世界对区块链的研究,世界对区块链的定义

近年来，区块链已经成为一个热门话题，世界各地的研究者都在探讨它的潜力。世界对区块链的定义是一种分布式数据库，它可以记录任何类型的交易，并且具有不可更改性。它的发展也带来了三个关键词：去中心化、可信任性和安全性。

去中心化是区块链的基础。它不依赖于单一的组织或者中心化的管理机构，而是通过一个分布式的网络来完成数据存储和交易处理。由于没有中心化的管理机构，它可以更有效地处理交易，减少成本，提高效率。它还可以提供更好的隐私保护，因为没有中心化的机构可以收集和分析用户的数据。

可信任性是区块链最重要的特性之一。一个区块链网络的所有节点都可以相互信任，因为它们都可以访问和验证区块链中的所有信息。这意味着，任何一个节点都不能篡改区块链中的信息，这就保证了数据的安全性和可信任性。

安全性是区块链的另一个重要特性。它采用了加密技术，使得数据在传输过程中不易被篡改，从而保护数据的安全性。此外，区块链还采用了智能合约系统，可以根据设定的规则自动执行交易，这可以有效地防止欺诈行为。

总之，区块链是一种分布式数据库，它具有去中心化、可信任性和安全性的特性，可以有效地保护数据的安全性，提高交易的效率，以及提供更好的隐私保护。未来，它可能会在许多方面发挥重要作用，从而改变我们的生活。

请查看相关英文文档

1. It can increase the price of graphics cards and there is a global electricity shortage. What exactly is blockchain and why can it change the world?

It is very likely that everyone is paying attention to the term blockchain technology. , mostly due to the sudden rise of Bitcoin to 100,000 yuan in 2017, and the 4-fold increase in the stock price of Xunlei Resources, which built Wanke Cloud with blockchain technology. This shows that other things and all companies only need to The word blockchain technology becomes an instant hit without exception. The term digital currency is gradually gaining popularity among the people, and as it happens, there are usually "coin mining" and "digital currency".

Blockchain technology is different. You can buy and sell directly with sellers. As long as everyone follows the principle of paying once and delivering goods, there will be no problem. In this way, the middleman is eliminated, the stock trading time is greatly shortened, and the whole process is efficient and practical. There will even be no payment failure in the Alipay wallet in the early morning of Double Eleven, and the transaction information of the two parties can only be known to each other. The sensitive transaction information between each other will not be known to third parties, thus ensuring the protection of personal information.

2. The future development prospects of blockchain will profoundly affect three aspects

It is still unknown how much technological impact blockchain will bring to the human world, but industry, academia and research generally believe that So far we have only seen the tip of the iceberg of the potential value of blockchain! Blockchain technology will not only change technology and reshape industries, but will also shake the existing order, traditional rules and value systems of human society. As blockchain technology gradually matures, it is foreseeable that blockchain will show the following development trends.

Zero-knowledge proof

Blockchain is very transparent in nature. Any node running in the blockchain network can view and download all data stored in the ledger. Blockchain combines zero-knowledge proof technology to allow users and businesses to use private data to execute smart contracts without revealing specific data content.

Artificial Intelligence

Blockchain can serve as the foundation for decentralized markets and a coordination platform for various artificial intelligence components, including data, algorithms, and computing power. This could lead to new levels of innovation and use of artificial intelligence. Blockchain will also make such decisions more transparent, explainable and trustworthy. Since all data on the blockchain is public, artificial intelligence will become the basis for providing anti-counterfeiting and privacy protection.

Internet of Things

Blockchain can add a layer of accountability and security to IoT data, becoming the future driver of IoT efficiency, scalability and standardization By. For example, in healthcare, blockchain-enabled IoT devices will allow patients to control access to the data collected by these devices. This technology will make devices more resistant to cyberattacks and provide a detailed record of when another party accessed data. In supply chains, blockchain-based systems, powered by smart contracts, can automate payments based on specific conditions measured by IoT sensors.

The arrival of the blockchain era has revealed the future development trends of various industries, and the increasingly mature technology of blockchain has gradually entered a period of expansion. I believe that in the near future, it will definitely produce greater economic benefits for society.

3. What is blockchain and what role does blockchain play?

It is important to understand blockchain, which is important for seeing through various fake block chain scams.

If someone uses a bunch of professional terms to explain the blockchain, it will be difficult for you to understand, and they may not really understand it themselves.

So, we first establish a psychological line of defense. Anyone who sells you concepts and uses a lot of unfamiliar technical terms may be a liar. Be very careful!

To understand blockchain, you must know what the core appeal of blockchain is. What do you think you are most worried about in today's highly developed Internet world?

Privacy, yes, privacy. How to protect privacy? You may be monitored at any time, and any of your personal information may be stolen at any time. If personal privacy is not absolutely protected, the Internet will become another pyramid of power. Who is standing on top of the pyramid? He is the smartest technical master, a platform provider, and an information regulator. You and I may be the people at the bottom of this pyramid.

