关注区块链的人都会看什么新闻,区块链无需关注

关注区块链的人都会看什么新闻？目前，区块链技术正在推动世界各地的金融体系发展，从而改变我们的日常生活。因此，了解有关区块链的最新新闻是非常重要的。本文将介绍三个与区块链相关的关键词，并讨论它们如何影响我们的日常生活。

加密货币是一种以密码学方法为基础的数字货币，它可以通过区块链技术进行安全的跨境交易。目前，加密货币已经成为一种新型的货币形式，它可以帮助人们实现更快捷、更安全、更低成本的跨境支付。此外，加密货币还可以帮助金融机构减少成本，提高效率，改善客户体验。

智能合约是一种基于区块链技术的自动执行协议，它可以帮助人们实现自动化交易和支付。智能合约可以让双方更加安全、更加可靠地进行交易，而且它可以有效地减少交易成本，提高交易效率。此外，智能合约还可以帮助金融机构提高安全性，改善客户体验。

去中心化应用程序（DApps）是一种基于区块链技术的去中心化应用程序，它可以帮助人们实现自动化交易和支付。DApps可以让双方更加安全、更加可靠地进行交易，而且它可以有效地减少交易成本，提高交易效率。此外，DApps还可以帮助金融机构提高安全性，改善客户体验，为用户提供更多的便利。

从上面的讨论可以看出，加密货币、智能合约和去中心化应用程序都是与区块链相关的重要话题，它们可以帮助人们更安全、更便捷地进行跨境交易，并为金融机构提供更安全、更高效的服务。因此，关注区块链的人应该关注这些新闻，以便更好地了解区块链技术的发展情况，更好地利用区块链技术，改善我们的日常生活。

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① What do legal professionals think about the blockchain that everyone is paying attention to?

Law, as a mechanism for allocating social resources, is determined by the objective requirements of social and economic development and directly affects controls the entire process of economic operation. It can simplify the complexity of social relationships, save transaction costs, and help members of society conduct transactions safely, standardized, and orderly.
Blockchain technology is based on the legal framework and makes transaction information more secure and transparent and data more traceable through preset automatically executed smart contracts, greatly reducing the cost of legal execution and showing the mutual complementarity of law and technology. The integration with the economy has gradually made legal constraints and execution more intelligent.
What is blockchain?
Blockchain is an innovative application model of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other computer technologies in the Internet era.
Blockchain is essentially a decentralized distributed ledger database. It itself is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic correlation. Each data block contains information on the effective confirmation of multiple Bitcoin network transactions, which is used to verify the validity of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next zone. piece.
Foreign legal regulations on blockchain
Since blockchain technology itself is still in the exploratory stage and has not been applied on a large scale, only some countries have introduced special legislation for blockchain technology. .
United States
Vermont and Arizona passed bills to clearly define and support blockchain technology for public use. The bill stipulates the usage specifications of blockchain and smart contracts, and also declares all regulations related to the district. Blockchain-related data are “considered to be in electronic format and become electronic records,” which the state recognizes.
UK
"Distributed Ledger Technology: Beyond Blockchain" mentioned that the British federal government will invest in blockchain technology to analyze the potential of blockchain in traditional financial industries.
Singapore
The government supports financial technology companies such as blockchain technology and has launched a regulatory sandbox to provide a more tolerant development environment for blockchain start-ups.
my country’s legal regulations on blockchain
In addition to the above-mentioned policies for the blockchain itself, the international community has introduced a series of regulatory regulations for virtual currencies such as Bitcoin.
In our country, in addition to policies for the trading and financing of virtual currencies such as Bitcoin, the government has also issued many policy regulations for blockchain.
On December 27, 2016, blockchain technology was included in the State Council’s “Notice on Issuing the National Informatization Plan for the 13th Five-Year Plan”. At the same time, the State Council also issued a document "my country's Blockchain Industry is Expected to Lead the World" to support the healthy development of blockchain.
The "Guiding Opinions of the General Office of the State Council on Actively Promoting Supply Chain Innovation and Application" mentioned that research and use of emerging technologies such as blockchain and artificial intelligence will be conducted to establish a credit evaluation mechanism based on the supply chain. Promote variousThe supply chain platform is organically connected to strengthen the disclosure and sharing of information such as credit ratings, credit records, risk warnings, illegal and untrustworthy behaviors.
The legal risks of blockchain technology in the eyes of lawyers
As a distributed system, blockchain is an innovative application in the field of technology. Judging from the current exploration results, its technical concept can provide various benefits to various industries. Industry development brings huge changes.
However, since the law has not yet issued clear industry standards and applicable specifications for blockchain, there will still be issues such as national supervision and legal regulation in the future.
Taking Bitcoin as a typical digital currency as an example, the first thing it faces is regulatory issues. Digital currencies such as Bitcoin developed based on blockchain technology are logically decentralized and opposed to centralized supervision.
Secondly, the application of blockchain technology also has to face huge risks. Still taking Bitcoin as an example, loss, theft, attacks, speculation, money laundering and various disturbances, doubts and incidents have always accompanied the development of Bitcoin.
The widespread application of blockchain technology is inseparable from smart contracts. The so-called smart contracts define commitments in the form of digital coding. The two parties to the transaction do not need to trust each other, and all transactions are enforced by code.
However, the form of smart contracts and the effectiveness of their contents have not been officially recognized by law and justice. It is not yet clear whether the contract text embodied in the form of digital encoding can constitute the requirements for a valid contract. Whether it can meet the authenticity, legality and validity of the evidence to be admitted in the judicial process.
Due to its decentralized nature, blockchain technology’s own rules will inevitably conflict and contradict with social rules and national legal rules. It is precisely conflicts and contradictions, risks and problems that can inspire more Motivation and imagination, including social, national and individual motivation and imagination.
Virtual currencies developed based on the application of blockchain technology have posed huge challenges to the legal currencies and financial systems of various countries during their transactions, and have caused investment risks and even social problems.

