经济原理部署到区块链的过程,区块链的经济学原理

区块链的经济学原理是指将经济原理拓展到区块链技术中，以支持区块链的发展和应用。目前，它已经成为区块链技术发展的重要组成部分，在新兴的区块链应用中也具有重要的作用。本文将介绍三个相关的关键词：激励机制、货币政策和投资组合。

激励机制是指在区块链系统中，为了鼓励参与者参与网络的维护和运行，提供的一种奖励机制。比如，比特币的激励机制就是挖矿奖励，参与者可以通过投入计算资源来获得比特币的奖励；而以太坊的激励机制则是Gas，参与者可以通过投入计算资源来获得Gas的奖励，以此来鼓励参与者参与网络的维护和运行。

货币政策是指在区块链系统中，为了调控网络的经济活动，提供的一种货币政策机制。比如，比特币的货币政策是挖矿难度调整机制，通过调整挖矿难度来调控网络的经济活动；而以太坊的货币政策是Gas价格调整机制，通过调整Gas价格来调控网络的经济活动。

投资组合是指在区块链系统中，投资者可以通过投资多种资产，形成一个投资组合，以获取最大的收益。投资组合可以包括多种资产，比如比特币、以太坊、EOS等，也可以包括传统的货币、债券、股票等。投资者可以根据自己的风险承受能力和投资目标，结合当前市场行情，组合出最适合自己的投资组合，以获取最大的收益。

以上就是区块链经济学原理的三个关键词：激励机制、货币政策和投资组合，这三个关键词对于支持区块链技术的发展和应用至关重要，是区块链技术发展的重要组成部分。

1. How does the blockchain work?

What kind of technology is the recently popular blockchain technology? Blockchain technology is considered to be the brightest star in financial technology, and it may continue to develop in the future. It has many characteristics, including the distribution of data and the trust of data. Degree and collective consensus mechanism, the most important ones are openness, transparency, anonymity and privacy, which are very distinctive features. Based on the data in these blockchains, we can derive some basic information about contemporary society.

Blockchain technology is such a secure and scientific database. It can be simply understood as an authoritative database. The basic contents in it are all true and have been verified and reviewed by others. In terms of financial technology, it will be very easy to find some desired data, which is very good for people doing business.

2. How to understand the blockchain economy in a popular way

The principle of blockchain: decentralized distributed accounting system
The core of blockchain technology is All currently participating nodes jointly maintain transactions and databases. It makes transactions based on cryptographic principles rather than trust, so that any two parties who reach an agreement can directly conduct payment transactions without the participation of a third party.
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Technically speaking, a block is a data structure that records transactions, reflecting the flow of funds for a transaction. The blocks of transactions that have been reached in the system are connected together to form a main chain, and all nodes participating in the calculation record the main chain or part of the main chain. A block contains the following three parts: transaction information, hash hash formed by the previous block, and random number. Transaction information is the task data carried by the block, specifically including the private keys of both parties to the transaction, the number of transactions, the digital signature of electronic currency, etc.; the hash formed by the previous block is used to connect the blocks to realize the past The order of transactions; random numbers are the core of transaction completion. All miner nodes compete to calculate the answer to the random number. The node that gets the answer the fastest generates a new block and broadcasts it to all nodes for update, thus completing a transaction.

1.1 What is Blockchain

Blockchain (BlockChain) refers to a technical solution that collectively maintains a reliable database through decentralization and trustlessness. This technical solution mainly allows any number of nodes participating in the system to associate and generate a series of data blocks (blocks) using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains all the information exchange data of the system within a certain period of time, and generates The data fingerprint is used to verify the validity of its information and chain to the next database block.
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In layman’s terms, blockchain technology refers to a way for all people to participate in accounting. Behind all systems there is a database, which is a big ledger. Then who will keep this ledger becomes very important. Right nowWhose system is responsible for keeping accounts? Each bank’s account books are kept by each bank, and Alibaba’s account books are kept by Alibaba. But now in the blockchain system, everyone in the system has the opportunity to participate in accounting. If there are new transaction data changes within a certain period of time, everyone in the system can do accounting. The system will judge the person who has the fastest and best accounting during this period, write the recorded content to the ledger, and Send the contents of the ledger during this period to all other people in the system for backup. In this way, everyone in the system has a complete ledger. Therefore, this data becomes very safe. A tamperer needs to modify more than half of the system node data at the same time to truly tamper with the data. Such tampering would be extremely costly, making it nearly impossible. For example, Bitcoin has been running for more than 7 years. Countless hackers around the world have tried to attack Bitcoin, but so far there have been no transaction errors. It can be considered that the Bitcoin blockchain has been proven to be a safe and reliable system.
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1.2 Why is there blockchain innovation