The people who originally invented the blockchain had serious concerns about being completely swallowed up by the Internet, and tried to create an absolutely safe encryption technology to lock up personal privacy. This technology completely subverts traditional encryption technology. In fact, rather than locking up privacy, it is better to tear it into pieces and then distribute the pieces to different people for private keeping. Unless everyone agrees to take out the pieces and spell out the complete code, the truth cannot be revealed. This is the first mechanism of blockchain, which is decentralization.

But decentralization alone is not enough. Those who steal password fragments must also be given nowhere to hide, so that every action of the thief is recorded indelibly and spread everywhere on the Internet. , made public. This is the second mechanism of the blockchain, the non-anonymous mechanism. Do you think, who snoops into privacy is not sneaky?

To sum up, the blockchain is to hide privacy in a decentralized manner, record any actions that reproduce this privacy, and make it public. Seeing this, you may want to applaud the blockchain. Don't worry, how can there be such a good thing in the world? Is there any utopia that is absolutely safe? If blockchain can be realized in an absolute sense, will the existence of the government still be meaningful? Yes, blockchain was originally the embodiment of anarchy. Its ultimate meaning is destined to never be realized. Its survival may have to rely on power, and it is destined to become another beautifully packaged lie and a pretense to deceive people. In this sense, the government must also specify a framework for the development of the blockchain, reconstruct the value of the blockchain, and drive out the anti-government and anti-national attempts contained in the blockchain. Some blockchain technologies can be used in concrete applications, but decentralization must not be promoted. In short, we must remain highly vigilant about blockchain. Beauty often hides its sting. Absolutely ideal recipes often turn out to be poison. The person who says he can absolutely protect your privacy and financial security is the real voyeur and vampire.

The best way to protect our privacy is to not have any privacy and live a completely open life, either like a sun or like a god of wine.

4. The future development prospects of blockchain

1. Blockchain has become the forefront of global technological development and opened up a new track for international competition. Blockchain will become a new key infrastructure to further accelerate the development of the digital economy, lead a new round of global technological and industrial changes, and become the "source" of technological innovation and model innovation. The world's major developed countries will further pay attention to blockchain technology, intensively introduce relevant policy plans, increase industrial support and guidance, and enhance the competitiveness of their country's blockchain technology and industry.
2. The digital currency bubble gradually cools down. With the spread and popularization of the concept of blockchain technology, more and more people will realize that Bitcoin is not equivalent to blockchain, and various air coins will be gradually eliminated. Blockchain technology innovation will return to a more rational track. Technical features such as decentralization, multi-party collaboration, and anti-calculation tampering will be highly valued by relevant industries. Some industries with strong innovation capabilities will continue to emerge with blockchain applications that have been transformed based on industry characteristics.

5. Which countries are currently leading in blockchain in the world?

The countries that are currently leading in blockchain in the world include the following:

1. United States: The United States is one of the largest blockchain markets in the world, with many blockchain start-ups and technology giants. At the same time, the U.S. government is also promoting the application of blockchain technology. For example, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has approved the first securities trading platform based on blockchain technology.

2. Singapore: Singapore is one of the leaders in the blockchain field in Asia, with a number of leading blockchain companies and research institutions. The Singapore government is also actively promoting the application of blockchain technology. For example, the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) has launched multiple blockchain projects, including blockchain-based payment systems and digital identity verification systems.

3. Switzerland: Switzerland is one of the leaders in the European blockchain field and has many blockchain start-ups and research institutions. The Swiss government is also actively promoting the application of blockchain technology. For example, the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB) has launched an electronic ticketing system based on blockchain.

4. Japan: Japan is one of the important countries in the blockchain field in Asia, with many blockchain start-ups and technology giants. The Japanese government is also actively promoting the application of blockchain technology. For example, the Japan Financial Services Agency has approved the first digital currency exchange based on blockchain technology.

5. South Korea: South Korea is one of the important countries in the blockchain field in Asia, with many blockchain start-ups and technologies.Technology giant. The Korean government is also actively promoting the application of blockchain technology. For example, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism of South Korea has launched a real estate registration system based on blockchain technology.

6. The rise and significance of the new world - the virtual world defined by blockchain

We are fortunate to be in a historic moment when two parallel worlds are about to intersect. One is the one we are familiar with. The physical world will not die or shrink; the other is the virtual world where chaos begins, it is coming towards us, but it is still vague. If you want, you can refuse to enter the virtual world, but your life will have many inconveniences; people born after 2025 will feel that everything in the virtual world is so natural and familiar.

The significance of blockchain

Ren Zeping in "Hearing Thunder in Silence - Looking at China's Future from the 2018 Statistical Bulletin" ( March 3, 2019) mentioned in an article, "According to IMF estimates, the total global GDP in 2018 reached 84.8 trillion US dollars, of which China and the United States accounted for 16.1% and 24.2% of global GDP respectively." China's GDP in 2018 was equivalent to 90 trillion yuan.

