区块链发行股票,区块链上涨的原因是什么

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Ⅰ How to issue additional central bank digital currency

How to issue additional currency set by banks? The bank's digital currency is currently in the stage of additional issuance, and cannot meet market demand

Ⅱ How to issue EOS

EOS has two different issuance methods: crowdfunding and additional issuance . EOS refers to the temporary EOS token issued based on Ethereum ERC20 before the main network is launched. It is issued through crowdfunding. The crowdfunding will start at 13:00 UTC (Universal Coordinated Time) on June 26, 2017 and last for 341 days. . A total of 1 billion EOS will be issued in the crowdfunding, which is divided into two phases. The first phase will be 200 million EOS, which will start on June 26, 2017 and end on July 1, 2017; the second phase will be 700 million EOS. It is divided into 350 shares for sale, that is, one share every 23 hours, each share is 2 million pieces, and the remaining 100 million pieces belong to Block.one and cannot be traded on the Ethereum network. After the EOS mainnet is launched, an additional 5% of EOS will be issued every year, of which 1% will be used to reward block producers and alternative nodes. Before the main network is mapped, the existing EOS is a temporary EOS token issued based on Ethereum ERC20. When the EOS mainnet goes online in June this year, these temporary EOS need to be converted into real EOS platform tokens. This operation is mapping, which is equivalent to directly building a bridge between Ethereum and the EOS mainnet. Before the mainnet goes online, you need to generate an EOS native currency address of the main chain and associate it with the Ethereum wallet address through a series of operations. Before June 2, you need to transfer the temporary EOS tokens to the Ethereum wallet. , within the next 23 hours, EOS will take a snapshot of the EOS in the wallet, and then send the EOS platform token to your EOS address in the form of airdrop. After 48 hours, the temporary EOS token on Ethereum will be It will be frozen and cannot be used. If mainnet mapping is not done, the temporary EOS tokens in hand will not be recognized by the mainnet, which is the so-called zero if not mapped. When depositing EOS on the Huobi exchange, Huobi will automatically map it for the user without requiring the user to do anything.

Ⅲ Why has FIL skyrocketed in recent days

1. At present, the market’s daily increase in circulating coins is linearly released in 6 months by FIl mined by miners and SAFT. FIL is composed of SAFT and their linear release ended on April 15, which means that the circulating coins that increase every day can only be mined by miners. So this news means that the daily circulation of coins has been reduced (the reduction is the linear release of SAFT), which does not affect the output and income of miners, but has positive significance for the stability and stability of currency prices.
2. World-renowned investment institutions represented by Grayscale have officially included Filecoin in trust products, which means that large institutions have begun to deploy Filecoin. This will have a strong driving effect, and other small and medium-sized investment institutions will follow suit.
3. Daily new computing power has increased significantly, and the cost of new computing power is12.84F/T. About RMB 5,600/T. Yesterday, 28.8P was added, 1P = 1024T; the computing power increased significantly, and FIL must be purchased for mortgage. Changes in supply and demand caused FIL to rise. Reflexivity will be further strengthened.
4. A fire broke out in a centralized computer room of the largest cloud storage service provider in Europe and the third largest in the world, causing heavy losses. Centralized storage of data has shown its drawbacks, accelerating the development of distributed storage represented by IPFS.
5. A consortium of investment banks represented by Morgan Stanley has entered the blockchain digital currency and has submitted it to the US Securities Regulatory Commission for approval. FIL is the only blockchain project registered with the US Securities Regulatory Commission.

IV How to issue coins on Binance Smart Chain

The "one-click coin issuance" platform secretly issued additional coins and exposed three no projects
Sina Finance Comprehensive 2020-03-27 19:43
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Source: Hive Finance News

Recently, Beijing Lian’an disclosed a strange additional issuance incident.

The Golden Chain (HJL) project team recently discovered on the Ethereum browser that there are some unknown addresses holding HJL tokens outside the total amount issued by the project. After auditing the contract code, Beijing Lian'an found that Yi Token, the "one-click coin issuance" platform found by the project team, was causing trouble in the contract code. It secretly issued an additional 1% of the total HJL tokens and stole them to the designated address in an attempt to cash out. .

According to Beijing Lian’an’s disclosure, in addition to HJL, project parties such as MH, CRS, and LP were also successful in the recruitment.

There are risks in third-party currency issuance platforms that secretly open "back doors". Project parties that use third-party tools to issue coins have also encountered doubts: even the basic work of issuing tokens using smart contracts is difficult to complete independently, and they are Even if a person has placed a backdoor in a contract and cannot find out, how can such a person with such technical literacy undertake the development of a blockchain project?

The inexplicable additional issuance incident not only exposed the problem of "foolish" coin issuance platforms hiding backdoors to mint more coins and cash out, but also exposed the "three noes" of a group of "three noes" that have no official website, no white paper, and no technical strength. The project comes to the fore. Once these projects are listed on the exchange, investors in the secondary market are likely to become the ultimate "takers."

The “one-click coin issuance” platform secretly issued additional project coins

On March 25, the blockchain security company Beijing Lianan disclosed that the Golden Chain (HJL) project was It was found on the Ethereum browser that the number of project tokens HJL is greater than the total amount issued. It has been verified that the extra coins are neither coins with the same name nor counterfeit coins, but more like appearing out of thin air in an unknown address.

The project team’s promotional materials show that the total issuance of HJL tokens is 43 million. However, an unknown address starting with "0xfA6D" once obtained 430,000 tokens at one time, which is exactly 1% of the total issuance of HJL.

StrangeUnfortunately, this address is neither an address owned by the project party nor a record of transferring HJL tokens. It is impossible to trace where this part of HJL came from through a blockchain browser.

Search for information about HJL. The token has been listed on the BJEX exchange on February 28, forming a price in the secondary market. On March 26, HJL quoted 0.008 USDT. According to this calculation, the HJL obtained by the address starting with "0xfA6D" is worth 3440 USDT, equivalent to 24,700 yuan.


HJL tokens appeared out of thin air at the address starting with “0xfA6D”

Although it only accounts for 1% of the total amount of HJL, this inexplicable extra coin is no different Being a white wolf with empty hands has harmed the interests of the project party.

Finally, Beijing Lian’an discovered the clues by querying HJL’s currency issuance contract. When the smart contract was deployed on the chain, the total supply of recharges to addresses starting with “0xfA6D” was set at the code level. An instruction for 1% of tokens, and the instruction includes the setting that the quietly issued additional coins will not be included in the total issuance.

After further communication, Beijing Lian'an learned that the project team's currency issuance contract was not developed independently, but was outsourced to a one-click currency issuance platform called "Easy Token".

