区块链性能问题有哪些,区块链性能问题分析

区块链性能问题是当前技术领域的一大难题，它不仅影响着区块链的发展，也是技术领域的研究热点。本文将从三个关键词——区块链的并发性、区块链的可扩展性和区块链的安全性，分析区块链性能问题，拓展区块链技术的发展。

区块链的并发性是指区块链系统的并发处理能力，即在同一时间内，能够处理多个任务的能力。区块链的并发性是区块链系统的重要特性，它决定了区块链系统的处理能力和可靠性。目前，业界正在努力提高区块链的并发性，以改善区块链系统的处理能力和可靠性。

区块链的可扩展性是指区块链系统的可扩展性，即系统能够根据不断增加的用户数量和交易量而进行扩展。可扩展性是区块链系统的重要特性，它决定了区块链系统能够支持的用户数量和交易量。目前，业界正在努力提高区块链的可扩展性，以支持更多的用户和交易。

区块链的安全性是指区块链系统的安全性，即系统能够防止篡改、抵御攻击等安全威胁。安全性是区块链系统的重要特性，它决定了区块链系统的可靠性和安全性。目前，业界正在努力提高区块链的安全性，以保障区块链系统的可靠性和安全性。

从上述分析可以看出，区块链性能问题包括区块链的并发性、可扩展性和安全性，这些性能问题的解决将有助于拓展区块链技术的发展。

① What are the current problems of the Ethereum blockchain ETH

The Ethereum blockchain currently exposes three major problems, and its founder Vitalik Buterin has been unable to interpret them for a long time. . The first is the overall low performance and TPS of the Ethereum blockchain; the second is the lack of isolation of resources. The CryptoKitties virtual cat incident once occupied 20% of the entire Ethereum traffic, which directly caused the Ethereum network users to be unable to carry out timely operations. Transactions are the biggest pain point of not isolating resources; the third problem lies in the governance structure of Ethereum. As a decentralized distributed ledger, the blockchain has been too central in the past. The founder team has dominated the development of its network. The centralized governance model has led to the emergence of ETH, ETC, ETF and other forks in the current Ethereum, and the Ethereum community is currently in a state of fragmented governance. In the view of "aelf" founder and CEO Ma Haobo, the various shortcomings currently occurring in the Ethereum network are unacceptable. Therefore, the positioning of "aelf" was born to benchmark the next generation of decentralized underlying computing platform of Ethereum, focusing on solving the current problems of insufficient performance, lack of resource isolation, and governance structure of Ethereum.

② A brief discussion on the accumulation of blockchain storage and traffic technology - the era of real WEB3 is coming

What breakthroughs and advances in storage and traffic technology have modern society made? Let’s briefly summarize it for you.

The current Internet is all about centralized traffic and storage. With the development of the world, the bt network was born. The bt network is a distributed storage and traffic system. But it also has its limitations. First, the bt network can only transfer and share single files. Second, the bt network does not have an incentive mechanism. To put it simply, everyone joins the bt network, but there is no willingness to actively save or distribute files, because this is not beneficial to the participants.

With the exposure of bt network flaws, IPFS was born. That is, the IPFS system developed by the Filecoin project party’s protocol laboratory. IPFS is an upgraded version of the bt network. It adds a folder system based on the bt network. In the IPFS system, folders can be transferred and shared directly. Others can also browse related data, files, etc. directly from the folder.

But IPFS, like the bt network, has several problems. First: There is no incentive system. Second: In the early stage of file transmission, because there are very few nodes to store files, the efficiency is very low. For example, if A uploads a file and B needs to retrieve it, it can only retrieve it from A. Therefore, the efficiency is very low. If C wants to retrieve, it can only retrieve from the two nodes A and B. If both A and B are shut down, the files will not be retrieved. This is the problem with IPFS and BitTorrent networks. Their initial transmission efficiency is extremely low. Only files are retrieved countless times.When the nodes are widely distributed, the transmission speed will become very fast. So the bt network and IPFS system are both a process from slow to fast. If you retrieve a file that is distributed less among nodes, the retrieval capability is very weak and the transmission speed is also very slow. In order to solve this incentive mechanism problem, Protocol Labs developed the Filecoin supply chain.

Filecoin and IPFS are two concepts. Filecoin actually puts the real-life IPFS onto the blockchain. The characteristic of blockchain is decentralization, and nodes do not trust each other. Data transmitted between nodes must be re-checked. This results in very poor performance of the blockchain. After IPFS was put on the chain, Filecoin was formed. Therefore, Filecoin is also subject to the impact of blockchain performance, resulting in the inability to match valid data and the inability to perform efficient retrieval. Filecoin realizes the storage of data on the blockchain, which is a very significant contribution. Subsequently, SWARM and BZZ appeared, but BZZ has no block incentive mechanism and only has a traffic settlement system, which currently seems to be a failure. However, BZZ has also made certain improvements compared to IPFS and Filecoin: a set of active distribution mechanisms. For example: when I upload a video, the video will be actively distributed by the node. The video will be quickly cached to multiple nodes. Therefore, BZZ has made outstanding contributions in traffic settlement and efficient retrieval. Although it left behind technical contributions, it remained a failed project.

