of blockchain assets at present.

The asset tokenization project refers to the blockchain mapping of physical assets, that is, the physical assets are put on the chain. Currently, there are no more than 10 varieties.

01 Currency

The first category is currency projects, which are also the earliest blockchain projects. Currency projects mainly include projects such as Bitcoin and Litecoin. In addition, there is another type of asset that has the characteristics of anonymity. Its main functions include realizing payment while protecting the privacy of both parties. The well-known ones include Dash, Monero and Big Zero that use zero-knowledge proof. Coin (Zcash), etc. Currency mainly serves as the "medium of exchange" in the blockchain asset field. The medium of exchange is the general equivalent that you use to exchange for goods. For example, in the past, gold, silver, and banknotes could be used as media of exchange. There are currently more than 2,100 types of digital assets in the world, and the number of currency blockchain projects has grown rapidly recently. As of June 2018, Bitcoin still has the largest market value.

02 Platform Category

The second category is platform blockchain projects. The main function of platform blockchain projects is to establish a technology platform to meet the needs of various blockchain application development. The required technical requirements; simply put, platform applications allow developers to directly issue digital assets on the blockchain, write smart contracts, etc. A smart contract is a computer program that runs on a blockchain database and can be automatically executed under conditions set by its source code.

For example, if you develop a smart contract based on a house rental agreement on the blockchain, when the owner receives the rent, it will trigger automatic execution and give the apartment's security key to the tenant.

The main function of platform blockchain projects is to establish an underlying technology platform to allow developers to develop applications on the underlying technology platform. A considerable number of platforms are still under development. As of June 2018 , the one with the largest market value is Ethereum.

03 Application Category

The third category is application blockchain projects. Application projects are developed based on blockchain development platforms (such as Ethereum) and can solve various problems in the real economy. Blockchain projects that address many issues in the field.

For example, the blockchain-based prediction platform Augur, the blockchain-basedGolem, a computing power trading platform, VeChain, a luxury goods traceability platform based on blockchain, and OmiseGo, which provides asset exchange and transfer services based on blockchain. Using blockchain technology, these projects can better solve trust issues, cross-border circulation and other issues. At the same time, using smart contracts and tokens on the blockchain, automatic execution can be better realized, greatly improving the efficiency of social and economic activities. efficiency. The scope of applied blockchain projects is relatively wide, covering many fields such as finance, social networking, games, property rights protection, etc. It is also the field where the market value of blockchain projects is increasing the fastest.

04 Asset Tokenization

The fourth category is asset tokenization blockchain projects. Asset tokenization refers to linking blockchain assets to physical assets such as gold and U.S. dollars. , is a blockchain mapping of physical assets. As of February 2018, there are no more than 10 varieties. The more typical representatives are USDT, which is benchmarked against the US dollar, and Digix Dao, which is benchmarked against gold. Each DigixDAO token represents 1 gram of London gold. Silver Market Association certified gold. Asset tokenization has the advantages of convenient transactions and safekeeping. First, asset tokenization makes transactions easier. Because blockchain assets can be split, they have better liquidity.

For example, currently the real estate needs to be transferred as a whole. If the real estate can be tokenized, it can be purchased in pieces, making transactions more convenient. Secondly, tokenization of physical assets is more conducive to safekeeping. In physical transactions such as gold, it is easy to cause wear and tear and cause losses. However, after tokenization of physical assets, there is no need for physical transfer, which is more conducive to the custody of physical assets.

II What impact does blockchain have on real estate

Blockchain may affect the real estate market in five aspects.

To understand how blockchain could improve the real estate market, five members of the Forbes Real Estate Council measured its impact and concluded with the following:

1. Accelerate the transaction process

Using blockchain tokens, there is no need to go through property rights investigations or middlemen to protect property rights transfers. By using a blockchain distributed database to prove the authenticity of transactions, household owners can quickly transfer property rights without the need for third-party verification. The technology could revolutionize the real estate industry by making escrow companies obsolete.

——Hillary Hobson, Highest Cash Offer

2. Increase transparency

One of the biggest costs of real estate transactions is the lack of transparency. One is transaction friction caused by too many middlemen (think custodians, underwriters, brokers). Blockchain enables all transactions to be conducted peer-to-peer without the need for middlemen, and all information records are completely transparent. This leads to efficiency and trust.

——Ridaa Murad, BREAKFORM | RE

3. Protect online data storage

In addition to cryptocurrency, blockchain technology can also protect online data storage. In the future, it can be used to store all property records, such as title, apartment, land survey, property chain, etc. Blockchain may eventually become part of multiple listing services systems. Uses beyond cryptocurrencies will become widespread.

——Roger Blankenship, Flipping America

4. Cost-effective and trustworthy

Blockchain will eliminate dependence on title insurance and increase Transaction efficiency and confidence. It can also add transparency to the entire buyer platform, making financial considerations like difficulty affording attorney fees less of a factor in understanding title and ownership issues.

——Susan Tjarksen, KIG CRE LLC

5. Publicly provide important information

Gordon Gekko said personally, “The most valuable thing I know The commodity is information”. Blockchain will become a repository of information. A lot of information, once entered properly, can be valuable. When institutions have good information, and that information is public, risk is greatly eliminated for all counterparties who have trading relationships with those institutions.

The information comes from the Internet, I hope it can be helpful to your question.

ⅢWhy some reference numbers are aligned and others are uneven

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Abstract: The accommodation industry is subject to sharing One of the industries with relatively early and deep economic impact. In recent years, the non-standardized accommodation industry represented by shared accommodation has been booming, and the competitive landscape of my country's shared accommodation industry has taken shape.

At the same time, my country's shared accommodation still has problems such as false housing listings, lax credit review, fraudulent orders and bad reviews, and insufficient sharing of market credit information. It is urgent to establish a credit system for shared accommodation and promote Shared accommodation in my country develops in a standardized, sustainable and healthy manner.

Blockchain combines a new way of data sharing with the help of cryptography, consensus algorithm and distributed storage technology. Through measures such as openness, transparency, decentralization, non-tamperability and collective maintenance of data, Reduce the information asymmetry of the entire system, thereby promoting a new trust mechanism. The development of blockchain technology provides a new idea for the construction of a shared accommodation credit system.

In view of the credit problems existing in shared accommodation, combined with the characteristics and development status of blockchain technology, we reconstruct the trust mechanism of both parties in shared accommodation transactions, solve the pain points of credit deficiency in shared accommodation, and establish a shared accommodation credit system. Framework and implementation path.

Keywords: shared accommodation; credit system; blockchain; smart contract

Introduction

Shared accommodation is a form of the sharing economy, which refers to housing Source owner or operator via shared accommodationThe platform publishes information about the housing to temporarily transfer the right to use the housing. Tenants can search through the shared accommodation platform, communicate with the landlord or the platform and complete rental transactions, and the shared accommodation platform obtains intermediary fees or commissions.

In the era of mobile Internet, shared accommodation has profoundly changed people’s lives. Shared accommodation platforms represented by Xiaozhu Short-term Rental and Tujia have developed rapidly, providing many conveniences and profound experiences to people's lives.

The "China Shared Accommodation Development Report 2020" released by the National Information Center shows that the size of my country's shared accommodation market in 2019 was approximately 22.5 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 36.4%, and shared accommodation revenue accounted for the proportion of room revenue in the national accommodation industry. Reaching 7.3%; the number of shared accommodation participants is approximately 200 million, a year-on-year increase of 53.8%, including approximately 6.18 million service providers. The penetration rate of shared accommodation users increased from 5% to 9.7% from 2016 to 2019 [1].