Human beings need to communicate during their activities, and communication is based on information. In the past, information circulated It was not convenient enough to meet the information needs of market participants, so intermediaries and centers were born. This centralized system has problems such as high cost, low efficiency, value dispersion, "information islands" and insecure data storage. However, due to technical and environmental factors, this system continued to operate for many years until the emergence of the Internet. The starting point of the first generation of the Internet is the TCP/IP protocol, which is an open code that implements a unified format for peer-to-peer transmission of information by all nodes on the network, and brings the basic values ​​of freedom and equality required by a global unified market into programmed, protocol-based, and reliably Execution. The Internet eliminates low-value, high-cost intermediate chains and achieves low-cost and high-efficiency global information transmission in a decentralized manner.
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However, the first generation of the Internet did not solve the problem of information credibility. Activities that can be decentralized on the Internet must be activities that do not require credit endorsement, and activities that require credit guarantee must be centralized activities involving third-party intermediaries. Therefore, Internet technology that cannot establish global credit encounters great obstacles in its progress - people cannot participate in any value exchange activities on the Internet in a decentralized manner. To realize value exchange, people still need third-party intermediaries based on credit (such as banks, clearing houses, exchanges). The global centralized credit system still has problems such as high operating costs, low efficiency, and vulnerability to attacks and damage. For example, each country's legal currency has different credit values ​​and incompatible clearing systems, which adds a lot of cost to global trade.
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Therefore, what the second generation Internet must break through is: how to establish global credit in a decentralized manner? Let value delivery be carried out at low cost and with high efficiency. We need to create a technology in the Internet that can engage in value exchange activities without ensuring that people trust each other, so as to achieve true decentralization and elimination of third parties.introduction to realize the transformation from the information Internet to the value Internet.

1.3 Blockchain Application

Bubi Blockchain has been used in equity, supply chain, points and other fields, and is conducting trials and application tests with exchanges and banks. .
Shubei wallet, as a points application on the Bubi blockchain, has recently been launched, which is a good example for the application of blockchain technology in various industries.