Subsequently, Beijing Lianan used Yi Token to deploy a currency issuance contract on the test network. After checking the contract code, it was found that the platform adopted the same method and secretly issued additional tokens, and also transferred to the above-mentioned " Address starting with "0xfA6D".

At this point, the inexplicable additional issuance of HJL has come to light. The outsourced currency issuance platform interfered with the code and issued and stole 1% of the total tokens of the customer's project without informing the customer. Once the customer project is listed on the exchange, these additional tokens will most likely be sold for cash.

As of March 26, 4 HJL transfers have been completed from the address starting with “0xfA6D”, totaling 330,000 HJL.

The "fool-style" currency issuance makes it easy for project parties to run naked

It is worth noting that among the addresses starting with "0xfA6D", in addition to HJL, there is also Moneyhome (MH) , Phantom Matter (PHTM2), CRS (CRS), Libra Pi (LP) and many other ERC20 tokens. The way these coins are generated is similar to HJL, they all appear out of thin air. Security personnel speculate that the issuers of these tokens may have adopted the one-click currency issuance function of Yi Token.

On the market, in addition to Yi Token, you can also search for one-click currency issuance platforms such as Kuaifa Coin and FinChain. These platforms are basically "fool's versions" of using smart contracts to issue coins. You only need to fill in basic elements such as the full name, abbreviation, and initial issuance amount of the token on the coin issuance interface to generate a coin issuance contract and generate customized tokens.

Some third-party publishing platforms also provide services such as one-click exchange opening, one-click crowdfunding, and exchange listing.

The fees charged by third-party currency issuance platforms vary. Taking the issuance of the most basic ERC20 token as an example, Yi Token charges $39.99, while Kuaifa Token charges 1 ETH. In addition, these platforms will also provide users with special needs. The currency issuance interface displays functions such as destruction, combined transfer, locking, and additional issuance. Of course, with each additional function, the price will also increase.


The official website page of a certain currency issuance platform

Beijing Lian’an told Honeycomb Finance that it has not found any “backdoors” in other platforms to secretly increase issuance or steal coins. situation, but the threshold for such operations is extremely low, and it is not ruled out that new cases will appear in the future.

This phenomenon disclosed by security agencies has also sounded the alarm for blockchain projects that rely on outsourcing services. Beijing Lian'an believes that project parties who entrust outsourcing technical teams are in an extremely unsafe "streaking" state. When using the so-called currency issuance platform, the entire process is a black box for them, and they cannot know the tricks inside.

What is even more alarming is that many small and medium-sized exchanges currently do not require project parties to conduct code audits when listing coins, which causes the "organs" in the problematic code to pass through layers of checkpoints. Risks that cannot be intercepted in time.

So, how to remedy the above situation once it occurs? Beijing Lian'an told Hive Finance that if the currency issuance contract has been deployed on the chain, it is technically difficult to directly modify it and the contract can only be redeployed. There are two situations.

The security agency further explained that if the project has not been listed on the exchange and the tokens have not been fully distributed, the impact of redeveloping the contract will be relatively small. Investors only need to be informed that the previously issued coins are invalid, and then Just reissue it.

Another situation is that the project has been listed on the exchange and is fully traded in the secondary market. The project party needs to communicate with the exchange and investors and formulate a plan to switch tokens after redeploying the contract. "In this case, not only will the process be more cumbersome, but it may also have a negative impact on the reputation of the project party."

Beijing Lianan reminds that if the project team involves outsourcing development, it is not only necessary to evaluate the capabilities of the outsourcing team, but also to evaluate the moral risks of these teams. In addition, the security audit of smart contracts is also essential.

The additional coin issuance address exposes the "three noes" project

The "one-click coin issuance" platform does evil in the contract code, which certainly harms the interests of the project side, but it also shows the difference. The technical "underpants" of some project parties in the blockchain industry.

Search for "Ethereum coin issuance" on the Internet, and you can see many ERC20 coin issuance tutorials. Some tutorial writers said that using Ethereum's smart contracts "you can easily write your own tokens"”.


There are many tutorials on issuing ERC20 tokens on the Internet

Beijing Lianan introduced that since there is a set of standard development templates for ERC20 token issuance, issuance The functional requirements of the token are not high. As long as you have basic Solidity language development capabilities and are familiar with contract deployment and verification on Ethereum, you can complete the issuance of Token without the participation of a third party.

It stands to reason that for blockchain project developers who often claim to "reform" and "subvert" the Internet, issuing coins is not a problem. However, the emergence of a fool-proof platform like "one-click coin issuance" seems to give There are conflicting answers.

Search the token information in the addresses starting with “0xfA6D” one by one, and it is not difficult to find that these projects are so-called “innovative currencies” with extremely high risks.

Take the Golden Chain (HJL) that has been listed on the BJEX exchange as an example. In its currency listing announcement, it did not publish the official website and white paper. It only described that it is a global ledger-type information exchange collaboration based on blockchain technology. Cloud platform. The official website information of the project cannot be found online, and it is unknown who operates the project. The BJEX exchange that lists the project currently ranks 108th among non-small accounts.

For another Moneyhome (MH) project, only relevant promotional materials can be found. The words "subvert all Internet finance" and "internal currency prices will only rise but not fall" are simple and crude. The fission rebate model described is also very suspicious. Some netizens said , Moneyhome collapsed on February 29.

The address starting with “0xfA6D” exposed a number of “three no’s” projects in the currency circle. Even issuing coins requires outsourcing projects, how can we expect them to develop them? Develop a blockchain network?

Beijing Lianan told Hive Finance that the current currency market participants are mixed, and many project parties lack technical background and capabilities. For those who just want to make a fortune, , "seeking speed" is the purpose. Their resources and business core are also focused on the market, operations and other links. There is no long-term development route in technology, so they will not set up a dedicated R&D team to "find the third place". It is obviously more economical for third-party platforms to quickly develop and deploy contracts. ”

In Beijing Lian’an’s view, behaviors such as opening a backdoor to issue additional tokens and issuing counterfeit coins with the same name are actually easy to detect, because most currency issuance contracts will be open source after deployment. As long as relevant security audits are conducted, it is possible They noticed it in time.

For the "Three Nos" project of naked swimming, technical ability has never been the focus. When they were planning to "make a fortune" in the secondary market, little did they know that " The "One-Click Coin Issuance" platform was the first to lay mines in the dark. If this kind of project enters the secondary market, investors will become the "takers" who will eventually suffer.

IV Blockchain concept stocks have skyrocketed collectively. Is it a pie?It’s a trap

The IT industry has been constantly hyping concepts! It’s not that magical after all! Of course, those who can swindle money in China are good comrades.

