全球区块链公有链技术排行

今天，我们要来聊聊全球区块链公有链技术排行，涉及的关键词有：区块链公有链，智能合约，dApps。

区块链公有链，也叫公共链，是一种开放的、去中心化的分布式数据库，它采用密码学方法，协调各种参与者的计算机网络，使他们可以安全地记录和传播数据，而无需依赖中心组织或者第三方。区块链公有链的特点是，它让参与者之间可以安全地进行数据交换，而无需第三方介入；另外，它还可以构建一个安全、可信任、高效的数据交换网络，支撑着整个区块链系统的运行。

智能合约是一种可以在区块链公有链上运行的计算机程序，它可以自动执行合同中的条款，并且不需要任何第三方来验证。智能合约可以用来处理各种各样的交易，包括金融交易、投票、资产管理等等。智能合约的优势在于，它可以自动执行合同，而且可以在区块链上运行，这意味着所有参与者都可以看到合约的内容，从而确保合约的安全和可靠性。

dApps，即去中心化应用，是一种建立在区块链公有链上的去中心化应用程序，它可以在区块链上实现智能合约，从而实现去中心化的应用程序。dApps可以实现去中心化的数据存储，并且可以通过智能合约来执行操作，从而实现去中心化的应用。dApps的优势在于，它可以提供安全、可信任的应用服务，而且可以支持跨平台的应用，从而使用户可以在不同的平台上使用应用程序。

以上就是全球区块链公有链技术排行拓展3个相关关键词：区块链公有链、智能合约、dApps的介绍，希望能够对大家有所帮助。

⑴ What are the three major public chains of blockchain?

Public chain, the abbreviation of public chain, means that anyone in the world can read it, and anyone can send transactions and Transactions can be effectively confirmed on a blockchain where anyone can participate in the consensus process.

1. The top three public chains in the world
BTC, ETH, and EOS (by market capitalization) are three heavyweight products, representing Blockchain 1.0, Blockchain 2.0 and Blockchain 3.0 respectively. Three stage.

1. Bitcoin BTC (Blockchain 1.0)
Bitcoin has emerged as a new type of digital currency and global payment network since its birth in 2009. BTC is also the most successful and mature application of blockchain. , now in many situations, BTC is much more famous than blockchain.

2. Ethereum ETH (Blockchain 2.0)
In layman’s terms, Ethereum is an open source platform digital currency and blockchain platform that provides developers with a platform to build and publish applications on the blockchain. . Ethereum can program, decentralize, guarantee, trade anything, vote domain names, financial exchanges, crowdfunding, company management contracts and most agreements, intellectual property, and hardware-integrated smart assets, etc.

3. Yuzu EOS (Blockchain 3.0)
EOS appears as an enterprise-level blockchain operating system based on Bitcoin and Ethereum, which is easier to use and more powerful than the former. EOS provides all application developers with many functions such as database account permission settings, execution scheduling authentication, and network communication.

2. The world's three major exchange public chains: Huobi Chain, Binance Chain, and OKEx Chain OKChain
1. Developed by Huobi Chain, the world's largest trading platform, Huobi Chain is An independently innovative supervised blockchain operating system for the financial field, based on blockchain global asset digitization and financial market infrastructure. At the same time, based on the consideration of injecting the long-term value of HT into a unified value carrier, HT will serve as the only underlying token of the Huobi public chain.
2. Developed by Binance, the world's second largest trading platform, Binance Chain started early in application and is currently mainly circulated on DEX and asset chains. Binance Chain is a digital asset creation and exchange platform, with BNB as the main chain token
3. Developed by OKEx, the world's third largest trading platform, OKChain is a more scalable, high-transaction processing capability trading and smart contract platform, OKChain Developed based on Cosmos-SDK, the consensus uses DPOS. OKB is the underlying token of the OKEx ecosystem.

⑵ How many public blockchain chains are there in the world

The global public blockchain chains are:

1. BTC:

Unlike most currencies, Bitcoin does notRelying on the issuance of a specific currency institution, it is generated through a large number of calculations based on a specific algorithm. The Bitcoin economy uses a distributed database composed of many nodes in the entire p2p network to confirm and record all transaction behaviors, and uses cryptographic design to ensure currency Security in all aspects of circulation.

2. ETH:

Ethereum (Ethereum) is a global open source platform for distributed applications. It came into being to solve the problems existing in the Bitcoin network. The blockchain system provides developers with a platform to build and publish applications on the blockchain.

Ethereum can be used to program, decentralize, secure and trade anything including voting, domain names, financial exchanges, crowdfunding, company management, contracts and most agreements, intellectual property, smart assets, etc. It was issued on July 24, 2014, and the total initial issuance amount during crowdfunding was approximately 72 million ETH.

3. ICP:

The DFINITY team has been committed to researching the underlying technology of blockchain since 2015 and is committed to developing a blockchain-based , a secure and powerful next-generation application-level blockchain global computer. DFINITY is building a new decentralized public cloud computing service.

4. ADA:

Cardano is based on peer-reviewed academic research and embodies the spirit of openness and transparency. All research and technical specifications supporting Cardano are publicly released, and all Cardano development activities are open to the public. It is designed by a global team of experts who are leaders in their respective fields and developed by IOHK and its partners, with IOHK developing the technology, the Cardano Foundation overseeing development and promotion, and Emurgo driving commercial applications.

5. VET:

VET is converted from VEN according to the ratio of 1VEN:100VET. The Vechain platform is a global ledger-based information interaction and collaboration cloud platform based on block technology. Through the connection between API and application layer, people, things or things in the real world can be digitized to realize the interconnection of information.

⑶ What are the mainstream blockchain technologies?

This article attempts to provide an overview of blockchain-related technology schools and mainstream platforms as a guide for learning the blockchain technology system. Introducing ideas and promoting discussion and consensus in the blockchain development community. The schools of blockchain technology plan ahead of the battle. If you want to invest in the field of blockchain development, you must at least find out who the current players are and what their respective opinions and strengths are. There are no certain rules for dividing blockchain technology schools. As far as I can see, there may be the following four ways: The first is to divide it into public chain, private chain and alliance chain according to the node access rules. The representatives of the public chain are naturally Bitcoin and Ethereum, the private chain is the most famous R3 Corda, and the representative work of the alliance chain is Hyperledger.Fabric under. Public chains focus on anonymity and decentralization, while private chains and consortium chains focus on high efficiency, and often set entry barriers. These differences between public chains, private chains and alliance chains are all reflected in technology. For example, private chains and alliance chains assume that the number of nodes is not large, and the PBFT algorithm can be used to form a consensus. The public chain assumes a large and dynamically changing node network. Using PBFT is too inefficient, and only a lottery-like algorithm can be used to determine opinion leaders. This means that it is difficult for private chains and alliance chains to become public chains, and although it is easy to use public chains to make alliance chains or private chains, it is not plug-and-play. Scholars cannot ignore this difference. The second is that according to the sharing goal, it is divided into two groups: shared ledger and shared state machine. Bitcoin is a typical shared ledger, and Chain and BigchainDB should also fall into this category. These blockchain systems share a general ledger between various nodes, so it is more convenient to connect with financial applications. In another large type of blockchain system, each node shares a state machine that can complete Turing complete calculations, such as Ethereum and Fabric. They all change the state of the shared state machine by executing smart contracts, thereby achieving various complex functions. . The third is to divide the blockchain system into three generations: 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 according to the intergenerational evolution described by Melanie Swann. Among them, 1.0 supports decentralized trading and payment systems, 2.0 supports industry applications through smart contracts, and 3.0 supports decentralized social systems. Bitcoin and Chain should belong to the blockchain 1.0 system, while Ethereum and Fabric are blockchain 2.0 systems. There is currently no successful blockchain 3.0 system, but there is one unsuccessful attempt, which is the famous The DAO . The fourth is that according to the core data structure, it is divided into two factions: blockchain and distributed ledger. The blockchain school really implements a chain of blocks as the core data structure in the system, while the distributed ledger school only absorbs the spirit of the blockchain and does not really use a blockchain as the core data structure. , or although it is temporarily used, it is stated that the Zhuangwu blockchain is intended to be a distributed ledger. If time and opportunity come together, it may not be impossible to replace it. Mainstream blockchain technology platforms understand the division of schools, but they can still only be used to point out the country and brag. To start, there must be an entry point. It is said that there are thousands of blockchain currencies, but there are only dozens of technology platforms worth paying attention to. If you want to enter the field of blockchain development, lay a good foundation, practice good skills, and get a few good ones. offer, there are only a handful of platforms