1.4 Why the financial industry needs blockchain

Trust is the foundation of the financial industry. In order to maintain trust, the development of the financial industry has spawned a large number of high-cost, inefficient, and single-point-of-failure intermediaries, including custody, third-party payment, notaries, banks, exchanges, etc. Blockchain technology uses new encryption authentication technology and decentralized consensus mechanisms to maintain a complete, distributed, and tamper-proof ledger, allowing participants to communicate through a unified The ledger system ensures the security of funds and information. This has huge implications for finance. Therefore, global financial giants are exploring blockchain applications. On the one hand, this is to prevent the risk of being subverted. On the other hand, it is also "for my own use" to improve efficiency and reduce costs, thereby consolidating, optimizing and expanding existing power.
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First, blockchain can reduce trust risks. Blockchain technology is open source and transparent. Participants in the system can know the operating rules of the system, verify the authenticity and integrity of the ledger content and ledger construction history, and ensure that the transaction history is reliable and has not been tampered with, which is equivalent to It improves the accountability of the system and reduces the trust risk of the system. For example, blockchain can avoid current Internet financial P2P scams, fraud and other incidents.
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Second, blockchain can improve the efficiency of payment, transaction, and settlement. On the blockchain, the process of transaction confirmation is the process of clearing, settlement and auditing. Blockchain uses distributed accounting, and all transactions are displayed in real time on a spreadsheet similar to global sharing, and are settled in real time, greatly improving efficiency. For example, the U.S. securities settlement system is T+3, but blockchain can increase efficiency to the minute level, which can reduce settlement risks by 99%, thereby effectively reducing capital costs and systemic risks.
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Third, blockchain can reduce operating costs. Various financial business systems and back-end work often face long processes and multiple links. Today, both Visa and Master are centralized operations, and currency transfers must go through a third party, which makes cross-border transactions, currency exchange rates, internal accounting, and time costs too high, and brings risks to capital. Blockchain can simplify and automate lengthy financial service processes, reduce front-end and back-end interactions, and save a lot of manpower and material resources. This is of great significance to optimizing financial business processes and improving financial competitiveness. The Bank of Spain believes that blockchain technology will help the financial industry reduce bookkeeping costs by $20 billion by 2022.
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Fourth, blockchain can effectively prevent failures and attacks. The traditional financial model is centered on finance such as exchanges or banks. Once the center fails or is attacked, it may cause the entire network to be paralyzed and transactions to be suspended. The blockchain is supported by many distributed nodes and computer servers on a peer-to-peer network. Problems in any part will not affect the overall operation, and each node saves a copy of the blockchain data. Therefore, the blockchain has built-in business continuity and has extremely high reliability and fault tolerance.
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Fifth, blockchain can improve the level of automation. Since all files or assets can be embodied in the form of codes or ledgers, smart contracts and automated transactions can be implemented on the blockchain by setting up data processing programs on the blockchain. For example, smart contracts can write a set of financial terms into the agreement to ensure automatic execution of the contract and payment of breach of contract.
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Sixth, blockchain can meet regulatory and auditing requirements. Records stored on the blockchain have the characteristics of transparency, traceability, and immutability. Any record, once written to the blockchain, is permanently saved and cannot be tampered with. Any transaction between two parties can be tracked and queried.
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In addition to the above positive effects on existing systems and business models, blockchain can also drive the birth of new business models. On the one hand, the characteristics of blockchain technology enable it to realize some business models that are difficult to achieve in a centralized model. On the other hand, blockchain greatly encourages innovation and collaboration in the whole society through the openness and collaboration of source code. Of course, there will be many problems and challenges in the financial application of blockchain, and the article also considers them in specific applications.

The working principle of blockchain technology is not difficult to understand. If we focus on the application research of specific blockchain technology, we can find that the working principle of this blockchain technology is ubiquitous.

3. How blockchain technology can play a greater role in economic and social development

As the construction of a transportation power continues

In September 2019, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and The State Council issued the "Outline for Building a Powerful Transportation Nation", which plans to basically build a powerful transportation country by 2035. In the "Outline for Building a Powerful Transportation Nation", in addition to "reducing costs and increasing efficiency" in my country's transportation based on existing infrastructure, advanced transportation equipment plays an "innovative" role, mainly transforming the incremental growth of my country's transportation. In the "Outline for Building a Powerful Transportation Nation", advanced equipment mainly includes large-scale carriers and special equipment to promote the upgrading of equipment technology; research and development of autonomous driving, vehicle-road coordination, underwater robots, large-scale deep-sea multi-functional rescue ships, etc.; and the widespread use of smart high-speed rail , smart roads, smart shipping, etc.

4. Blockchain and Token Economy

Tokens do not necessarily have to run on the blockchain system, and the blockchain system It is not necessary to have a pass, but the combination of the two can provide us with a very powerful tool. in blocksAs an infrastructure, the chain supports the entire token economy and can change our production relations, including the organizational model of our economy and society, and create new business models.

Blockchain and Token Economy

We can see several characteristics of the entire token economy, including its ability to quickly transfer value based on smart contracts. At the same time, a good token economic model can realize the closed loop of the entire economy, while providing an automatic and timely incentive mechanism and a complete game system. For different blockchain systems, the models and rules of token design are still different.

Tokens can be divided into four categories, including consensus-based consensus platform basic tokens, application ecological tokens, value-anchored tokens and equity financial tokens. However, the core of these types of tokens still lies in how to comply with laws and regulations, including how to achieve anti-money laundering and KYC.

Blockchain and Token Economy

The basic token design based on the consensus platform will be relatively simple. It is also easy to form a value closed loop. The main thing is that the pass is used as a consensus reward to reward the consensus nodes, and then the user uses the pass as a handling fee for the blockchain system.