② Core logical issues that need to be paid attention to in the blockchain

Core logical issues that need to be paid attention to in the blockchain
Blockchain is a decentralized, deintermediated, point-to-point transaction The processing system is a distributed account system that is verified by the entire network, recorded by the entire network, irreversible, difficult to tamper with, traceable, and open and transparent. These are the two main contents of the current blockchain definition. But if you follow the standards of decentralization, deintermediation, and peer-to-peer transactions, and use blockchain as many people say, it is basically not the case. Because there are almost no truly decentralized blockchain applications. Many people say that the blockchain will be a machine of trust and the Internet of value. The blockchain will recreate production relations, economic organizations, and operating models. It will subvert the legal currency system, subvert the double-entry accounting method, and even create a place where everyone can issue money. A new society in which everyone has his own currency, everyone’s own finance, and everyone’s self-organization. Is it this way?
Today I want to tell everyone that in such a hot atmosphere, weLet’s share some ideas on how to view blockchain, how to grasp its core logic, and avoid major subversive mistakes.
This is mainly based on the Bitcoin blockchain.
The first is whether encrypted digital currencies such as Bitcoin can become real currencies, and whether this type of digital currency can subvert the legal currency system.
We know that currency has existed in human society for thousands of years and has continued to evolve, from the initial physical currency to regulated metal currency, to paper money under the metal standard, and then to credit currency without the metal standard. What are its logic and rules as it continues to evolve to today? This is what we need to accurately grasp.
In the evolution of currency, especially after the introduction of paper money, people gradually discovered that currency has more and more functions and its influence is growing, but its most important and core function is the measure of value.
To function as a value scale, the most basic requirement is that the currency value must be relatively stable. To achieve a relatively stable currency value, theoretically, a country's currency total must correspond to the scale of monetizable wealth that can be protected by law within the country's sovereignty. In other words, the total amount of money and the scale of wealth must correspond.
How to correspond? It is impossible to completely correspond to each one, so the concept of an intermediary target is introduced. There is a concept of a general consumer price index for the whole society, the so-called CPI concept. When a country's CPI changes, that is, the fluctuation of the inflation rate, is within our target range and within a controllable level, we consider the price or currency value to be relatively stable.
Here we are talking about relative stability, because the bigger a country is, the less likely it is that prices will be absolutely stable, and at the same time, fluctuations must be controlled within a certain range and not get out of control. When your inflation rate is controlled within a certain rising range, it means that the currency is devaluing to a certain extent. What are the benefits of currency devaluation? It can inhibit deposits, encourage investment and consumption, thereby playing the role of monetary policy and promoting economic development. It is precisely because the monetary aggregate can be artificially controlled and there is room for control that monetary policy came out. Monetary policy, like fiscal policy, has become one of the two major policies for national macro-control. But there is a premise: currency depreciation or inflation cannot get out of control. Once it gets out of control, the people at the bottom cannot survive, violent social turmoil will occur, and governments or dynasties will change. There are many such examples in history.
Today, we are also faced with many temptations in monetary policy, tempting people to overissue currency. It is precisely for this reason that some people have begun to say that your currency system is wrong. If humans can control it, there will be corruption and unfairness. Can we use technical means to form a currency system that some people cannot interfere with? This also gave birth to encrypted digital currencies such as Bitcoin.
But we must know that the law of currency development is that currency must gradually separate from wealth and become a counterpart to wealth. In this way, we can use the total amount of currency to completely correspond to wealth, and at the same time, there will be certain controls. room. Therefore, something like gold, which has strong physical properties and is greatly restricted by its reserves and mining and processing, needs to be separated from currency and become the counterpart of currency. Of course, it may have a great store of value function. In this way, currency has developed to this day and has become what people call credit currency or currency guaranteed by national credit. I personally feel that this term is not necessarily accurate, because the debts of many countries' governments are getting larger and larger and will never be repaid, so it is a bit far-fetched to call it a credit currency. Strictly speaking, today's currency is legal currency or sovereign currency. It means that the total amount of currency in a country must correspond to the scale of wealth that can be protected by law within the country's sovereignty. It is precisely because of this that everyone will find that today we can no longer use physical currency and use gold as currency. At the same time, let’s go back to the private issuance of currency, and the denationalization of currency is also not allowed. Today, many cryptocurrency enthusiasts cite a holy scripture, saying that Mr. Hayok said that currency should be denationalized. But Hayok's idea has not been implemented to this day, because it violates the trajectory and logic of currency development.
Let’s take a look at Bitcoin. Bitcoin uses very complex technology and rigorous mathematical operations, but its monetary system is highly imitated by gold, so we can see that its total amount is fixed, and it is reduced by half every four years, because gold reserves are fixed. , the easier it is to dig out first, and the later it is, the harder it is to dig out. Therefore, the new output is theoretically lower and lower, and one day it will be dug out. The same is true for Bitcoin, with a total of 21 million. The content contained in every ten minutes is set by the system. It will be automatically halved every four years, and it will basically end by 2140.
You may have seen that there are some problems with the current credit currency, but if you think about going back in time and designing a new currency system based on gold, it itself violates the logic and rules of currency development. From this perspective, it It cannot be a real currency. These things can only be a kind of online virtual assets, or tokens or business district coins used in a business district. It does not necessarily have no value at all. Does it mean that gold has no value without currency? Still valuable, as long as you have real application scenarios.
Everyone will see things like Bitcoin. As long as it is in the Bitcoin circle that everyone recognizes, it also has a certain basis for circulation and use. Just like the current legal currency in China is RMB, it does not mean that there are no company meal tickets or shopping coupons in shopping malls.
Once it is determined that the currency belongs to the business district, its use within the business district must be strictly controlled and cannot be used outside the business district. Otherwise, it will challenge the application of legal currency. If it affects legal currency, it will definitely be subject to national sanctions. Supervision. As long as you get bigger and pose a threat to the legal currency system, it will definitely regulate you. Today you will see that this trend has already emerged, and countries are gradually beginning to strengthen the supervision of cryptocurrency. This is an issue we need to pay attention to.
Everyone knows that although Bitcoin imitates gold, its design is much stricter than gold, because it tells you how many coins it produces every ten minutes, and it cannot be adjusted manually.of. However, strictly limiting the output every ten minutes will cause a serious separation between the supply of money and economic development and changes in wealth, and then the value of the currency will be difficult to control at all. If Bitcoin is really like the one thousand US dollars in early 2017 to nearly 20,000 US dollars in November, some people say that it may be 100,000 US dollars or 200,000 US dollars in the future. If a Bitcoin is used as a currency, think about the fluctuations in the entire currency value. How big. Because if your stock price rises quickly, your stock price may drop significantly as well. More importantly, Bitcoin did not attract everyone's attention at the beginning. Many students played it in the dormitory. Because it was not valuable, the Bitcoin keys dug out in the early stage were lost and became death coins, and this could not be activated. About 17 million Bitcoins were mined today, of which 37.8 million were death coins. The original 21 million were very limited. If you remove another 37.8 million coins, the supply of this coin would be even greater. It’s limited. What's more, if it really has room for growth, many people will soon use it not as payment for coins, but as storage and collectibles, and the supply will be even more limited. So from these perspectives, people who are really engaged in currency will find that it is actually difficult for it to play the role of currency. It is more like a counterpart to currency, and it can be used as a store of value like gold.
Second, let’s see whether blockchain like Bitcoin can subvert the world and what role it can play.
Bitcoin places great emphasis on decentralization, deintermediation, and peer-to-peer. But how to achieve decentralization? There must be a need for computers in society to join in running together and maintaining rules together. Because if the host that the system runs on is a host from a certain company, it is very easy for you to change the rules of the system. How can you say it is decentralized? Therefore, Bitcoin must require computers in society to participate in its operation. If everyone wants to participate, the first premise is that the system must be open source, and the automatic download can run immediately. It does not require a lot of testing to run online. Otherwise, it will not be able to cope with the social and global franchise system.
The second rule must be built into the system. The so-called encoding is the rule. Everyone is maintaining this rule while running this system. In the future, without the consent of more than half of the participating nodes, even the person who maintained the code at the beginning will not have the right to change the rules of the system. But it is not easy to achieve this. It requires consensus and encouragement. The final result is that the more we pursue decentralization and intermediation, the more we pursue decentralization and the formation of a completely closed network system. What do you see today that can run on Bitcoin? There is only one thing, Bitcoin. And where did Bitcoin come from? It is a chain-generated asset that is mined and has nothing to do with the real world. Because of this, it can achieve any change from the initial coin production to the coin. Each account is monitored by the entire network, which is difficult to tamper with and can be traced. Precisely because each account can maintain its authenticity, we can do it without knowing who the person behind the account is. As long as we ensure that the account is genuine, we can do transactions.
As a result, someone deduced it on this basis and said, useWith the blockchain, you can make transactions without knowing who the other party is. Is this really the case?
Bitcoin’s decentralized and peer-to-peer transactions have strict prerequisites. It must be in a closed network system from the beginning. The assets traded can only be chain assets, and it is impossible to send real wealth to it. How can this solve real problems when real wealth cannot be put into operation? Therefore, Bitcoin still needs to be converted into legal tender today to realize its value. If it cannot be converted into fiat currency, its value will be significantly reduced. More Bitcoin interpretation: www.yangfenzi.com/tag/bitebi
The problem is that the Bitcoin blockchain itself has no exchange function, only mining, currency production and internal point-to-point transfers. There is no exchange function. To exchange, you must get out of the Bitcoin circle and enter a plug-in trading system. So you will see that there are many digital currency exchanges today. Problems with the exchanges do not mean that there is a problem with the Bitcoin system. The Bitcoin system is still safe today, provided that it is a completely closed system that is not affected by outside influences.
There is another one, the rule of Bitcoin’s currency production is how many coins every ten minutes. It forgets that currency and finance are connected. Finance requires loans to earn interest or investment dividends. Let’s take a look at the rules for Bitcoin’s interest-earning currency production. Are there any foreign currency production rates for loan interest-earning and investment dividends? No, it must be exchanged for legal currency. Only through legal currency can the needs for loans and investments be realized. If the Bitcoin blockchain is strictly used, the financial functions will be greatly affected, which is what we need to see.
Because of this, our Bitcoin blockchain brings a problem, which is that everyone imagines it very well. It is a brand new thing, but it is a completely closed system and cannot actually solve our real problems.
Therefore, the designers of Ethereum said that this would not work, and that it would become an online game. Practical problems must be solved in this thing, so Ethereum added a smart contract on which some private work can be done. However, the addition of smart contracts has broken the traditional isolation. Today, the security of Ethereum is weaker than that of Bitcoin.
At the same time, Bitcoin and Ethereum insist on network-wide verification and network-wide recording. When the volume increases, the storage space of the entire network will occupy a very large space, the efficiency is very poor, and the resources consumed are increasing. Today, some people are exploring whether further improvements can be made. For example, does it have to be verified and recorded across the entire network? Aren’t the existing banks just in two places and three centers, and haven’t there been any big problems? Can we select a certain number of core nodes here, such as 21 nodes or 31 nodes? EOS or something similar, the so-called blockchain 3.0, basically uses smaller nodes, and no longer records and stores the entire network at the same time.
This raises another question: Who will choose these core nodes? If one of your parties designates the core node, wouldn’t that mean there is no decentralization? So everyone is discussing whether we can compile a system and select excerptsWhen ordering, go to the center. It is still being discussed, and it is even further said that mining requires huge energy consumption. Is mining necessary? Similar to these aspects, blockchain is still being explored today.
So, at this point we can draw a conclusion that blockchain is still in its early stages of research and development. We may think that it has great room for development, but we should not easily say that it can subvert this and subvert this. That, at present, we can see that the real applications are very limited, and a lot of exploration is still needed.
It is from this perspective that I have been calling on everyone since last year to treat digital currencies and blockchain rationally. Judging from the current development stage and application scenarios, blockchain research and development will have two major branches: One branch will continue to focus on the development of the underlying technology, which is the research and development of the public chain, and continuously improve it. But you must know that the research and development of underlying technology and public chains requires a lot of long-term research and development, which is very difficult. We hope that someone will continue to follow this path to develop and make breakthroughs in a down-to-earth manner.
Another branch is application. This application should not think about a blockchain like Bitcoin, but focus on mining and coinage. I have been calling on everyone to find applications outside the paradigm of Bitcoin mining and coinage. What application are you looking for? Then stop pursuing decentralization and deintermediation. What you pursue is distributed processing of information, continuous encryption, traceability, non-tampering, etc. Prioritize these aspects to solve practical problems. From this aspect, we can see that there are many application scenarios, because this society is accelerating towards an information society.
First of all, we can look for other things that are not so closely related to our property or claims and debts. As you will see, BAT and others are now making online games, whether they are raising cats or pets. They are online applications and do not involve real property or laws and regulations. The second is to do public welfare undertakings, such as donations. Money and goods go out in one direction and do not need to come back. There is no buying and selling relationship or loan relationship, but people care about whether this thing goes according to my wishes, so it can be traced and tracked. .
Going a step further, many of our administrative institutions now have a large number of documents, contracts, images and other things in government affairs. Can we help them push them to the chain and run them online to ensure that these things are authentic and legal? Yes, irreversible and can be checked at any time. This is all possible. Going one step further may be the future development towards the integration of so-called computer networking, information networking and value networking, that is, the integration of the physical Internet of Things. The so-called real solution to our practical problems may still take a while.
This is the communication I want to have with you. Blockchain is an integration of multiple technologies. Bitcoin is the first application, and it is also a very complete closed system so far. It is very safe, but it cannot solve practical problems. More and more people are discovering that the current Bitcoin blockchain or similar blockchains have an incompatible triangular relationship of "decentralization, high efficiency and security". Therefore, we must seek truth from facts and focus on solving the reality.The problem is to focus on the use of applications and to jump out of the paradigm of the Bitcoin blockchain. This is a basic point of view that I will share with you today for your reference.