According to Feixiaohao statistics as of 19:33 on March 3, 2019, the total market value of digital currencies is approximately US$136.4 billion, of which Bitcoin is approximately 67.427 billion US dollars, Ethereum 14.138 billion US dollars. In other words, the total market value of digital currencies only accounts for 1.6‰ of global GDP ($84.8 trillion).

I believe that assets in the physical world will gradually be mapped to the virtual world. In August 2018, I felt that there may be as much as 50% to 60% mapping in the future, so that digital currencies will still grow by more than two to three hundred times.

In fact, meeting the physiological needs for food, clothing, housing and transportation is relatively easy to achieve in modern society, and consumption is relatively low. When physiological needs such as food and clothing are met, people will naturally have psychological and spiritual needs such as safety, emotion, respect, and self-realization, and their consumption will gradually increase.

The statistical data of "Hearing Thunder in Silence - Looking at China's Future from the 2018 Statistical Bulletin" reflect this change. The article mentioned that "the service industry "Contribution to GDP growth reaches a new high, and consumption leads economic growth": "The economic structure continues to be optimized, the contribution rate of the tertiary industry to the economy has reached a record high, and the contribution of consumption has increased significantly. From an industry perspective, the primary, secondary, and tertiary industries account for 50% of GDP The proportions were 7.2%, 40.7% and 52.2% respectively, and their contribution to GDP growth were 4.0%, 35.8% and 60% respectively..1%, changes of -0.9, -0.5 and 1.3 percentage points from the previous year, among which the contribution rate of the tertiary industry reached a record high. ”

Although the service industry cannot completely correspond to the new world of the generalized virtual economy, the overlap is very high. During the Spring Festival in 2019, the film "The Wandering Earth" " is very popular, and the box office has exceeded 4.5 billion yuan so far. From the perspective of labor creating wealth, the wealth created by the film crew is increasing day by day compared to the labor they put in.

In Lin Zuoming's "Generalized Virtual Economics", he also proposed that life creates wealth and wealth is the carrier of culture. I also agree with it very much. The scope of life is far greater than labor; when the basic problem of food and clothing is solved In the future, people's willingness to spend on satisfying their psychological and spiritual needs will be far greater than on food and clothing. High-quality digital content such as movies, television, books, music, education, games, etc. can be easily copied and used at a low cost. It will not increase by hundreds or thousands.

Therefore, I changed my point of view (my original point of view was: the assets of the physical world will gradually be mapped to virtual world, but it will not be 100%, maybe up to 50% 60%), I believe that the assets of the virtual world in the future (such as the bit assets proposed by Mr. Newton, the virtual economy proposed by Lin Zuoming) will be far greater than the assets of the real world (such as Mr. Newton's atomic assets, Lin Zuoming's real economy).

Digitalization is an unstoppable trend. Although everyone's physiological information, behavioral data, and psychological The digitalization ratio of information is still very low, but as the software-defined world gradually deepens, because of the need for convenient life and low-cost and efficient use of information, we will actively embrace or passively accept it, so that the digitalization ratio of each individual will increase year by year. Rising. People born before the large-scale popularization of the Internet may not feel it, but for those new generations who were born when the Internet, mobile Internet, and blockchain value networks were already popular, digital life has become a normal state. As they interact, older people will more or less improve their digital life rate.

In the digital journey, the privacy protection of personal information, The security and transfer of digital assets will become more and more important, and the trusted infrastructure (trusted computing, trusted storage) built by the blockchain will become a must. Because every bit in the blockchain world is simultaneously The records are stored on each node and cannot be added, deleted or modified at will, which greatly enhances the certainty.

Wang Jiaping in "What's So Great About Blockchain" said: “Blockchain will·The computer architecture of the Neumann architecture is further expanded to separate it from specific physical computing devices. Only in this way can the computing process be fundamentally prevented from being controlled by a single controller, so that everyone can trust this computing system. "This reminds me of what was mentioned in the "Software Defined Storage" written by my organization. The Software Defined Data Center (Software Defined Data Center) initiated by VMware is divided into three stages:

1. Abstraction ( Decoupling or standardization)

2. Pooling (virtualization)

3. Automation (policy driven)

< p> Previously I mentioned in "Change is Mining - Thoughts from the Issuance of MacCoin Tokens by FCoin Exchange and McDonald's": "Blockchain is a distributed log set or record set that is synchronized across the entire network." To distinguish Blockchain 1.0, also known as Bitcoin, is an example. It contains instructions such as accounting or logging, as well as data such as ledgers or logs. Instructions and data form a logical computing system. Early computers, their software systems and Data is tightly coupled in the physical computer. This computer is easily damaged, and instructions and data are easily tampered with. Later, high-availability clusters appeared, and physical security was guaranteed; after the emergence of virtualization and cloud computing, , the software system and the physical hardware are decoupled. However, no matter which physical hardware the software system drifts to, the ownership of the physical hardware belongs to the same individual or organization. Therefore, it is possible that due to lax defenses against the outside world (such as hacker attacks ), or internal misoperation, or even malicious operation, causing instructions or data to be tampered with.