From the current point of view, most of the problems in traffic and storage have been solved in the blockchain field. The second is the issue of blockchain performance. After years of evolution, Layer0, Layer1, and Layer2 have also undergone continuous experiments. In recent years, research in the field of Layer 1 has achieved a lot of results and patents. I believe that breakthroughs in high-performance public chains will appear soon.

Therefore, if you want to build a blockchain network that is truly similar to web3, you should achieve breakthroughs in three aspects: First: efficient retrieval. Second: Incentivize storage and traffic separately. The third is that there must be an authorized access system. The authorized access system is similar to when people watch video websites and need to pay to obtain data. In the traditional Internet world, there are many monetization channels. The Internet world of blockchain has just taken shape. Therefore, ecological builders can directly obtain certain benefits. Only in this way can the prosperity of the ecosystem be promoted, and the builders of the ecosystem can continue to contribute more useful applications. Finally, the breakthrough of high-performance public chains is also an indispensable part. Therefore, with the above four conditions, web3 is getting closer and closer to us.

This content is authorized by the original teacher Zeng Bo and may not be modified or reproduced without permission

③Four major highlights in the blockchain field in 2022 | Interface Prophet⑯

The blockchain field has a core proposition about the "Impossible Triangle", which are security, performance and decentralization. . This proposition is the foundation of the evolution of blockchain technology. Whether it is Bitcoin, Ethereum, or the vigorously developed alliance chain, it is essentially a trade-off between the above three elements.

As Ethereum’s core position among blockchain developers is determined, performance has gradually become a bottleneck for its development. Therefore, in the foreseeable 2022, improvements in performance and efficiency will be a long-term and critical issues.

Based on the Ethereum ecosystem, to improve performance within the limits of the "Impossible Triangle", the current path has been clear. The first one is the Layer 1 level, that is, other public chains share the burden of Ethereum. Data pressure.

One of the major trends in 2021 is the increased use of Layer 1. The space is currently dominated by Solana, Avalanche, Terra and Binance Smart Chain, each with a growing ecosystem. The value has exceeded 10 billion US dollars.

The second type is Layer2, which is based on the Ethereum main network, but transfers settlement to the second layer network to improve efficiency. This is what Ethereum is working on, Layer 2 is often called rollups because they "aggregate" or bundle transactions together and execute them in a new environment before sending updated transaction data back to Ethereum.

As for the most critical data verification link of the blockchain, Layer2 currently has two technical solutions, one is called "Optimistic rollups" and the other is called "ZK Rollups". Both technical routes have teams developing corresponding networks and have ecological support, such as Arbitrum, which chooses "Optimistic rollups", and dYdX, which chooses "ZK Rollups".

Between Layer1 and Layer2, there is another solution called "side chain", which is partially compatible with the Ethereum main network, but does not belong to Layer2. They are specially used to deal with the excess of Ethereum. capacity, rather than competing with Ethereum as a whole, and hosting Ethereum applications in a complementary manner.

Starting with DeFi, which currently has the most active users, according to statistics from DeFi Lama, the amount of DeFi locked on Ethereum has exceeded 100 billion US dollars, and other public chains such as BSC, Solana, and Avalanche have also Attracting nearly US$49 billion in funds, it has become a very active financial scene.

Although the data of many public chains are quite regular,model, but different chains are like data islands, and assets on different chains cannot be freely exchanged. In addition, many emerging public chains are not as developed as Ethereum and lack many infrastructures, such as stable coins, NFT games, etc.

Therefore, assets on other chains need to be introduced into one's own public chain through cross-chain. Among the currently commonly used cross-chain methods, in addition to cross-chain currency withdrawals in centralized institutions such as exchange wallets , the most common ones are various decentralized cross-chain asset bridges.

For cross-chain bridges, the most important issue is how to reach consensus, which is largely related to the security of investors’ assets under custody. For now, the security of centralized exchanges Cross-chain bridges are the most convenient type of cross-chain bridge for users. However, cross-chain bridges in centralized exchanges have the problem of single points of failure. In addition, current cross-chain bridges are gradually moving towards non-custodialization. Development is to further protect the security of users’ assets.

The full name of DAO is "Decentralized Autonomous Organization", which is a management model that attempts to get rid of the traditional bureaucracy and uses blockchain technology to complete autonomous operations. organizational form.

Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) enable global coordination of individuals using blockchain-based governance. DAOs can be used for many purposes, including managing the operations and capital of a blockchain project (MakerDAO), managing investment capital (The LAO), managing the use of game assets (YGG DAO), coordinating cultural groups (Friends With Benefits), or coordinating purchases Asset (Constitution DAO).

The number of DAOs included in the deep website has reached 187, with total assets under management exceeding US$12 billion and covering more than 1.6 million members. Although in the blockchain field, this is not a huge amount of data. But institutions including Sequoia Capital are beginning to take notice of this new term.

The market value of cryptocurrencies officially exceeded US$2 trillion in 2021 and is now at US$2.5 trillion, an increase of 175% from the beginning of the year. Along with the explosive growth of market value, financing in the encryption field has also increased rapidly. According to statistics, there were 1,529 publicly disclosed primary market financings in the encryption industry in 2021, totaling approximately US$32.6 billion, with a year-on-year growth of an exaggerated 814.2%.

However, equity financing in the crypto field is different from other fields. Under the "VIE" structure, the main exit channel for traditional VC funds is for companies to log into the secondary market for IPO. However, the blockchain field has its own new financing method ICO (banned in China). The key difference of this decentralized financing method is that users can participate in the community at an earlier stage.Growth, under the traditional venture capital model, only after landing in the secondary market can ordinary investors have the opportunity to share the dividends of corporate growth.

In the field of encryption, first of all, the concept of "company" has been weakened. Due to the existence of "Web3" and "DAO", communities and organizations are more mentioned. Users are naturally interested in There is a sense of distrust in centralized platforms.

The most popular project in the crypto community in the past two weeks is called "OpenDao", which is a project that imitates the leading NFT trading platform "OpenSea". The reason why this project is so popular is that crypto players are interested in "OpenSea" is dissatisfied. "OpenSea" has recently reported that it is conducting a new round of financing and is preparing for an IPO. However, NFT enthusiasts do not want “OpenSea” to become a monopoly platform like the current Internet giants, so “OpenDao” adopts the concept of decentralization and issues airdrops to all “OpenSea” users.

And at the end of 2021, there was a debate in the encryption community about "Web3", including Tesla Chairman Elon Musk and former Twitter executive Jack Dorsey pointing to contradictions during the debate I have learned about venture capital institutions in crypto finance and believe that VCs have gained too much profit.

In 2021, an investment institution in the form of "DAO" also emerged. This kind of organization includes investors who are very influential in the community and are deeply involved in the technology field. They incubate The project performance even exceeds the results of some traditional VCs.

④ What are the disadvantages of blockchain

Blockchain has many advantages and obvious disadvantages.

1. Cannot be tampered with or revoked
This is both an advantage and a disadvantage. There is no regret medicine in the blockchain. There is almost nothing you can do about the data changes in the blockchain. This is mainly reflected in: If the transfer address If you fill it in incorrectly, it will directly cause permanent losses that cannot be reversed; if you lose the key, it will also cause permanent losses that are irreversible. In reality, if you lose your bank card or forget your password, you can still go to a bank branch and your money will still be there.

2. The transaction ledger must be made public
The blockchain is distributed. On the public chain, making a document means that everyone has a complete ledger, and due to the block Calculating balances on the chain, verifying transaction validity, etc. need to trace every account, so the transaction data is open and transparent. If I know someone's account, I can know all his wealth and every transaction. , there is no privacy at all.

3. Performance issues associated with larger data
As mentioned earlier, everyone has a complete ledger, and sometimes it is necessary to trace every record, so as time goes by , when the transaction data is very large, there will be performance problems. For example, if you use it for the first time, you need to download all the transaction records in history to work properly.For each transaction, in order to verify that you indeed have enough money, you need to trace the history of each transaction to calculate the balance. Although performance problems can be alleviated through some technical means (such as indexing), the problem still clearly exists.

4. Delay of blockchain
There is delay in blockchain transactions. Taking Bitcoin as an example, the validity of the currently generated transactions is affected by network transmission, because it requires Before most nodes on the network learn about this transaction, it will have to wait until the next accounting cycle (Bitcoin controls this to about 10 minutes), that is, the transaction must be recognized by most nodes. It is also affected by a small probability event, that is, when two or more nodes compete for accounting rights on the network at the same time, then two or more blockchain branches will be generated in the network. At this time, which branch records the data? If it is valid, you have to wait for the next accounting cycle, which is ultimately determined by the longest blockchain branch. Therefore, blockchain transaction data is delayed.

Blockchain, as a conceptual innovation, can have a disruptive impact in specific fields. Faced with the advantages and disadvantages of blockchain, what needs to be done is to maximize its strengths and avoid weaknesses, and make the best use of it. Therefore, whether blockchain can become the underlying technology of a new generation of financial infrastructure is still a question.