③ Tutorials for getting started with blockchain

However, there are very few simple and easy-to-understand introductory articles. What exactly blockchain is and what makes it special is rarely explained.
Next, I will try to write a best-understood blockchain tutorial. After all, it is not difficult. The core concept is very simple and can be explained clearly in a few sentences. I hope that after reading this article, you will not only understand the blockchain, but also understand what mining is, why mining is getting more and more difficult, and other issues.
It should be noted that I am not an expert in this area. Although I have been paying attention to it for a long time, my detailed understanding of blockchain started at the beginning of this year. You are welcome to correct any errors or inaccuracies in the article.
1. The essence of blockchain
What is blockchain? In a word, it is a special distributed database.
First of all, the main function of blockchain is to store information. Any information that needs to be saved can be written to the blockchain and read from it, so it is a database.
Secondly, anyone can set up a server, join the blockchain network, and become a node. In the world of blockchain, there is no central node. Every node is equal and stores the entire database. You can write/read data to any node, because all nodes will eventually be synchronized to ensure that the blockchain is consistent.
2. The biggest features of blockchain
Distributed databases are not a new invention, and there have been such products on the market for a long time. However, blockchain has a revolutionary feature.
Blockchain has no administrator, it is completely centerless. Other databases have administrators, but blockchain does not. If one wanted to add auditing to the blockchain, it would not be possible because it is designed to prevent the emergence of a central authority.
It is precisely because it is unmanageable that blockchain can be uncontrollable. Otherwise, once big companies and large groups control the management, they will control the entire platform, and other users will have to take orders from them.
However, without an administrator, everyone can write data into it. How can we ensure that the data is trustworthy? What if it is modified by a bad person? Please read on, this is the wonderful thing about blockchain place.
3. Block
Blockchain is composed of blocks. Blocks are much like database records. Every time data is written, a block is created.
Each block contains two parts.
Head: records the characteristic values ​​of the current block
Body: actual data
The block header contains multiple characteristic values ​​of the current block.
Generation time
Hash of the actual data (i.e. block body)
Hash of the previous block
...
Here, you need to understand what a hash is , which is necessary to understand blockchain.
The so-called hashing is calculationThe machine can calculate an eigenvalue of the same length for any content. The hash length of the blockchain is 256 bits, which means that no matter what the original content is, a 256-bit binary number will be calculated in the end. And it can be guaranteed that as long as the original content is different, the corresponding hash must be different.
For example, the hash of the string 123 is (hexadecimal), which is 256 bits when converted to binary, and only 123 can get this hash. (Theoretically, it is possible for other strings to get this hash, but the probability is extremely low and can be approximated as impossible.)
Therefore, there are two important inferences.
Corollary 1: The hash of each block is different, and the block can be identified by the hash.
Corollary 2: If the content of the block changes, its hash will definitely change.
4. The non-modifiable nature of Hash
Blocks and hashes have a one-to-one correspondence, and the hash of each block is calculated based on the block header (Head). That is to say, the characteristic values ​​​​of the block header are connected together in order to form a very long string, and then the hash is calculated on this string.
Hash = SHA256 (block header)
The above is the calculation formula of block hash. SHA256 is the hash algorithm of the blockchain. Note that this formula only contains the block header and not the block body. In other words, the hash is uniquely determined by the block header.
As mentioned before, the block header contains a lot of content, including the hash of the current block body. , and the hash of the previous block. This means that if the content of the current block body changes, or the hash of the previous block changes, it will definitely cause the hash of the current block to change.
This point has great significance for blockchain. If someone modifies a block, the hash of the block changes. In order for subsequent blocks to still be connected to it (because the next block contains the hash of the previous block), the person must modify all subsequent blocks in sequence, otherwise the modified block will be removed from the blockchain . Due to the reasons mentioned later, hash calculation is very time-consuming, and it is almost impossible to modify multiple blocks in a short period of time, unless someone controls more than 51% of the computing power of the entire network.
It is through this linkage mechanism that the blockchain ensures its own reliability. Once the data is written, it cannot be tampered with. This is just like history, what happened happened, and it can’t be changed from now on.
Each block is connected to the previous block, which is where the name blockchain comes from.
5. Mining
Since synchronization between nodes must be ensured, the adding speed of new blocks cannot be too fast. Just imagine, you have just synchronized a block and are preparing to generate the next block based on it, but at this time, another node generates a new block, and you have to give up half of the calculations and synchronize again. Because each block can only be followed by one block, you can only generate the next block after the latest block. So, you have no choice but to sync as soon as you hear the signal.
So, the inventor of the blockchain, Satoshi Nakamoto (this is a pseudonym, his true identity is still unknown), deliberately made it difficult to add new blocks. His design is that on average, the entire network can generate a new block every 10 minutes, which is only six per hour.
This output speed is not achieved through commands, but by deliberately setting up massive calculations. In other words, only through an extremely large amount of calculations can the effective hash of the current block be obtained and the new block added to the blockchain. Because the amount of calculation is too large, it cannot be done quickly.
This process is called mining, because the difficulty of calculating a valid hash is like finding a grain of sand that meets the conditions among the sand in the world. The machine that calculates hashes is called a mining machine, and the person who operates the mining machine is called a miner.
6. Difficulty coefficient
After reading this, you may have a question. People say that mining is difficult, but isn’t mining just about using a computer to calculate a hash? This is the strength of computers. How could it be? It becomes very difficult, why can’t it be calculated?
It turns out that not just any hash can be used, only hashes that meet the conditions will be accepted by the blockchain. This condition is particularly harsh, causing most hashes to fail to meet the requirements and must be recalculated.
It turns out that the block header contains a difficulty coefficient (difficulty), which determines the difficulty of calculating the hash. For example, the difficulty coefficient of the 100,000th block is 14484.16236122.
The blockchain protocol stipulates that the target value (target) can be obtained by dividing the difficulty coefficient by a constant. Obviously, the greater the difficulty coefficient, the smaller the target value.
The validity of the hash is closely related to the target value. Only hashes smaller than the target value are valid, otherwise the hash is invalid and must be recalculated. Since the target value is very small, the chance that the hash is smaller than this value is extremely slim, and it may be calculated 1 billion times before it is considered a hit. This is the fundamental reason why mining is so slow.
As mentioned earlier, the hash of the current block is uniquely determined by the block header. If the hash of the same block needs to be calculated repeatedly, it means that the block header must keep changing, otherwise it is impossible to calculate different hashes. All feature values ​​in the block header are fixed. In order to make the block header change, Satoshi Nakamoto deliberately added a random item called Nonce.
Nonce is a random value. The role of the miner is actually to guess the value of Nonce so that the hash of the block header can be smaller than the target value so that it can be written to the blockchain. Nonce is very difficult to guess. At present, we can only use trial and error one by one through exhaustive methods. According to the protocol, Nonce is a 32-bit binary value, which can reach a maximum of 2.147 billion. The Nonce value of the 100,000th block is 274148111. It can be understood that the miner started from 0 and calculated 274 million times before obtaining a valid Nonce value so that the calculated hash can meet the conditions.
If you are lucky, maybe it will happen in a whileFound Nonce. If you are unlucky, you may have calculated it 2.147 billion times without finding the Nonce, that is, it is impossible to calculate a hash that meets the conditions for the current block body. At this time, the protocol allows miners to change the block body and start a new calculation.
7. Dynamic adjustment of difficulty coefficient
As mentioned in the previous section, mining is random, and there is no guarantee that a block will be produced in exactly ten minutes. Sometimes it can be calculated in one minute, and sometimes it may take several hours. No result. Overall, with the improvement of hardware equipment and the increase in the number of mining machines, the computing speed will definitely become faster and faster.
In order to keep the output rate constant at ten minutes, Satoshi Nakamoto also designed a dynamic adjustment mechanism for the difficulty coefficient. He stipulated that the difficulty factor should be adjusted every two weeks (2016 blocks). If the average block generation speed in these two weeks is 9 minutes, it means that it is 10% faster than the legal speed, so the next difficulty factor will be increased by 10%; if the average block generation speed is 11 minutes, it means It is 10% slower than the legal speed, so the difficulty factor of the next step must be lowered by 10%.
The difficulty coefficient is adjusted higher and higher (the target value is getting smaller and smaller), which makes mining more and more difficult.
8. Forks of the blockchain
Even if the blockchain is reliable, there is still an unresolved problem: if two people write data to the blockchain at the same time, that is to say, two people write data to the blockchain at the same time. Blocks join because they are connected to the previous block, forming a fork. Which block should be adopted at this time?
The current rule is that new nodes always adopt the longest blockchain. If there is a fork in the blockchain, it will look at which branch is behind the fork to reach 6 new blocks first (called six confirmations). Based on a block calculation of 10 minutes, it can be confirmed in one hour.
Since the generation speed of new blocks is determined by computing power, this rule means that the branch with the most computing power is the authentic blockchain.
9. Summary
Blockchain, as an unmanaged distributed database, has been running for 8 years since 2009 without major problems. This proves it works.
However, in order to ensure the reliability of data, blockchain also has its own price. The first is efficiency. You have to wait at least ten minutes to write data to the blockchain. All nodes synchronize the data, which requires more time. The second is energy consumption. The generation of blocks requires miners to perform countless meaningless calculations. This is Very energy consuming.
Therefore, the applicable scenarios of blockchain are actually very limited.
There is no management authority that all members trust
The written data does not require real-time use
The benefits of mining can make up for its own costs
If the above conditions cannot be met, then the traditional database is Better solution.
Currently, the largest application scenario (and possibly the only application scenario) of blockchain is the cryptocurrency represented by Bitcoin.

④ One article to understand the Internet blockchain

One article to understand the Internet zoneBlockchain

To understand the Internet blockchain in one article, if you want to understand the blockchain, you have to study the brief history of the technological development of the blockchain starting from the birth of the Internet, and discover the motivations for the emergence of the blockchain. And infer the future of blockchain from this. Let’s understand the Internet blockchain in one article.