At present, my country's shared accommodation market continues to grow rapidly. The number of shared accommodation and the number of tenants have increased significantly. The shared accommodation industry has begun to take shape, business innovations continue to emerge, safety and security measures are increasingly improved, and the pace of internationalization is accelerating. , the market as a whole is in a rapid rising stage. It is expected that my country's shared accommodation market will continue to maintain a relatively high growth rate in the next three years.

However, the shared accommodation market is still in the early stages of development, and many aspects are not mature enough. At the same time, my country’s social credit system and credit mechanism are not yet complete, and various short-term rental risks have also arisen. The credit system Imperfection has become a constraint to the development of shared accommodation [2].

Although non-standardized services are consistent with the personalized experience of shared B&Bs, they have also sounded the alarm in the field of safety supervision [3]. In developed countries, there are not only complete credit reporting systems to provide support for innovative business models, but also people have a strong sense of credit. However, in China, the lack of real-name social networks makes it difficult to establish a credit system based on social networks.

At the same time, the current situation that credit data is separated from each other on various platforms has also weakened its binding force. However, there are also some short-term rental platforms that are exploring the establishment of credit systems and credit mechanisms. For example, Xiaozhu Fliggy cooperates with Alipay’s Zhima Credit Score to provide tenants with different conveniences based on the Zhima Credit Score [4].

In addition to the platform’s self-built database credit system, Tujia also introduces third-party data such as Ctrip and Sesame Credit. In recent years, blockchain technology has received widespread attention. On October 24, 2019, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee conducted a collective study on the current status and trends of blockchain technology development and determined that blockchain will be an important breakthrough for independent innovation of core technologies.

Blockchain technology has begun to be applied in all walks of life, and the integration of blockchain and industry has begun to accelerate, empowering the real economy. Blockchain technology has core technologies such as point-to-point transmission, distributed accounting, smart contracts, and traceability. It has the characteristics that information cannot be tampered with and naturally increases credit [5]. It has a natural integration point with the credit issues faced by shared accommodation. GoingOn the centralized blockchain network, idle houses and tenants are linked through information sharing, which can increase the utilization rate of idle houses.

This article aims to study the establishment of a credit system for shared accommodation in my country based on blockchain technology, with a view to establishing shared accommodation credit from a technical perspective and providing reference for the standardized, sustainable and healthy development of shared accommodation in my country.

1. Problems in the shared accommodation credit system

Shared accommodation has the advantages of low price, complete facilities, and obvious features, attracting many tenants to choose this way of accommodation. The concept of shared accommodation has gradually become popular in China, but the operation model and management system are not perfect. As a new model, the main difference between shared accommodation and the traditional economic model is online transactions based on the Internet platform [6].

Trading individuals transact without knowing each other, which requires a strong credit intermediary as a middleman. However, in reality, such credit intermediaries do not exist or are unreliable, and the imperfect credit system has become an obstacle restricting the development of shared accommodation.

In the absence of credit supervision or weak credit supervision, according to the transaction cost theory, landlords and tenants will increase their trust costs due to information asymmetry, and the cost of breach of trust on both supply and demand sides is low, and both parties will be Maximizing interests leads to opportunistic behavior, and people choose decisions that they believe can maximize their own interests in the game. The problems existing in the shared accommodation credit system are specifically reflected in the following four aspects.

(1) False housing listings

From the perspective of the housing rental market, market participants are mixed, and false publicity, excessive publicity, and shoddy goods are common.

Firstly, the pictures of the properties on some rental platforms are seriously inconsistent with the actual situation. The photos uploaded by the platforms are seriously distorted after beautification. However, most tenants check the property information through the platform when they check in for the first time. , which leads to information asymmetry.

Second, shared accommodation, especially some homestays, has serious hygiene problems. The bedding has not been strictly disinfected or replaced, and the rooms are not clean. In addition, there are some shared accommodation rooms that have been exposed in the past few years. Formaldehyde exceeds the standard, and when someone checks in, they find out that the room is a newly renovated room, endangering the health of the tenants.

Thirdly, there are hidden dangers in the safety of living in shared B&Bs. Some ordinary private houses have incomplete fire protection facilities and door locks are not safe enough. Some rooms are partitioned rooms, with multiple renters per room, and the quality is worrying. Not conducive to protecting tenant privacy. These phenomena include both platform breach of trust and landlord breach of trust.

(2) The credit review is not strict

First, the platform does not strictly review the housing and landlord qualifications.

Most platforms have low entry barriers, and most of the houses they provide are residential properties. It is very simple to apply to become a "B&B". You only need to provide the landlord's ID card, real estate certificate or lease contract to ensure that the tenant can move in. No special industry license or market business license is required. When the property is listed on the platform, Inauthentic viewing.If an accident or dispute occurs in such a "B&B" operating without a license, the rights and interests of consumers will not be protected, and the rights protection process will become very complicated.

The second is the lax credit review of guests staying at the hotel.

When tenants check in at a hotel, they usually undergo identity recognition and facial recognition. The tenant’s basic information is connected to the public security network. If the tenant is suspected, the public security agency will quickly identify him. The tenant was listed on the list of dishonest persons subject to execution. When checking into a star-rated hotel, the hotel system was connected to the "National Courts Information Release and Inquiry List of Untrustworthy Persons Subject to Execution" platform, so the tenant could not check in.

Through this pre-move-in credit review, previously untrustworthy tenants will be eliminated. Many rooms in shared accommodation are converted from B&Bs, especially long-term rental apartments. There is one bedroom for each person in the apartment, and the kitchen and bathroom are mostly shared. When the tenant checks in, the platform does not strictly review the credit record of the tenant, or there is no condition. Review, lack of credit information; some cooperate with Alipay to judge the credit status of tenants based on Zhima Credit scores, but the credit records reflected by Zhima Credit are different from rental credit and other credit records in life. Many credit records are not recorded in Zhima Credit Credit scores will create credit risks and even legal risks.

(3) False orders and negative reviews

Since the advent of online shopping, there have been accompanying false orders and negative reviews. The main purpose of order fraud is for merchants to improve search rankings, sales and praise to attract customers. The phenomenon of order fraud is common on e-commerce platforms. When renters search for housing on the shared accommodation platform, they will be sorted by positive reviews. They will pay attention to this important indicator when the prices are similar.

Whether it is a B2C model or a C2C model, there will be fraud. If some merchants in the market swipe orders, it will trigger everyone to swipe orders, because if they don't swipe orders, their rankings and sales will be left at the bottom, making it difficult to search and pay attention to them. When a tenant places an order online based on the positive reviews and checks in, they feel that the real situation is seriously inconsistent and they feel like they have been deceived. Negative ratings include negative ratings from tenants and negative ratings from competitors.

Tenants who feel that the experience is poor after checking in may give bad reviews; tenants may also deliberately give bad reviews in order to ask for some compensation from the landlord or the platform. Most of the negative reviews given by competitors are to discredit their peers and use unfair means to compete. It is also difficult to obtain evidence for such negative reviews. When landlords or platforms encounter bad reviews, they usually choose to "spend money to ward off the disaster" to delete the reviews.

(4) Insufficient sharing of market credit information

At present, the role of integrity and self-discipline in my country’s shared accommodation industry needs to be strengthened, an industry credit information sharing mechanism has not yet been established, and market credit information sharing is seriously insufficient, especially The problems of information islands and information abuse are prominent, online and offline development is unbalanced, market entities have insufficient exchange and sharing of credit information, and good credit risk control has not yet been played for participants in shared accommodation.

