区块链技术研究点有哪些,区块链技术研究点是什么

区块链技术是一种新型的分布式记账技术，它能够构建一个去中心化的数据库，可以被多个用户访问和共享，并且可以实现数据的安全存储和传输。近年来，区块链技术受到了越来越多的关注，并且有越来越多的研究机构开展了深入的研究。那么，区块链技术研究点有哪些呢？本文将介绍三个关键词，即去中心化，智能合约和隐私保护。

去中心化是区块链技术的核心概念，它指的是没有任何中心化的组织或机构可以控制或修改数据。去中心化的特点使得区块链技术能够更加安全可靠，因为数据的安全性取决于网络中的所有节点，而不是任何单一的实体。因此，去中心化是区块链技术研究的一个重要组成部分，它可以让区块链技术更加安全可靠。

智能合约是指在区块链上实现的一种特殊的自动执行程序，它可以根据程序中定义的条件自动执行特定的操作，而不需要任何人为干预。智能合约可以实现自动的转账、交易和其他复杂的业务流程，因此，智能合约技术也是区块链技术研究的重要组成部分，它可以让区块链技术更加安全、可靠和高效。

隐私保护是指保护用户的个人信息和隐私的技术。由于区块链技术可以实现去中心化，所以用户的个人信息可以得到更好的保护，但是由于区块链技术的公开性，用户的信息仍然可能被泄露。因此，开发有效的隐私保护技术是区块链技术研究的重要组成部分，它可以让用户的个人信息得到更好的保护。

以上就是区块链技术研究点的三个关键词：去中心化、智能合约和隐私保护。去中心化技术使得区块链技术更加安全可靠；智能合约技术使得区块链技术更加安全、可靠和高效；隐私保护技术可以让用户的个人信息得到更好的保护。未来，区块链技术将继续发展，并且会有更多的研究机构参与其中，探索更多的应用场景。

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㈠ What applications can blockchain technology have in the field of higher education and natural science research?

What applications can blockchain technology have in the field of higher education and natural science research?

Blockchain applications have a large number of application software, and the same is true for the education and training industry. Over the past few years, blockchain companies and enthusiasts have been researching and improving solutions for the higher vocational education industry. Here are some of the ways that blockchain technology can bring global innovation to the education sector around the world. One of the biggest applications of record storage blockchain technology in the education industry is the intelligentization of educational certificates, including bachelor's degrees, qualification certificates, academic qualifications, etc. This type of record storage can significantly increase the security of credentials, ensuring that no intermediaries are needed to verify these credentials. In addition, blockchain applications can be used for verification of training institutions.

A new operating model is not only concerned with improving the efficiency of record storage, reliability and test cases. There is also some potential for blockchain applications to be used as education bureaus. One of the pioneering uses of blockchain technology is to build a new business model. Following this strategy, Woolf University aims to become the first boundaryless university powered by blockchain technology. The university was founded by a group of experts and scholars from the University of Cambridge and Cambridge University. The non-profit organization will be based on blockchain and smart contacts. This will become the prerequisite for the relationship between teachers and students.

㈡ The three key points in blockchain technology are:

The consensus algorithm, the use of asymmetric encryption for data signature, and the storage of chain blocks. Blockchain is a chain composed of blocks one after another. Each block stores a certain amount of information, and they are connected into a chain in the order in which they were generated. This chain is saved in all servers. As long as one server in the entire system can work, the entire blockchain is safe. These servers are called nodes in the blockchain system, and they provide storage space and computing power support for the entire blockchain system. If you want to modify the information in the blockchain, you must obtain the consent of more than half of the nodes and modify the information in all nodes. These nodes are usually in the hands of different subjects, so tampering with the information in the blockchain is a serious problem. An extremely difficult thing. Compared with traditional networks, blockchain has two core characteristics: first, data is difficult to tamper with, and second, it is decentralized. Based on these two characteristics, the information recorded in the blockchain is more authentic and reliable, and can help solve the problem of people's mutual distrust. Blockchain originated from Bitcoin. On November 1, 2008, a person claiming to be Satoshi Nakamoto published the article "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System", which elaborated on P2P network technology and encryption technology. , timestamp technology, blockchain technology and other electronic cash system architectural concepts, which marks the birth of Bitcoin. Two months later, the theory came into practice, and on January 3, 2009, the first genesis block with serial number 0 was born.A few days later, block number 1 appeared on January 9, 2009, and was connected to the genesis block number 0 to form a chain, marking the birth of the blockchain. Blockchain in the narrow sense is a chained data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is a cryptographically guaranteed distributed ledger that cannot be tampered with or forged. Generalized blockchain technology uses block chain data structures to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, uses cryptography to ensure the security of data transmission and access, and uses smart contracts composed of automated script codes. , a new distributed infrastructure and computing paradigm for programming and manipulating data.

㈢ Energy Blockchain Research | How Blockchain Impacts the Energy Industry

Blockchain is a P2P shared ledger that can securely retail digital transactions without relying on third-party intermediaries . Blockchain, initially thought to be a proprietary technology for cryptocurrencies, is now experiencing unprecedented growth in market capitalization. It has uses in many fields, and the field of power is no exception. From previous years, this space has had a complex system with many stakeholders, making it very transactional and inefficient. So, here are our hypotheses on how blockchain can drive energy to become more environmentally friendly.