VI What is the concept of blockchain? Read it in three minutes!

On October 25, 2019, Xinwen Broadcast sent a very important signal: the country must vigorously develop blockchain. After that, blockchain has become an Internet celebrity, and the figure of "blockchain" is floating in the streets and alleys. In fact, many technology companies have already deployed blockchain technology.

Although blockchain is very popular, many people do not know much about blockchain.

What is blockchain?

Let’s first take a look at how Du Niang explained it. Network display: Blockchain is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithms.

Why is blockchain called blockchain?

The blockchain is linked by blocks one by one, and the blocks are storage units one by one, which record the communication information of each block node. The blocks are much like the records of the database. Writing data every time creates a block. With the expansion of information exchange, one block continues with another, and the result is called a blockchain.

What are the characteristics of blockchain?

Blockchain mainly has the following characteristics:

1. Decentralization: In the blockchain system, every node has equal rights. and obligations, there is no central control here. Decentralization has well established trust relationships with each other. Although there is no central management organization, people can collaborate with each other and trust each other. This mainly applies blockchain distributed ledger technology.

2. Openness: Blockchain data is open to everyone. Except for some encrypted information that is not open, everyone can check the data here.

3. Independence: The entire blockchain system does not rely on other third parties. All nodes can automatically and securely verify and exchange data within the system without any human intervention.

4. Security: Blockchain has a certain degree of security and cannot be tampered with. Because everyone in the blockchain system has the same ledger, if someone wants to tamper with it, it is possible to forge a non-existent record only if they control more than 51% of the accounting nodes. Of course, this is basically impossible. This is mainly due to the core technology of the blockchain: the consensus mechanism. The consensus mechanism has the characteristics of "the minority obeys the majority" and "everyone is equal".

5. Anonymity: Many people think that if the blockchain is so open and transparent, will we lose privacy? Actually not, althoughAlthough the transaction information in the blockchain is open and transparent, the identity information of the account is encrypted and can only be accessed with authorization.

Now let me tell you a story to help you better understand the blockchain.

There are three people in the family, mom, dad, older brother and younger brother. Last year, my father was in charge of the family's account books. He was responsible for all the family's income and expenses alone.

However, on the day of Double Eleven, my mother, who has always been frugal, wanted to buy herself a beautiful piece of clothing on a certain online store. When she checked the account book, she found something was wrong. It stands to reason that except for some money deposited in banks and financial management, the whereabouts of the daily consumption money at home are all in this account book, but no matter how you look at it, it is wrong. Some consumption is clearly not recorded, but is recorded.

Later, my father took the initiative to confess that he couldn’t help but buy a pack of cigarettes.

Later, my mother changed her strategy and the whole family kept accounts. Everyone recorded their monthly consumption expenditure in their own account books. Whenever there was a transaction or consumption at home, my mother would shout, "Book it," and everyone would record the transaction in their own books. This is the decentralized accounting model, where everyone is the center and everyone has a ledger.

The previous accounting model for dad was centralized accounting. If dad wanted to do something alone, it would be difficult for anyone to see it. The decentralized accounting model has solved the problem of centralization very well. The disadvantage of bookkeeping is that it is very difficult for dad to tamper with the books.

For example, if dad wants to take some money from the ledger and secretly buy cigarettes, the amount of money is limited, and if he wants to take the money, he has to change the ledger, but he only tampered with his own ledger. No, he had to change the accounts of three people including himself. And this is undoubtedly more difficult than reaching the sky.

So, many times my father had the idea of ​​smoking, but he had no choice but to give up the idea due to the current situation.

Are blockchain and Bitcoin the same thing?

In fact, blockchain and Bitcoin are not the same thing. It is just the underlying technology of Bitcoin. Bitcoin is the first digital currency applied by blockchain.

In 2008, Satoshi Nakamoto first proposed the concept of blockchain. In the following years, it became the core component of the electronic currency Bitcoin, serving as a public account book for all transactions. Blockchain was first applied to Bitcoin.

The origin of blockchain is to solve the problem of trust, and one of the most successful applications of blockchain is digital currency. Bitcoin is arguably the most successful application of blockchain so far.

What are the applications of blockchain?

The application of blockchain is actually very wide. In addition to digital currency,The future applications of Bitcoin are still very wide, and blockchain technology has been widely used in different industries. Such as product traceability, copyright protection and transactions, payment and settlement, Internet of Things, digital marketing, medical care, etc., promoting different industries to quickly enter the "blockchain+" era.

1. Payment and clearing: Blockchain can abandon the role of transit banks, realize point-to-point payment, reduce transit fees, and accelerate fund utilization.

2. Product traceability: For example, if we buy a piece of clothing on a certain store, we can see the past and present life of this piece of clothing.

3. Securities trading: Traditional securities trading requires the coordination of four major institutions, which is inefficient and costly. Blockchain technology can independently complete one-stop services.

4. Supply chain: Introducing blockchain technology into the supply chain system, synchronizing information within the system can control all links, better complete division of labor and collaboration, and facilitate subsequent accountability.

5. Intellectual property rights: With copyright on the chain, our photographic works, musical works, literary works, etc. will become our information, and the ownership of the information will be confirmed and become our property.

Ⅶ What is blockchain

What is blockchain

What is blockchain? Many people are confused about what blockchain is. It is not very clear, and some people have even never heard of it. In fact, blockchain is a common one. I have compiled relevant information about what blockchain is for everyone.

What is blockchain 1

Speaking of blockchain, we have to mention its twin brother-Bitcoin.

Time goes back to 11 years ago. On November 1, 2008, the world was shrouded in the huge shadow of the financial crisis. That day, a mysterious geek who called himself "Satoshi Nakamoto" sent a group email.

Attached to the email is a paper titled: "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System."

Satoshi Nakamoto said in the email that he is working on a new electronic cash system that is completely peer-to-peer and does not require any trusted third party. About half a month later, Satoshi Nakamoto released the source code of the Bitcoin system non-stop.

On January 3, 2009, an interesting invention turned out. Satoshi Nakamoto generated the first Bitcoin block on the server, which is the so-called "Bitcoin genesis block". Since then, the Bitcoin system has officially opened.

Having said that, you might as well stop and think about how we conduct cash transactions in real life.

Suppose you borrow 10,000 yuan from a friend and promise to pay it back in one month. You may choose to repay the loan by bank card transfer. The bank is responsible for deducting 10,000 yuan from your deposit account and adding 10,000 yuan to your friend's deposit account.

inHere, the bank is the institution responsible for keeping accounts. The underlying reason why you choose bank transfer is that you believe it is more reliable and will help you transfer 10,000 yuan to a friend.