The data accumulation of third-party credit service agencies in the shared accommodation industryIt is very inadequate and has not yet formed a complete industrial chain and ecological system with the shared accommodation industry. Although some platform companies are endorsed by Zhima Credit, their coverage is still relatively small, and a credit information sharing system based on personal interaction and character interaction has not yet been formed. The construction of the internal credit mechanism of shared accommodation platform companies, how to use and flow credit information, and how to communicate with third-party credit service agencies are basically still in the natural development stage.

my country’s accommodation data sharing mechanism is imperfect. Tenants and landlords can only rely on the credit evaluation data accumulated by the platform or a simple certification system to screen landlords, listings or tenants. Some platform companies do not strictly control the credit due diligence work such as real-name authentication, background verification, and qualification review of tenants and landlords, resulting in risks and loopholes in the protection of the rights and interests of tenants and landlords.

2. Basic framework of shared accommodation credit system based on blockchain technology

The sharing economy is an economic form with a high degree of contractual spirit [7]. The development of shared accommodation is based on a high degree of trust between landlords and tenants and sufficient guarantees. The shared accommodation credit system provides institutional arrangements for credit behavior and credit relationships in shared accommodation economic activities, which is both a shared accommodation credit behavior and The regulation and guarantee of credit relationships are also the operating rules that restrict the credit behavior and credit relationships of shared accommodation [8].

With the increasing popularity of new shared accommodation formats, its two-way information communication, flexible transaction methods and high degree of onlineization have brought huge economic benefits to society, breaking geographical restrictions and transforming market transactions. The scope has expanded to an unprecedented breadth, not only far beyond the scope of acquaintance society, but also further expanding the market scope of the traditional economic form; at the same time, the intelligent and virtual development trend of the new economy has increased the liquidity of both parties to the transaction, and in buying and selling Transactions can occur even if the two parties have never met, and the delivery of products or services does not require the buyer and seller to meet again to confirm.

These factors have deepened the information asymmetry of shared accommodation and put forward higher requirements for the corresponding market credit system, that is, the need to provide consumers with real-time, publicly verifiable, and weakly centralized information. , complete and objective credit information and electronic, programmable credit rules to help consumers make wise consumption decisions.

In view of the credit problems existing in shared accommodation and some of the issues that tenants are most concerned about, blockchain technology can be used to solve the problems such as data traceability, non-tampering, automatic execution of smart contracts, and currency day destruction. We divide the basic architecture of the shared accommodation credit system into five layers, from bottom to top: data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, and smart contract layer (as shown in Figure 1).

The data layer mainly solves the problems of what data information (basic data information and transaction data information) and data information encryption algorithm are included in the shared accommodation credit system; the network layer uses the P2P network, and each node uses a blockchain All transaction records are stored in full in the form of; the consensus layer mainly solves the "Byzantine Generals Problem" and the workload proof mechanism,"Double spend problem", 51% attack, etc.; the incentive layer includes the issuance mechanism and distribution mechanism, and the source of incentives is transaction fees; the smart contract layer realizes the automatic execution of the contract through the code deployment and rule setting of the contract.

The technical architecture of the shared accommodation credit system established in this article is a consortium chain. A platform based on the consortium chain does not require each department to disclose all its data, but is more like an alliance. Each node has According to their own responsibilities and authorities, when a department proposes to review a certain person or thing, other departments only need to reflect the data results of this person or thing.

The shared accommodation platform uploads information such as property listings, tenant and landlord information, and housing operation data to the chain through a consortium chain, ensuring to the greatest extent that relevant information such as property listings and participants are authentic and valid, and that the information can be verify.

At the same time, smart contracts are introduced to automatically execute the terms of the rental contract, making transactions automated and intelligent, simplifying the rental process and improving user experience on the basis of completing trusted transactions.

3. Shared accommodation credit system establishment process

The shared accommodation credit system includes four aspects: data collection, ledger design, smart contract embedding, and credit evaluation. The design of the ledger solves the problem of non-tampering and traceability of information, and the embedding of smart contracts reflects the efficiency of the blockchain.

(1) Shared accommodation data collection

Shared accommodation enterprises (platforms) will provide information that is helpful to the shared accommodation credit system to the competent authorities for sharing in accordance with the law. Shared accommodation companies should focus on the accumulation, management and application of their own data, submit work data in accordance with the requirements of the competent authorities, and provide credit information to the competent authorities in accordance with the law.

At the same time, the privacy and business secrets of all participants and related parties in shared accommodation should be protected during the reporting and management of relevant information. Shared accommodation companies can also voluntarily share some or all of the risk warnings and red and black lists formed within the company.

The competent departments shall organize the sharing of relevant information within the scope of responsibilities of each department based on the needs of relevant departments in building a public credit system. Competent departments can also take the lead in collecting and exchanging basic information and credit information on sharing economic entities held by various departments. The data that the shared accommodation platform needs to collect includes basic information and transaction information. The basic information includes landlords, tenants, and housing information. The transaction information includes rental records, housing operations, credit evaluation records, complaint records, and other information.

There are two main sources of data:

One part is data from relevant institutions, involving public security, courts, Credit China and other government departments;

The other part is The platform itself collects and trades the accumulated data.

(2) Distributed ledger design for shared accommodation credit records

A distributed ledger is a database that is shared, replicated and synchronized among network members. Network participants use consensus principles to restrict and negotiate record updates in the ledger, eliminating the need for third-party institutions to participate.

Distributed ledgers are timestamped and cryptographically signedTo record data, each record in the ledger has a timestamp and a unique cryptographic signature, making the ledger an auditable history of all transactions in the network. Currently, the data obtained by the sharing economy is only for internal use, the phenomenon of data islands is serious, the credit system is imperfect, and the centralized database makes credit information easily tampered with.

Based on the characteristics of blockchain technology, this article establishes a distributed ledger jointly maintained by the platform, landlords, tenants, relevant government departments, industry associations, etc., to achieve one point of chaining and multiple points of sharing. Putting real estate certificates, decoration contracts, etc. on the chain can not only verify the security of the information, but also protect the privacy of the lessor's personal information while sharing information on the platform through blockchain technology (as shown in Figure 2)

Shared accommodation credit records are jointly maintained by the platform, tenants, landlords, and government agencies. These participants are "linked" together through the alliance chain to achieve information sharing. The ledger consists of a block header and a block body. Each block header is associated with numerous transactions in the blockchain through merkle roots, and each block is connected in chronological order through the block header hash value. In view of the characteristics of "fake housing listings", multiple information such as Credit China Network, Public Security Network, and personal consumption data are verified to rebuild the trust relationship between landlords and tenants and eliminate all fraud.

Incentivize third parties (volunteers, photographers, etc.) to upload housing information in the form of tokens or cash, and encourage tenants to share their rental experience. In addition, landlords take the initiative to disclose housing operation data and put it on the chain, such as electricity consumption data. Since it is real information, it can be used as a voucher for supply chain and financing.

(3) Design of smart contracts for shared accommodation transactions

The concept of smart contracts can be traced back to 1995, proposed by cryptologist Nick Szabo. He defined smart contracts as "a A set of commitments defined in digital form, including protocols on which contract participants can execute these commitments” [9].

Smart contracts are deployed in distributed ledgers and are completely defined and executed by code. All contract contents are digitized to minimize human intervention. The use of smart contracts includes six steps: compiling the contract, creating the contract, deploying the contract, calling the contract, listening to the contract (sometimes sometimes), and canceling the contract. Sharing accommodation compilation contracts and creation contracts are generally standardized.

The smart contract for shared accommodation (including rental contract, loan contract, etc.) is negotiated by the landlord, platform, and tenant. The contract stipulates the rights and obligations of each party. The contract content includes fee terms, transaction rules, and Additional clauses [10].

The fee terms include price, deposit, preferential conditions, payment method, etc.; the transaction rules stipulate the payment time, how to compensate for damaged items, how to compensate for the damage to consumer rights, etc.; the subsidiary terms are in addition to the fee terms and transaction Anything else that needs to be added beyond the rules.

The signed smart contract is spread to each node through the P2P network, and is stored in the blockchain after being confirmed by each node. When checking inAfter the contract is completed, the system will automatically execute the contract according to the contract content.