The potential of blockchain in the energy power business

Upstream turbines will generate some unprocessed materials, which are refined and shipped to downstream distributors. Promote to end users through midstream distribution communities. While this course may initially appear to be a fairly simple process, it is not. Blockchain experts and technologists believe that blockchain expertise could provide options for key challenges facing power trade, and a slew of analytical missions and startups have emerged across the globe since last year.

Eliminate middlemen and reduce transaction value

By eliminating middlemen, blockchain technology can allow customers to quickly obtain commercial energy power, especially in wind power and photovoltaics. In the case of power, these powers can be produced by consumers themselves. Expertise therefore enables prosumers to enter the power market as suppliers. Additionally, a clear, secure, and stable blockchain system will enable customers to purchase from electricity suppliers instantly.

Enhancing Effective Alternatives

To execute transactions, companies spend tens of millions of dollars building and accessing proprietary commodity buying and selling platforms. Blockchain can also help provide a feasible solution where consumers and customers can exchange their diverse needs on a peer-to-peer basis, thereby enhancing the security, immediacy and immutability of transactions. Additionally, with distributed ledger expertise, the renewable power certification process can be accelerated and automated, which would otherwise be expensive. Automated, tamper-proof sound contracts and metering strategies canto nicely enhance the accessibility of offsets.

Real Asset Management

The power area includes quite a few stakeholders, similar to upstream turbines, distributors, and other stakeholders, which means there are a plethora of of stakes. Blockchain's expertise, through its shared and distributed ledgers, can provide a shared supply of assets and therefore knowledge management can be very powerful. Providing real bills is another kind of profit that expertise brings to every power supplier and customer. Through its unified ledger, blockchain ensures that every participant in the community has access to the current metering and billing process. Traceability of power supply provides customers with a transparent image, thereby providing peace of mind.

In addition to the use cases discussed above, blockchain can protect the privacy, knowledge confidentiality and account management of the power sector. Furthermore, with useful resources shared, experts can provide charging options among many customers, similar to shared electric vehicle charging infrastructure knowledge, but with even more advantages.

Highly dynamic companies using blockchain

Many dynamic companies are adopting blockchain as a means to streamline current processes and create new capabilities To realize many functions similar to commodity trading, P2P power trading, eliminating middlemen and retailers, knowledge management, etc. Their goal is to include blockchain-based electricity meters and real-time auctions to create an autonomous powered market that might not only lower the price of currently unbalanced energy technologies, but even increase the overall efficiency of the system.

Conclusion

It is clear from the conversation above that blockchain expertise has the potential to transform the power sector. However, here are some of the challenges experts need to grapple with. The initial issue is that the blockchain must demonstrate that it is well positioned to provide the scalability, speed, and security required for the proposed use case. Many established and dynamic companies are using blockchain Digital Linear Tape (DLT), clearly revealing the potential value of this rising expertise. However, as this expertise continues to be generated, further improvements are required to achieve desired business and efficiency goals.

National Energy Information Platform contact number: 010-65367702, email: [email protected], address: People’s Daily, No. 2 Jintai West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing

㈣ District What are the core technologies of blockchain technology?