Understand the Internet blockchain in one article 1

The originator of blockchain is mahjong, and the earliest blockchain was invented by the Chinese! The blockchain is just like Mahjong, except that Mahjong has fewer blocks. Mahjong only has 136 blocks. The rules of Mahjong vary from place to place and can be regarded as a hard fork of Bitcoin.

As the oldest blockchain project, Mahjong has a team of four miners. The first one to dig out the 13 correct hash values ​​will get the accounting rights and rewards. It adopts the method of being willing to admit defeat and not cheating. Thousands of consensus mechanisms!

Mahjong is decentralized, everyone can be the banker, and it is completely peer-to-peer.

Mining pool = commission from the boss of the chess and card room.

It cannot be tampered with, because convincing the other three people requires too much computing power and physical strength.

A typical value Internet. The value in my pocket didn't last eight rounds before it went into their pockets.

The Chinese are basically good at playing mahjong. In terms of blockchain, they produce 70% to 80% of the world’s mining machines and have the most computing power in the world, accounting for about 77% of the computing power.

Mahjong is actually the earliest blockchain project:

1. A group of four miners. The miner who first collides with the correct hash value of 13 numbers can obtain the accounting rights. and get rewarded.

2. It cannot be tampered with. Because convincing the other three people requires too much computing power and physical strength.

3. Typical value Internet. The valuable digital currency www.gendan5.com/digitalcurrency/btc.html in my pocket ran into their pockets after eight rounds.

4. Decentralization, everyone can be a banker, it is completely peer-to-peer.

5. UTXO, unspent transaction expenses.

There is another blockchain method of credit, assuming that everyone has no cash

Let’s take a closer look. When everyone reaches a consensus, we see There is no intermediary or third party to judge C’s win, and the rewards given to C do not need to be transferred to C through a third party. They are all direct peer-to-peer transactions. This process is decentralized, and players (miners) record their own records. After recording the results of the first game, B Dahu drew thirteen pieces, and B drew Jia Dongfeng. After the record is completed, a complete block is generated, but remember, this is only the first game. In the entire blockchain , this is just one node. After the 8 rounds mentioned at the beginning, there are 8 nodes (blocks). The 8 blocks are connected together to form a complete ledger, which is the blockchain.Because everyone has one of this ledger, it is a distributed ledger. The purpose is to prevent someone from tampering with the record. At the end of the game, it is clear who wins and who loses.

Four men (A, B, C, and D) got together to play mahjong for money. None of them brought any cash, so they asked a beautiful woman (centralized) to keep a book and record who won how much money in each round. , Who lost how much? At the end of the day, everyone uses Alipay or WeChat to pay and settle the ledger. However, if this beauty made a mistake in accounting or was bribed by one of the four people in advance to make a mistake on purpose, there is no guarantee that the outcome of this game will be fair, just, and reasonable. ,dont you agree? then what should we do? If you "play mahjong", you can use "blockchain" as the game rules and adapt it as follows:

Four men (A, B, C and D) got together to play mahjong for money. No one brought any cash. B said Let the beauty she brought keep accounts. A said that none of us knew this beauty, so the four of them, A, B, C, and D, agreed that everyone would keep accounts at the same time (decentralized) on their mobile phones (blockchain nodes) for each game. ), after finally playing mahjong and paying with electronic money directly on the mobile phone, everyone checked the accounting results. The accounting results should have been the same.

Assume that the original result is the account recorded on A’s mobile phone: B owes A 10 yuan. However, the record on B's mobile phone shows that there is no debt, but the other two people (C and D) have the same accounting as A, so the settlement is still based on the majority rule. In addition, everyone has a bad impression of B's ​​integrity. Next The first time I play mahjong, I won’t take B to play with me.

Unless B bribes two people (C and D) in advance to deliberately cheat, but the cost of B bribes them is 100,000 yuan (10,000 times the default of 10 yuan), then in common sense, B only You can choose to give up because the cost of counterfeiting is too high.

Assume that even if B is secretly willing to pay a high price of 100,000 yuan to buy C and D to do this silly cat transaction with huge losses during the card game, the rules of the blockchain are to keep accounts based on timestamps. Yes, it turns out that B owed A 10 yuan when debiting the account at 1 p.m., that is, when C and D changed the account at 3 p.m., time is irreversible and they can only record 3 p.m., which does not comply with the rules of the game. .

In fact, in 2017 the blogger has developed a set of Mahjong coins

China’s earliest blockchain project: a group of four miners, first starting from 148 random numbers The miner who collides with the correct hash value of 14 numbers can obtain an accounting right incentive. Since distributed accounting requires the consensus of several other miners, each accounting transaction takes about ten minutes.

Understanding the Internet Blockchain in One Article 2

1. Before the birth of Bitcoin, 5 Internet technologies that will have a significant impact on the future of the blockchain

In 1969, the Internet was born in the United States. Since then, the Internet has expanded from four research institutions in the United States to the entire planet. Its applications have expanded from the earliest military and scientific research to all aspects of human life. In the nearly 50 years since the birth of the Internet, five technologies haveThe future development of blockchain is of particularly great significance.

1. The TCP/IP protocol born in 1974: determines the position of blockchain in the Internet technology ecosystem

In 1974, the most critical step in the development of the Internet was taken by The TCP/IP protocol, the core communication technology of the Internet jointly developed by American scientists Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn, was officially launched.

This protocol enables the transmission of information between different computers and even different types of networks. All computers connected to the network can communicate and interact as long as they comply with this protocol.

In layman's terms, Internet data can travel tens of thousands of kilometers to reach the computer users who need it. This is mainly because the Internet world has formed a unified information dissemination mechanism. That is to say, Internet devices follow a unified law-TCP/IP protocol when disseminating information.

Understanding the TCP/IP protocol is of great significance to mastering the Internet and blockchain. After the invention of TCP/IP in 1974, the entire Internet was between the underlying hardware devices, the intermediate network protocols and the network Addresses have always been relatively stable, but an endless stream of innovative applications are emerging at the top application layer, including news, e-commerce, social networks, QQ, WeChat, and blockchain technology.

In other words, in the technical ecology of the Internet, blockchain is a new technology at the top layer of the Internet - the application layer. Its emergence, operation and development have not affected the underlying infrastructure and communication protocols of the Internet. , is still one of the many software technologies that operates according to the TCP/IP protocol.

2. Cisco router technology born in 1984: an imitation of blockchain technology

In December 1984, Cisco was established in the United States. The founder was a professor from Stanford University. A couple, Leonard Posak, director of the computer center, and Sandy Lerner, director of the business school's computer center, designed a networking device called a "multiprotocol router" that was placed on the Internet's communication lines to help data Get from one end of the Internet to the other thousands of kilometers away accurately and quickly.

In the entire Internet hardware layer, tens of millions of routers are busy working, directing the transmission of Internet information. An important function of Cisco routers is that each router saves a complete Internet device address table. Once something happens Changes will be synchronized to tens of millions of other routers (theoretically), ensuring that each router can calculate the shortest and fastest path.

When you see the operation process of the router, you will feel very familiar. That is the important feature of the blockchain later. The significance of understanding the router lies in the important features of the blockchain. It has been implemented on the router in 1984. For the router, even if the node device is damaged or attacked by hackers, it will not affect the transmission of the entire Internet information.

3. B/ was born with the World Wide WebS (C/S) architecture: Blockchain’s opponents and objects of attempted subversion

The World Wide Web is referred to as the Web and is divided into Web clients and servers. All updated information is only modified on the Web server. Thousands, tens of thousands, or even tens of millions of other client computers do not retain the information and only obtain the information data when accessing the server. This structure is often called the Internet B/S architecture is a centralized architecture. This architecture is also the most important architecture of the current Internet. Internet giants such as Google, Facebook, Tencent, Alibaba, and Amazon have all adopted this architecture.

Understanding the B/S architecture will be of great significance to the subsequent understanding of blockchain technology. The B/S architecture is that data is only stored in the central server, and all other computers obtain information from the server. Blockchain technology has tens of millions of computers without a center, and all data will be synchronized to all computers. This is the core of blockchain technology.

4. Peer-to-Peer Network (P2P): Blockchain The father of the chain and its technical basis

Peer-to-peer network P2P is another Internet infrastructure corresponding to C/S (B/S). Its characteristic is that multiple computers connected to each other are connected to each other. In a peer-to-peer position, there is no distinction between master and slave. A computer can be used as a server, setting shared resources for use by other computers in the network, and as a workstation.

Napster is one of the earliest P2P systems, mainly used for sharing music resources. Napster cannot be regarded as a true peer-to-peer network system. On March 14, 2000, a message was posted on the Slashdot mailing list of the underground hacker site in the United States, saying that AOL's Nullsoft department had released Gnutella, an open source Napster clone software.

In the Gnutella distributed peer-to-peer network model, each networked computer is functionally peer, serving as both a client and a server, so Gnutella is called the first true peer-to-peer network model. Network Architecture.

In the past 20 years, some Internet technology giants such as Microsoft and IBM, as well as liberals, hackers, and even criminals who infringe intellectual property rights, have continued to promote the development of peer-to-peer networks. Of course, those on the Internet want to strengthen information sharing. The idealists also put a lot of enthusiasm into peer-to-peer networks. Blockchain is a software application based on a peer-to-peer network architecture. It is a benchmark application for peer-to-peer networks trying to break out from the silence of the past.

5. Hash algorithm: the key to generating Bitcoin and tokens (tokens)

The hash algorithm converts numbers of any length into fixed-length values ​​using a hash function. Algorithms, famous hash functions such as: MD4, MD5, SHS, etc. It is a member of the family of cryptographic functions defined by the American National Institute of Standards and Technology.