worthy of in-depth study and study. The first, of course, is Bitcoin. As the first and most successful and important model project of the blockchain, Bitcoin has been online for more than eight years without any serious security and operation and maintenance incidents. Its stability and power can be called contemporary software. System model. Bitcoin Core is an open source software with high code quality and good documentation. From learning blockchain principles to mastering core technologiesFrom a professional perspective, Bitcoin Core is the best entry point to learn authentic blockchain technology. Of course, Bitcoin Core is written in C++, and uses some C++11 and Boost library mechanisms, which puts higher requirements on learners' C++ level. Another advantage of learning Bitcoin platform development is that you can connect with the prosperous Bitcoin technology community. There are currently many people working on improving and upgrading Bitcoin. The more people there are, the more power there is. Newer ideas and technologies such as Segregated Verification, Lightning Network, and Sidechains have all taken the lead in being implemented in the Bitcoin community. For example, Blockstream, the main leader of sidechain technology, is led by cryptocurrency veteran Adam Back, and Blockstream is one of the largest contributors to Bitcoin Core, so some sidechain-related technologies are the most discussed in the Bitcoin community. However, there is great controversy as to whether Bitcoin, as a typical blockchain 1.0 system, is the best technical platform to support other types of blockchain applications. In addition, not everyone has the ability and necessity to be proficient in the underlying technology of blockchain. So for those who are eager to rush into the blockchain field to do (quān) things (qián), the more straightforward learning goals may be Ethereum and Hyperledger Fabric. Smart contract development using Solidity on Ethereum is the easiest way to get into blockchain development, bar none. Ethereum's ideals are very grand. Because it is equipped with a powerful Turing-complete smart contract virtual machine, it can become the mother platform of all blockchain projects and is the big turtle that carries the entire blockchain world. Developing a cryptocurrency similar to Bitcoin on Ethereum is an out-and-out small goal. Generally, experienced developers can get started with the guidance of the documentation in half a day to a day. The question is, what happens after you get started? Can you conquer the world just by writing Solidity? This is highly doubtful. We can also say the other way around, if Ethereum + Solidity is the ultimate solution for blockchain, then why are there so many blockchain technology schools? In particular, Ethereum does not seem to have left a way for giant centralized organizations in the real world to survive. This completely uncompromising revolutionary attitude may also become an obstacle to the promotion of Ethereum. The current development of the Ethereum project is not going well. A more prominent problem is that there are too many projects and power is dispersed, resulting in uneven project quality. But despite this, compared with other blockchain 2.0 platforms, the development environment provided by Ethereum is the simplest and most complete. It is absolutely necessary for people who are new to blockchain to learn Ethereum to establish the most "authentic" understanding of blockchain and smart contracts. The third branch of the mainstream blockchain technology platform is Fabric, which is Hyperledger’s first and most well-known incubation project. Fabric first came from IBM's Open Blockchain project. By November 2015, IBM handed over the 44,000 lines of Go language code that had been developed at that time to the Linux Foundation and incorporated it into the Hyperledger project. During a hackathon in March 2016, Blockstream and DAH merged their respective codes into Open Blockchain, which was later renamed Fabric. So far, Fabric and Sawtooth Lake provided by Intel are listed as the first-level incubation projects of Hyperledger, but the former has received far more attention than the latter. From a technical perspective, Fabric has a good idea, and its focus is to meet the commercial needs of enterprises, such as solving transaction volume issues. As we all know, Bitcoin’s biggest shortcoming is its upper limit of 7 transactions per second, which is completely unable to meet practical needs. Fabric's goal is to achieve 100,000 transactions per second, which is close to the instantaneous peak of the Double Eleven transaction volume that just passed, and can fully meet industry-level applications under normal conditions. Fabric is developed in Go language and also provides APIs in multiple languages. It is particularly worth mentioning that Fabric makes full use of container technology. For example, its smart contracts run in containers. This is also a benefit that the Go language brings to Fabric, because the static compilation and deployment characteristics of the Go language are very suitable for developing programs in containers. Fabric also has some features, such as its membership service that can set up node access review, which is a typical alliance chain feature. Another example is that its consensus algorithm is customizable. The shortcoming of Fabric is that the system is relatively complex. Although it has documentation, it is difficult for developers who lack experience to learn it. However, because of its clear positioning and catering to the mentality of many companies, many institutions are already secretly developing alliance chain projects in the industry based on Fabric.