What is the hottest topic on the Internet right now? You don’t need to tell me that it is blockchain technology, but many friends just listen to it. Having said this technology, I don’t have much in-depth understanding of it, so what are the blockchain technologies? Below we will introduce to you the core technology of blockchain toFor everyone’s reference.
What are the core elements of blockchain technology?
Blockchain technology, which can be a public ledger (visible by anyone) or a permissioned network (visible only by those authorized), solves supply chain challenges , because it is an immutable record that is shared among network participants and updated in real time.
Blockchain technology----data layer: designing the data structure of the ledger
Core technology 1. Block + chain:
Technically speaking, block is a data structure that records transactions. Reflects the flow of funds for a transaction. The blocks of transactions that have been reached in the system are connected together to form a main chain, and all nodes participating in the calculation record the main chain or part of the main chain.
Each block consists of a block header and a block body. The block body is only responsible for recording all transaction information in the previous period, mainly including the number of transactions and transaction details; the block header encapsulates the current version number, previous A block address, timestamp (recording the time when the block was generated, accurate to the second), random number (recording the value of decrypting the answer to the math question related to the block), the target hash value of the current block, and the Merkle number Root value and other information. From a structural point of view, most functions of the blockchain are implemented by the block header.
Core technology 2. Hash function:
The hash function can convert data of any length into a set of fixed-length codes through the Hash algorithm. The principle is based on a cryptographic one-way hash function. This kind of function is easy to verify, but difficult to crack. Usually, the industry uses y=hash(x) to represent it. This hash function implements operations on x to calculate a hash value y.
Commonly used hash algorithms include MD5, SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-384 and SHA-512, etc. Taking the SHA256 algorithm as an example, inputting any string of data into SHA256 will result in a 256-bit Hash value (hash value). Its characteristics: the same data input will get the same result. As long as the input data changes slightly (for example, a 1 becomes a 0), a completely different result will be obtained, and the result cannot be predicted in advance. Forward calculation (calculating the corresponding Hash value from the data) is very easy. Reverse calculation (cracking) is extremely difficult and is considered impossible under current technological conditions.
Core technology 3. Merkle tree:
Merkle tree is a hash binary tree, which can be used to quickly verify the integrity of large-scale data. In the blockchain network, the Merkle tree is used to summarize all transaction information in a block, and ultimately generates a unified hash value of all transaction information in the block. Any change in transaction information in the block will cause Merkle tree changes.
Core technology 4. Asymmetric encryption algorithm:
Asymmetric encryption algorithm is a key secret method that requires two keys: public key and private key. The public key and the private key are a pair. If the public key is used to encrypt data, only the corresponding private key can be used to encrypt the data.Decrypt to obtain the corresponding data value; if the data is signed with a private key, the signature can only be verified with the corresponding public key, and the sender of the verification information is the holder of the private key.
Because encryption and decryption use two different keys, this algorithm is called an asymmetric encryption algorithm, while symmetric encryption uses the same key in the encryption and decryption processes.
Blockchain technology----network layer: realize the decentralization of accounting nodes
Core technology 5. P2P network:
P2P network (peer-to-peer network), also known as point-to-point technology, is no Central server, Internet system that relies on user groups to exchange information. Unlike a centralized network system with a central server, each client in a peer-to-peer network acts as both a node and a server. Domestic Xunlei software uses P2P technology. The P2P network has the characteristics of decentralization and robustness.
Blockchain technology----Consensus layer: allocate the task load of accounting nodes
Core technology 6. Consensus mechanism:
Consensus mechanism is how to reach consensus among all accounting nodes to identify The validity of a record is both a means of identification and a means of preventing tampering. There are currently four main types of consensus mechanisms: PoW, PoS, DPoS and distributed consensus algorithms.
PoW (Proof of Work, proof of work): PoW mechanism, which is like Bitcoin’s mining mechanism, miners package existing transactions that have not been recorded by the network into a block, and then continue to traverse and try to find a random number , so that the hash value of the new block plus the random number meets certain difficulty conditions. Finding a random number that meets the conditions is equivalent to determining the latest block of the blockchain, and is also equivalent to obtaining the current round of accounting rights of the blockchain. Miners broadcast blocks that meet the mining difficulty conditions in the Yuanfu network. After verifying that the block meets the mining difficulty conditions and that the transaction data in the block meets the protocol specifications, other nodes in the entire network will each Blocks are linked to their own version of the blockchain, thereby forming a network-wide consensus on the current network state.
PoS (ProofofStake, Proof of Stake): PoS mechanism requires nodes to provide proof of a certain number of tokens to obtain a distributed consensus mechanism for competing for blockchain accounting rights. If you rely solely on the token balance to determine the bookkeeper, you will inevitably make the rich win, which will lead to the centralization of bookkeeping rights and reduce the fairness of the consensus. Therefore, different PoS mechanisms use different methods to increase the amount of money based on the proof of equity. The randomness of accounting rights avoids centralization. For example, in the PeerCoin PoS mechanism, the Bitcoin with the longest chain age has a greater chance of obtaining accounting rights. NXT and Blackcoin use a formula to predict the next accounting node. The more tokens you own, the greater the probability of being selected as an accounting node. In the future, Ethereum will also switch from the current PoW mechanism to the PoS mechanism. Judging from the information currently seen, Ethereum’s PoS mechanism will adoptNodes place bets to bet on the next block. Those who win the bet will be awarded additional Ethereum coins, and those who fail to bet will be deducted Ethereum coins to reach consensus on the next block.
DPoS (DelegatedProof-Of-Stake, share authorization certificate): DPoS is easy to understand and is similar to the modern corporate board of directors system. The DPoS mechanism adopted by BitShares is that shareholders vote to select a certain number of witnesses. Each witness has two seconds of authority to generate blocks in order. If the witness cannot generate a block within the given time slice, The block generation authority is given to the witness corresponding to the next time slice. Shareholders can replace these witnesses at any time by voting. This design of DPoS makes the generation of blocks faster and more energy-saving.
Distributed Consistency Algorithm: Distributed Consistency Algorithm is based on traditional distributed consistency technology. Among them are Byzantine fault-tolerant algorithms that solve the Byzantine Generals problem, such as PBFT (Byzantine fault-tolerant algorithm). In addition, distributed consensus algorithms (Pasox, Raft) that solve non-Byzantine problems are not explained in this article. This type of algorithm is currently a commonly used consensus mechanism in alliance chain and private chain scenarios.
Taken together, POW is suitable for public chains. If you build a private chain, it is more suitable to use POS because there is no trust problem in verification nodes; and because there are untrustworthy local nodes in the alliance chain, it is more suitable to use DPOS.
Blockchain technology----Incentive layer: Develop a "salary system" for accounting nodes
Core technology 7. Issuance mechanism and incentive mechanism:
Take Bitcoin as an example. Bitcoins are initially rewarded by the system to miners who create new blocks, and this reward is halved approximately every four years. At the beginning, miners were rewarded with 50 Bitcoins for each new block recorded, and this reward is halved approximately every four years. By analogy, by around AD 2140, newly created blocks will no longer receive rewards from the system. By then, the total number of Bitcoins will be approximately 21 million. This is the total number of Bitcoins, so it will not increase indefinitely.
Another source of incentives is transaction fees. When there are no system rewards for newly created blocks, the miners' income will change from system rewards to transaction fees. For example, when you transfer, you can specify 1% of it as a handling fee to be paid to the miner who records the block. If the output value of a transaction is less than the input value, the difference is the transaction fee, which will be added to the incentive for that block. As long as a given amount of electronic currency has entered circulation, the incentive mechanism can gradually be converted to rely entirely on transaction fees, so there is no need to issue new currency.
Blockchain technology----contract layer: giving the ledger programmable features
Core technology 8. Smart contract:
Smart contract is a set of programmed rules and logic that respond to scenarios. Implemented by decentralized, trusted shared script code deployed on the blockchain. Usually, after the smart contract is signed by all parties, it is attached to the blockchain data in the form of program code, and is recorded after being propagated on the P2P network and verified by the node.in a specific block of the blockchain. Smart contracts encapsulate a number of predefined states and transition rules, scenarios that trigger contract execution, response actions under specific scenarios, etc. The blockchain can monitor the status of smart contracts in real time, and activate and execute the contract by checking external data sources and confirming that specific trigger conditions are met.
The above is what blockchain technologies the editor has brought to you? All content introduced to the core technology of blockchain.