Suppose the tenant rents an apartment for a month through a shared accommodation platform and agrees to pay once a week (can be paid with cryptocurrency). After payment, the tenant will receive a code based on a smart contract With the prescribed digital receipt, the tenant and the owner respectively use the electronic keys representing their identities to sign the house rental contract. The contract takes effect immediately and can be circulated on the blockchain.

The smart contract will track whether the tenant has received the "digital key". If the tenant does not obtain the key before the specified date, the smart contract will automatically refund the money. After the tenant has moved in for one week, The smart contract will automatically deduct one week’s rent. Smart contracts are triggered based on pre-set conditions in the contract and are automatically executed when the conditions are met.

The smart contract will regularly check the status of the automaton, traverse the state machine, transactions and trigger conditions contained in each contract one by one, and push the transactions that meet the conditions to the queue to be verified, waiting for consensus; not satisfied Transactions that trigger conditions will continue to be stored on the blockchain. For example, after moving in, a tenant accidentally breaks a tea cup. The tenant can upload this event to the chain, and the smart contract will automatically deduct the money from the deposit. There are sensors, so there is no need for tenants to upload them, and compensation will be automatically deducted.

After the transaction is successfully executed, the state machine that comes with the smart contract determines the status of the contract. When all transactions included in the contract are executed in order, the state machine marks the status of the contract as completed and starts from The contract is removed from the latest block.

For example, when the tenant completes check-out, the status of the door lock password is automatically marked as completed, the password automatically expires, and the rental contract automatically expires. During the entire contract execution process, all participants and third-party institutions can view the contract execution status through the blockchain. Smart contracts are used in conjunction with the new generation of information technology to achieve the best operating results. For example, combining cutting-edge technologies such as VR and AR can present the actual situation of the house to the greatest extent.

Using GPS positioning technology, the location and status of items in the room can be monitored in real time. Through facial recognition technology, the tenant's identity will be automatically identified and the information will be verified. If identity fraud is found, the information will be simultaneously transmitted to the entire network. . Blockchain technology records information that cannot be tampered with, making it impossible for counterfeiters to hide.

If a shared accommodation house is equipped with supporting IoT door locks, smart access control, smart electricity meters, smart water meters, smart air conditioners and other smart hardware, when the contract comes into effect, the tenant will automatically receive the door lock password and open the door. After check-out, the water meter and electricity meter will automatically work. After check-out, these devices will automatically stop working. The combination of IoT and blockchain will generate huge energy in the future and achieve huge changes across industries.

(4) Shared accommodation credit evaluation system design

Some existing shared accommodation platforms have established unified evaluation index systems and evaluation standards. Adopt a scientific and reasonable evaluation system to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the credit rating of shared accommodation participants; use clear evaluation indicators, according to "A, B, C,D" or "trustworthy, warning, untrustworthy, serious untrustworthy", etc., and use the credit evaluation results for platform operation and management. The interconnection of credit evaluation results between shared accommodation platforms should be encouraged to jointly supervise and maintain the credit of shared accommodation .

However, the disadvantage of this kind of evaluation is that it is easy to fake, easy to fake orders, and easy to be criticized by competitors. In e-commerce platform transactions, this phenomenon is difficult to eradicate.< /p>

The credit evaluation based on the blockchain can make fraud meaningless. By introducing the destruction of Bitian into the credit evaluation of transactions, a more fair evaluation result will be obtained, and the evaluation data will be uploaded to the chain, so that any institution or individual can Neither can modify the data on the chain. At the same time, the verification mechanism of the blockchain rewards those who provide correct information, encourages participants to continue to provide correct information, punishes those who provide false data, and can even lower the credit level of false data providers. . There will be rewards for those who make fair evaluations, so everyone may make fair evaluations.

Principle of Credit Evaluation for CoinTian’s Destruction In the blockchain, CoinTian’s destruction is equal to the amount of each transaction multiplied by this The time (number of days) that the coins of a transaction have not been used on the account [11]. In a credit evaluation, the more coins are destroyed, the greater the weight of the credit evaluation.

1. Change the time The length is introduced into the credit evaluation, so that high-frequency operations in a short period of time will be technically restricted, and this method is more effective than institutional restrictions. For example, in order to improve the search ranking and praise rate of the room, the landlord will invite relatives and friends Or hire a large number of brushers to brush orders, let the brushers pay first, and then return it to the brushers from another account. In this way, multiple transactions are made up, and each transaction is given a "good review", which will naturally increase the price. Credit also misleads consumers.

Now if all evaluation records are put on the chain, when the order brusher makes the first evaluation, because the funds have been in the account for a long time, the credit evaluation (Bitian Destroy) has a relatively high weight, and in the second evaluation, because the interval from the first evaluation is relatively short, the credit score is relatively low, because time is calculated based on "days", and multiple transactions within the same account within one day Only the first credit evaluation is valid, and all subsequent ones will be 0.

The same is true for negative reviews. Except that the first time may be valid, subsequent evaluations will also be 0; if the first negative review Reviews that have been verified by multiple parties are wrong and will eventually be deemed invalid. This technically solves the problem of brushing orders and bad reviews. And once this behavior is verified, it will be recorded in the blockchain, and the credit of the participants will be Affected.

2. The application of credit evaluation results introduces the destruction of currency days into credit evaluation, and assigns costs to transactions through mathematical methods, so that the credit evaluation results truly reflect the true credit of the participants. The competent authorities and Shared accommodation platforms can take the lead in formulating a red and black list of shared accommodation based on the evaluation results, and carry out joint incentives and punishments accordingly.

First of all, establish and standardize a "red list" system of trustworthy entities in the shared accommodation field, and increase the monitoring of The recommendation power of “red list” entitiesdegree, provide certain conveniences in public services, market transactions, social management, etc.; encourage shared accommodation platforms to give preference to "red list" shared accommodation participants in terms of search ranking, credit points, etc., and strengthen positive incentives and guidance; promote financial institutions to increase Greater support for shared accommodation companies included in the "red list".

Secondly, establish a "blacklist" system for untrustworthy entities in the shared accommodation field, increase supervision of "blacklisted" companies, increase the frequency of inspections of "blacklisted" companies, and punish "blacklisted" companies in accordance with the law. Relevant dishonest personnel of the enterprise shall not be allowed to hold positions such as legal representatives, persons in charge, directors, supervisors, senior managers, etc., and joint disciplinary measures such as restrictions on business or financing credit, cancellation of financial subsidies or policy support shall be implemented; shared accommodation platforms shall be supported to comply with relevant management regulations , implementing disciplinary measures such as restricting access, lowering credit ratings, sealing electronic accounts, and public exposure of "blacklisted" shared accommodation participants.

IV. Conclusion

Based on the credit issues existing in shared accommodation, this article introduces blockchain technology to "connect" landlords, platforms, tenants, regulatory agencies, etc., to achieve Information sharing, joint accounting, and reconstruction of social trust are expected to solve the problem of "real people, real houses, and real homes". House information, rental contracts and other information are uploaded to the chain to ensure that the information on the chain is not tampered with and can be traced; the promotion of smart contracts can greatly improve the efficiency of renting a house, and can also avoid malicious behavior from interfering with the normal execution of the contract; CoinTian destruction introduces credit During the evaluation, we will technically put an end to fraud and bad reviews, making the evaluation results authentic and effective.

It should be pointed out that as an emerging technology, blockchain has obvious advantages and huge potential, and it has already begun to be deployed and applied in various industries or industries, but this does not mean that blockchain is perfect. . As with all new technologies, blockchain inevitably has vulnerabilities and legal and institutional challenges.