The design of similar tokens including supporting infrastructure is also very simple. It is to provide resources to obtain tokens, and to use resources you must pay for tokens. The biggest feature here is that all payments, transfers, Incentives are completed automatically and comply with the rules defined by the entire system.

Blockchain and Token Economy

Value-anchored tokens are relatively simple. The core feature is that they require a strong credit institution to endorse the value anchor. , our most common one is USDT. It is Tether that ensures the value anchoring of the US dollar and USDT in the entire system. That is to say, when he receives a US dollar, he will generate a USDT token. If someone withdraws a US dollar from his account, there will be a corresponding token. USDT is destroyed. Others include a gold-anchored project I saw before, which also requires the amount of gold in an exchange seat to ensure the anchoring of the entire value.

The value conflicts of some systems based on asset digitization, including real estate and other transaction systems, also require housing mortgage institutions, including housing management bureaus and other institutions to freeze and hand over the above-listed assets to ensure Achieve anchoring relationships. This inspiration for us is that many blockchain application systems need to adapt to the economic system and organizational form in the real world, so the combination of centralization and decentralization may be a feasible way to implement blockchain applications. A solution.

The application-type token economic model is relatively complex. It may be a complete system that combines consensus basic tokens, value-anchored tokens, and application own tokens.We can often see that many applications are designed with this two-layer token system.

Blockchain and Token Economy

Blockchain and Token Economy

The picture shows two different two-layer token systems : The first is a dual-layer token system based on a combination of equity tokens and circulation tokens. The first dual control model should be proposed by BitShares, which was called bone wall separation at the time. The lower layer is a token based on an equity of the platform.

Because BitShares is a decentralized exchange system, the above defines the anchor tokens corresponding to transactions in various decentralized exchanges. Another such dual-layer token model design is the application project based on gold anchoring just mentioned. Its underlying equity token is also an equity token for the income of the entire platform, while the upper layer is anchored with gold. Such a circulation pass.

The gold-anchored tokens circulating in the upper level can be used in underdeveloped countries in Africa or some countries with high inflation for value payment and circulation. The underlying equity tokens are the income of the entire platform, which are some handling fees obtained from transaction circulation, including some long-term dividend tokens. The second two-layer pass model is a platform and local relationship. The underlying application platform token represents the entire value income and rights of the platform. The upper-level tokens are individual and partial tokens, which can be issued by participants or some groups. The issuance method is relatively flexible and reflects the individual and local value. Generally speaking, slightly complex systems will be designed into a two-layer token model.

In fact, strictly speaking, if we want to consider the consensus incentives of the underlying consensus nodes, it should be a three-layer token economic model. Teacher Meng Yan has proposed a set of overall methodologies and tool models for the design and analysis of complex economic systems.

Blockchain and Token Economy

Blockchain and Token Economy

Among the seven principles of revitalizing economic design, we Personally, I think the value origin principle and value loop principle are very important. The value origin principle is easy to understand. When the entire system is minimized, it has basic practical value. Just like Bitcoin and Ethereum both provide minimum value, that is, the entire network can obtain rewards through consensus, that is to say , when users running mining rewards want to use the system, they have to pay handling fees and Ethereum is equivalent to the fuel cost of running smart contracts.

In terms of the value loop principle, every role in the entire token economic system is required to be on the value loop. To form a closed loop, there cannot be a base point, and there cannot be some roles that all tokens enter. , there is no output, and there cannot beSome nodes only have access but no access.

Blockchain and Token Economy

Blockchain and Token Economy

Eight things to know about multiple distribution and token design Traps, these contents are all designed in the system of Teacher Meng Yan. I would like to share with you some methodologies about the design of token economy, because Teacher Meng Yan has some very detailed discussions. You can check the teacher’s information online. Something to share.

However, the core idea of ​​the token economy is to create new business models. It may not be to solve some pain points, but to completely change the way the original business model operates. Since the blockchain ensures the operation and trustworthiness of all systems, reasonable incentive mechanisms will be recognized by everyone. At the same time, these principles and incentive mechanisms are transparent.