㈤ What is blockchain technology and how it changes business and financial models

Blockchain technology is a distributed ledger technology that allows Multiple participants work together on a decentralized network to maintain a secure, transparent and immutable record. Blockchain technology was originally designed for the digital currency Bitcoin, but is now widely used in many other fields.

The core features of blockchain technology include:

Decentralization: Blockchain has no central control agency, and data is distributed on various nodes in the network, which makes it decentralized. The centralization feature reduces the risk of single points of failure.

Transparency: Transaction records on the blockchain are public to all participants, and anyone can view these records. This helps increase trust and reduce the risk of fraud.

Immutable: Once a transaction is recorded on the blockchain, it cannot be easily modified or deleted. This guarantees data integrity and security.

Smart contracts: Transactions on the blockchain can be automatically executed to implement "smart contracts", which automatically execute corresponding operations when specific conditions are met. This helps simplify complex business processes and reduce costs.

Blockchain technology has had a profound impact on business and financial models, which is mainly reflected in the following aspects:

Reducing costs: Blockchain technology can reduce intermediary links and reduce costs. transaction costs and operating costs. For example, by adopting blockchain for cross-border payments, remittance fees can be significantly reduced.

Improving efficiency: The automation and smart contract features of blockchain technology help improve the efficiency of business processes, reduce manual intervention, and reduce error rates.

Enhance trust: The transparency and non-tamperability of blockchain technology help to establish a reliable trust system, reduce the risk of fraud, and provide better protection for business activities.

Innovative business models: Blockchain technology has spawned many new business models, such as decentralized finance (DeFi), digital asset trading, supply chain finance, etc. These new business models have brought disruptive changes to existing industries.

In short, blockchain technology, as an emerging technical means, is gradually changing the landscape of business and finance. With the continuous development of technology and the in-depth promotion of applications, blockchain is expected to have a more extensive and far-reaching impact in the future

㈥ Blockchain technology concept

Blockchain technology concept

The concept of blockchain technology. Nowadays, blockchain has become an area of ​​concern to most people. Many companies have already studied the technology in depth, but there are still people who don’t know much about it. Below I will share an article about blockchain. Information about technical concepts.

Blockchain technology concept 1

Basic concepts and working principles of blockchain

1. Basic concepts

Blockchain is a distributed data storage, point-to-point New application models of computer technologies such as transmission, consensus mechanisms, and encryption algorithms. The so-called consensus mechanism is a mathematical algorithm that establishes trust and obtains rights and interests between different nodes in the blockchain system.

Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database and serves as the underlying technology of Bitcoin. The blockchain is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains information about a Bitcoin network transaction, which is used to verify the validity of the information, prevent counterfeiting, and generate the next block.

In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chained data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is cryptographically guaranteed to be non-tamperable and non-tamperable. Fake distributed ledger.

Broadly speaking, blockchain technology uses block chain data structures to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, and uses cryptography to ensure data transmission and access. It is a new distributed infrastructure and computing method that uses smart contracts composed of automated script codes to program and operate data securely.