However, the use of blockchain allows software systems to run in an adult There are thousands of nodes, and everyone is doing the same thing: keeping accounts or logging. The ownership of the physical hardware of these thousands of nodes belongs to different individuals or organizations, and they do not know each other. Therefore, this software system not only achieves decoupling from the physical location (decentralization of the architecture), but also decouples usage rights and ownership (decentralization of the organization). In fact, each node of the entire public chain , is based on consensus (open rules) and is constructed in a self-organizing manner by many individuals or organizations that do not know each other. Essentially, no individual or organization has ownership, so there is no single control. Control, or tamper with the above instructions or data. This is a very thorough decoupling.

It should be noted that in the Bitcoin system, and Shared computing was not implemented, but only shared ledgers were completed, and everyone was doing the same calculations. However, it was this shared ledger processing that opened a new chapter in IT history. Because this processing process wasRecognition by node participants is the cornerstone of trusted infrastructure.

#BTC[超话]# #欧YiOKEx# #digital currency#

7. A brief discussion on the accumulation of blockchain storage and traffic technology - the era of real WEB3 is coming

What breakthroughs have modern society made in storage and traffic technology? What about progress? Let’s briefly summarize it for you.

The current Internet is all about centralized traffic and storage. With the development of the world, the bt network was born. The bt network is a distributed storage and traffic system. But it also has its limitations. First, the bt network can only transfer and share single files. Second, the bt network does not have an incentive mechanism. To put it simply, everyone joins the bt network, but there is no willingness to actively save or distribute files, because this is not beneficial to the participants.

With the exposure of bt network flaws, IPFS was born. That is, the IPFS system developed by the Filecoin project party’s protocol laboratory. IPFS is an upgraded version of the bt network. It adds a folder system based on the bt network. In the IPFS system, folders can be transferred and shared directly. Others can also browse related data, files, etc. directly from the folder.

But IPFS, like the bt network, has several problems. First: There is no incentive system. Second: In the early stage of file transmission, because there are very few nodes to store files, the efficiency is very low. For example, if A uploads a file and B needs to retrieve it, it can only retrieve it from A. Therefore, the efficiency is very low. If C wants to retrieve, it can only retrieve from the two nodes A and B. If both A and B are shut down, the files will not be retrieved. This is the problem with IPFS and BitTorrent networks. Their initial transmission efficiency is extremely low. Only when files are retrieved countless times and widely distributed among nodes, the transmission speed will become very fast. So the bt network and IPFS system are both a process from slow to fast. If you retrieve a file that is distributed less among nodes, the retrieval capability is very weak and the transmission speed is also very slow. In order to solve this incentive mechanism problem, Protocol Labs developed the Filecoin supply chain.

Filecoin and IPFS are two concepts. Filecoin actually puts the real-life IPFS onto the blockchain. The characteristic of blockchain is decentralization, and nodes do not trust each other. Data transmitted between nodes must be re-checked. This results in very poor performance of the blockchain. After IPFS was put on the chain, Filecoin was formed. Therefore, Filecoin is also subject to the impact of blockchain performance, resulting in the inability toThere is no way to perform efficient retrieval without matching valid data. Filecoin realizes the storage of data on the blockchain, which is a very significant contribution. Subsequently, SWARM and BZZ appeared, but BZZ has no block incentive mechanism and only has a traffic settlement system, which currently seems to be a failure. However, BZZ has also made certain improvements compared to IPFS and Filecoin: a set of active distribution mechanisms. For example: when I upload a video, the video will be actively distributed by the node. The video will be quickly cached to multiple nodes. Therefore, BZZ has made outstanding contributions in traffic settlement and efficient retrieval. Although it left behind technical contributions, it remained a failed project.

From the current point of view, most of the problems in traffic and storage have been solved in the blockchain field. The second is the issue of blockchain performance. After years of evolution, Layer0, Layer1, and Layer2 have also undergone continuous experiments. In recent years, research in the field of Layer 1 has achieved a lot of results and patents. I believe that breakthroughs in high-performance public chains will appear soon.

Therefore, if you want to build a blockchain network that is truly similar to web3, you should achieve breakthroughs in three aspects: First: efficient retrieval. Second: Incentivize storage and traffic separately. The third is that there must be an authorized access system. The authorized access system is similar to when people watch video websites and need to pay to obtain data. In the traditional Internet world, there are many monetization channels. The Internet world of blockchain has just taken shape. Therefore, ecological builders can directly obtain certain benefits. Only in this way can the prosperity of the ecosystem be promoted, and the builders of the ecosystem can continue to contribute more useful applications. Finally, breakthroughs in high-performance public chains are also indispensable. Therefore, with the above four conditions, web3 is getting closer and closer to us.