⑷ Global Public Chain Speed ​​Ranking

No one has paid attention to this ranking since October 3, because that day Baker Chain announced their speed results, 120,000 TPS .
Before this, Ethereum had 24 TPS, EOS had 3000 TPS, and Ripple had less than 10,000 TPS. When everyone was still competing for about 10,000 TPS, suddenly a Baker Chain with 120,000 TPS came out, and the blockchain world was at a climax. , several levels ahead of other public chains. There are quite a lot of things about technological innovation. You can go to their official website to find some specific information.

⑸ What are the three major public chains of blockchain?

The three major public chains of blockchain refer to BTC, ETH, and ADA
Blockchain public chains are also called It is a public chain of blockchain. The public chain means that anyone can read the data in the system at any time. Public chains are often completely decentralized. This feature makes it impossible for everyone and institutions to control or It is tampering with the data on the chain.
Extended information:
Blockchain is a term in the field of information technology. Essentially, it is a shared database that storesThe data or information stored in it has the characteristics of "unforgeable", "full traces left", "traceable", "open and transparent" and "collectively maintained". Based on these characteristics, blockchain technology has laid a solid foundation of "trust" and created a reliable "cooperation" mechanism, which has broad application prospects.
Types
1. Public Blockchains
Public Block Chains means: any individual or group in the world can send transactions, and the transactions can be effectively confirmed by the blockchain , anyone can participate in its consensus process. The public blockchain is the earliest blockchain and the most widely used blockchain. The virtual digital currencies of all major bitcoins series are based on the public blockchain. There is only one blockchain corresponding to this currency in the world. .
2. Consortium (Industry) Blockchains
Industry Blockchains (Consortium Block Chains): Multiple preselected nodes are designated within a certain group as bookkeepers, and each block is generated by all preselected nodes. Nodes jointly decide (pre-selected nodes participate in the consensus process), other access nodes can participate in transactions, but do not participate in the accounting process (it is essentially still managed accounting, but becomes distributed accounting, how many pre-selected nodes, how to decide each The bookkeeper of the block becomes the main risk point of the blockchain), and anyone else can conduct limited queries through the open API of the blockchain.
3. Private Blockchain
Private Block Chains: Only use the general ledger technology of the blockchain for accounting. It can be a company or an individual, and the blockchain can be used exclusively. With write permissions, this chain is not much different from other distributed storage solutions. Traditional finance is trying to experiment with private blockchains, while applications of public blockchains such as Bitcoin have been industrialized, and application products of private blockchains are still being explored.

⑹ What is the ranking of blockchain exchanges

Blockchain exchanges
You are referring to platform transactions. Domestic ones are illegal, and international ones are mostly scams. For establishment, look for the ones that are well-known. There is a special introduction on the blockchain network. Remember it must be legal, otherwise you won’t be able to withdraw money and it will be useless.

⑺Which country plays TRON the most

The United States.
CCID Research Institute released the 11th CCID Global Public Chain Technology Assessment Index, which comprehensively considers 35 public chains around the world from a technical perspective. The results show that the world's three largest Dapp platforms, EOS, TRON, and Ethereum, are still among the top three on the list, with scores of 155.7, 146.7, and 142.8 respectively, significantly widening the gap compared with the scores of other chains. As of February 2018, there were a total of 1,286 global blockchain projects, of which the United States accounted for 36.0%, ranking first; the United Kingdom accounted for 14.3%, ranking second; China accounted for only 4.6%, ranking third in the world.
The awesome European Tronchain is led by Swedish Andrew KaiThe smart contract issued is to write the system code on the blockchain, which cannot be tampered with, cannot be closed, does not require any manual intervention, and runs completely automatically. Tron Chain is a completely open-source smart contract. The contract program built on the Tron blockchain is completely automated and will be executed on the chain on July 31. It will become popular in more than a dozen places abroad in August and will be launched around August 31. Came to China to start promotion. The team started operations on September 3rd. The TRON chain uses the TRX mother currency to participate, and the entry and exit are all TRX. You can communicate with Andrew through Telegram and Biyou, and you can find a large number of member promotions abroad. Completely open source, our team has already found a professional third-party audit and has a test report. There are no loopholes or backdoors, and no one can shut it down. The project does not have any risks of shutting down the network, running away, or misappropriating money. There is no need for trader structure, strength background, hematopoiesis, or package fraud. All data is open and transparent, and cash can be withdrawn on the chain. The system research is long-term, the operation time is 2 years, and it is a reliable project in 2020. All capital data can be checked, the methods are clear, the risks are controllable, the investment amount is free, and the system is simple and easy to copy.