The most obvious question is whether a smart contract is a contract in the legal sense? Is it legal? There is also blockchain technology that ensures the authenticity and transparent operation of information on the chain, but how to ensure the authenticity of the information before it is put on the chain? This series of problems cannot be solved by relying solely on blockchain technology. It also requires technologies such as the Internet of Things, big data, and artificial intelligence, as well as the constraints of social systems.

In addition, for now, there are not many people in all walks of life who really understand blockchain technology. In the field of shared accommodation, the knowledge level of relevant personnel is limited, and their understanding and mastery of blockchain are limited. Directly affects the establishment of the shared accommodation credit system.

How to effectively use blockchain technology, use technology to enhance trust, and integrate development with the real economy is the direction of healthier and more sustainable development of blockchain applications.

References:

[1] National Information Center Network. China Shared Accommodation Development Report 2020 [DB/OL]. (2020-07-23) [2020-11-01 ].http://www.sic.gov.cn/News/557/10549.htm.

［2］ Zhao Ping. What regulatory difficulties hinder the development of the sharing economy［J］. People’s Forum, 2019 (7): 76-77.

［3 ] Yao Yao. Analysis of the institutional regulation path of China's shared homestay [J]. Administrative Management Reform, 2018 (10): 47-51.

[4] Li Liwei. The construction mechanism of multi-layer trust in the sharing economy Research: Case analysis based on Airbnb and Xiaozhu short-term rental [J]. E-Government, 2019 (2): 96-102.

[5] Sun Shanyong, Zhang Yuqing. Blockchain technology [J] . Journal of Capital Normal University (Natural Science Edition), 2020 (2): 81-84.

[6] Gao Xuan. Research on the development problems of my country’s sharing economy and its response strategies[J]. Zhongzhou Academic Journal , 2018 (9): 31-35.

[7] Yang Zhen, Xu Yingjie. Sustainable consumption in the context of sharing economy: paradigm changes and advancement paths [J]. Social Sciences, 2019 ( 7): 43-54.

[8] Niu Ruanxia, ​​He Yan. A review of research on trust in shared accommodation: Based on the perspectives of landlords and tenants [J]. Management Modernization, 2020 (3): 112-117.

［9］PillaiM, AdaviP.IntelligentContractManagement［J］., 2013(1): 1395-1398.

［10］Gao Xirong, Shi Ying. Based on area Research on the credit constraint mechanism of the sharing economy of blockchain technology [J]. Credit Information, 2020 (7): 26-32.

[11] Chang Xia, Han Feng, Yang Tao, et al. Blockchain: From digital currency to credit society [M]. Beijing: CITIC Press, 2018, 4.

Source Note: This article comes from "Credit Report", author: Dai Mingfeng, Ministry of Commerce, Han Jiaping International Trade and Economic Cooperation Institute.

Authors丨Dai Mingfeng, Han Jiaping

Typesetting丨Xu Miao

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IV Area What are the platform projects in blockchain projects?

The second category of blockchain projects is platform projects. What are the characteristics of platform blockchain projects? What are the typical representatives? The second category of blockchain projects is the platform category. The main function of platform projects is to establish a technical platform to meet the technical requirements required for the development of various blockchain applications. Simply put, platform applications allow developers to directly issue digital assets, write smart contracts, etc. on the blockchain. A smart contract is a computer program that runs on a blockchain database and can execute itself under conditions set by its source code. For example, you develop an intelligent system based on a house rental agreement on the blockchain.The contract triggers automatic execution when the owner receives rent and gives the apartment's security key to the tenant. The main function of platform blockchain projects is to establish an underlying technology platform and allow developers to develop applications on the underlying technology platform. A considerable number of platforms are still under development. As of January 2018, the largest market value is Ethereum. .

IV I can’t forget, the group of people who lived the most tiring lives in 2018

There are many turmoils in the world, and the boat may be lost.

For some industries, companies and public figures in the industry, 2018 was quite uncomfortable. They were placed at the forefront of public opinion and placed at the critical point of life and death.

This year, Bitcoin plummeted and P2P platforms exploded, causing heavy losses to investors;

This year, public figures in the industry continued to receive negative news, and were even involved in "peach scandals" "Haunted.

With the arrival of 2019, I hope that more companies and more people will be able to make steady progress and enjoy success in the world.

The "leeks" were almost cut off after the Bitcoin crash

Killing style

Crazy magic stick method

"The Legend of the Condor Heroes" The martial arts in the game are extremely powerful and can cause huge damage. The encrypted digital currency bubble burst, dragging small miners, currency buyers, and related startups into the bubble, and no one was spared.

One thought is heaven, the other thought is hell.

On December 17, 2017, the moment when the price of the Bitcoin trading platform Bitstamp was fixed at $19,664, it was a shot that was replayed by countless people. A year later, on December 17, 2018, the price of Bitcoin was only $3,700, after previously falling below $3,200.

Guo Yu’s (pseudonym) small mine cannot be sold. In mid-2017, he spent more than 300,000 yuan to buy 30 mining machines and "joined" the Bitcoin mining army. However, the good times only lasted half a year. At the beginning of 2018, the price of Bitcoin began to decline. On June 24, Bitcoin fell below 6,000 US dollars. This is a recognized "life and death line" for mining farms. Below it, miners will have to pay electricity bills. Neither can afford it. Guo Yu pressed the "off button", but he still had a glimmer of hope. Maybe one day Bitcoin would come back to life and the mine could continue to operate. Until recently, when Bitcoin fell below $3,200, it was completely "in the cold". However, the mining machines that were so popular at the time are now no longer interested.

The prospect of Bitmain’s listing is unclear. On September 26, Bitmain officially disclosed its prospectus on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange. In 2018, when Bitcoin has been on a downward trend, it is obviously not a good time for the world's largest Bitcoin mining equipment supplier to go public. Three months have passed, and the Hong Kong Stock Exchange has not given a hearing time. There are still three months until the listing application expires. The so-called "invalidation" refers to when the company fails to effectively review the listing information within 6 months after submitting it.passed the hearing within the time limit. Judging from the prospectus information, 90% of its revenue still comes from the mining machine business.

When there are more and more miners like Guo Yu, whether the mining machine business can support Bitmain’s valuation, whether it is appropriate to go public, and the sustainability of the business after the listing are all heavily weighed. question mark. The latest “rumor” is that the Hong Kong Exchange believes that it is premature for any cryptocurrency trading platform or business related to the industry to raise funds through an IPO in Hong Kong until the appropriate regulatory framework is in place.

Aunt Peng lost all her coins. As an active "lead dancer" in the square, Aunt Peng has been at the forefront of trends since she was young. In 2017, Aunt Peng started speculating in coins. Because Bitcoin was too expensive, she bought those "altcoins." Although domestic ICOs are banned, there are still many unknown projects in the QQ group. Aunt Peng mingled among them and bought a bunch of various coins. Unknowingly, she invested hundreds of thousands in them. At one time, the book value exceeded two million, but After the “bloodbath” in 2018, only tens of thousands of yuan and a lot of “dead coins” with no trading volume were realized.

What is the bubble bigger than "Bitcoin"? Other cryptocurrencies.

Gustave Le Bon analyzed group psychology in this way in "The Crowd": Highly intelligent people with independent opinions will lose their ability to think once they join a group and become impulsive, impatient, fanatical, and extreme , completely controlled by the unconscious, losing moral judgment, but gaining great power. "Blockchain leek" is the most suitable annotation for the mob in 2018. Those "big guys" who shouted for everyone to get on the bus at the beginning of 2018 quietly got off the bus. Bitcointalk statistics show that 4 years ago, the number of address accounts with more than 100,000 Bitcoins in the world was 70, and now there are only 5 left. indivual. As of the first half of 2018, there have been more than 1,000 failed blockchain ICO projects. After the craze, there are only feathers left.