2. Working principle

The blockchain system consists of data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer and application layer. Among them, the data layer encapsulates the underlying data blocks and related basic data and algorithms such as data encryption and timestamps; the network layer includes distributed networking mechanisms, data dissemination mechanisms and data verification mechanisms; the consensus layer mainly encapsulates network nodes Various consensus algorithms; the incentive layer integrates economic factors into the blockchain technology system, mainly including the issuance mechanism and distribution mechanism of economic incentives; the contract layer mainly encapsulates various scripts, algorithms and smart contracts, and is the core of the blockchain The basis of programmable features; the application layer encapsulates various application scenarios and cases of the blockchain. In this model, the chain block structure based on timestamps, the consensus mechanism of distributed nodes, economic incentives based on consensus computing power, and flexible programmable smart contracts are the most representative innovations of blockchain technology.

Blockchain mainly solves the trust and security issues of transactions, so it proposes four technological innovations to address this issue:

1. Distributed The ledger means that transaction accounting is completed by multiple nodes distributed in different places, and each node records a complete account, so they can all participate in supervising the legality of the transaction., and can also jointly testify for it.

Different from traditional distributed storage, the uniqueness of blockchain distributed storage is mainly reflected in two aspects: First, each node of the blockchain stores complete data according to the block chain structure. For data, traditional distributed storage generally divides the data into multiple parts for storage according to certain rules. Second, the storage of each node in the blockchain is independent and has equal status, relying on the consensus mechanism to ensure the consistency of storage, while traditional distributed storage generally synchronizes data to other backup nodes through the central node. [8]

No node can record ledger data independently, thus avoiding the possibility of a single bookkeeper being controlled or bribed to record false accounts. Also because there are enough accounting nodes, theoretically speaking, the accounts will not be lost unless all nodes are destroyed, thereby ensuring the security of the accounting data.

2. Asymmetric encryption and authorization technology. Transaction information stored on the blockchain is public, but account identity information is highly encrypted and can only be accessed with authorization from the data owner. , thus ensuring data security and personal privacy.

3. The consensus mechanism is how all accounting nodes reach a consensus to determine the validity of a record. This is both a means of identification and a means of preventing tampering. Blockchain proposes four different consensus mechanisms, which are suitable for different application scenarios and strike a balance between efficiency and security.

The consensus mechanism of the blockchain has the characteristics of "the minority obeys the majority" and "everyone is equal". "The minority obeys the majority" does not entirely refer to the number of nodes, but can also be the computing power and the number of shares. Or other characteristic quantities that the computer can compare. "Everyone is equal" means that when a node meets the conditions, all nodes have the right to give priority to the consensus result, which will be directly recognized by other nodes and may eventually become the final consensus result. Taking Bitcoin as an example, it uses proof of work. Only when more than 51% of the accounting nodes in the entire network are controlled, it is possible to forge a non-existent record. When there are enough nodes joining the blockchain, this is basically impossible, thus eliminating the possibility of fraud.

4. Smart contracts. Smart contracts are based on these trustworthy and non-tamperable data. Some predefined rules and terms can be automatically executed. Take insurance as an example. If everyone's information, including medical information and risk occurrence information, is true and trustworthy, it will be easy to implement automated claims settlement in some standardized insurance products.

3. Others

The Internet exchanges information, and the blockchain exchanges value. Human history and the history of the Internet can be understood in eight words: if they are divided for a long time, they must be combined. For a long time, they must be combined. In the era of long-term separation, all network information is scattered on the Internet. It is not easy for everyone to mine information. At this time, platforms such as Google and Facebook will appear. , the only thing it does is take all our lettersThe news regrouped. In the Internet era, what the monopoly giants reorganize is information, rather than generating their own information. The information generated is entirely our own. Once the information is reorganized, a new monopoly giant will emerge, so it will be an era of long-lasting separation. Now, due to the emergence of blockchain technology, it has entered an era of integration and division. It is a new multi-centralization. After the new multi-centralization, new value will be generated. These data will be in our own hands, and personal data will generate value. It belongs to oneself. This is the most exciting era of this era.

What is the value of blockchain? A low-cost mechanism to establish trust, establish data rights, and resolve data property rights.

At present, blockchain technology continues to develop, including the current development of single chains to multi-chains, and the technology can be further expanded. I think there may still be disruptions in the future, especially in transactions and other aspects. , especially many disruptive scenarios for existing industries.

The essence of blockchain is to establish trusted information exchange on untrustworthy networks.

One Belt, One Road + One Chain. The bigger thing about blockchain is not to create trust, but to allow trust to be transmitted losslessly, reducing the friction cost of society as a whole, thereby improving the overall efficiency.

The blockchain itself is still in its initial stage, so it includes the information transmission and encryption of the blockchain. Quantum encryption and other encryption appear in this process, which actually attacks the encryption algorithm used by the blockchain itself. This phenomenon also occurs from time to time. Including blockchain is also a recognition of assets, a recognition of digital assets, but now many of us use cryptographic algorithms, or as the key for us to decrypt, but if you forget the password, it is very likely that your current assets will be lost. If you lose them, you won't be able to get back your original assets. Therefore, there are still some hidden dangers in asset management, including information transmission and some security aspects. Of course, from a technical perspective, the processing speed of our blockchain itself, or its scalability, is because from the perspective of the working mechanism, the entire ledger must be copied to all participants, so in the blockchain Its operational efficiency and scalability are still relatively limited. We feel that these still need further development in terms of technology.