This content is authorized by the original teacher Zeng Bo and may not be modified or reproduced without permission

8. How to define blockchain and what are the application scenarios of blockchain

Nowadays, many people think that blockchain is a universal technology that can do anything. This is a bit of a myth about blockchain technology!
Regarding the definition of blockchain technology, American scholar Melanie Swann defined blockchain technology as an open, transparent and decentralized technology in her book "Blockchain: A New Economic Blueprint and Introduction" database.

Definition of Blockchain: Narrow VS Broad

As for the application scenarios of blockchain technology, it is natural to combine the differences between blockchain and other technologies. In terms of system characteristics.

Blockchain technology features include:

ZoneBlockchain is a database storage system that is distributed around the world and can operate collaboratively. It is different from traditional database operations where read and write permissions are in the hands of a company or a centralized authority (centralized characteristics). Blockchain believes that anyone with Anyone with the ability to set up a server can participate. Nuggets from all over the world have deployed their own servers locally and connected to the blockchain network to become a node in this distributed database storage system; once joined, the node enjoys exactly the same rights as all other nodes and obligations (decentralized, distributed characteristics).

At the same time, people who provide services on the blockchain can perform read and write operations on any node in the system. In the end, all nodes around the world will complete the process again and again according to a certain mechanism. Synchronize in sequence to achieve complete consistency of data in all nodes in the blockchain network.

At the beginning of this year, the term blockchain began to enter everyone’s lives. From national leaders to aunts who dance square dances, everyone knows this term. This term is widely known by Bit Brought by coins.

As we all know, the first few dozen bitcoins could only be exchanged for one pizza. At its peak, it was more than 20,000 US dollars each, which has skyrocketed by more than a thousand times, which has also benefited a large number of wealthy people. Currently, there are blockchain The virtual currency generated by technology is gradually entering into everyone's life, and many people have joined the ranks of currency speculation. I often hear people say that if you buy the right currency a hundred times, a bicycle will become a sports car, and one coin will turn a young model. You can imagine how many of them are involved. Attractive.

Since 2008, various games applying blockchain technology have also become popular, such as development games (Network Letts Dog, 360 Block Cat), mining games (NetEase Planet, Virtual Earth, Gongxinbao), these are attracting everyone to join in the name of blockchain, and of course there are some that are really reliable, which requires everyone to identify them carefully.

Blockchain is a distributed ledger (database) that connects data blocks in an orderly manner and cryptographically ensures that it cannot be tampered with or forged. technology. In layman's terms, blockchain technology can achieve openness, transparency, non-tampering, non-forgery, and traceability of all data information in the system without the need for third-party endorsement. As an underlying protocol or technical solution, blockchain can effectively solve the problem of trust and realize the free transfer of value. It has broad prospects in the fields of digital currency, financial asset transaction settlement, digital government affairs, and certificate deposit and anti-counterfeiting data services.

Digital currency

After experiencing physical objects, precious metals, banknotes and other forms, digital currency has become the development direction of the digital economy era. Compared with physical currency, digital currency has the characteristics of easy portability and storage, low circulation cost, convenient use, easy anti-counterfeiting and management, breaking geographical restrictions, and better integration.

Bitcoin technically eliminates the need for third-party transfer or arbitration, and both parties to the transaction can directlyElectronic cash systems for mutual transfers. In June 2019, the Internet giant Facebook also released a white paper on its cryptocurrency Libra. Whether it is Bitcoin or Libra, the underlying technology they rely on is blockchain technology.

my country began the development of central bank digital currency as early as 2014. my country's digital currency DC/EP adopts a two-tier operating system: the central bank does not directly issue digital currency to the public. Instead, the central bank redeems the digital currency to various commercial banks or other legal operating institutions, and then these institutions exchange it for public supply. its use. In early August 2019, the central bank held a video conference on work for the second half of the year. The meeting called for accelerating the pace of research and development of the national legal digital currency.