To give an interesting example of the token economic model, the token economic systems of T3D and Former 3D have become popular recently. Although it is a gambling game, the rules are even designed directly into the model of a Ponzi scheme. In fact, the design of P3D is not in line with the token model design shared by Teacher Meng Yan above. It violates the principles of value origin and value loop. But one of its innovations is that it uses Ethereum's smart contracts to formulate rules. The rules are transparent, thus avoiding problems such as cheating and banker running away.

At the same time, it proposes that Fomer 3D returns the benefits to T3D participants, thus realizing a closed loop of value loop. This example may not be very appropriate, but we can also see that the token economy still needs some innovative and scalable thinking. Therefore, the combination of the real economy and the blockchain economic system requires some innovative thinking on our part, and its core lies in motivating all parties involved.

Reasonable and timely incentives are one of the key points of the token economy. Changing the operation of the real economy based on incentive mechanisms is a powerful boost to the real economy. At the same time, the roles of consumer resource providers and contributors will overlap, and their boundaries will become blurred, so new business models may emerge.

Let’s take another example. This is an advertising system in the virtual world. It is based on an application of geographical location information. It divides the entire map of the real world into two kilometers square blocks. Participants Users can purchase these blocks, and then advertisers can send ads to these blocks based on positioning information, and users can earn revenue after clicking on the ads. At the same time, the owner of the geographical location block can get the corresponding share. In this case, each geographical block has a certain value and can be used to conduct some transactions. The underlying token of its platform can be used to purchase these plots for advertising or user income. In this way, all parties involved have obtained their own corresponding benefits, which is a comparisonA token economic system worth learning from.

So we can see that blockchain can also achieve various applications in different industries, including the medical industry, financial industry, public service industry, etc. But no matter what, we should pay attention to a few principles. First of all, blockchain is not a panacea. In application scenarios with strong centralized trust guarantees, blockchain is not necessarily required. Blockchain is suitable for application scenarios where new credit cannot be guaranteed and multiple stakeholders participate. Rather than solving existing business pain points, blockchain is more inclined to change economic models and business models and change rules. This is also an issue that we need to pay attention to in terms of blockchain and industry applications, including in promoting the real economy.

5. How blockchain can fundamentally transform the economy

① What are digital assets
MBA think tank’s definition of “digital assets”: Digital assets refer to the assets owned by enterprises Non-monetary assets that exist in the form of electronic data and are held for sale or in the production process during daily activities.

In our lives, direct consumption in Alipay is a common way to use digital assets, that is, an electronic payment system. In addition, we often use online office and online stock trading. , online reading or audio and video playback, are all using digital assets. For enterprises, coupons or points issued online are the application of asset digitization. Some companies also distribute equity in the form of digital assets.

② Why digitize assets?

As for the allocation of private digital assets, Xiao Feng, vice chairman of Wanxiang Holdings and chairman of Tonglian Data, said at a financial technology investment summit that if you want to obtain returns that exceed expectations, you must take A different asset allocation method than others. In the future, the most obvious opportunity in alternative asset allocation may be digital assets. In the next 10 years, this new asset class cannot be ignored. For society, asset digitization is a major trend.

The BAT empire has soared in the digital economy of the Internet. In recent years, Didi, Meituan, P2P lending, and the recently popular ofo are all inseparable from two keys - assets Circulation, sharing economy. The most convenient way to circulate assets is undoubtedly to digitize assets! The essence of the sharing economy is to share physical assets more conveniently through intelligent digitalization. Reduce resource waste and reduce costs through technical means.

Asset digitization is the best solution for enterprises to reduce costs and increase efficiency. If private files are encrypted and saved using technical means, the security will be far greater than if they are stored in an entity. Moreover, digital assets are also easier for enterprises to manage. When the era of big asset management comes, asset management needs to deal with thousands of asset types, involving a lot of calculations, which cannot be completed manually alone.

③ Why use blockchain technology to digitize assets?

1. De-trust. Through the distributed system of the blockchain, trust between people is transferred to trust in the machine, and the machine will not lie to people - it has no emotions and only operates in its own way. This greatly reduces the number of central links generated by trust. In some industries, intermediaries can even be eliminated. Supply and demand trust is entirely based on this magical machine.