The underlying technologies of the blockchain platform also form blockchain wallets, blockchain browsers, node elections, mining machines, mining pools, development components, development modules, technical communities and project communities. and a series of ecosystems. The perfection of these ecosystems directly determines the efficiency and effectiveness of the underlying platform of the blockchain.

4. Mundell’s Impossible Triangle

It is impossible to achieve the ultimate in decentralization, efficiency, and security at the same time.

Blockchain technology concept 2

The essence of blockchain is a distributed accounting technology, as opposed to centralized accounting technology, which is widely used in our current lives. exist. Blockchain is a distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other new application models of computer technology.

Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database. At the same time, as the underlying technology of Bitcoin, it is a series of related cryptographic methods. Each data block contains a batch of Bitcoin network transaction information, which is used to verify the validity and anti-counterfeiting of the information and generate the next block.

In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chained data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is cryptographically guaranteed to be non-tamperable and non-tamperable. Fake distributed ledger.

Broadly speaking, blockchain technology uses block chain data structures to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, and uses cryptography to ensure data transmission and access. It is a new distributed infrastructure and computing method that uses smart contracts composed of automated script codes to program and operate data securely.

The popular understanding of blockchain technology is: connecting the front, back, left, and right blocks of "things" into a chain using one technology, but each block The original data of the block cannot be tampered with. It is a "linked module" technology in the field of Internet of Things that allows participants to trust. The application of blockchain technology is inseparable from the Internet and the Internet of Things. It is based on the integration and interaction of the two, but allows participants to remain independent, decentralized, and work together. With this set of value chain co-construction and sharing, technology.

Characteristics of blockchain: decentralization, openness, autonomy, information cannot be tampered with, and anonymity.

Blockchain is a network that can deliver value. The demand for a network that can deliver value is an important reason for the emergence of blockchain technology. Blockchain emerged driven by the need to protect information with ownership or other value. Through public and private key cryptography, distributed storage and other technical means, the blockchain ensures on the one hand the efficient transmission of valuable information, and on the other hand ensures that this information will not be easily copied and tampered with during the transmission process.

Understand the connotation of blockchain from the inevitability of its birth. Blockchain is a distributed accounting technology that solves the shortcomings of centralized accounting and solves the problem of distributed consistency. It is also The connected Internet is upgraded to a value network that ensures the safe and efficient transmission of valuable information.

Blockchain Technology Concept 3

Blockchain: Blockchain is like a globally unique account book, or database, which records the history of all transactions in the network.

Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM): It allows you to write more powerful programs on Ethereum and script programs on Bitcoin. It is also sometimes used to refer to the Ethereum blockchain, which is responsible for executing smart contracts and everything.

Node: You canRun a node through which to read and write to the Ethereum blockchain, that is, using the Ethereum Virtual Machine. Full nodes require downloading the entire blockchain. Light nodes are still under development.

Miner: Mining, that is, the node that processes blocks on the blockchain. You can see some of the currently active Ethereum miners on this page: stats.ethdev.com.

Proof of Work: Miners are always competing to solve some mathematical problem. The first one to solve the problem (calculate the next block) will be rewarded with Ether coins. All nodes then update their own blockchain. All miners who want to figure out the next block have an incentive to stay in sync with other nodes and maintain the same blockchain, so the entire network can always reach consensus. (Note: Ethereum is planning to move to a proof-of-stake system (POS) without miners, but that is beyond the scope of this article.)

Ethereum: Abbreviation ETH. A true digital currency that you can buy and use. Here is a chart from one of the exchanges where Ethereum can be traded. At the time of writing, 1 Ether is worth 65 cents.

Gas: Executing programs and saving data on Ethereum consumes a certain amount of Ethereum. Gas is converted from Ethereum. This mechanism is used to ensure efficiency.

DApp: The Ethereum community calls applications based on smart contracts decentralized applications (Decentralized App). The goal of DApp is (or should be) to have a friendly interface for your smart contracts, plus some extras, such as IPFS, a decentralized network that can store and read data, not from the Ethereum team but in a similar spirit ). DApp can run on a centralized server that can interact with Ethereum nodes, or it can run on any Ethereum equal node. (Take a minute to think about this: Unlike ordinary websites, DApps cannot run on ordinary servers. They need to submit transactions to the blockchain and read important data from the blockchain rather than a centralized database. Compared to typical users When logging into the system, the user may be represented as a wallet address and other user data is stored locally. Many things will be structured differently from current web applications.)

Ethereum client, smart contract language

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Writing and deploying smart contracts does not require you to run an Ethereum node. Browser-based IDEs and APIs are listed below. But if you are just learning, you should still run an Ethereum node to understand the basic components, and running a node is not difficult.

Clients available for running Ethereum nodes

Ethereum has many client implementations in different languages, that is, multiple methods of interacting with the Ethereum network, , including C++, Go, Python, Java, Haskell, etc. Why do we needWant so much to achieve? Different implementations can meet different needs. For example, the goal of Haskell implementation is to be mathematically verifiable, to make Ethereum more secure, and to enrich the entire ecosystem.