Financial asset transaction settlement

Blockchain technology naturally has financial attributes, and it is causing disruptive changes in the financial industry. In terms of payment and settlement, under the blockchain distributed ledger system, multiple market participants jointly maintain and synchronize a "general ledger" in real time. Payment, clearing, and settlement that currently take two or three days can be completed in just a few minutes. tasks, reducing the complexity and cost of cross-bank and cross-border transactions. At the same time, the underlying encryption technology of the blockchain ensures that participants cannot tamper with the ledger, ensuring that transaction records are transparent and safe. Regulators can easily track transactions on the chain and quickly locate high-risk capital flows. In terms of securities issuance transactions, traditional stock issuance processes are long, costly and complex. Blockchain technology can weaken the role of underwriting institutions and help all parties establish a fast and accurate information exchange and sharing channel. Issuers handle issuance on their own through smart contracts, and regulatory authorities With unified review and verification, investors can also bypass intermediaries and conduct direct operations. In terms of digital bills and supply chain finance, blockchain technology can effectively solve the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises. It is difficult for current supply chain finance to benefit small and medium-sized enterprises in the upper reaches of the industrial chain, because they often do not have direct trade relations with core enterprises, and it is difficult for financial institutions to evaluate their credit qualifications. Based on blockchain technology, we can establish a consortium chain network covering core enterprises, upstream and downstream suppliers, financial institutions, etc. The core enterprises issue accounts receivable vouchers to their suppliers. After the bills are digitized and uploaded to the chain, they can be uploaded to the supplier Transfer between them, each level of supplier can realize the corresponding amount of financing with the digital bill certificate.

Digital Government Affairs

Blockchain can make data run and greatly streamline the service process. The distributed technology of blockchain can allow government departments to concentrate on one chain, and all service processes are delivered to smart contracts. As long as the service personnel pass the identity authentication and electronic signature in one department, the smart contracts can be automatically processed and transferred, and the subsequent steps can be completed in sequence. All approvals and signatures. Blockchain invoice is the earliest application of domestic blockchain technology. The tax department launched the "Tax Chain" platform for blockchain electronic invoices. The tax department, the issuer, and the payee join the "Tax Chain" network through unique digital identities, truly realizing "instant invoicing for transactions" and "instant reimbursement after invoicing" - in seconds level invoicing,Minute-level reimbursements are entered into accounts, which greatly reduces tax collection and administration costs and effectively solves problems such as data tampering, over-reporting of one vote, and tax evasion. Poverty alleviation is another practical application of blockchain technology. Utilize the characteristics of openness, transparency, traceability, and non-tampering of blockchain technology to achieve transparent use, precise investment, and efficient management of poverty alleviation funds.

Evidence-based anti-counterfeiting

Blockchain can prove the existence of a file or digital content at a specific time through hash timestamps, and it is open, non-tamperable, and traceable. It provides perfect solutions for judicial forensics, identity certification, property rights protection, anti-counterfeiting and traceability, etc. In the field of intellectual property, the digital signature of blockchain technology and on-chain certificates can confirm the rights of text, pictures, audio and video, etc., and create and execute transactions through smart contracts, allowing creators to regain pricing power and preserve data formation in real time. The evidence chain covers the three major scenarios of rights confirmation, transaction and rights protection. In the field of anti-counterfeiting and traceability, blockchain technology can be widely used in various fields such as food and medicine, agricultural products, alcohol, and luxury goods through supply chain tracking.

Data services

Blockchain technology will greatly optimize existing big data applications and play a huge role in data circulation and sharing. In the future, the Internet, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things will generate massive amounts of data. The existing centralized data storage (computing model) will face huge challenges. Edge storage (computing) based on blockchain technology is expected to become a future solution. Furthermore, the non-tampering and traceability mechanism of blockchain ensures the authenticity and high quality of data, which becomes the basis for all data applications such as big data, deep learning, and artificial intelligence. Finally, blockchain can realize multi-party collaborative data calculations while protecting data privacy, and is expected to solve the problems of "data monopoly" and "data islands" and realize the value of data circulation. In response to the current blockchain development stage, in order to meet the blockchain development and application needs of general business users, many traditional cloud service providers have begun to deploy their own BaaS ("Blockchain as a Service") solutions. The combination of blockchain and cloud computing will effectively reduce enterprise blockchain deployment costs and promote the implementation of blockchain application scenarios. In the future, blockchain technology will also play an important role in many fields such as charity, insurance, energy, logistics, and the Internet of Things.

The three words "blockchain" were completely ignited during the Spring Festival that just passed, and the limelight overshadowed everything else. Some people said that this was the arrival of a new era, and the past It has become a classic, and some people say that it is all hype and is ultimately a bubble.

In fact, blockchain technology is not a new concept. It has been applied to many industries, such as electronic signatures, as early as the past two years. Recently, the third-party electronic signature platform eShanbao revealed the latest progress of blockchain applications to NewSeed.

Currently, blockchain technology isThe e-Shanbao product is mainly used in certificate deposit and certificate issuance. The application scenarios include copyright protection, online contract signing, web page evidence collection, phone recording, email certificate deposit, etc.