Ten years after its birth, Bitcoin has fallen from the altar of belief. Every penny of currency prices pushed up by speculative mania, and every hard fork led by a certain mining machine manufacturer, are departures from Satoshi Nakamoto's ideals of "freedom, equality, decentralization" and "borderless currency equality" , the original intention of "changing the world", to put it bluntly, is the belief in "one coin, one villa".

However, after the bubble bursts, the power of Bitcoin, especially the blockchain, cannot be underestimated.

The future of mankind has the possibility of a turning point after the emergence of artificial intelligence. The biggest difference brought by algorithms is that data will become the only element in understanding and managing the world. Even so-called human rationality will still It may be mastered by algorithms. This is the "data hegemony" mentioned by Harari in "A Brief History of Today", and blockchain is an important means for ensuring data security and cannot be tampered with.

It is foreseeable that in the remaining 80 years of the 21st century, peer-to-peer blockchain networks and cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin will still impact traditional goods.currency system, the Bitcoin "bubble" may be inflated again. Whether you accept it or not, it has reserved its own place in the history books.

The explosion of Internet finance has left the trillion-dollar market "cool"

Destructive style

Thousands of spiders and ten thousand poisonous hands

A kind of danger Extremely powerful martial arts, practitioners suffer unbearable pain and cause great harm to themselves. Whether it is P2P or cash loans, the mutual finance industry has continued to have problems in 2018. After experiencing the initial brutal growth, it was even more injured in 2018.

In the second half of 2017, China's Internet financial industry was in full swing. Four mutual financial companies even landed on the US stock market within a month. After that, more mutual financial companies said they would go to the US for IPOs. It seems that going public is as easy as strolling through your own back garden. Unfortunately, the good times did not last long.

In May 2018, the online loan boom began, and platforms fell one after another like dominoes. In June, 13 problematic platforms were exposed. Qianbao.com, Yatang Finance, Tang Xiaoseng, and Lianbi Finance were exposed one after another, and panic spread. By the end of August, there were 264 platforms that had experienced thunderstorms, lost contact, or gone missing.

The thunderstorm has had a huge impact on the P2P online lending industry. Mutual financial associations in various places have made intensive voices, requiring all P2P platforms to communicate well with platform lenders and effectively protect the legitimate rights and interests of lenders. At the same time, in view of the fact that some borrowers took advantage of the situation and deliberately failed to repay when due, taking the opportunity to escape their repayment obligations, the Office of the Leading Group for the Special Rectification of Internet Financial Risks (hereinafter referred to as the Special Rectification Office for Mutual Finance) issued a special document requesting the platform to remove P2P "laoguai" After reporting the credit report, he later issued a document stating that he would severely crack down on online loan platforms that maliciously withdraw, arrest fugitives, and strictly prohibit new online loan institutions.

According to statistics from Wangdaizhijia, as of the end of November 2018, the cumulative number of closures and problematic platforms in the online lending industry reached 5,245. The cumulative number of investors involved in the problematic platforms in history was approximately 2.009 million, involving loans. The balance is approximately 161.25 billion yuan.

In just one year, P2P online lending has changed from an innovative model to a "street rat". There are many reasons, such as: the platform's poor risk control capabilities and the incomplete mutual finance legal system, resulting in high overdue risks on the platform. ; The platform develops illegally, and investors are not qualified investors that should be matched.

The chaos in the industry has caused the mutual fund-related Chinese concept stocks that have been rushing to be listed to perform poorly in the capital market. When P2P risks broke out in 2018, the stock prices of many P2P companies collectively "dive". In the past 10 trading days in July 2018, the market value of mutual financial companies listed in the United States evaporated by more than US$3.2 billion. According to incomplete statistics, by mid-December, 9 of the 13 mutual financial companies listed in the United States had fallen below the issue price, and the stock prices of many of them had fallen by more than 70% compared with the beginning of the year.

Mutual finance industryThe continued downturn in Chinese concept stocks has prompted many listed platforms to resort to equity buybacks to protect the market, including Qudian, Hexindai, Paipaidai, Yirendai, Xinerfu, etc.

The repurchase plan of the mutual financial platform may boost investor confidence in the short term, but in the long run, the fundamental way out for the mutual financial industry is to develop in compliance with regulations.

Many platforms are currently undergoing transformation, "shifting" to large-amount installments, online installment shopping malls, offline consumer finance and other fields. However, there are still chaos, such as hidden charges and chaotic credit reporting. , and even used by criminals as a tool for cashing out. For the platform, only by not forgetting the past can we better face the future.

In the cold winter of capital, both entrepreneurs and investors are “poor pockets”

Killing style

Boundless falling wood

Linghu Chong’s martial arts moves, Countless fallen trees danced together with the shadow of the sword into a strong whirlwind, and everything that swept through was desolate. This year, both entrepreneurs and investors are in a situation of lack of money, and there is no place to talk about it.

In 2018, a capital winter, all investment institutions chose the "cash is king" strategy. The macro market was short of money, and the market segments were also short of money. Most start-up companies are in a state of "insufficient balance". Entrepreneurs at the end of the food chain may be the group of people who have the hardest time in 2018. Everyone is trapped in a vicious circle: they are poor and busy, and the busier they are, the "poorer" they become.

In the final analysis, blindly chasing trends and insufficient "self-generating ability" are the reasons why most start-up companies fail. At the beginning of the year, the hottest topic was blockchain. Blockchain games, blockchain media, and even blockchain hotpot restaurants were all starting to catch fire. However, this bubble burst too quickly. Deloitte investigated the world’s largest social programming and code There are nearly 86,000 blockchain projects on the hosting website Github, and only about 5% of them are alive today. Naked swimmers in the blockchain circle have appeared one after another due to setups to run away and internal strife, and countless companies have died. Immediately afterwards, P2P thunderstorms, long-term rental apartments exploded, online education mergers and acquisitions, Internet home decoration reshuffle, shared bicycles encountered difficulties and other events occurred, and the entrepreneurial trend became a "life and death critical".

However, life is not easy for investment institutions. In the past, they had "full pockets", but they encountered difficulties in raising funds in 2018 because LPs (limited partners) also lacked money. People and major shareholders were eventually liquidated due to equity pledges. In 2018, the A-share market was filled with such stories.

According to statistics from Zero2IPO Research Center, the total amount of funds raised in China's equity investment market in the first half of 2018 was approximately 380 billion, a year-on-year decrease of 55.8%, almost halved.

Why was the fundraising environment so difficult in 2018? P2P set off a thunderstorm like dominoes, private equity funds were difficult to register, and the entire investment market was like a deflated rubber ball. It lost confidence and began to worship“Cash is king.” Looking further, China has not formed a long-term LP market. Currently, LPs are mainly composed of private enterprises and individuals, and the increasing downward pressure on the economy has a great impact on it. The general environment of the capital market is that it is difficult to exit, the yield is low, and the principal invested a few years ago cannot be recovered.

Investment institutions are beginning to seek longer-term money, including social security funds, pension funds, insurance funds and other funds, which can tolerate longer investment periods and exit periods.

Those companies that once ran wild in the spring chose to practice behind closed doors in the winter. The auspicious snow heralded a good year, and the pests and bubbles were frozen in the long cold winter.

From November 5 to 10, 2018, the first China International Import Expo was held in Shanghai. The establishment of the Science and Technology Innovation Edition and the implementation of the pilot registration system brought a hint of spring to Chinese technology companies in the cold winter. .

This year, the structure of the supply side has quietly changed. The 2C economy is ebbing, while the 2B economy is rising. Looking at Internet giants, Tencent, Alibaba, Internet and other companies fully embrace 2B and participate in smart cities, smart manufacturing, etc.

The money held by investors has moved away from business model innovation and towards hard-core technology, which also points the way for entrepreneurs.

It is most appropriate to say goodbye to this winter with the words of Xiao Longnu in "The Legend of the Condor Heroes". "When these snowflakes fall, they are so white and beautiful. When the sun comes out in a few days, every snowflake will disappear. Next winter, there will be many more snowflakes, but they are no longer the snowflakes of 2018. ."

Liu Qiangdong's "fatal encounter" JD.com "adds insult to injury"

Killing Style

Ice Soul Silver Needle

Li Mochou It is a hidden weapon. The needle body is very beautiful, with carved patterns and exquisite craftsmanship, but it is extremely poisonous. Liu Qiangdong failed to control himself in the face of beautiful women, which ultimately ruined his reputation and hurt his family and JD.com.

However, the harm caused by the affair to Liu Qiangdong’s family and JD.com is real. Liu Qiangdong's image as an inspirational entrepreneur and his emotional life with his milk tea sister have given JD.com a lot of help in brand promotion and marketing. Perhaps affected by this incident, Liu Qiangdong did not appear at the first China International Import Expo, the World Artificial Intelligence Conference, or the Tianjin Davos Forum. Liu Qiangdong was also included in the list of "100 Outstanding Private Entrepreneurs in the 40 Years of Reform and Opening Up." Nameless.

Liu Qiangdong and JD.com are closely tied together, and both will suffer if one loses. JD.com’s 2017 annual report shows that as of February 28, 2018, Liu Qiangdong held 15.5% of the equity of JD.com Group and had 79.5% of the voting rights.

The damage caused by the Liu Qiangdong incident to JD.com is obviously reflected in the stock price. Since the incident on August 31, JD.com’s stock price has been falling. From August 31 to December 21, JD.com’s share price fell by 32.7%%, the market value evaporated by US$16.2 billion, equivalent to approximately RMB 111.7 billion, a heavy loss.

Judging from the numbers, JD.com’s third quarter financial report is still eye-catching. But there are many worries behind it: for the first time in nine consecutive quarters, the quarterly revenue growth has been less than 30%; the number of active users has declined for the first time since its listing. As of September 30, 2018, the number of active users of JD.com in the past 12 months was 305.2 million, 8.6 million less than the previous quarter.

For a platform company, user loss is a fatal blow. While JD.com is losing active users, the active users of new and old competitors are increasing rapidly. During the same period, Alibaba’s active users reached 601 million, an increase of 25 million from the previous quarter. As a new rival, Pinduoduo has been deeply involved in public opinion in 2018, but its number of active buyers has grown rapidly. According to Pinduoduo’s third quarter financial report, its number of active buyers has reached 385.5 million, a year-on-year increase of 144%, with an increase of 4,200. Ten thousand.

In terms of user scale, JD.com is not only far behind its old rival Alibaba, but also surpassed by its new rival Pinduoduo. Moreover, from the perspective of market value, the gap between Pinduoduo and JD.com is not large. As of December 21, Eastern Time, JD.com’s market value was US$30.498 billion, and Pinduoduo’s was US$23.408 billion. Pinduoduo is catching up with JD.com, and the "J" written after JD.com's efforts to write BAT is gradually blurring.

Competition in the Internet world is no longer just competition between companies, platforms and platforms, ecosystems and ecosystems. The image of corporate leaders also indirectly affects the development of the company.

Of course, JD.com still has something to be praised for. In the past two years, JD.com has allowed the public to see the shadow of a technology company in artificial intelligence and robotic automation technologies. Its X division, which focuses on smart logistics, and its Y division, which focuses on smart supply chain, are also helping JD.com build its advantages. Although continued investment in technology will lower JD.com's profits, if you look at Amazon's model, you will find the charm of a truly technology-driven world-class Internet company.

The safety of online ride-hailing must be eliminated before the "life-threatening" can go ashore

Killing style

Seven Injury Fist

Seven Injury Fist It is extremely powerful, but if it is used by someone who has not yet reached the level of internal strength, it will cause great harm to oneself. To practice Seven Injury Boxing well, one must have a very high level of internal strength. The same is true for online ride-hailing. Only by ensuring the safety of drivers and passengers can healthy development be achieved.

If you were to ask who has not ordered an online ride-hailing service, I’m afraid no one would raise their hand; if you were to ask what are the requirements for online ride-hailing services, I’m afraid everyone would put “safety” first .

Since the birth of online ride-hailing 6 years ago, high subsidies and convenience have been its labels, but what followed was the brutal growth of online ride-hailing. With the introduction of various policies, online ride-hailing in 2018 is no longer what it used to be.So crazy, entering a period of stable development. If the two murders of ride-hailing passengers had not occurred on the Didi platform, perhaps the online ride-hailing market in 2018 could be described as "calm".

In the early morning of May 6, 2018, Li Mouzhu, a 21-year-old flight attendant of Yunnan Xiangpeng Airlines, was killed on her way to Zhengzhou Railway Station on Didi Hitchhiker in Zhengzhou Airport Area, Henan Province. Three months later, a similar incident happened again. On August 24, a girl from Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province was killed while riding a Didi ride-hailing service.

In comparison, being killed is a small probability event, but once it happens, it is a devastating blow to the victim and his family. Some passengers said that they are now inseparable from online ride-hailing, so they must take appropriate precautions, such as confirming the license plate number, not talking too much with the driver, calling family and friends during the drive until they get off the car, and even more exaggeratedly, taking it with them Carry an alarm.

These two incidents were a heavy blow not only to Didi, the company involved, but also to the entire online ride-hailing market. Didi is the first to bear the brunt of self-examination and external scrutiny. In addition to the launch of various functions such as one-click alarm and full audio/video recording, Didi has also made "tremendous" adjustments to its structure, including upgrading its safety management system and establishing a chief executive officer. The position of Travel Safety Officer, etc.

As a lesson for the future, platforms such as Dida Hitchhiker have also adjusted their safety rules, such as stopping taking orders late at night; Meituan Taxi has added a new "Safety Center" entrance; Cao Cao has added special cars One-touch alarm device; Shouqi Car Hailing has launched similar safety functions. Even Xiangdao Travel, which has just joined the online ride-hailing "battle", one of its selling points is safety, including in-depth investigation of the driver's background, double CPS inspection, SOS alarm mechanism for both drivers and passengers, etc.

After the security incident, services and subsidies were all in vain. Any industry will inevitably experience pain. The key lies in how to make timely adjustments in the face of pain.

The initial requirements for entering the online ride-hailing industry were low, and the review and inspection were not strict, which directly led to major challenges in safety issues, and it was difficult to protect consumer rights. The rapid expansion in the early stage concealed the hidden safety risks behind it.

No matter what personalized services the platform can provide, as long as security is not in place, everything will be in vain.

Safety is always the lifeline of online ride-hailing, and it is also the competitive point of the online ride-hailing market. Whoever is safer wins.

The shared bicycle crisis looks forward to rebirth in the defeat

Killing style

Wedding dress magic skill

This kind of skill is too violent, so practice Later, when you want to achieve a breakthrough, you need to dissipate all your original skills and practice again. The same is true for shared bicycles. Only by rapidly expanding and providing good services can we truly solve the problem of the last mile of travel for users.

The shared bicycle industry, represented by ofo and Mobike, was once the darling of capital. butYes, due to the lack of sufficient "self-generation" capabilities and the disorderly expansion in the early stage, both ofo and Mobai ushered in the "darkest moment" in 2018. In the end, Mobike gave up its independent operation and "sold" Meituan for US$2.7 billion; ofo, which insisted on independent development, continued to struggle painfully on the edge of death.

Ofo is seriously short of money, and everyone knows that ofo is now like a trapped beast, struggling to survive. In the second quarter of 2018, ofo and Mobike embarked on different development paths. Mobike was acquired by Meituan for US$2.7 billion, while ofo rejected a potential acquisition offer from Didi.