At the time of writing this article, I am using the client geth (go-ethereum) implemented in the Go language. At other times, I also use a tool called testrpc, which uses the Python client pyethereum. Later examples will use these tools.

About mining: Mining is fun, a bit like caring for your houseplant, but also a way to learn about the entire system. Although the current price of Ethereum may not even cover the electricity bill, who knows in the future. People are creating many cool DApps that may make Ethereum more and more popular.

Interactive console: Once the client is running, you can synchronize the blockchain, create a wallet, and send and receive Ethereum. One way to use geth is through the Javascript console. In addition, you can use cURL-like commands to interact with the client through JSON RPC. The goal of this article is to take you through the process of DApp development, so I won’t go into details about this. But we should remember that these command line tools are useful for debugging, configuring nodes, and using wallets.

Running the node on the test network: If you run the geth client on the official network, it will take quite a while to download the entire blockchain and synchronize with the network. You can determine if synchronization has occurred by comparing the last block number printed in the node logs with the latest block listed on stats.ethdev.com. ) Another problem is that running smart contracts on the official network requires real Ethereum. Running the node on the test network does not have this problem. At this time, there is no need to synchronize the entire blockchain. Just create your own private chain, which saves time for development.

Testrpc: Use geth to create a test network. Another faster way to create a test network is to use testrpc. Testrpc can help you create a bunch of test accounts with funds at startup. It also runs faster and is therefore better suited for development and testing. You can start with testrpc, and then as the contract slowly takes shape, move to the test network created by geth - the startup method is very simple, you only need to specify a networkid: geth --networkid "12345". Here is the code repository for testrpc, we will talk about it again below.

Next, let’s talk about the available programming languages, and then we can start the real programming. Solidity is the programming language used to write smart contracts.

There are several languages ​​to choose from to write smart contracts: Solidity, which is somewhat similar to Javascript, WenThe file extension is .sol. Serpent is similar to Python, and the file name ends in .se. There is also a Lisp-like LLL. Serpent has been popular for a while, but now the most popular and stable one is Solidity, so just use Solidity. I heard you like Python? Use Solidity.

solc compiler: After writing the smart contract with Solidity, you need to use solc to compile it. It is a component from a C++ client implementation. Again, different implementations complement each other. Here is how to install it. If you don't want to install solc, you can also use a browser-based compiler, such as Solidity real-time compiler or Cosmo. The programming sections below will assume you have solc installed.

web3.js API. After the Solidity contract is compiled and sent to the network, you can use Ethereum's web3.js JavaScript API to call it and build web applications that can interact with it.

㈦ Energy Blockchain Research | Why do we need blockchain technology?

When talking about blockchain technology with outsiders, they will always mention this question: Why do we need it? Blockchain? If you answer it incorrectly, even those who are interested may not want to know more about it, and it will make them think that blockchain does not bring anything new to the world.

In fact, blockchain technology has begun to get on the right track, and many industries have begun to use blockchain technology. Blockchain doesn’t always solve old problems in new ways. Compared with traditional methods, blockchain technology is safer, more cost-effective, and more transparent. This article will give answers to the above questions.

As we all know, the 21st century has brought about issues such as data breaches, misuse of personal information, and data insecurity. Blockchain combined with other technologies and services can help prevent some major information leaks and breaches because data is no longer stored in one place. If we want to truly understand how blockchain technology can help ordinary users, first, we must understand the types of services and platforms they use. For example:

Some blockchain companies are trying to replace all the products in the picture above. These attempted products are either decentralized or replaced by decentralized products. Many companies have shown time and time again that they don’t trust data and that users should get more out of it by selling their data to advertising companies.

The 2017 ICO boom swept the blockchain market, with hundreds of companies succeeding or failing seemingly overnight. But there are also benefits to this special investing period: Investors have learned how to spot innovative, high-quality companies. Some companies established through ICOremain in existence, while others have raised funds during this period. The idea common to most companies is this: they allow users to control their data without interference or hosting. For example:

But is anyone really using these alternatives? The answer is yes, and it's growing well. Of course, some projects fail miserably and drag down the industry. After the ICO boom in 2017, if you pay a little attention, you will find that not all of these companies are successful. However, success often comes with failure.

Even some early projects that seemed very successful have gradually lost their former glory, such as CryptoKitties. But you can learn how to get better from failure. The entire industry, users, developers and investors learned a lesson in a previously oversaturated market: it learned how to get better. Users learned how to better allocate their time among many new projects; investors learned which projects to invest in; developers learned what works and what doesn’t; and the industry learned how much new development is sustainable of.

Good ideas are no longer enough. There also needs to be a working product, a dedicated user base, and a concept. This is why Brave, Antube, and Alfa are some of the most forward-thinking projects on the market today—they answer the big question of why we need blockchain.

Data is important. When surfing the Internet, most Internet users provide data. This data is collected, classified, and monetized by large corporations. From this they learn who the user is and why they are buying. How to get users to buy is the key to their success. Alfa, Brave, and Antube are three unique companies trying to give users more control over their data.