⑻ Which countries are currently leading in blockchain in the world?

Currently, the countries that are leading in blockchain in the world are mainly as follows:

1. United States: The United States is one of the largest blockchain markets in the world, with many blockchain start-ups and technology giants. At the same time, the U.S. government is also promoting the application of blockchain technology. For example, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has approved the first securities trading platform based on blockchain technology.

2. Singapore: Singapore is one of the leaders in the blockchain field in Asia, with a number of leading blockchain companies and research institutions. The Singapore government is also actively promoting the application of blockchain technology. For example, the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) has launched multiple blockchain projects, including blockchain-based payment systems and digital identity verification systems.

3. Switzerland: Switzerland is one of the leaders in the European blockchain field and has many blockchain start-ups and research institutions. The Swiss government is also actively promoting the application of blockchain technology. For example, the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB) has launched an electronic ticketing system based on blockchain.

4. Japan: Japan is one of the important countries in the blockchain field in Asia, with many blockchain start-ups and technology giants. The Japanese government is also actively promoting the application of blockchain technology. For example, the Japan Financial Services Agency has approved the first digital currency exchange based on blockchain technology.

5. South Korea: South Korea is one of the important countries in the blockchain field in Asia, with many blockchain start-ups and technology giants. The Korean government is also actively promoting the application of blockchain technology. For example, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism of South Korea has launched a real estate registration system based on blockchain technology.