Take the rights protection of online works as an example. Since online rights protection generally adopts the method of collecting evidence after the fact, real-time confirmation of rights is not carried out in the process of evidence generation, so the entire confirmation process is difficult. The copyright process is time-consuming, difficult and costly to obtain evidence, and extremely difficult to prove and trace the source. It cannot meet the characteristics of rapid dissemination and large quantity of online works.

eShanbao's new intellectual property protection solution based on timestamp + blockchain starts from the user's real-name authentication and solidifies the information generated during the real-time solidification process. Electronic data, and through the time source service synchronized with the National Time Service Center, online works are stamped with legally valid timestamps to prove that electronic files have not been tampered with in a certain period of time. Blockchain technology can establish point-to-point trust in the network, ensuring that all blockchain nodes can record complete copyright confirmation and transaction records, and can trace their origins, truly realizing anti-repudiation and anti-tampering, and realizing a kind of distribution. trust infrastructure.

Founder and CEO Jin Hongzhou believes that the application of decentralized blockchain technology has greatly improved the efficiency of data storage and certification, and The credibility of the identity of the parties reduces the cost of trust, but it cannot replace the original centralized public key encryption technology. The two should complement each other. Through the combination of the two, it can provide users with real-time and reliable Confirmation plan.

Next, e-Shanbao will also focus on building a smart contract platform based on blockchain technology. Jin Hongzhou said that data storage, Issuing certificates is only a relatively superficial application based on blockchain technology. It is the first step to implement blockchain technology, and the realization of real smart contracts is the second step. "Smart contracts cannot simply be understood as electronic contracts. They refer to a process, from the conclusion of the contract to the confirmation to the final execution." Jin Hongzhou explained.

From a technical perspective, blockchain is not a brand-new technology, but a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanisms, encryption algorithms, and smart contracts. Specifically, blockchain technology is a technical solution that collectively maintains a reliable database in a decentralized, high-trust manner.

Due to its advantages such as "decentralization", "distributed data storage", "traceability", "anti-tampering", and "openness and transparency", blockchain technology can effectively solve data problems. By establishing a trustworthy data management environment, we can prevent and avoid various data management problems such as data fraud, tampering, and loss, and promote the efficient sharing and application of data. In the process of practical exploration,The application scope of blockchain technology continues to expand, especially in the field of public resource transactions, and it continues to empower public resource transaction management services.

Facilitate transaction data sharing and transaction witnessing

Facilitate transaction data Share

Currently, the data of different trading centers are not interoperable, and the subject information of different trading centers needs to be entered repeatedly. It is difficult to verify the off-site performance provided by the bidders during the bid evaluation process. It is difficult to troubleshoot the same person repeatedly serving as project manager. Issues such as low cost of breach of trust. Establishing a cross-regional subject database based on blockchain can well alleviate the above problems.

The distributed ledger feature based on the blockchain can effectively ensure the real-time or quasi-real-time sharing of data, and can reduce the repeated entry of subject information; the use of blockchain information that cannot be tampered with can ensure the data circulation process on the chain. The authenticity of the bidders in the regional alliance is directly obtained from the on-chain data, making it impossible to hide the fake performance. At the same time, the sharing of bidding behavior data through the blockchain provides a data basis for the development of "joint punishment of dishonest enterprises".

Blockchain-based transaction witness

"Guiding Opinions on Deepening the Integration and Sharing of Public Resource Trading Platforms" ( The State Office Letter [2019] No. 41) pointed out the need to optimize services such as witnessing, venues, information, files, and expert extraction. However, at present, public resource transaction process witnessing is mainly based on manual on-site witnessing, which has limited witnessing intensity, high occupation of human resources, and limited witnessing effect. Due to its centralized characteristics, the traditional digital witness system is prone to data tampering, and the data is easily damaged or lost during the storage and migration process, which has certain flaws in terms of security and usability.

Utilize the distributed, difficult to tamper, and traceable characteristics of the blockchain to solidify and store the data generated in each transaction link, and accurately record the data generated through time stamp technology, summary algorithm, and electronic signature technology. Time, content, data source. According to the technical characteristics of the blockchain, simple structured data can be directly saved on the blockchain. For unstructured layout files, videos, audio and other large files, the summary information and original files can be saved through the blockchain. Save via a distributed file storage service. When there are disputes or problems in a transaction, the blockchain can provide a set of credible transaction process data and clarify the responsibilities of all parties involved in the transaction. Achieve the goals of risk prevention and control in all aspects, traceability of the entire process, and improvement of all-round services.

Promote the rationalization of electronic guarantee rates

Promote financial services and corporate financing for bidding companies

Promote electronic guarantee rate cooperationPhysics and Chemistry

At present, electronic bidding deposit guarantee letters have been used to some extent in the field of bidding, which solves the problem of capital occupation of bidding deposits for bidding companies. However, because financial institutions currently do not have reliable historical bidding behavior data of bidders, they are unable to judge the default risks of different bidders. As a result, the guarantee services charged to bidders adopt fixed rates, which makes a small number of bids with high default risks The cost of personal guarantee is allocated to most bidders with low default risk, which increases the guarantee rates for most bidders to a certain extent.