Brave aims to transform the browsing experience. Previously, most people installed ad-blocking software on their browsers, but Brave is about to change that. Instead, the ad becomes an interactive experience that captures the user's attention in a short period of time, and all parties benefit.

Users should have more control over their data, but relying solely on blockchain and tokens will not solve the problem. A new blockchain with built-in economics should be developed.

Back to the original question: Why do we need blockchain?

It’s all about data. In the past, we relied on organizations to save data, but now blockchain provides users with keys and immutable records.

There are many ways to track the progress of a company or institution, but the easiest way is often to go straight to the source. Twitter will update in real time (Brave, Alfa, Antube), while check out forums like Reddit, Bitcointalk, and Hacker NArticles on oon can also provide valuable information. Whichever way you choose to update, just remember this: we want “our” data to belong to “us” — that’s why we need blockchain.

National Energy Information Platform contact number: 010-65367702, email: [email protected], address: People’s Daily, No. 2 Jintai West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing

㈧ Energy Blockchain Research | Blockchain Use Cases in the Energy Industry

If implemented properly, blockchain technology has the potential to revolutionize every aspect of the energy industry.

As the energy industry becomes increasingly decentralized, blockchain technology is ideally positioned as a major disruptive force. In fact, companies around the world are already developing blockchain applications to create direct connections between energy producers and consumers.

Blockchain is a virtual public ledger that records transactions in a secure and transparent manner without the need for third parties such as banks, public institutions or electricity providers to act as intermediaries. But how exactly can blockchain be used to improve operations in this area? Let’s explore some of the most exciting applications of this promising technology in the energy sector.

Energy Sector

◆Facilitates peer-to-peer energy trading◆

Traditional energy delivery models rely on centralized power plants millions of miles away, which are located Electricity is transported on transmission and distribution lines, commonly known as the "grid". The less discussed “microgrids” are local grids that can connect and disconnect from the traditional grid when necessary. Microgrids use local energy sources such as wind and solar power to power local loads together.

Microgrids enable consumers to both produce and consume energy, giving them the opportunity to become "product consumers." As producers, they are able to sell any surplus energy they may have on a pay-per-use basis to peers connected to the same microgrid. Blockchain technology facilitates this peer-to-peer energy trading by providing microgrid members with a secure and transparent distributed ledger. This provides a highly reliable and cost-effective way to create, verify, record and coordinate peer-to-peer energy transactions in real time.

Energy Sector

◆Let electric vehicles continue to drive◆

According to data from BloombergNEF, global electric vehicle sales exceeded 2 million units in 2018, more than at the beginning of this century There is a significant increase in the number of thousands of vehicles a year. Additionally, Bloomberg expects this number to increase to 10 million by 2025 and 56 million by 2040.

With more and more electric vehicles on the road, private charging stations are likely to become valuable assets, requiring an efficient system to coordinate energy transactions between drivers. Blockchain technology is availableTo create a system that can monitor electricity prices, make pricing decisions in specific markets, and enable charging station owners to conduct secure transactions.

Energy Sector

◆Simplify regulatory procedures ◆

Energy companies need to submit large amounts of data to regulators to prove their compliance with various regulations. Collecting and cleaning all this data using current technology is not only tedious, but also creates serious problems related to incorrect data access. The more data you process, the more people you need to be involved, and the greater the chance of accidental exposure of sensitive company information.

Because blockchain ledgers are both immutable and completely transparent, introducing them into energy companies’ operations will give regulators the greatest confidence that the data they receive is unedited. The introduction of blockchain will also give energy companies unparalleled control over what information is shared with whom, all but eliminating the possibility of sensitive data falling into the wrong hands. To boot, blockchain technology introduces the ability to standardize data collection and transmission formats.

Energy Sector

◆ Expanding energy access ◆

Many communities around the world are not connected to the grid. Energy in these communities often comes from local solar panel projects, many of which do not receive adequate funding.

Crowdfunding can help close this financing gap. The idea here is for individuals or other small investors to pool their resources to purchase enough photovoltaic cells to build the necessary number of solar panels for a given community without electricity. These micro-investors retain partial ownership of the solar panels and earn income, with the community paying a marginal amount each month for the electricity generated by the solar panels.

Introducing blockchain technology into this process will alleviate many of the problems that plague traditional crowdfunding. First, blockchain-based crowdfunding will enable anyone with an internet connection to donate to a campaign, which is simply not the case with traditional crowdfunding platforms. Additionally, just like peer-to-peer energy trading within microgrids, blockchain technology can reduce the overall cost of monthly transactions between solar panel owners and the community powered by the panels. Finally, because blockchain is completely secure and transparent, blockchain greatly reduces the chance of crowdfunding fraud. On the contrary, it is difficult for traditional crowdfunding platforms to eradicate this kind of fraud.

Energy Sector

◆ The bright future of blockchain◆

These use cases show that blockchain applications have the potential to revolutionize our energy consumption, transactions, Regulation and financing methods. Once key stakeholders in the energy industry get involved, blockchain may well become the key to keeping the lights on for millions of people around the world.

National Energy Information Platform contact number: 010-65367702, email: [email protected], address: People's Daily, No. 2 Jintai West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing