区块链是一种分布式数据存储,区块链是一种分布式技术

区块链是一种分布式数据存储，它是一种新型的数据库技术，可以让用户在不同的计算机网络之间共享信息，而无需经过中央服务器。它是一种分布式记账技术，可以让用户在不同的计算机网络之间共享信息，而无需经过中央服务器。它是一种不可篡改的数据存储技术，可以用来记录交易，智能合约，投票，等等。

第一个关键词是“分布式数据库”。分布式数据库是指将数据存储分布在不同的计算机网络之间，而不是存储在一个中央服务器上。它可以让数据存储在多个地方，从而提高数据的可靠性和安全性。区块链技术可以用来构建分布式数据库，让用户可以在不同的计算机网络之间共享信息，而无需经过中央服务器。

第二个关键词是“分布式记账技术”。分布式记账技术是指将交易记录分布在不同的计算机网络之间，而不是存储在一个中央服务器上。它可以让交易记录在多个地方，从而提高安全性和可靠性。区块链技术可以用来构建分布式记账技术，让用户可以在不同的计算机网络之间共享信息，而无需经过中央服务器。

第三个关键词是“不可篡改的数据存储技术”。不可篡改的数据存储技术是指将数据存储在不可被篡改的网络中，而不是存储在一个中央服务器上。它可以让数据存储在多个地方，从而提高安全性和可靠性。区块链技术可以用来构建不可篡改的数据存储技术，让用户可以在不同的计算机网络之间共享信息，而无需经过中央服务器。它可以用来记录交易，智能合约，投票，等等，从而使数据更加安全可靠。

总之，区块链是一种分布式数据存储技术，它可以让用户在不同的计算机网络之间共享信息，而无需经过中央服务器。它可以用来构建分布式数据库，分布式记账技术和不可篡改的数据存储技术，从而使数据更加安全可靠。

Ⅰ Functional Characteristics of Blockchain Technology

Blockchain is essentially a distributed storage system. It adopts a transaction accounting storage model. , it can also be called a distributed accounting system. Beijing Muqi Mobile Technology Co., Ltd., a professional blockchain development company, welcomes exchanges and cooperation. Let’s talk about the functional characteristics of blockchain technology.

In traditional platform technology, central decision-making is a very common data processing method. For example, in the traditional bank transfer method, transaction information must be processed by the bank's central server cluster, and the transaction information is processed through the layers of the bank's central server cluster. The data upload and instruction distribution complete the transaction between the two accounts. Every transaction in the blockchain is directly communicated and transacted by both parties. From the initiation of the transaction to the confirmation of transaction completion, all nodes are equal and have exactly the same permissions without going through any intermediaries. This kind of The peer-to-peer transaction model in the network makes blockchain applications free from the risks of intermediary transactions.

It should be noted that although blockchain is often called a distributed ledger, and is even essentially a distributed storage system, blockchain is different from conventional distributed systems. The distributed structure is even more special. Distribution is a concept corresponding to centralization. All sub-nodes in the centralized structure only interact with the central node and have no connection with each other. Therefore, the central node needs to bear all the load. A centralized system Efficiency is basically only related to the processing speed of the central node. At the same time, once the central node encounters problems such as blocking, deadlock, and downtime, the entire centralized system will stagnate or even collapse directly. The characteristic of the distributed structure is that there are multiple nodes that can interact with other nodes for data. Distributed network storage technology stores data dispersedly on multiple independent machines and devices. This sounds a bit confusing, but it is easy to understand if it is classified and described based on the characteristics of centralization. The distributed structure includes multi-centralized structure and decentralized structure.

A polycentralized system refers to a system composed of multiple centralized systems, each of which includes a master node and several slave nodes. When performing task processing, the master node decomposes the task into multiple sub-tasks and sends them to multiple subordinate slave nodes for simultaneous processing. After the slave node transmits the processing results back to the master node, the master node will integrate the processing results of each sub-task and finally complete the task. Of course, this is just a simplified description of task processing. A multi-centralized system may have a multi-layer master-slave structure, forming a tree-like task allocation structure. At the same time, slave nodes may also take orders from multiple master nodes to maximize efficiency based on complex task management mechanisms. But the fundamental difference between multi-centralization and decentralization is whether there is a central node that controls the operation of each master node. If the top-most node is multiple nodes, then it is decentralized. On the contrary, if there is only one node at the top, it is decentralized. It’s polycentralizationof.

In decentralization, there is a more special structure that does not have any center, which can be called a completely decentralized structure. This is also a point-to-point network structure. This structure is This is reflected in the Bitcoin network. The relative advantages of point-to-point network structure are high fault tolerance, strong node scalability, strong privacy and data consistency, etc. However, there are also problems such as redundant communication and message delay.

Figure 5 Schematic diagram of network structure division

The "decentralization" emphasized in the general blockchain field mostly refers to the ownership level of the system. The system is decentralized if it belongs to the community and all accounts, and the system is centralized if it belongs to an institution or even an individual. Decentralization is a common feature of blockchain, but the completely decentralized structure of peer-to-peer networks has few current applications. Only public chains such as Bitcoin and Ethereum belong to this structure, because anyone in the world can Enter the system at any time to read data, send confirmable transactions, and compete for accounting activities, which results in the inability to guarantee its security and system efficiency. Private chains often have one or more centers that control the nodes, and all operations require permission from the center and are subject to its constraints and restrictions. Although it uses a decentralized mechanism for routine data processing, it is strictly A distributed blockchain deployment model. The alliance chain can be regarded as a collection of private chains, which is a compromise between the security and efficiency of the public chain. It adopts a multi-center technical architecture.

Due to the natural characteristics of the blockchain that cannot be tampered with, it is based on the consensus algorithm to ensure data consistency. No node in the system can tamper with or forge transactions. All transaction contents are certain and undisputed. There will be no credit risk in transactions, and the blockchain system will also have trustless characteristics.

Based on the changes in the content carried in the block from transactions to smart contracts, the trustlessness of the blockchain has two stages. The first stage is to verify the authenticity of historical transaction behaviors in the blockchain network. Trust, the second stage is trust in future transaction behavior based on smart contract rules.

The first stage of trust in the authenticity of historical behaviors can be simply understood as the blockchain system eliminates the process of proving historical transactions. When we tell others that something has happened, we need evidence to make others believe it, and this evidence often needs to be proved by a credible third party and provided with a credit guarantee through verification. For example, the electronic transaction slip provided by the shopping platform is evidence when shopping online, the tax bureau invoice provided by the restaurant when dining out is evidence, or the marriage certificate provided by the institution when purchasing a house using the identity of a couple is evidence. The person who accepts this information also needs to verify the evidence to be sure that these things have indeed happened. Corresponding to the previous article, when an online shopping dispute occurs, it is necessary to check whether the electronic transaction slip of the shopping platform actually exists; When reimbursing expenses, it is necessary toVerify the signature of the invoice; when confirming the identity of two people as a couple, the anti-counterfeiting mark of the marriage certificate needs to be verified. However, the data in the blockchain system is considered to be non-tamperable and non-forgery. Therefore, as long as you explain a historical event to other nodes on the chain, you do not need any third-party certification, because the information on the data block can be obtained at any time. Come out and verify it directly, which results in the distrust of historical transactions in the blockchain.

The second stage is trust in future transaction behavior, because in an ideal state, the smart contract of the blockchain is bound to the business, that is, the smart contract has mandatory execution in the blockchain system. force. Because the smart code is completely public and is recorded in the main chain and stored by all accounts. After the smart contract is called or triggered by a certain mechanism, the transaction will be enforced and there is no possibility of denial. Therefore, users in the blockchain system do not have to worry about the other party's credit risk in the future, and there is a lack of trust in future transactions.

In the public chain, the ledger of each node completely records all transactions. The blockchain does not directly record real-time account information, but obtains real-time account information through transaction traceability. At the same time, since anyone can create a blockchain account to form a blockchain node, the information in the public chain can be considered open to everyone, which forms the open and traceable characteristics of the blockchain. And because the code of the public chain is often open source, what is open and traceable is not only the transaction data in the system, but also the transaction rules of the entire system. The high degree of openness and transparency enables the blockchain to meet many application scenarios that require open data. .

However, the blockchain has developed many variants based on the Bitcoin network, such as light nodes, private chains and consortium chains. These variants cannot meet the strict requirements of openness. Traceable. Light nodes can only execute and verify transactions, and do not have all transaction data for traceability, so light nodes do not have traceability. However, this problem only lies in the user's choice. If there is a good enough hardware environment, the user can choose to become a full node instead of a light node in order to master all data. In addition, access permission or verification is required to join a private chain or alliance chain, and read permissions are selectively open to the outside world and are not open to the entire network, which does not meet the strict sense of openness.

Ⅱ Analysis of the relationship between distributed and blockchain

We have talked about the discussion of blockchain technology many times in previous articles, and also I have introduced to you which programming development languages ​​are used to realize the realization of the blockchain insight chain technology. Today we will learn together how to analyze and understand the structure of the blockchain from a distributed perspective.

Blockchain is the underlying technology in Bitcoin and is used to implement a centerless peer-to-peer cash system. Because there is no central organization involved, Bitcoin uses blocks Organize transaction data in the form of a chain to prevent "double"Flower" to reach a transaction consensus.