However, in the digital world, inventing a currency is another matter.

The hero behind the Bitcoin game

First of all, Satoshi Nakamoto hopes to conduct peer-to-peer direct transactions, bypassing the third party of the bank. This problem is easy to solve. Then there will be no banks. Users will issue their own currencies through a unique mechanism and trade directly with each other.

But this brings another problem. There is no bank as a reliable intermediary responsible for accounting, and users do not know each other. How to ensure that no one cheats during transactions?

For example, in the digital world, electronic files can be easily copied. 10 yuan of digital currency turns into 100 yuan by copying and pasting it with the mouse 10 times. Isn’t it a mess?

To solve this problem, we need to provide a mechanism for everyone to trust each other.

The method adopted by the Bitcoin system is to record all transaction processes openly and transparently in chronological order. These records are permanent and cannot be tampered with. This way you won't be able to do anything sneaky.

With these mechanisms, the Bitcoin system operates successfully.

This system stores data in units of data blocks, which are blocks. Approximately every 10 minutes, new blocks will be added. Each block records the detailed transaction process of Bitcoin and is timestamped. Different blocks are connected in chronological order through a certain algorithm, which is a chain.

Together, they are called "Blockchain".

In this way, the blockchain took root with the birth of Bitcoin. If Bitcoin is the star in front of the spotlight, blockchain is the hero behind the scenes responsible for providing a trust mechanism in the underlying technology.

Brand new changes in accounting methods

Although behind the scenes, the talent of blockchain was quickly discovered.

In technical terms, blockchain is a distributed ledger technology. To understand it, let’s take the simplest example.

Suppose your family keeps accounts like this: you, your father, and your mother each have an account book. You each record your own expenses, and at the end of each month you tally the total household expenses together.

But dad likes to buy cigarettes, mom likes to stock up on cosmetics, and you like to buy snacks. You may both miss a few entries intentionally or unintentionally, and sometimes make corrections in the ledger. Therefore, when checking the accounts at the end of the month, there is always a discrepancy with the actual expenditure of the family.

In order to change this situation, you bought a new account book. You, your father, and your mother jointly use a new account book to keep accounts, remind and supervise each other, and check every expense together.

At the same time, you also agreed that once the expenses are clearly recorded, no alteration or deletion is allowed. After trying it for a few months, you found that this joint ledger matched the actual expenses of the family much more closely.

Blockchain is the second accounting method. The little story above tells us that it has at least these major features or benefits.

First of all, it is decentralized. The database that was previously maintained by one party has become jointly maintained by multiple parties. Everyone writes data together based on consensus, and no one can control the data alone.

Secondly, it allows everyone to switch from keeping separate accounts to joint accounting, which brings data consistency and openness and transparency.

In addition, the blockchain only allows data to be written, not deletion or modification, which prevents data from being secretly tampered with.

Mutual trust between strangers

In reality, many scenarios are much more complicated than how to keep accounts at home. Moreover, many aspects of financial transactions and business processing are mostly operated by strangers. How can we make everyone trust each other?

It’s blockchain’s turn to show its talents. Don’t forget, it can provide a mechanism for everyone to trust each other from the underlying technology.

For example, when you usually go to the wet market to buy things, you may worry about whether fish, shrimp, and vegetables are safe. Some companies see business opportunities and move the data of farmers and fish ponds to the blockchain. In this way, you will know which fish pond the fish you buy comes from, and you will feel more confident when eating.

For another example, links to fundraising for seriously ill patients often appear in Moments. When making a donation, you may have some concerns: Is the patient's condition real? Can donations really be delivered to patients?

In order to eliminate these concerns, some Internet charity organizations use blockchain to allow you to clearly view the steps for using your donation. If the review finds that the patient's condition is not true, the blockchain system will automatically return the donation to your account.

In the future, what changes can blockchain bring to our lives?

It is conceivable that when blockchain is widely used in various fields of society, it will become an important infrastructure in the information age and can solve many of the headaches that currently cause us.

For example, blockchain will allow countless islands of information to be "chained" together. When seeing a doctor, there is no need to repeat the examination just because you change hospitals. Entrepreneurs do not have to go to multiple departments to go through a procedure; many transactions no longer need to be done. Third-party guarantees are required, consumers no longer worry about non-refundable deposits, and creators do not have to worry about their works being stolen but getting nothing...

What is blockchain 2

From an academic perspective, blockchain is New application models of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanisms, and encryption algorithms. Blockchain is essentially a decentralized database.

Many people still don’t understand this explanation, so let me make a simple metaphor.

Hypothetical RingJing: If you have a ledger at home, let you do the accounting. In the past, your parents gave you your salary and asked you to record it in your account book. If you are greedy and want to buy something delicious in the meantime, the record in the ledger may be less than ten yuan.

This is just an example. I believe that when we were children, everyone probably wanted to take some money from their parents’ pockets to spend.

Ways to use blockchain to solve problems:

If you use the whole family mobilization method to keep accounts, the above-mentioned problems will not exist, because you are keeping accounts, and your father They are also keeping accounts, and your mother is also keeping accounts. They can all see the general ledger. You can't change it, and neither can your parents. So your father who wants to buy cigarettes and you who want to eat have nothing to do.

Functional "blockchain"

It can not only record every transaction, but also can be programmed to record almost everything of value to mankind. Things: birth and death certificates, marriage licenses, title deeds, degrees, financial accounts, medical history, insurance claims, ballots, food sources, and anything else that can be represented by a code.

Each block is like a hard disk, which saves all the above information and then encrypts it through cryptography technology. The saved information cannot be tampered with.

Every 10 minutes, the blockchain system will check all data generated during the period (such as transaction records and records of when the block was edited or created, etc.) and store these data in a new area. On the block, this block will be connected with the previous block to form a chain. Each block must contain relevant information from the previous block to be effective.

Characteristics of blockchain

1. Exceptionally safe:

Unlike centralized databases owned by companies or government agencies, blockchain is not controlled by anyone. or entity's control, data is replicated (distributed) in its entirety across multiple computers.

Unlike centralized databases, there is no single entry point for attackers, and data security is more guaranteed.

2. Non-tamperability:

Once entered into the blockchain, no information can be changed, and even the administrator cannot modify this information.

Once something appears, it cannot be changed. This attribute is of great significance to the changeable and ever-changing online world that humans currently live in.

3. Accessible:

All nodes in the network can easily access information.

4. No third party:

Because the blockchain is decentralized, it can facilitate peer-to-peer transactions, so whether you are trading or exchanging funds, there is no need for a third party of approval.

Blockchain itself is a platform.

Blockchain technology refers to a way for all people to participate in accounting. Behind all systems there isA database, you can think of the database as a big ledger. Currently, each is keeping its own accounts.

Since there is no centralized intermediary agency, letting everything run automatically through preset programs can not only greatly reduce costs, but also improve efficiency. And since everyone has the same ledger, it can ensure that the ledger recording process is open and transparent.

Blockchain technology is the underlying technology of Bitcoin. Without the operation and management of any centralized organization, Bitcoin has been operating very stably for many years without any problems, so some people have noticed its The underlying technology abstracts the Bitcoin technology and calls it blockchain technology, or distributed ledger technology.

According to a report released by Santander, Spain's largest bank, if all banks around the world use blockchain technology internally around 2020, they will save approximately US$20 billion in costs per year. Such data is enough to illustrate the tremendous changes and breakthroughs that "blockchain" has brought to the traditional financial field.

Cloud computing is usually defined as providing dynamic, easily scalable and often virtualized resources through the Internet, but it is often a centralized organization that provides a cloud computing platform. The network composed of blockchain generally does not have a specific organization, so blockchain is closer to the definition of a distributed computing system and is a type of distributed computing.

The future development and application scenarios of blockchain

1. Digital identity

Many people will encounter "prove that my mother is me" when applying for various certificates. "Mom" dilemma, with blockchain, you no longer have to worry about it.

It turns out that our birth certificates, real estate certificates, marriage certificates, etc. need a central node for everyone to recognize them. Once cross-border, contracts and certificates may become invalid because of the lack of a global central node.

The non-tamperable nature of blockchain technology has fundamentally changed this situation. Our birth certificates, real estate certificates, and marriage certificates can all be notarized on the blockchain and become things trusted by the world. , of course, it can also easily prove "my mother is my mother".

2. Health care

Simply put, it is to use the blockchain to establish a universal record repository with timestamps, so that different databases can extract data information.

For example, when you go to see a doctor, you don’t have to change hospitals for repeated examinations, and you don’t have to worry about reimbursement for medical insurance, which can save time and expenses.

3. Travel consumption

For example, we often use apps such as Ctrip and Meituan to find and place orders for hotels and other services, and each platform gets commissions from them.

The application of blockchain is to remove middlemen and create a secure, decentralized way for service providers and customers to connect and trade directly.

4. More convenient transactions

BlockChains can make payments and transactions more efficient and convenient. The blockchain platform allows users to create smart contracts that become active when certain conditions are met, meaning that automatic payments can be released when both parties to a transaction agree that their conditions are met.

5. Strictly control product quality

If you buy an apple, with blockchain technology, you can know the entire process from the production of the fruit farmer to the circulation link. Among them are government regulatory information, professional testing data, enterprise quality inspection data, etc. A smart supply chain will make the food we eat and the products we use every day safer and give us more peace of mind.

6. Property rights protection art

The creator puts his work on the blockchain, and if someone uses his work, he can immediately Know. Corresponding royalties are also automatically paid to the creator.

Blockchain technology not only protects copyright, but also helps creators sell their works to consumers better and more directly, without the need for the assistance of distribution companies.

What is blockchain 3

Advantages of blockchain

Decentralized, it does not require the intervention of a third party and enables point-to-point transactions, coordination and collaboration. Because the data is distributed in various nodes through algorithms and has a unique verification mechanism, no one organization or individual can control the global data. Since it is distributed in various nodes, any node stopping work will not affect the entire system. Operation, this decentralized network will greatly improve data security. The data in the system is jointly maintained by various nodes with maintenance functions.

Openness, in addition to the encryption of private information of all parties in the system, the data of the blockchain is open to everyone, and anyone can query the blockchain through the public interface Data and development related applications, so the entire system information is highly transparent.

Where does blockchain come in?

Blockchain is an open, transparent, decentralized and secure technology. This technological revolution is applied to the Internet. For data-sensitive fields such as medical care, public opinion supervision, and ecological testing, it can prevent data from being tampered with and ensure the authenticity of the data.

In short, blockchain is not just a way of virtual currency, its advantages will play an important role in many industries.

Ⅷ Who can help me introduce the next area? What is blockchain technology?

The so-called blockchain technology, also known as distributed ledger technology, is an Internet database technology that is characterized by decentralization, openness and transparency, allowing everyone to All can participate in database recording. What it wants to do is to enable all parties involved to establish a trusting relationship at the technical level.
Explained in layman’s terms: If the database is assumed to be a ledger, reading and writing the database can be regarded as a bookkeeping behavior. The principle of blockchain technology is to find out the fastest and best bookkeeping within a period of time. people, this person will keep accounts, and then send this page of information in the ledger to everyone else in the entire system. This is equivalent to changing all the records in the database and sending them to every other node in the entire network, so blockchain technology is also called a distributed ledger.
Blockchain can be roughly divided into two levels: one is the underlying technology of the blockchain; the other is the upper-layer application of the blockchain, that is, the transformation, optimization or innovative application based on the blockchain.
What is the core meaning of blockchain? My understanding is that the core meaning of blockchain is to establish data credit among participants and create a unilateral ecosystem under clear regulations through unilateral confrontation. This is a system that jointly guarantees complete opportunities. This kind of establishment can end the problems before the blockchain. Before the blockchain, it was impossible to achieve new sharing when data was shared. Even if it was targeted, it would only be for you. With an interface, the blockchain allows participants to share credit.

Ⅸ Understand Ethereum-ETH2.0 in one article. Is it worth holding for a long time?

I have been reading information about the London upgrade of ETH these days. Let’s talk briefly. In the world of cryptocurrency, whether it is investment institutions, blockchain application developers, mining machine manufacturers, or individual investors, hardware suppliers, game industry practitioners, etc., when it comes to Ethereum, everyone will have more or less understanding of it. .

On the one hand, it depends on the wealth creation effect of the Ethereum token ETH itself. Since the initial issuance in 2014, the return on investment has exceeded 7,400 times.

On the other hand, Ethereum, as the most widely used decentralized application programming platform, has attracted countless developers to develop applications on it. These applications not only generate huge commercial value, but also bring more users to ETH as the DEFI ecology, NFT ecology, and DAO ecology flourish.

As the "London Upgrade Plan" approaches, ETH has once again attracted everyone's attention.

What exactly is Ethereum 2.0? What upgrades are included? How is the progress so far?

What impact will the arrival of Ethereum 2.0 have on the decentralized applications of the existing Ethereum ecosystem?

Is ETH worth continuing to invest? I believe you will make your own judgment after reading it.

If building an application is like building a house, then Ethereum provides modules such as walls, roofs, and floors, and users only need toBy building a house like building blocks, the cost and speed of building applications on Ethereum are greatly improved. The emergence of Ethereum quickly attracted a large number of developers to enter the world of Ethereum to write various decentralized applications, which greatly enriched people's demand for decentralized application scenarios.

Schematic diagram of Ethereum application development model

Ethereum and ETH

Cryptocurrencies in the existing market are only single tokens when blockchain technology is applied in a certain scenario.

Ethereum is no exception. Its full project name is "Next Generation Smart Contract and Decentralized Application Platform", and Ether (Ether) is its The native cryptocurrency, referred to as ETH.

In addition to being used for effective exchange with various types of digital assets, ETH also provides a mechanism to pay transaction fees, that is, we are now doing on-chain operations The GAS fee paid at the time. The emergence of the GAS fee mechanism not only protects applications created on the Ethereum network from being abused by malicious programs, but also because GAS income belongs to miners, allowing more users to participate in the accounting of the Ethereum network and become miners, further Maintained Ethereum network security and ecological development.

Unlike BTC, ETH does not use the SHA256 mining algorithm, preventing the entire mining ecosystem from being dominated by ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) mining machines. As a result, the systemic risks caused by most of the computing power being controlled by centralized institutions.

Ethereum initially adopted the PoW (Proof of Work) proof-of-work mechanism, and people need to pass proof of work to obtain handling fee returns. We often hear that miners use graphics cards to mine, and what they do is POW proof of work. The more graphics cards and the greater the computing power, the greater the workload and the higher the income.

Currently, the total computing power of the entire Ethereum network is approximately 870.26 TH/s. Compared with the consumer-grade graphics cards we are familiar with, the Nvidia RTX 3080 graphics card calculates The computing power of the Ethereum network is approximately 92-93 MH/s, which is equivalent to the total computing power of 9.36 million 3080 graphics cards.

The Ethereum white paper clearly mentions that the ledger mechanism of PoW proof of work will be upgraded to POS (Proof of St.ake) ledger mechanism for proof of stake.

ETH economic model

Unlike the total amount of BTC, which is 21 million, ETH’s There is no upper limit on the total amount, but an additional issuance is added every year based on the amount of ETH in the first pre-sale, and the additional issuance amount is 0.26x (x is the total amount of the sale).

But don’t worry that ETH will continue to inflate indefinitely. In the long run, the number of additional coins issued each year is roughly the same as the number of coins lost each year due to death or carelessness. , ETH’s “money supply growth rate” is approaching zero.

The ETH distribution model includes early buyers, early contribution value, long-term donations and miner income. The specific distribution ratio is as follows.

Now, 60,102,216 * 0.26 = 15,626,576 ETH will be mined by miners every year. After converting to PoS, the annual ETH output will decrease.

Currently, the total amount of ETH circulating in the market is approximately 116,898,848 pieces, with a total market value of approximately US$275.9 billion.

Development history of Ethereum

1. Border stage (2015): online The first fork was carried out shortly afterwards to adjust the difficulty of future mining. This version is in the experimental stage, and the technology is not yet mature. Initially, only a small number of developers can participate in mining. Smart contracts are only for developers to develop applications, and there is no user participation. The Ethereum network is in its infancy.

Frontier phase ETH price: $1.24.

2. Home stage (2016): The Ethereum mainnet conducted its second fork in March 2016 and released the first stable version . This version is the first mature official version, using 100% PoW proof and introducing a difficulty bomb. With the increase in the number of blockchains, the mining difficulty increases exponentially, the performance of the network is greatly improved, and the Ethereum project has also entered a rapid development stage. growth period. In the "Homeland" version, the famous "The DAO attack" also occurred. Ethereum was hard-forked by the community vote into two chains, Ethereum (ETH) and Ethereum Classic (ETC). Buterin stood on ETH's side. side.

Home Phase ETH Price: $12.50.

3. Urban phase (2017~2019): The development of the city is divided into three phases, and the upgrade is divided into three forks, namely in 2017 “Byzantium” in October, “Constantinople” at the end of February 2019, and “Istanbul” in December 2019. These upgrades mainly improve the writing of smart contracts, improve security, add difficulty bombs, and modify some core architecture to assist in the future transition from proof-of-work to proof-of-stake.

In the urban stage, the Ethereum network has officially shown its power and officially entered the mature stage. Smart contracts allow cryptocurrencies on different chains to trade with each other. ERC-20 is also the standard for token issuance in 2017. Thousands of projects are raising funds on the Ethereum network, which is called "Initial Coin Offering (ICO)" "I believe that many old people in the currency circle were brought in by the wealth-making effect of ICO at that time. By 2019, with the rise of the DeFi ecosystem, financial products have officially become the largest industry on the Ethereum chain.

Metropolis ETH price: $151.06.

4. Safe phase (2020-2023): Like the city’s three-phase development, the safe phase is currently expected to be divided into three branches: Berlin (completed ), London (coming soon), and the third fork later. The "Quiet" phase, also known as "Ethereum 2.0", is the final stage of the project. Ethereum will officially shift from the proof-of-work method to the proof-of-stake method, and develop a second-layer expansion plan to improve the operating efficiency of the entire network.

The quiet phase can be said to be the culmination of the Ethereum network. If the first three phases are just experimental platforms for Ethereum’s vision to be demonstrated, the quiet phase After that, Ethereum will officially become a complete entity. It not only has complete ecological applications, super-fast processing speed, and the coordinated development of many networks, but also the PoS mechanism will be very energy-saving, which truly represents the symbol of the gradual maturity of blockchain technology.

Tranquility Phase ETH Price: The Berlin phase completed on April 15, 2021, the price on that day was $2,454.

Upcoming London Protocol Upgrade

Ethereum Ecosystem

The ecological development of Ethereum can be divided into two categories: one is the construction of Ethereum network ecological applications, and the other is the construction of Ethereum network expansion. The two integrate with each other and achieve each other. Applications need a more robust and powerful network as a carrier, and the network needs application scenarios with complete functions to serve users.

Let’s talk about the application ecosystem first. We can divide the Ethereum ecosystem into the following categories:

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1. Decentralized self-made organization (DAO) ecology

What is a decentralized self-made organization? Let’s take the familiar Bitcoin as an example: Bitcoin’s current market value is more than 700 billion U.S. dollars, ranking ninth in the global asset market value category. However, Bitcoin is not a product released by a certain company, and no specific company recruits personnel to maintain it. Everything that exists in Bitcoin originates from the distributed organization spontaneously formed by Bitcoin holders and Bitcoin miners. They plan the development route of Bitcoin through voting and voluntarily participate in maintaining the Bitcoin program and network. This is simply because as long as they have In Bitcoin, everyone is a beneficiary of the construction of the Bitcoin network, and all maintenance stems from their own interests.

The invention and successful operation of Bitcoin broke through the company's business structure that was created by the Dutch and has been popular for more than 400 years, and created a new, seamless An organizational, globally distributed business model, this is DAO.

Going back to Ethereum, Ethereum’s DAO can be written by smart contracts and user-defined application scenarios. To put it simply, we stipulate the program execution conditions and execution scope. In the real world, as long as the set conditions are triggered, the program will automatically execute and run, and all processes will be decentralized and publicly verified on the Ethereum network. No need for Confirmed manually or by any third-party organization.

The Ethereum DAO ecosystem has evolved into many business scenarios. Some charities use DAO to establish an open and transparent donation and usage mechanism, and some venture capital institutions use DAO to establish fairness. Allocated risk funds.

Many projects in the Ethereum ecosystem adopt DAO autonomy. Representative projects include: Uniswap, AAVE, MakerDAO, Compound, Decred, Dash, etc.

2. Decentralized Finance (DEFI) Ecosystem

In the traditional business world, if we need to borrow money, save money, or buy stocks of a certain company, or make corporate loans or financing, as long as we carry out financial activities, we cannot do without working with banks, securities institutions, and accountants. Firms deal with these financial institutions.

In a decentralized world, the essence of the blockchain is a large open ledger that collects everyone’s transaction records. We can trace back every transaction very easily. For every transaction that has occurred at a wallet address, the balance information of any wallet address can be queried to evaluate the assets in the wallet address.

For example: The country with the most expensive personal loans in the world is India. The mortgage interest rate for young people in India is currently 8.8%, and the highest has ever been 20%. ; Correspondingly, the country with the lowest personal deposit interest rate in the world is Japan. In order to encourage people to consume, the Japanese government has kept bank deposit interest rates negative for a long time. Japanese people not only receive no interest on bank deposits, but also pay to the bank. Storage fee. In theory, if the Japanese lend their savings to the Indians, both parties can maximize their benefits, but in real life such a scenario is difficult to happen. First, every country has foreign exchange controls. It is not easy for Japanese people to give money to Indians. Second, it is difficult for Japanese people to evaluate the creditworthiness of Indians. There is no unified standard for everyone. In case the loaned money cannot be returned. , we cannot lose profits but still suffer losses.

But in a decentralized world, such things are much simpler.

If an Indian has Bitcoin in his wallet address, we can use smart contracts and the Indian will pledge his Bitcoin into it. According to Bitcoin at the time At the price, the system automatically gives Indians a credit line, and Indians can use this line to borrow money from Japanese people, and the repayment period and interest rate are stipulated. If the Indians default, the contract will automatically deduct the Bitcoins pledged by the Indians, giving priority to protecting Japan's rights. In this way, the Japanese can enjoy the benefits without worrying about safety issues, and the Indians will also have more money as working capital.

This example is a simple application of decentralized finance. In fact, this is the principle of our participation in DEFI mining and pledge financial management - of course the actual application of the algorithm The scene is much more complicated.

DEFI can be divided into many tracks according to different scenarios, such as stable coins, oracles, AMM exchanges, derivatives, aggregators, etc.

Representative projects of DEFI include: Dai,Augur, Chainlink, WBTC, 0x, Balance, Liquidity, etc.

3. Non-Fungible Token (NFT) Ecology

World Famous Paintings "Mona Lisa", only Leonardo da Vinci's original version can be displayed in the Louvre Museum in France. Even if modern technology can reproduce it with extremely fine details, the imitations do not have the collection value of the original version.

This is the application scenario of NFT. NFTs are tokens that we can use to represent ownership of unique items. They allow us to uniquely tokenize real-life things like art, collectibles, and even real estate. While the files (works) themselves are infinitely replicable, the tokens representing them are trackable on-chain and provide buyers with proof of ownership.

Compared with the dual delivery of physical copyright and property rights in reality, NFT only requires the delivery of the unique token describing the item. NFT works are often stored in distributed storage networks such as IPFS. They can be taken at any time and will never be lost. In addition, the delivery is simple and convenient, and soon attracted a large number of players and investors to collect and resell. The emergence of NFT has also provided artists with new opportunities. revenue model.

Similar to DEFI ecology, NFT ecology has also produced different tracks according to different application scenarios. Currently, the more popular tracks include NFT trading platform, NFT game platform, NFT art platform, a financial platform that combines NFT and DEFI.

Representative NFT projects include: CryptoKitties, CryptoPunks, Meebits, Opensea, Rally, Axie Infinity, Enjin Coin, The Sandbox, etc.

4. Standard Token Protocol (ERC-20) Ecology

and NFT Non-fungible tokens correspond to fungible tokens. For example, the RMB we use is a homogeneous token. We can use RMB for value exchange. Even if the serial numbers are different, its value will not be affected. If the denomination is the same, different banknote serial numbers will make no difference to the holder.

BTC, ETH and all the cryptocurrencies we are familiar with are homogenous generations.currency. There is no difference between one Bitcoin and another Bitcoin of the same type, with the same specifications and uniformity. In a transaction, it is only necessary to pay attention to the number of tokens handed over. Its value may change depending on the time interval of the exchange, but its essence does not change.

Ethereum’s ERC-20 is the standard protocol that defines this kind of token. Anyone can use the ERC-20 protocol and publish it through a few lines of code. Own cryptocurrency on the Ethereum network.

Currently, there are millions of token types running on the Ethereum network. Most of the projects mentioned above have also been released on the Ethereum network. Own fungible token.

Representative projects of ERC-20 include: USDT, USDC, WBTC, etc.

Ethereum network scalability

Let’s first introduce a concept: blockchain The impossible triangle means that no matter what method we use, we cannot achieve scalability, decentralization, and security at the same time. We can only get two of the three.

This is actually easy to understand. If we want to decentralize and secure, we need more nodes to participate in the network for verification, which will lead to an increase in the number of verifiers. Network efficiency is reduced and scalability is reduced. Network performance construction is to find a balance between the three.

Using data as an example, Bitcoin can currently handle 7 transfers/second, Ethereum can handle 25 transfers/second, and VISA can handle an average of 4,500 transfers/second. The peak value reaches tens of thousands of transactions per second. This difference in business processing capabilities can be simply understood as the "throughput" gap. If you want to improve throughput, you need to expand the business processing capabilities of the blockchain, which is called scalability.

According to different optimization methods, Ethereum network performance expansion solutions can be divided into:

1. Layer 1 on-chain extension, an extension solution where all transactions are retained on Ethereum, with higher security.

The essence of on-chain expansion is to improve the Ethereum main chain itself, so that the entire system has higher scalability and operating efficiency. There are two general methods, either changing the consensus protocol, for example, ETH will change from PoW to PoS; or using sharding technology to optimizeThis approach makes the network more efficient.

2. Layer 2 off-chain expansion, layering solutions for each scenario separately on top of the Ethereum protocol, with better scalability.

Off-chain expansion can be understood as taking calculations, transactions and other business processing scenarios outside the Ethereum main chain for calculation, and finally transmitting the calculated results back to the main chain. Chain, the main chain only reflects the final result without caring about the process. In this way, no matter how complex the application is, it will not have an impact on the main chain.

We do not need to understand the specific technical implementation, we only need to know: Compared with the Layer 1 solution, the Layer 2 solution network will not interfere with the underlying blockchain protocol. It can undertake most of the computing work for Layer 1, thereby reducing the burden on the main network and improving network business processing efficiency. It is currently recognized as a better expansion solution.

Ethereum 2.0

Finally talking about Ethereum 2.0, back to the topic.

By reviewing the development history of Ethereum, Ethereum 2.0 is not a new project, it is just the last stage of the development process of Ethereum, and it will be dominated by the entire Ethereum Multiple teams in the ecosystem work together to make Ethereum more scalable, secure and sustainable, and eventually become mainstream and serve all mankind.

ETH2 construction goals:

1. More scalable. Supports 1000 transactions per second to make the application faster and cheaper to use.

2. More secure. Ethereum has become more secure against all forms of attacks.

3. More sustainable. Improve network performance while reducing energy consumption and better protecting the environment.

The most important change is that ETH2 will upgrade from the PoW (Proof of Work) proof-of-work mechanism used by ETH1 to the POS (Proof of Stake) proof-of-stake mechanism. . Instead of using computing power as a verification method, the amount of pledged cryptocurrency is used as a verification method. Miners can mine without a graphics card, which not only saves time and electricity costs, but also improves efficiency.The utilization rate of ETH is very similar to earning interest by depositing money in a bank.

The main technology used by ETH2 is sharding and layering technology to expand the entire network.

The ETH2 upgrade will be divided into three phases:

1. Phase 0 (Ongoing): Creation and merging of the beacon chain. The beacon chain is the main chain of ETH2, just like the human brain, and is the basis for ETH2 to operate.

2. Phase 1 (expected to be 2022): Creation and application of shard chains. When the beacon chain is merged with ETH1, it will enter the development stage of the shard chain. The shard chain can be understood as splitting and storing the entire data of the ETH2 main chain according to certain rules, and establishing a new chain separately to share the data pressure on the main chain. The current plan is to establish 64 shard chains.

For example, from Beijing to Shanghai, the original means of transportation was only one highway, and all vehicles needed to run on it, which would make it very crowded; now Through sharding technology, more modes of transportation such as high-speed trains and airplanes are available, and the diverted vehicles arrive at the same time faster. This is the role of the sharding chain.

Schematic diagram of the interaction between shard chain and main chain

3. Phase 2 (expected to be 2023): Integration of the entire network functions. At this stage, the functions of the entire system begin to be fully integrated, the functions of the shard chain will become more powerful, and new processing mechanisms will begin to support the creation of accounts, smart contracts, development tools, new ecological applications, etc.

This stage is the final form of the Ethereum network. Network performance has been comprehensively improved and ecological applications have exploded. But to serve all mankind, ETH2’s 1,000 transaction efficiency per second is obviously far from enough, and Ethereum will continue to optimize for its goals.

What impact does ETH2 have on everyone?

1. For Ethereum ecosystem developers. When ETH2 deploys an application, it needs to choose which shard network the application will be deployed on. The reason for this difference is that cross-shard communication is not synchronized, which means that developers need to make different combinations according to their own development plans.

2. For ETH holders. ETH2 is completely synchronized with ETH1 data, and the tokens will not change. You can continue to use your current wallet address to hold ETH.

3. For miners. Although PoW and PoS will continue to exist in parallel for some time, it is expected that the output of PoW mining machines will be less and less, and investment in PoW mining machines should begin to be reduced and start to shift to the PoS mechanism.

4. For users. ETH2 is faster, has lower transaction fees, and the network experience will be very good. The only thing worth noting is that since Dapps are deployed on different sharded networks, you may need to manually select the application’s network options.

Is ETH worth investing in?

ETH is the benchmark for markets other than BTC. A clear understanding of ETH2 is very helpful for us to understand other blockchain projects and the secondary market.

Let’s briefly summarize a few points:

1. Through Ethereum projects From the analysis, we can clearly see that after Bitcoin, the development history of the Ethereum project is the development history of the current blockchain application ecosystem. Regardless of DEFI ecology, NFT ecology, DAO ecology or token, contract, and protocol ecology, it was actually foreseen when Ethereum released the white paper, and the projects that emerged later were all verified around Ethereum.

2. Among the co-founders of Ethereum, only Buterin is still contributing to the cause of Ethereum, but this does not affect the prosperity and development of Ethereum . The initial team of Ethereum just created it, and subsequent development is the result of the joint efforts of the community, developers, miners and users. The current Ethereum is no longer the thinking of one person, it is the joint crystallization of all Ethereum ecological participants. It belongs to all mankind.

3. Ethereum has been developing along the established development trajectory in the past few years, although there was a crisis midway and Ethereum was "dead" Hundreds of times, Ethereum has still developed tenaciously and has a prosperous ecosystem. It will take two or three years for ETH2 to be implemented, and there are many variables in the process, such as other public chains taking the lead. However, it is foreseeable that Ethereum after ETH2 will be more robust.

4. Don’t hold any BTC as you will die, blockThere is a false proposition that the chain industry will disappear. BTC and ETH allow us to see the existence of a new unorganized business model that breaks through the original company organizational structure. This business model is obviously more in line with the development needs of this era, regardless of whether the project initiating team is there or not, no matter how the governments of various countries act. Suppression, as long as technology contributes to mankind, it will be maintained by people's voluntary organizations. Blockchain technology is a revolution.

5. With the launch of ETH2, the parallel PoW rewards and PoS rewards in the short term may cause the total inflation rate of ETH to surge in the short term. In the long term, the inflation rate of ETH will remain unchanged. maintain balance. Coupled with ETH's own ecology and application scenarios, ETH is worth investing in. Currently, there is no possibility of other public chains replacing the Ethereum public chain. The launch of ETH2 will even cause a "siphon effect" to other public chains. The chain is unified.

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