This family of algorithms is crucial to the functioning of the entire world. From Internet application stores, emails, anti-virus software, to browsers, etc., all of them are using secure hashing algorithms. It can determine whether Internet users have downloaded what they want, and it can also determine whether Internet users are involved in man-in-the-middle attacks or network attacks. Victim of a phishing attack.

The process of blockchain and its application to generate new coins from Bitcoin or other virtual currencies is to use the function of the hash algorithm to perform operations to obtain numbers that meet the format requirements, and then the blockchain program gives Bitcoin rewards.

Mining, including Bitcoin and tokens, is actually a small mathematical game built with a hash algorithm. However, because of the fierce competition, people all over the world used powerful servers to perform calculations in order to get the rewards first. As a result, many computers on the Internet participated in this little mathematical game, which even consumed more than 40% of the electricity in some countries.

2. The birth and technical core of blockchain

The birth of blockchain should be the most unusual and mysterious invention and technology in the history of human science, because apart from blockchain, So far, there is no major invention in the history of modern science whose inventor cannot be found.

On October 31, 2008, Bitcoin founder Satoshi Nakamoto (pseudonym) published a paper on the cryptography mailing group - "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System". In this paper, the author claims to have invented a new electronic currency system that is not controlled by governments or institutions. Blockchain technology is the basis for supporting the operation of Bitcoin.

The preprint address of the paper is at http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf. From an academic point of view, this paper is far from a qualified paper. The main body of the article is composed of 8 flow charts. It is composed of corresponding explanatory text, no nouns and terms are defined, and the format of the paper is also very irregular.

In January 2009, Satoshi Nakamoto released an application case of blockchain on the SourceForge website - the open source software of the Bitcoin system. After the release of the open source software, it is said that Satoshi Nakamoto mined approximately 1 million bits. Coin. A week later, Satoshi Nakamoto sent 10 Bitcoins to cryptography expert Hal Finney, which became the first transaction in Bitcoin history. With the booming development of Bitcoin, research on blockchain technology has also begun to show explosive growth.

It is indeed difficult to fully and clearly explain the blockchain to the public. We use Bitcoin as the object to introduce the technical characteristics of the blockchain as simply as possible but in depth.

1. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer network (P2P) software application

As we mentioned before, at the beginning of the 21st century, the Internet formed two major types of applications. Architecture, centralized B/S architecture and non-centered peer-to-peer (P2P) architecture. Many Internet giants such as Alibaba, Sina, Amazon, etc. all have centralized B/S architecture. Simply put, it is data put in giantIn the server, our ordinary users access the servers of Alibaba, Sina and other websites through mobile phones and personal computers.

Since the beginning of the 21st century, there have been many software applications for freely sharing music, videos, and paper materials. Most of them use a peer-to-peer network (P2P) architecture, that is, there is no central server, everyone's personal computer They are all servers and clients, with equal status. However, this type of application has never become popular. The main reasons are large resource consumption and intellectual copyright issues. Blockchain is a software application in this field.

2. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer network (P2P) software application that synchronizes information across the entire network

Peer-to-peer networks also have many application methods. In many cases, everyone is not required to Each computer keeps the same information. Everyone only stores the information they need, and downloads it to other computers when needed.

However, in order to support Bitcoin financial transactions, the blockchain requires that every transaction that occurs must be written into historical transaction records and change information be sent to all computers with Bitcoin programs installed. Every computer with Bitcoin software installed maintains the latest and complete Bitcoin historical transaction information.

The characteristics of blockchain's network-wide synchronization and network-wide backup are often referred to as blockchain information security, and the source cannot be changed. Although it is still not absolutely safe in practice, when the number of users is very large, it does have certain security advantages in preventing information tampering.

3. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer network (P2P) software application that uses a hash algorithm to generate "tokens" to synchronize information across the entire network

Area The first application of blockchain is the famous Bitcoin. When discussing Bitcoin, a term that is often mentioned is "mining". So what exactly is mining?

The metaphor is that the blockchain program gives the miners (players) 256 coins, numbered 1, 2, 3...256. Every time a Hash operation is performed, it is like tossing a coin. 256 coins are thrown at the same time. After landing, if all the coins with the first 70 numbers happen to be heads. The miner can tell the blockchain program this number, and the blockchain will reward the miner with 50 Bitcoins.

From the perspective of software programs, Bitcoin mining is a mathematical game built using the hash SHA256 function. The blockchain first stipulates a winning mode in this small game: a 256-bit hash number is given, but the last 70 bits of the hash number are all 0, and then the player (miner) continuously enters various numbers. Give the hash SHA256 function and see if you can use this function to get a number with 70 zeros. If you find one, the blockchain program will reward the player with 50 Bitcoins. Actual mining and rewards are more complex, but the above example expresses the core process of mining and obtaining Bitcoin.

When Bitcoin was born in 2009, each bounty was 50 Bitcoins.Ten minutes after its birth, the first batch of 50 Bitcoins was generated, and the total currency amount at this time was 50. Subsequently, Bitcoin increased at a rate of about 50 every 10 minutes. When the total amount reaches 10.5 million (50% of 21 million), the bounty is halved to 25. When the total amount reaches 15.75 million (new output is 5.25 million, which is 50% of 1050), the bounty is further halved to 12.5. According to the design of the Bitcoin program, the total number of Bitcoins is 21 million.

From the above introduction, Bitcoin can be seen as a guessing game based on a peer-to-peer network architecture. The Bitcoin information rewarded for each correct guess will be transmitted to all players and recorded. into each player's history database.

4. Smart contracts, tokens, ICOs and blockchain basic platforms generated by blockchain technology due to the rise of Bitcoin

From the above introduction, Bitcoin technology It is not a new technology falling from the sky, but a clever combination of various original Internet technologies, such as peer-to-peer network architecture, network-wide synchronization of routing, and network security encryption technology. It can be regarded as a combination of innovative algorithm games. .

Because Bitcoin can be exchanged for legal currency, purchased in kind, and made huge profits through appreciation, the whole world is not calm. With the attitude that if you can do it, I can do it, many people have created their own imitation Bitcoin software applications. At the same time, taking advantage of the difficulty for the government to regulate peer-to-peer networks, various altcoins exploded together with Bitcoin. There have been many incidents of fraud and absconding, which have gradually attracted the attention of governments around the world.

Blockchain basic platform: It is still quite technically difficult to create currency using the blockchain technology framework. At this time, basic technology platforms such as Ethereum, the blockchain basic platform, have emerged, making it convenient for ordinary people. Create a "Bitcoin"-like software program, each showing its magical powers, inviting people to join the game to mine coins, speculate on coins, and gain profits from it.

Pass or token: If each "Bitcoin" or "Altcoin" uses a hash algorithm to create a guessing game and generates its own "currency", this "currency" is collectively referred to as " "Certificate" or "Token".

ICO: Since Bitcoin and Ethereum have been exchanged with the legal currencies of various countries, when other new virtual currencies are issued, only Bitcoin and Ethereum are allowed to purchase the new issued coins. This process of issuing coins It’s called ICO. The emergence of ICO has amplified the transaction volume of Bitcoin and Ethereum. At the same time, many ICO projects are completely based on nihilistic projects, resulting in a large number of frequent fraud cases. This further deepens society’s negative understanding of virtual currencies generated by blockchain.

Smart contract: It can be seen as a software function on the blockchain. It is a program that assists various virtual currency transactions on the blockchain. The specific function is like the fund custody of Alipay on Taobao. When a user receives goods and confirms them on Alipay, the funds are automatically paid to the buyer and owner. Smart contracts also assume this intermediary payment function in blockchain applications such as Bitcoin.

3. The historical status and future prospects of blockchain technology in the Internet

1. Where does blockchain stand in Internet technology? It is a new software and architecture at the top level.

We mentioned in the previous introduction to TCP/IP that blockchain, like browsers, QQ, WeChat, online game software, mobile APPs, etc., is a software form of the top layer of the Internet - the application layer. . Its operation still relies on the TCP/IP architecture system to transmit data. But unlike most application layer software, it does not adopt the central software architecture of C/S (B/S). Instead, an unusual peer-to-peer network architecture is adopted. From this point of view, blockchain cannot subvert the Internet infrastructure.

2. Who does blockchain want to subvert? Want to subvert the B/S (C/S) structure of the World Wide Web.

It attempts to subvert the B/S, C/S structure of the World Wide Web, which was born in 1989. Said before. Since 1989, European physicist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web and gave up applying for a patent. In the past nearly 30 years, companies including Google, Amazon, Facebook, Alibaba, Internet, Tencent and other companies have used the B/S (C/S) structure of the World Wide Web to grow into Internet giants.

In their headquarters, a powerful central server cluster was established to store massive amounts of data. Hundreds of millions of users obtained the data they needed from the giant servers. This also led to the emergence of cloud computing, and then the Internet giants Open up your unused central server resources to further absorb data from enterprises, governments, and individuals. Centralized Internet giants have an increasing influence on the world, countries, and Internet users.

The goal of blockchain is to try to reduce the influence of Internet giants by distributing data to each Internet user’s computer. It can be seen that the real opponent of blockchain and what it wants to subvert is the 1990 The B/S (C/S) structure born in 2007. But whether it can be subverted depends on its technical advantages and bottlenecks.

3. Technical flaws of blockchain: dilemmas caused by the pursuit of complete equality and freedom

The technical flaws of blockchain first come from its peer-to-peer network architecture. For example For example, Taobao currently has a B/S structure, and massive data is stored in the Taobao server cluster computer room. Hundreds of millions of consumers access the Taobao server website through their browsers to obtain the latest information and historical information.

If blockchain technology is used, hundreds of millions of people will retain a complete Taobao database on their personal computers or mobile phones. Every time a transaction occurs, it will be synchronized to hundreds of millions of other users. This is completely unachievable in reality. The amount of data transferred and stored is too large. It is equivalent to setting up and running hundreds of millions of Taobao websites at the same time.