2. Decentralization. Nowadays, if you want to transfer your equity, you have to go through a lot of procedures, and you have to go to various departments to get it done, which is a waste of time and money. If electronic contracts are added to blockchain technology, this problem can be improved. Shareholders can trade their equity just like T+0 stocks, and they are also protected by law. What about cross-chain technology? (Cross-chain: For example, you can directly use your shares to buy other people’s digital rights, which reduces the steps of exchanging legal currency.) How convenient that would be!

3. Highly transparent. What businesses fear most now is information opacity. This problem can be solved by applying blockchain technology. As long as public digital assets are set up, everyone can view them. If necessary, who holds how much assets can even be displayed, and some shady transactions can be avoided.

4.Anonymization. We often accidentally "streak" on the Internet, and our information is sold by some unscrupulous companies for a few hundred yuan to search all system records of a person. In our daily life, we receive some sales calls from time to time, and most scam calls are easy to succeed after knowing your information. In the blockchain, we only display one address for transactions, which can effectively protect our own information and reduce the possibility of the information being publicly sold.

Blockchain technology is a “tailor-made” version of technology in terms of asset digitization due to its security, confidentiality, openness and transparency.

6. Blockchain Principle

Blockchain is a technology, but it is not a single technology, but the result of the integration of multiple technologies, including cryptography , mathematics, economics, network science, etc. You can think of it as a distributed shared accounting technology, or as a database, but this database is jointly maintained by all nodes on the chain, and each node has a ledger, because all nodes The ledgers are consistent, different nodes can trust each other, and there is no doubt about the data, so everyone says that the blockchain has technically achieved trust. For detailed professional technology, you can consult some professional technology companies. For example: Jinbo Technology, which focuses on developing blockchain-related products, has a professional R&D team and complete after-sales service. You can call for consultation.

7. Blockchain and Digital Economy

The top ten mainstream predictions for the development trend of the digital economy after the epidemic. See the figure for details.

Jeff briefly talks about his point of view:

1. The general trend of national and global economic development is the digital economy. This direction is undoubtedly certain!

2. Blockchain is not enough to be compared with the digital economy, Internet economy, and industrial economy, and the concept is wrong. Blockchain is a technology that can be discussed together with information technologies such as the Internet, cloud computing, 5G communications, and the Internet of Things, and should also be used in combination!

3. The product of the coupling of blockchain technology with tokens, token economy, and community governance may not necessarily be the current currency circle in the eyes of currency people. All the above mentioned must empower the real economy in order to exert its positive energy and generate new value.

4. There is a natural fit between the digital economy and blockchain technology. Therefore, it is recommended that blockchain practitioners de-monetize tokens and apply them to multiple applications to truly take advantage of the distributed advantages of blockchain.

Blockchain technology is finally easy to use!

8. What is the principle of blockchain technology development?

In a narrow sense, blockchain is a combination of data blocks that are connected sequentially in chronological order. A chained data structure and cryptographically guaranteed distributed ledger that cannot be tampered with or forged.

Broadly speaking, blockchain technology uses block chain data structures to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, and uses cryptography to ensure data transmission and access. It is a new distributed infrastructure and computing method that uses smart contracts composed of automated script codes to program and operate data securely.

Working Principle

The blockchain system consists of data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer and application layer. Among them, the data layer encapsulates the underlying data blocks and related basic data and basic algorithms such as data encryption and timestamps; the network layer includes distributed networking mechanisms, data dissemination mechanisms and data verification mechanisms; the consensus layer mainly encapsulates network nodes Various consensus algorithms; the incentive layer integrates economic factors into the blockchain technology system, mainly including the issuance mechanism and distribution mechanism of economic incentives; the contract layer mainly encapsulates various scripts, algorithms and smart contracts, and is the core of the blockchain The basis of programmable features; the application layer encapsulates various application scenarios and cases of the blockchain. In this model, the chain block structure based on timestamps, the consensus mechanism of distributed nodes, economic incentives based on consensus computing power, and flexible programmable smart contracts are the most representative innovations of blockchain technology.