⑼ Horizontal comparison of various blockchain architectures

Horizontal comparison of various blockchain architectures
I often hear people talk about blockchain. Since the birth of Bitcoin in 2009, various blockchain systems or blockchain-based applications have been continuously developed and applied to a large number of scenarios. Blockchain technology itself is constantly changing and improving.
Blockchain is also called a distributed ledger, which corresponds to a centralized ledger, such as a bank. Different from centralized ledgers, distributed ledgers rely on redundant storage of ledger data in all participating nodes to ensure the security of the ledger. Simply put, blockchain uses three underlying technologies: peer-to-peer network technology, cryptography technology, and distributed consensus algorithms. Usually, the blockchain system also “comes with a free feature” called a smart contract. Although smart contracts are not a necessary part of the blockchain system, due to the decentralized nature of the blockchain, it can provide a trusted computing environment for smart contracts.
In order to adapt to the needs of different scenarios, blockchain systems often need to undergo various transformations during actual application to meet specific business requirements, such as identity authentication, consensus mechanism, key management, transaction frequency, Response time, privacy protection, regulatory requirements, etc. Companies that actually apply blockchain systems often do not have the ability to carry out such transformations, so some frameworks for customizing dedicated blockchain systems have gradually appeared on the market. Using these frameworks, it is easy to customize products suitable for enterprises. Blockchain system for your own business.
This article will conduct a horizontal comparison of several typical blockchain frameworks currently on the market to see what characteristics they have and what are the differences between them. In order to keep the comparison fair, this article will only discuss open source blockchain frameworks.
A brief introduction to each blockchain architecture
1. Bitcoin
Bitcoin originated from an article named Satoshi Nakamoto published in 2008 The paper is "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System", which describes an electronic currency he calls "Bitcoin" and its algorithm. In the following years, Bitcoin continued to grow and mature, and its underlying technology was gradually recognized and abstracted by people. This is blockchain technology. As the originator of blockchain, Bitcoin plays an important role in the blockchain family. The number of altcoins developed based on Bitcoin technology is as countless as the stars in the sky.
It can be learned from the paper that Satoshi Nakamoto’s purpose of designing Bitcoin is to realize an electronic cash system completely based on a peer-to-peer network, so that online payments can be directly initiated by one party and paid to another party, with an intermediate No need to go through any intermediaries. In summary, he hopes that Bitcoin’s design can achieve the following goals:
●Currency can be issued without a central agency
● Payment can be made without an intermediary
● Maintaining user anonymity
● Transactions cannot be reversed
From the perspective of electronic cash systems It seems that the above goals have been basically achieved in Bitcoin, but there are still some technical problems that need to be solved, such as scalability attacks, block capacity limitations, block forks, scalability, etc.
In terms of application scenarios, a large number of digital currency projects are currently designed based on the Bitcoin architecture. In addition, there are some more practical application cases, such as colored coins, t?, etc.
Colored coins (coloredcoins), by carefully tracking the ins and outs of some specific Bitcoins, they can be distinguished from other Bitcoins. These specific Bitcoins are called colored coins. They have some special properties and thus have a value that is independent of the face value of Bitcoin. Using this characteristic of colored coins, developers can create other digital assets on the Bitcoin network. Colored coins are Bitcoins themselves, require no third parties for storage and transfer, and can leverage the already existing foundation of Bitcoin.
t? is an application of Bitcoin blockchain in the financial field. It is a blockchain-based private and public equity trading platform launched by the American online retailer Overstock.
2. Ethereum
The goal of Ethereum is to provide a blockchain with a Turing-complete language. With this language, contracts can be created to write arbitrary state transition functions. Users only need to simply By implementing logic with just a few lines of code, you can create a blockchain-based application and apply it to scenarios other than currency.
The design philosophy of Ethereum is not to directly "support" any application, but the Turing-complete programming language means that in theory any contract logic and any type of application can be created. In summary, in addition to the design goals of Bitcoin, Ethereum also needs to achieve the following goals:
● Turing-complete contract language
● Built-in persistent state storage
Currently There are hundreds of contract projects based on Ethereum, the more famous ones include Augur, TheDAO, Digix, FirstBlood, etc.
Augur is a decentralized prediction market platform based on Ethereum blockchain technology. Users can use digital currency to make predictions and bets, relying on the wisdom of the crowd to predict the outcome of events, which can effectively eliminate counterparty risks and server centralization risks.
Limited by space limitations, we will not introduce more projects based on the Ethereum smart contract platform. There are also many blockchain projects that have been modified based on Ethereum code, but almost all of them are closed source projects and can only be inferred based on some public features, so they will not be discussed in this article.
3. Fabric
Fabric is composed ofA blockchain framework developed by IBM and DAH and is one of the project members of Hyperledger. It functions similarly to Ethereum and is also a distributed smart contract platform. But unlike Ethereum and Bitcoin, it is a framework from the beginning, not a public chain, and there is no built-in token.
Hyperledger is an open source project launched by the Linux Foundation in 2015 to promote blockchain technology and standards. Its members include: ABN AMRO, Accenture and more than a dozen different interests. As an entity, the goal is to allow members to work together to build an open platform to meet various user cases from multiple different industries and simplify business processes.
As a blockchain framework, Fabric adopts a loosely coupled design to modularize components such as consensus mechanism and identity verification so that they can be easily replaced with custom modules during the application process. In addition, Fabric also uses container technology to run smart contract code (chaincode) in docker, so that smart contracts can be written in almost any high-level language.
The following are some design goals of Fabric:
● Modular design, components can be replaced
● Smart contracts running on docker
There are already many developers using the Fabric architecture During the implementation of proof-of-concept (POC) projects, there are many attempts by some financial institutions. However, because the project has just started, there is no mature application yet.
4. DNA
DNA (Distributed Networks Architecture) is a blockchain architecture developed by "Distributed Technology", a blockchain startup company headquartered in Shanghai. It can support public chains at the same time. , alliance chain, private chain and other different application types and scenarios, and quickly integrate with business systems.
Different from Ethereum and Fabric, DNA supports a variety of digital assets at the bottom of the system. Users can create their own asset types directly on the chain and use smart contracts to control its issuance logic. For most blockchain application scenarios, digital assets are indispensable, and developing a set of transfer and issuance logic based on smart contracts for each digital asset is very wasteful and inefficient. Therefore, it is very necessary for the bottom layer of the blockchain to provide direct digital asset functions. For those application scenarios that do not require digital assets at all, arbitrary custom logic can also be written based on the smart contract architecture provided by DNA.
The design goals of DNA mainly include the following points:
● Underlying support for multiple digital assets
● Turing-complete smart contracts and state persistence
● Cross-chain interoperability
● Transaction finality
Currently, many financial institutions have adopted DNA architecture to develop blockchain proof-of-concept products. In addition, there are some blockchain projects that have been implemented, such as Xiaoyi Blockchain, Fachain, etc.
Antshares is a public chain positioned at the digitization of assets. It digitizes assets and rights in the physical world and uses a decentralized network protocol to conduct registration, issuance, transfer transactions, clearing and delivery and other financial services through a peer-to-peer network. . It adopts a community development model and is architecturally consistent with DNA, allowing cross-chain interoperability with any DNA-based blockchain system.
FaChain is the world's first large-scale commercial legal evidence storage blockchain. It is an evidence recording and preservation system based on DNA blockchain technology and is established and operated by multiple institutions. The system has no central control point, and once the data is entered, it cannot be tampered with by a single agency or node, thus meeting the requirements for judicial evidence storage.
5. Corda
Corda was developed by R3CEV, a New York-based blockchain startup. The R3 blockchain alliance initiated by it has so far attracted the participation of dozens of giant banks. These include Wells Fargo, Bank of America, Bank of New York Mellon, Citibank, Commerzbank, Deutsche Bank, HSBC, Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group, Morgan Stanley, National Australia Bank, Royal Bank of Canada, Sweden's Nordisk Bank ( SEB), Société Générale, etc.
It can also be seen from the composition of R3 members that Corda is a blockchain architecture specifically used for bank and inter-bank business. Although R3 itself claims that Corda is not a blockchain, judging from various characteristics, it has some characteristics of a blockchain.
Technical comparison
1. Digital assets
Next, we will make a series of technical comparisons of these blockchain frameworks mentioned above, and introduce their differences from multiple dimensions. with similarities.