Therefore, blockchain cannot be applied to projects with large amounts of data, and even smaller website projects will have difficulty using blockchain. By 2018, Bitcoin had been running for nearly 10 years, and the accumulated transaction data had made the entire system more comprehensive.On the verge of collapse.

So the blockchain has adopted many alternative methods, such as establishing relay nodes and lightning nodes. These two concepts can also make people confused. In layman's terms, the blockchain will ask it for The subversive object B/S structure has been studied, and a data server center has been established to become the relay node of the blockchain, which can also be accessed with a browser-like terminal. This is the lightning node of the blockchain.

This change can alleviate the technical shortcomings of the blockchain, but it does make the blockchain what it opposes, centralization. It can be seen that pure blockchain technology has major flaws due to its technical characteristics and cannot be widely used like the World Wide Web. If the technology is upgraded and some parts adopt a B/S (C/S) structure, the blockchain will become centralized. The information node no longer maintains the dream when it was born.

4. Looking at the future prospects of blockchain from the Internet brain model

We know that the Internet generally refers to the Internet that connects computer networks around the world. On this basis The development of a global Internet network covering the whole world is called the Internet, which is a network structure that is interconnected.

Since the birth of the Internet in 1969, humans have innovated in the Internet field from different directions, and there is no unified plan to build the Internet into a structure. When the wheel of time reaches 2017, with the advent of artificial intelligence, With the vigorous development of science and technology such as the Internet of Things, big data, cloud computing, robots, virtual reality, and the industrial Internet, when humans look up to see the giant systems they have created, the model and architecture of the Internet brain have become increasingly clear.

Through nearly 20 years of development, relying on the B/S and C/S structures of the World Wide Web, Tencent QQ, WeChat, Facebook, Weibo, and Twitter Amazon have developed structures similar to neuron networks. Internet devices, especially personal computers and mobile phones, map personal data and functional space on the giant's central server through the software on the device, allowing them to add friends, communicate and transfer information. Internet giants continue to optimize the software versions of hundreds of millions of terminals through software upgrades in central server clusters. In the neurological system, this is a standard central nervous system structure.

The birth of the blockchain provides another neuron model. Instead of uniformly managing neurons in the centralized services of giants, each terminal, including personal computers and personal mobile phones, becomes an independent neuron node. , retaining an independent data space and synchronizing mutual information. In the neurological system, this is a distributed neural structure with no center and multiple neural nodes.

Interestingly, these two different types of neural structures appear in the development of the nervous system. In lower organisms, blockchain-like neural structures have appeared. There are multiple ganglia with the same functions, all of which can command body activities and reactions. However, as organisms evolve, these ganglia gradually merge. When they evolve into higher In biology, the central nervous system appeared, which contains a large number of neurons that interact with each other.

4. Judgment on the future status of blockchain in the Internet

1. Cognition of Bitcoin: A guessing game based on peer-to-peer network architecture (P2P), through Gaoming Financial and public opinion operations, becoming a "world currency" that is not subject to government supervision.

2. Understanding of blockchain: a peer-to-peer (P2P) software application that uses a hash algorithm to generate "tokens" to synchronize information across the entire network.

3. Blockchain has specific uses, such as large-scale election voting, large-scale gambling, financial transactions that circumvent government financial supervision, etc. It still has irreplaceable uses.

4. In more cases, blockchain technology will rely on the B/S and C/S structures of the Internet to achieve functional expansion, but overall it is still a supplement to the existing technology of the Internet. Most of the application scenarios currently envisaged by blockchain can be implemented using B/S and C/S structures, with higher efficiency and more mature technology.

5. Whether from the perspective of information transmission efficiency and resource consumption, or from the evolution of the nervous system, blockchain cannot become the mainstream architecture of the Internet, let alone a subversive and revolutionary leader of the future Internet.

6. Of course, Internet giants developed with B/S and C/S structures also have their problems, but these can be gradually solved through commercial and political methods in the future.

⑤ What are the mainstream blockchain technologies?

This article attempts to provide an overview of blockchain-related technology schools and mainstream platforms as a guide for learning the blockchain technology system. Introducing ideas and promoting discussion and consensus in the blockchain development community. The schools of blockchain technology plan ahead of the battle. If you want to invest in the field of blockchain development, you must at least find out who the current players are and what their respective opinions and strengths are. There are no certain rules for dividing blockchain technology schools. As far as I can see, there may be the following four ways: The first is to divide it into public chain, private chain and alliance chain according to the node access rules. The representatives of the public chain are naturally Bitcoin and Ethereum, the private chain is the most famous R3 Corda, and the representative work of the alliance chain is Fabric under the name of Hyperledger. Public chains focus on anonymity and decentralization, while private chains and consortium chains focus on high efficiency, and often set entry barriers. These differences between public chains, private chains and alliance chains are all reflected in technology. For example, private chains and alliance chains assume that the number of nodes is not large, and the PBFT algorithm can be used to form a consensus. The public chain assumes a large and dynamically changing node network. Using PBFT is too inefficient, and only a lottery-like algorithm can be used to determine opinion leaders. This means that it is difficult for private chains and alliance chains to become public chains, and although it is easy to use public chains to make alliance chains or private chains, it is not plug-and-play. Scholars cannot ignore this difference. The second is that according to the sharing goal, it is divided into two groups: shared ledger and shared state machine. Bitcoin is a typical shared ledger, and Chain and BigchainDB should also fall into this category. These blockchain systems share a general ledger between each node, so it is more convenient to connect financial applications. In another large type of blockchain system, each node shares a state machine that can complete Turing complete calculations, such as Ethereum and Fabric. They all change the state of the shared state machine by executing smart contracts, thereby achieving various complex functions. . The third is to divide the blockchain system into three generations: 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 according to the intergenerational evolution described by Melanie Swann. Among them, 1.0 supports decentralized trading and payment systems, 2.0 supports industry applications through smart contracts, and 3.0 supports decentralized social systems. Bitcoin and Chain should belong to the blockchain 1.0 system, while Ethereum and Fabric are blockchain 2.0 systems. There is currently no successful blockchain 3.0 system, but there is one unsuccessful attempt, which is the famous The DAO . The fourth is that according to the core data structure, it is divided into two factions: blockchain and distributed ledger. The blockchain school really implements a chain of blocks as the core data structure in the system, while the distributed ledger school only absorbs the spirit of the blockchain and does not really use a blockchain as the core data structure. , or although it is temporarily used, it is stated that the Zhuangwu blockchain is intended to be a distributed ledger. If time and opportunity come together, it may not be impossible to replace it. Mainstream blockchain technology platforms understand the division of schools, but they can still only be used to point out the country and brag. To start, there must be an entry point. It is said that there are thousands of blockchain currencies, but there are only dozens of technology platforms worth paying attention to. If you want to enter the field of blockchain development, lay a good foundation, practice good skills, and get a few good ones. offer, there are only a handful of platforms worthy of in-depth study and study. The first, of course, is Bitcoin. As the first and most successful and important model project of the blockchain, Bitcoin has been online for more than eight years without any serious security and operation and maintenance incidents. Its stability and power can be called contemporary software. System model. Bitcoin Core is an open source software with high code quality and good documentation. From the perspective of learning blockchain principles and mastering core technologies, Bitcoin Core is the best entry point to learn authentic blockchain technology. . Of course, Bitcoin Core is written in C++, and uses some C++11 and Boost library mechanisms, which puts higher requirements on learners' C++ level. Another advantage of learning Bitcoin platform development is that you can connect with the prosperous Bitcoin technology community. There are currently many people working on improving and upgrading Bitcoin. The more people there are, the more power there is. Newer ideas and technologies such as Segregated Verification, Lightning Network, and Sidechains have all taken the lead in being implemented in the Bitcoin community. For example, Blockstream, the main leader in sidechain technology, is led by cryptocurrency veteran Adam Back, and Blockstream is led by Bitcoinn Core is one of the largest contributors, so some technologies related to side chains are the most discussed in the Bitcoin community. However, there is great controversy as to whether Bitcoin, as a typical blockchain 1.0 system, is the best technical platform to support other types of blockchain applications. In addition, not everyone has the ability and necessity to be proficient in the underlying technology of blockchain. So for those who are eager to rush into the blockchain field to do (quān) things (qián), the more straightforward learning goals may be Ethereum and Hyperledger Fabric. Smart contract development using Solidity on Ethereum is the easiest way to get into blockchain development, bar none. Ethereum's ideals are very grand. Because it is equipped with a powerful Turing-complete smart contract virtual machine, it can become the mother platform of all blockchain projects and is the big turtle that carries the entire blockchain world. Developing a cryptocurrency similar to Bitcoin on Ethereum is an out-and-out small goal. Generally, experienced developers can get started with the guidance of the documentation in half a day to a day. The question is, what happens after you get started? Can you conquer the world just by writing Solidity? This is highly doubtful. We can also say the other way around, if Ethereum + Solidity is the ultimate solution for blockchain, then why are there so many blockchain technology schools? In particular, Ethereum does not seem to have left a way for giant centralized organizations in the real world to survive. This completely uncompromising revolutionary attitude may also become an obstacle to the promotion of Ethereum. The current development of the Ethereum project is not going well. A more prominent problem is that there are too many projects and power is dispersed, resulting in uneven project quality. But despite this, compared with other blockchain 2.0 platforms, the development environment provided by Ethereum is the simplest and most complete. It is absolutely necessary for people who are new to blockchain to learn Ethereum to establish the most "authentic" understanding of blockchain and smart contracts. The third branch of the mainstream blockchain technology platform is Fabric, which is Hyperledger’s first and most well-known incubation project. Fabric first came from IBM's Open Blockchain project. By November 2015, IBM handed over the 44,000 lines of Go language code that had been developed to the Linux Foundation and incorporated it into the Hyperledger project. During a hackathon in March 2016, Blockstream and DAH merged their respective codes into Open Blockchain, which was later renamed Fabric. So far, Fabric and Sawtooth Lake provided by Intel are listed as the first-level incubation projects of Hyperledger, but the former has received far more attention than the latter. From a technical perspective, Fabric has a good idea, and its focus is to meet the commercial needs of enterprises, such as solving transaction volume issues. As we all know, Bitcoin’s biggest shortcoming is its upper limit of 7 transactions per second, which is completely unlimited.method to meet practical needs. Fabric's goal is to achieve 100,000 transactions per second, which is close to the instantaneous peak of the Double Eleven transaction volume that just passed, and can fully meet industry-level applications under normal conditions. Fabric is developed in Go language and also provides APIs in multiple languages. It is particularly worth mentioning that Fabric makes full use of container technology. For example, its smart contracts run in containers. This is also a benefit that the Go language brings to Fabric, because the static compilation and deployment characteristics of the Go language are very suitable for developing programs in containers. Fabric also has some features, such as its membership service that can set up node access review, which is a typical alliance chain feature. Another example is that its consensus algorithm is customizable. The shortcoming of Fabric is that the system is relatively complex. Although it has documentation, it is difficult for developers who lack experience to learn it. However, because of its clear positioning and catering to the mentality of many companies, many institutions are already secretly developing alliance chain projects in the industry based on Fabric.