Digital assets in the traditional sense, such as game currency, are managed in a centralized manner and can only be transferred in a single system. A centralized organization is responsible for coordination and is usually stored in the form of a database. From a macro perspective, blockchain and database are both used to store data, but the form of data access is different.

Blockchain is essentially a distributed database with multi-activity in different places. The idea of ​​multi-activity in different places was originally to solve the disaster recovery problem of the system, and it has been a distributed database for many years. The field is exploring the direction, but with little success, because multiple activities in different places need to solve the problem of data conflicts, which is actually difficult to solve. However, the blockchain born in Bitcoin has realized the world's largest remote locations in a completely new way. Multi-active database, it is completely open, has no boundaries, supports tens of thousands of nodes and can join and exit randomly.

In the blockchain, the problem of data conflicts is even more prominent. Each node in the blockchain is a completely peer-to-peer multi-active architecture. Tens of thousands of nodes have to reach an agreement. Who should the data be based on? The method adopted by Bitcoin is POW. Let's calculate a puzzle. Who can calculate it first? , has the accounting rights. In this cycle, the account he keeps shall prevail, and everyone will recalculate in the next cycle. The nodes competing for the accounting rights decide which Quanlu transactions will be packaged into blocks, and the blocks will be synchronized to Other nodes still need to verify the transactions in the block based on local data. They are not unconditionally accepted like the master-slave nodes of the database. This is the consensus algorithm in the blockchain. Although POW consumes a lot of computing power, the benefits In the process of competing for accounting rights, POW only needs to calculate the hash in its own node and does not need to go through network voting for election. The cost of network communication is small and suitable for consensus among large-scale nodes. Shahe Computer Training believes that POW is the current public chain. It is a complete, simple and crude method that can stand the test, but the problem is that the efficiency is too low.

So PoS and DPoS were developed later. Whoever has more assets will have the accounting power, or everyone votes, but this also introduces economic problems, such as the so-called vote bribery problem, which is difficult to control. In traditional distributed databases, it is not called a consensus algorithm, but a consistency algorithm. Essentially it's the same thing. But the number of nodes in a distributed database is generally very small, and the network is trustworthy. Usually the nodes are safe and reliable. We can basically trust every node, even if it fails, no Response, but will never give a false response. Therefore, in traditional company distributed data, Raft or Paxos protocols are used to do this consistency algorithm.

Ⅲ Area In what form is the data in the blockchain stored?

Blockchain is a distributed data storage, but the specific storage forms of different chains are different. Distributed storage technology is not applicable to every computer. Store complete data, but split the data and store it in different cellsin mind. Just like storing 100 eggs, they are not placed in the same basket, but placed in different places, and the total sum is added

Ⅳ What is the concept of blockchain

Concept : Blockchain is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm.

The essence of the blockchain is a distributed public ledger. Anyone can verify this ledger, but no single user can control it. Participants in a blockchain system jointly maintain a ledger: it can only be modified according to strict rules and consensus.

The development of blockchain has gone through three stages:

1. Incubation period: 2009-2012, the economic form was dominated by Bitcoin and its industrial ecology.

2. Embryonic period: The period is from 2012 to 2015. Blockchain entered the public eye with Bitcoin, new wallet payment and remittance companies appeared, and the blockchain economy spread to the financial field. The underlying technology of blockchain continues to innovate. Blockchain technology is divorced from the Bitcoin system.

3. Development period: In 2016, industry applications began to be explored, and a large number of blockchain startups emerged. The popularity of ICO in 2017 brought unprecedented attention to blockchain.

(4) Blockchain is a kind of distributed storage. Extended reading:

Three characteristics of three blockchains:

1. The core idea of ​​the blockchain is decentralization: in the blockchain system, the rights and obligations between any nodes are equal, and all nodes have the ability to vote with computing power, thus ensuring The result that is recognized is the result recognized by more than half of the nodes. Even if it suffers a severe hacker attack, as long as the number of nodes controlled by the hacker does not exceed half of the total number of global nodes, the system will still be able to operate normally and the data will not be tampered with.

2. The biggest disruption of blockchain lies in the establishment of credit: in theory, blockchain technology can make WeChat Pay and Alipay no longer valuable. The Economist made a vivid metaphor for blockchain: simply put, it is “a machine that creates trust.” Blockchain allows people to collaborate without trusting each other and without a neutral central authority. Combating counterfeit currency and financial fraud will no longer be needed in the future.

3. The collective maintenance of blockchain can reduce costs: In a centralized network system, the maintenance and operation of the system rely on the operation, maintenance and operation of platforms such as data centers, and costs cannot be omitted. Anyone can participate in the nodes of the blockchain. While participating in the recording, each node also verifies the correctness of the recording results of other nodes, which improves maintenance efficiency and reduces costs.

In one sentence, blockchain touches money, trust and power, which are the fundamental foundations on which human beings rely for survival.