Blockchain’s built-in tokens are often an economic incentive model and a means to prevent spam transactions. Bitcoin is born with and has only one built-in token, so all "transactions" in the Bitcoin system are essentially transfer behaviors, unless additional digital assets are added to Bitcoin through an external protocol layer.
Ethereum and DNA have built-in tokens. In addition to the above-mentioned economic incentives and preventing spam transactions, their role is to provide a charging channel for the built-in functions of the system. For example, Ethereum's smart contract operation requires GAS, and DNA's digital asset creation also requires a certain amount of tokens.
Ethereum and Fabric do not have built-in support for multiple digital assets, but implement corresponding functions through smart contracts. The advantage of this approach is that the system designIt can be very simple, and the behavior of assets can be specified arbitrarily, with a high degree of freedom. However, such a design will also bring a series of negative impacts. For example, all asset creators have to write repeated business logic themselves, and users cannot operate their assets in a unified way.
In contrast, DNA and Corda adopt a method of supporting multiple digital assets at the bottom level, allowing asset creators to easily create their own asset types, and users can also manage all in the same client. assets. For business scenarios with more complex logic, they can also use smart contracts to enhance the functions of assets, or create a business logic that has nothing to do with assets.
2. Account system

UTXO (Unspent Transaction Output) is a mechanism: each digital currency will be registered under the ownership of an account. A digital currency has two status, that is, either it has not been spent or it has been spent. When you need to use a digital currency, mark its status as spent, create a new digital currency of the same amount, and register its ownership under a new account. In this process, the digital currency marked as spent is called the input of the transaction, and the new digital currency created is called the output of the transaction. In a transaction, it can contain multiple inputs and multiple output, but the sum of the inputs and the sum of the outputs must be equal. To calculate the balance of an account, just add the denominations of all digital currencies registered under the account.
Bitcoin and Corda adopt an account mechanism such as UTXO, while Ethereum adopts a more intuitive balance mechanism: each account has a status, and the status directly records the current balance of the account and the logic of the transfer. It means subtracting a part of the balance from one account and adding the corresponding balance to another account. The subtracted part and the added part must be equal. DNA is compatible with both modes in terms of account mechanism.
So what are the advantages and disadvantages of UTXO mode and balance mode? The biggest benefit of UTXO is that UTXO-based transactions can be verified in parallel and ordered arbitrarily, because all UTXOs are not related to each other. This is very helpful to the future scalability of the blockchain, and the balance-based design There is no such advantage; on the contrary, the advantage of balance design is that the design idea is very simple and intuitive, which facilitates program implementation. Especially in smart contracts, it is very difficult to deal with the status of UTXO. This is also the reason why Ethereum, with smart contracts as its main function, chooses the balance design, while digital asset-centric architectures such as Bitcoin, OnchainDNA, and Corda prefer UTXO designs.
Regarding identity authentication, Bitcoin and Ethereum basically have no identity authentication design. The reason is very simple., because the design ideas of both emphasize privacy and anonymity, and oppose supervision and centralization, and identity authentication is bound to introduce some centers or weakened central institutions. Fabric, DNA and Corda all chose to use digital certificates to authenticate user identities because all three have design goals of being applied to existing financial systems, and financial systems must consider compliance and accept supervision. In addition, Existing financial systems have adopted digital certificate solutions on a large scale, so that they can be quickly integrated with blockchain systems.