⑥ Is blockchain useful? What impact and prospects does blockchain have?

I believe everyone is no longer unfamiliar with the emerging technology of blockchain, because this is the current The most popular topic of Jiao Chun, many big guys in different industries are analyzing its role and prospects. Today we also do some research on the blockchain. Is the blockchain useful and what is the impact of the blockchain? and prospect analysis, I hope it can help everyone.
Is blockchain useful?
1. Banking: As a digital, secure and interference-proof account, blockchain realizes the core function of the banking industry: a safe storage and transfer center of value. In other words, in the next few years, a wave of companies based on blockchain technology may affect the banking industry.
2. Payment and transfer: Blockchain technology can avoid complicated systems and create a more direct payment process between the payer and the payee. Whether it is a domestic transfer or a cross-border transfer, this method has its advantages. Low price, fast, and no intermediate handling fees.
3. Network security: Although the blockchain system is public, its verification, sending and other data exchange processes use advanced encryption technology. This technology not only ensures the correct source of data, but also ensures that the data is not intercepted during the process. If blockchain technology is more widely used, the probability of being attacked by hackers may also decrease, so people think that blockchain systems are more stable than traditional systems. One of the reasons why blockchain systems can reduce traditional network security risks is that they eliminate the need for middlemen.
4. Election: Everyone's vote "can never be modified or deleted by us - programmers, school administrators or students."
5. Smart contract: Smart contracts are actually on another object. A computer program that functions on the go. Like ordinary computer programs, smart contracts are also an "if-then" function, but blockchain technology enables the automatic filling of these "contracts" without manual intervention. thisSuch contracts may eventually replace the legal insolvency industry's core business of drafting and managing contracts in both commercial and civil areas.
6. Stock trading: For many years, companies have been trying to simplify the process of buying, selling and trading stocks. Emerging blockchain technology startups believe they can go beyond the past, automating the entire process, improving security and efficiency.
What impact and prospects does blockchain have?
1. The dual impact of bringing wealth and risk:
The difference between blockchain technology and traditional Internet technology is that it chooses the high-risk financial industry as the entry point, but the financial field is full of Areas with many obstacles. Such direct entry has a dual impact: on the one hand, it can bring wealth effects to entrepreneurs relatively quickly; on the other hand, various risks will also come directly and violently.
2. Improve efficiency and reduce costs:
For physical finance, blockchain can maintain the fidelity in the process of transmitting information, such as personal credit information and other data, thereby avoiding many transaction costs and enabling large-scale Improve efficiency, this is the positive meaning it brings.
3. Control financial risks early and small:
Blockchain is cooperating with the innovation of digital currency, preventing over-insurance in the insurance industry, over-lending in bank mutual funds loans, and the integration of supply chain finance. , promote electronic identity recognition, etc., applicable to many industries and fields. In terms of financial security, many companies have also cooperated with regulatory authorities to build regulatory technology systems to help regulatory authorities monitor and provide early warning for the risks of Internet financial companies, so as to control financial risks early and at an early stage.
4. The owner of the data should be the user himself:
Blockchain is a technology worthy of attention, and it has relevant layouts in its own business and investment. Bitcoin and other electronic currencies are applications based on blockchain technology. They have certain currency functions and have certain use value. However, the main problem now is that the gap between the use value and the transaction price is too big. . ICO is a financing business model.
5. The darkest stage contains the most opportunities:
The darkest stage often contains the most opportunities. The application of blockchain is far more than just monetary and financial. For example, big data can be applied to the entire medical industry in the future. health field. If medical records and diagnosis data are shared to all different medical systems through the big data blockchain, the efficiency of treating diseases and saving lives can be greatly improved.
The editor believes that the correct development prospect of blockchain is to "talk less about financial innovation, focus more on financial security, focus more on inclusive finance, and do more on medical care, health, and environmental protection."
The above is the blockchain brought to you by the editor. Is it useful? What impact and prospects does blockchain have? all content.

⑦ What does blockchain mean? What are the characteristics of blockchain?

As for the technology of blockchain, I believe many friends have already paid attention to it. Blockchain It can be said to be a hot topic right now, with news media reporting heavily on it claiming it will create the future. So what does blockchain mean? blockWhat are the characteristics of the chain? Today we will introduce the blockchain to you in detail, and hope that you will have a deep understanding after reading it.
What does blockchain mean?
Blockchain is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithms. The so-called consensus mechanism is a mathematical algorithm that establishes trust and obtains rights and interests between different nodes in the blockchain system.
Blockchain is also an important concept of Bitcoin. The "2014-2016 Global Bitcoin Development Research Report" released by the Internet Finance Laboratory of Tsinghua University PBC School of Finance and Sina Technology mentioned that blockchain is Bitcoin's underlying technology and infrastructure.
Blockchain is essentially a decentralized database and serves as the underlying technology of Bitcoin. The blockchain is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains information about a Bitcoin network transaction and is used to verify the validity of the information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block.
In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chain data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is cryptographically guaranteed to be non-tamperable and non-forgeable. Ledger.
Broadly speaking, blockchain technology uses block chain data structures to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, uses cryptography to ensure the security of data transmission and access, and uses A new distributed infrastructure and computing paradigm that uses smart contracts composed of automated script code to program and manipulate data.
What are the characteristics of blockchain?
Through the summary and analysis of the blockchain, it is concluded that the characteristics of the blockchain have the following four main points: Open Yingpai
1. The first is the disintermediation of trust, which has been repeatedly emphasized and praised. What Weihe said yesterday is not decentralization but disintermediation, which coincides with each other.
2. The second feature is its stability, reliability, and sustainability. Because it is a distributed network architecture, no central node can be hit or attacked, so in the overall technical layout It has stronger stability, reliability and sustainability.
3. Third, its strong security and consensus mechanism do not require the entry of a third party, but are achieved through a technology, a previously scheduled technology to complete the entire transaction.
4. The fourth is the openness, transparency and non-tamperability of transactions. Many practitioners in the industry have shared these characteristics with you, so these are the four characteristics of the blockchain.
Because of these characteristics, blockchain can receive huge attention from many financial institutions and many industries in the future or now.
The above is what the editor brings to you. What does blockchain mean? What are the characteristics of blockchain? all content.

⑧ Comic popular science about blockchain, you need to know the basic concepts

No matter what industry you are in, you must have seen information about blockchain in your circle of friends in the past two days Various news on the chain. So, such a popular blockchain,What exactly is it?
1. What exactly is blockchain?
A cartoon will help you understand in seconds
Blockchain technology refers to a way for all people to participate in accounting. There is a database behind all systems. You can think of the database as a big ledger. Currently, each is keeping its own account.
Since there is no centralized intermediary agency, letting everything run automatically through preset programs can not only greatly reduce costs, but also improve efficiency. And since everyone has the same ledger, it can ensure that the ledger recording process is open and transparent.
Blockchain technology is the underlying technology of Bitcoin. Without the operation and management of any centralized organization, Bitcoin has been running very stably for many years without any problems, so some people have noticed its underlying technology. , extract the abstraction of Bitcoin technology and call it blockchain technology, or distributed ledger technology.
According to a report released by Santander, Spain's largest bank, if all banks around the world use blockchain technology internally around 2020, they will save approximately US$20 billion in costs per year. Such data is enough to illustrate the tremendous changes and breakthroughs that "blockchain" has brought to the traditional financial field.
Cloud computing is usually defined as providing dynamic, easily scalable and often virtualized resources through the Internet, but it is often a centralized organization that provides a cloud computing platform. The network composed of blockchain generally does not have a specific organization, so blockchain is closer to the definition of a distributed computing system and is a type of distributed computing.
Q Coin is a centralized electronic currency, including the total amount and issuance method, which are controlled by Tencent. The total amount and issuance method of Bitcoin are pre-set by programs and encryption algorithms, and run on multiple nodes around the world. No one or institution can modify them, and they are not controlled by any single person or institution. Q coins are generally called electronic currencies or corporate tokens. Bitcoin is called digital currency or encrypted digital currency.
2. What are the characteristics of blockchain? What can it be used for?
In summary, blockchain is the underlying technology of Bitcoin. It is like a database ledger that records all transaction records. Its essence It is a decentralized database. This technology has gradually attracted the attention of the banking and financial industries because of its safety and convenience.
Blockchain has the characteristics of decentralization, no need for central trust, non-tampering, and encryption security. It is entering the vision of government decision-making, financial institutions, and large enterprises, and is used in digital currency, payment settlement, credit financing, and finance. trade.
What can blockchain be used for? From the current point of view, the most obvious application of blockchain is Bitcoin. Blockchain first gained attention thanks to Bitcoin.
Qian Lufeng, chief analyst of the computer industry at Sinolink Securities, said that the most typical application scenarios of blockchain currently include three categories:
The first is currency applications, such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, etc.;
The second is Traditional financial fields, such as blockchain technology alliance R3 and Hyperledger, etc., bringing together Goldman Sachs, Ping An, HSBC, IBM and other institutions, committed to cross-border payment, financial bill management and other application scenarios in the financial field;
The third is non-Yuanzhou financial fields, such as energy, luxury goods , telecommunications, Internet and other fields.
Listed companies in the A-share computer sector have actively deployed blockchain in aspects such as equity investment, technology research and development, and project cooperation. However, because it takes a certain amount of time to incubate a new team and new projects/products/services, many listed companies are still in the early trial and error stage in terms of blockchain technology research and development and scenario-based applications.
As for the application of blockchain in the financial and non-financial fields, Industrial Securities stated that many traditional financial institutions, including banks and exchanges, currently attach great importance to technologies such as distributed ledgers of blockchain. And began to explore its practical applications in cross-border payments, bill transactions, securities issuance, etc. Some industry leaders have already entered the concept verification and project implementation stages.
With the improvement and innovation of underlying algorithms such as consensus mechanisms, Internet companies and non-financial companies have also begun to explore the possibility of applying blockchain in non-financial fields such as supply chain management, copyright transfer, and case management.