Ofo once tried to monetize advertising, but it failed to close the funding hole. In June 2018, media reported that Ofo owed 1.5 billion yuan. Then, ofo's negative news came intensively: large-scale layoffs at the headquarters, resignation of senior executives, lawsuits from suppliers for hundreds of millions of yuan in arrears, and "empty buildings" in offices in many places. Since November, the difficulty of refunding deposits has become the focus of major media reports. Ofo, which had no one to take over, became a "hot potato". On November 23, ofo announced its cooperation with PPmoney, but it encountered a lightning shutdown. At present, ofo's crisis situation will be difficult to overcome without financial backers.

The emergence of shared bicycles has solved the last mile problem for users. However, in the 1.0 era of "crazy money burning", fueled by capital, shared bicycles grew wildly, but failed to find a suitable business model. The company was unable to "build its own blood", which eventually led to the crisis.

At present, the "mass base" of shared bicycles is still there. According to statistics from the Ministry of Transport, the number of shared bicycles nationwide is still more than 10 million people every day. It can be seen from this that the market demand is huge, which will also help the entire shared bicycle industry enter the 2.0 era, focusing on service, focusing on experience, and developing steadily and orderly.

Unmanned convenience stores collapsed and left?

Killing Style

Lingbo Micro Step

This kind of footwork, taking a step, is closely related to internal force, and it is by no means a simple step. This is the case with unmanned convenience stores. They are at the forefront, but if there is no internal strength, it will cause the danger of self-extinction.

In 2017, unmanned retail hit the spotlight, with smart containers, unmanned shelves, and unmanned convenience stores emerging one after another.

The cost of unmanned convenience stores is not low. It usually takes more than a year for an unmanned convenience store to recover the cost of implementation. In 2018, unmanned convenience stores are likely to become the "pig" that cannot fly.

"We are ready for large-scale mass production. The target of 5,000 units a year is a reasonable plan based on our own operating conditions. It seems a bit conservative now." In July 2017, Bingo Box CEO Chen Zilin announced an ambitious goal of opening 5,000 boxes within a year. However, as the deadline approaches in July 2018, Bingo BoxThe number of stores in 40 cities across the country is only about 400. Temporary suspension of operations due to high temperatures, door-to-door inspections by urban management for suspected illegal construction, and store withdrawals have all caused Bingobox to accelerate the pace of branch expansion.

The same embarrassing situation has also appeared in other brands of unmanned convenience stores. The first unmanned convenience store launched by Easyhome, EATBOX, opened in Beijing Century Jinyuan Shopping Center. However, some media reported that the store was empty when passing by in early 2018; in January, the Shanghai Tianyaoqiao Road store that had been open for more than three months was also confirmed to be closed; the "dark horse" Neighbor Convenience Store among unmanned convenience stores in 2018 In August, due to the financial crisis of the P2P platform Shanlin Finance, bank accounts were frozen and all 168 stores were closed overnight.

Taking advantage of the trend and taking off, the unmanned convenience stores that were so hotly speculated by capital actually ended up being "unmanned".

As early as the end of 2017, Mao Shengbo, a partner of Panda Capital, voiced opposition to the "speculative obsession" concentrated on unmanned convenience stores. "This trend is wrong, and we will not invest in it."

Taking cashier services as an example, unmanned convenience stores can be divided into two categories based on different identification technologies: RFID (commonly known as electronic tags) and those based on visual analysis, with the latter having a higher threshold. Using RFID to replace labor, the cost of a tag is 3 to 7 cents, but the average cashier cost of completing a product manually is only 7 cents, and the cost advantage is immediately obvious. Moreover, VC (venture capital) prefers entrepreneurial projects that have a large market scale and can quickly explode and form a large scale in a short period of time. Convenience stores pay attention to scale effects, and only if they are very large can they follow a specific route.

Whether unmanned convenience stores are a real demand or a false proposition, but unmanned convenience stores with no queues and self-service checkout still hit the pain points of traditional convenience stores. For investment institutions, time is their enemy. Opening up a new city means opening up a complete and new supply chain ecosystem. If the revenue cannot keep up, vicious negative cash flow will occur.

Who will save the "streaking" hotel data?

Killing style

Xuan Ming Divine Palm

Xuan Ming is the god of the north in mythology, giving people a dark and cold feeling, Crane Pen Weng and Deer Staff Ke's palm technique is also extremely yin-cold, and the cold poison left in his body can only be driven away by the pure yang and extremely strong Nine-Yang Magic. The frequent "theft" of information is also a "cancer" that remains in the hotel industry. What can be done to get rid of it?

In 2018, there were constant security scandals in the hotel industry, from Huazhu, InterContinental, and Hilton, until near the end of the year, Marriott International, the “leader” in the hotel industry, reported on its official website that 500 million user information was leaked. It indicates that the database security of the entire hotel industry is facing a comprehensive collapse.

The hotel industry involves a large amount of data, but its level of informatization is weak. In recent years, it has frequently become the hardest hit area by hackers.

In February 2015, according to the report submitted by the vulnerability box white hat, a large amount of room reservation information of well-known hotel chains Orange, Jinjiang Inn, Super 8, and Pudding, as well as high-end hotels Marriott, Starwood, and Intercontinental, were leaked. Some hotel chains Hotels can even cancel orders and change user registration passwords at will; in November 2015, Hilton and Starwood Group announced that their payment processing systems were attacked by unknown hackers; in January 2016, Excelle Group's payment card data leakage incident spread across the world About 250 hotels in 50 countries; in April 2017, more than 1,000 hotels under the InterContinental Hotels Group suffered payment card information leaks...

Unfortunately, in 2018, the data security crisis in the hotel industry did not be contained. On August 28, Huazhu Hotel Group’s hotels involved 500 million user information for sale on the “dark web”; in December, Marriott International Group proactively reported a 4-year-old data leak involving 500 million user data. This incident The case remains unresolved.

Most domestic hotels do not take information security seriously. Many domestic hotel system maintenance is completed by outsourced personnel, and they often have direct access to the database, and their intentional or unintentional operations will be compromised. The damage caused to data and the hotel's internal security defense capabilities are low. Once an attack occurs, it can easily lead to a complete loss of control.

An insider in the hotel industry is also very helpless about this. In his opinion, this is related to the fact that the hotel industry has many external interfaces and complex business. "Due to business needs, the domestic hotel industry has a large number of internal connections. Network interfaces, for security reasons, also set up identity authentication levels for important interfaces. However, the procedures of this security system are cumbersome and have an impact on the operational efficiency of the IT system. Therefore, in actual operation, it is difficult to fully roll out. This is also This leaves more attack opportunities for hackers." Between efficiency and security, the hotel industry at home and abroad is facing torture.

In May 2018, the European Union officially implemented the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The GDPR is known as the most stringent personal data protection regulation in history. It includes internal EU companies and companies doing business in the EU. Multinational enterprises and overseas enterprises that provide business services to EU citizens have regulations on data collection, data protection and data application. GDPR stipulates that the company involved must report a data breach within 72 hours, otherwise it will face a fine of up to 4% of the company's total global revenue last year. The reason why Marriott disclosed this large-scale user data leak this year is related to the introduction of this regulation. If Marriott's total revenue last year was more than 17 billion US dollars, Marriott would face a huge fine of up to 680 million US dollars.

2018 is the first year that the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation is officially implemented. Under the pressure, can it bring about a change in the Internet data security protection crisis led by the hotel industry? I hope so!

Author: Hao Junhui, Wu Yuxin, Sun Yan, Pan Shaoying, Li Danqi, Li Yunkun, Zhang Weiwei

Pictures: Tuchong, Internet

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