⑨ Blockchain Encyclopedia: The Past and Present of Blockchain - 3.0 Era

The representative of the blockchain 1.0 era is Bitcoin, and the representative of the 2.0 era is Ethereum Square, as well as various copycats and air coins in the troubled times. Blockchain 3.0 is the era of consumer-level blockchain that has truly entered commercial and physical applications after the troubled times. The typical symbol is the emergence of tokens. The pass has brought about changes in traditional business models and production relations. The pass has moved from the digital world to the real economy and has begun to seek practical applications in various industries.

The pass has three elements, one of which is indispensable.

Pass: The pass can be circulated on a large scale in a network and can be verified anytime and anywhere; Certificate: As a proof of digital rights and interests, the pass must be a certificate of rights and interests that exists in digital form, and it must represent It is a right, an inherent and intrinsic value; value: the token must have economic value.

In this way, the meaning of "token economy" is not difficult to understand. The token economy is a large-scale group collaboration based on tokens. It maximizes the role of tokens, allows every role that creates value to share value fairly, fully mobilizes participation motivation, and forms a self-organizing form.

Major changes in the blockchain 3.0 era

The token economy has laid the theoretical basis and technical support for the large-scale application of blockchain, and the future world will also be transformed by it. Large-scale changes include:

1. Fragmented investment, fragmented income, subverting the traditional way of doing business on the Internet. In the traditional Internet era, it is impossible for ordinary people to participate in an enterpriseinvestment, and the emergence of blockchain allows ordinary people to make fragmented investments in a large asset. Assuming that Alibaba used blockchain for fragmented investment, then all the fragmented shareholders who invested in Alibaba would be able to reap a return on investment that has increased thousands of times today!

2. Break the money-burning model of the Internet and make everyone a winner. The free model of the traditional Internet is essentially to obtain a large number of users through free products to form monopolies and barriers, and then make profits through advertising and value-added services on this basis. In the blockchain 3.0 era, project income is redistributed by issuing tokens to attract more early investors and community users. As the number of users holding tokens increases, the value of the tokens will become higher and higher, and community users, investors, and projects can all benefit from it. In this way, the money-burning model of providing free services in the early days of the traditional Internet can also be improved, and everyone will become a winner.

3. Breaking down the traditional corporate organizational hierarchy, self-organization may become a future trend. In the blockchain 3.0 era, through the establishment of distribution and collaboration mechanisms through smart contracts, it can be more efficient and accurate than enterprises. All token owners will naturally form a community. Everyone has the same goal - "to promote the development of the project and make it a success". They are all members of the community, contribute to the community, promote the value-added of the token, and thus gain benefits together. profit. From a philosophical perspective, this new self-organizing community of freedom, independence, and equality must be the future trend. Gojoy blockchain e-commerce is a blockchain self-organized community. Every consumer is a token owner and a fragmented investor, so he is very happy to co-create and build Gojoy value.

Therefore, we can look forward to the era of great development of the blockchain 3.0 token economy, and the existing ones may be subverted. What we need to be prepared for is to work hard to embrace the blockchain. If you want to seize the trend of blockchain and understand how to transform into blockchain, please leave a message to communicate and we will take you to learn the blockchain professional certification course.

⑩ After reading this article, you will have a thorough understanding of the blockchain

In this article, all the content I introduced is based on the blockchain in today’s world. The fact that the blockchain field has already happened is not some imagination or opinions about the blockchain. I think that as long as you read this article carefully, you will easily have a basic and accurate understanding of blockchain.

The main content of understanding blockchain in just ten minutes is divided into four sections. 21 topics and 4 sections are:

The first national blockchain strategy.

Second, Bitcoin and its literal representation involve four topics.

Third, blockchain and its technical logic involve 13 topics.

Fourth, blockChain-empowering economy and society involves three topics.

Let’s first look at the first part of the blockchain national strategy, the first part of the blockchain country. Everyone knows that we humans have experienced six information revolutions. Seven or eight years ago, the first information revolution created primitive language, social tacit understanding, and the second information revolution saw the emergence of writing. The third information revolution in feudal society invented papermaking and printing, and the fourth information revolution in the late 19th century invented radio.

In the fifth information revolution of the 20th century, television appeared again, and now in the sixth information revolution, computers and the Internet have appeared. The emergence of computers and the Internet has given rise to the rapid development of various new technologies. Especially in 2020, the digital economy has experienced epoch-making development.

Why do you say that? The characteristics of high bandwidth, low latency and large connections in the 5G era have enabled the implementation of the four major technologies of ABCD.

What are the four major ABCD technologies

The a here refers to Artificial Intelligence, which is artificial intelligence technology.

B refers to Blockchain, blockchain technology.

C refers to cloud computing cloud computing technology

D refers to big data technology.

The word blockchain is now completely popular all over the country. On October 25, 2019, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China announced the development of blockchain technology. The current situation has been collectively studied, so the requirement of this meeting is to use blockchain technology as the core technology.

As an important breakthrough for independent innovation, it is necessary to accelerate the innovative development of blockchain technology and industry. On April 20, 2020, the National Development and Reform Commission officially included blockchain into new infrastructure. Blockchain, why do you think it is so awesome? Let us say that blockchain is not an extension of the Internet, it is a subversion of the Internet. In the future, many, many technologies will grow on this blockchain and realize blockchainization.

So, how can we accurately learn and understand the blockchain?

We found that among the four major technologies of ABCD, only the block is naturally built-in It's financial. Therefore, we must learn and understand blockchain from the IT perspective and the financial perspective, and even learn and understand blockchain from the level of national governance. If you only study and understand blockchain from an IT perspective, it is impossible to understand the hugeness of this technology.If you have great influence and influence, then your understanding of this will be biased, and you may even be dissatisfied with blockchain technology. In addition, in the process of learning about blockchain, you should also pay attention to the fact that it has many new terms, so you need to concentrate on understanding it step by step.

Let’s first understand blockchain from a financial perspective.

Bitcoin and its birth performance

To understand the blockchain, it involves Bitcoin, and what about the birth of Bitcoin? , and it is inseparable from the evolution of currency. We know that currency is a special commodity that is separated from commodities and serves as a fixed general equivalent. In fact, we humans have used a lot of currencies, including physical currency, weighing currency, paper money, accounting currency, etc. As for accounting currency, it includes electronic currency and digital currency. Electronic currency itself is not a currency. It is just used to represent the same amount of currency. It is a token.

Then the total amount of his tokens will not increase due to the increase of electronic currency. Alipay, WeChat, payment, and online banking are typical electronic currencies. As for digital currency, it is itself a legal currency. The total amount of this fiat currency will increase with the increase of digital currencies. We know that when it comes to physical currency, we humans have actually chosen many things as general equivalents.

Weighing currencies are some heavy metals. Later, people chose gold among the heavy metals. Why choose gold? Because gold has the characteristics of rarity, divisibility, and the most stable chemical properties. What needs to be noted here is gold. It is not issued by any country. It is provided by nature. of. Your country's total amount is as much as nature provides. Therefore, the country does not need to provide credit guarantees for the value of gold.

However, as for gold, it has some flaws in its use, and it is difficult to carry when you go out again, so there are descendants. Paper money appeared in the Northern Song Dynasty. At that time, paper money was not currency in the current sense. The currency at that time was still gold, but we used paper money to represent gold. We called it the gold standard. The gold standard is the gold standard, which is a monetary system with gold as the standard currency. The core essence of the gold standard is that how much currency a country issues should be decided based on how much gold your country has. It does not mean you can issue as much currency as you want.

At that time, the Great Depression of the United States reached January 10, 1934. On this day, the newly elected President of the United States made a very important decision to abandon the gold standard and issue $3 billion. Think about it, let it goAbandoning the gold standard, in theory, means that he can issue as much currency as he wants. Even if there is no gold in the treasury, he can issue banknotes as long as he wants to. Then someone will ask, if you issue so many words, can you still exchange them for gold of equal value?

Look at the banknotes at this time, they have been separated from gold, and national credit has emerged. , this, we call it currency guaranteed by national credit. Now, when mainstream countries issue currency, they also issue it with national credit as a guarantee.

What are the benefits? The advantage is that it can regulate the economy. When the economy is not doing well, a little more hair can drive economic development. The increase or decrease in this variable will cause a chain reaction of the entire economic aggregate. This is the multiplier effect in economics. Once a country masters this thing, some countries will be fascinated by it. But if it is not well controlled, it will lead to national credit bankruptcy. As a result, many people began to reflect. This reflection is, when issuing currency, is it better to use national credit as a guarantee, or is it better to stick to the gold standard based on the total amount of gold. This question involves the birth of Bitcoin