At present, it is up to the bidder to choose whether to use an electronic letter of guarantee, and the rate is the main choice basis for the bidder. If the bidder performance records are shared through the blockchain and the performance risks of different bidders are analyzed, it will be Different bidders provide different guarantee rates, which not only reduces the risks of financial institutions, but also reduces the use costs of most bidders and promotes the use of bid guarantees. To a certain extent, it can also encourage bidders to abide by their promises and maintain the order of the bidding market. .

Promote financial services for bidding companies

The bidding behavior of bidders is scattered in various trading centers, and the data is simply aggregated In a centralized information system, there is a risk of data tampering (untrustworthy), and valuable bidder transaction behavior data cannot be gathered and shared safely and reliably. Through blockchain technology, bidders from multiple trading centers are gathered, and historical bidding, winning bids, defaults, violations and other behavioral records provide data support for financial institutions to evaluate the bidders' credit in the bidding sub-sector.

Solving the financing problems of successful bidders

Traditional corporate loans mainly evaluate the company's solvency: collateral, audit There are requirements for accurate financial statements and sustained profitability, but most small and medium-sized enterprises cannot provide these "proofs" at all. Difficulty and expensive financing have become problems faced by many small and medium-sized enterprises in bidding activities. Using the methods of the past will no longer work. To solve the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises, we can only rely on new technologies and new tools. With the help of the non-tamperable characteristics of blockchain, primary business data from multiple trading centers are gathered, and big data analysis technology is combined to build a portrait of a credible bidder. On the one hand, it improves the risk control level of financial institutions and taps high-quality bidding companies. On the other hand, it lowers the loan threshold for bidding companies and optimizes the service experience.

Drawing on the supply chain finance model, the bidder is a core enterprise with good credit in government departments, national enterprises and institutions, and the winning contract obtained by the winning bidder as a supplier is considered by financial institutions to be a high-quality asset. Apply for a loan from a financial institution. Under the traditional paper-based model, there is a risk of order and contract fraud and the process is cumbersome. Centralized information systems require operators to have strong authority. The distributed ledger and difficult-to-tamper characteristics of the blockchain will help solve the above problems and connect the tenderers and bidders.Contract signing and subsequent financial services are all implemented on the blockchain, which not only solves the problem of data credibility but also reduces the entire system's dependence on centralized authoritative institutions.

Through further analysis, we found that credit sales are currently prevalent among domestic enterprises, and the upstream suppliers of the winning bidder have a large funding gap. The credit of the bidder can only be passed to the winning bidder (the winning contract cannot be split or transferred), and the upstream suppliers Business owners are unable to obtain high-quality loans from financial institutions. If the winning contract is converted into a "pass" on the chain, the "pass" can be split, and the winning bidder holding the "pass" can pay part or all of the voucher to the upstream supplier, making it possible to discount and finance. The "tokens" on the chain can be split and transferred from first-level suppliers to second-level (and multi-level) suppliers, thereby allowing core enterprise credit to be transferred to multi-level suppliers. The shortage of funds from suppliers due to credit sales has been solved, improving the business environment; through value transfer through the blockchain, the financing cycle has been greatly shortened; the cost of supplier loans has been reduced, which will help reduce the production costs of raw materials or intermediate products, and ultimately Increase bidders' profit margins and indirectly reduce bidders' costs.

Regarding blockchain, we can imagine a decentralized management model and technical processing method.

Let me give you an example. There are five people in your family, and they have never been able to figure out how to arrange work and handle family relationships.

So, you and your family discuss it together and simply use voting to solve the problem.

Then this way of voting to solve problems can be called the most elementary blockchain.

Decentralization solves problems.

What application scenarios can blockchain have?

In fact, many of our families and many organizations use blockchain management forms every day

However, this kind of blockchain application for organizational relationships cannot produce Economic Value.

What are the economic applications of blockchain?

The first type is used for tax deposit certificates, bank transfers, etc.

Make full use of the traceability function of the blockchain so that all records can be retrieved and queried at any time

The second type is applied to enterprise operation and management

Enterprises using blockchain management can better solve the problems of enterprise development and allow enterprises to Able to develop faster and make more money.

Summary: The application scenarios of blockchain include taxation, bank transfers, etc., and can also be applied to business operations.

The characteristics of blockchain are distributed accounting and decentralization, but the ultimate goal is to make people get along more equally. Technology is meaningful only when it serves human values, and technology that meets human value needs will develop, so blockchain is in line withHuman beings pursue freedom and equality, so its tendency to become mainstream is unstoppable.

Currently, there are many blockchain gimmicks, which are basically used to issue coins. The newly launched ono is a decentralized, free and global social platform. Due to decentralization, your chat communication information is peer-to-peer and cannot be viewed by others. In other words, your every word and deed will no longer be recorded and reviewed at any time like it is now on WeChat, QQ, and Facebook, freeing you from the trouble of surveillance.

In fact, blockchain technology can be used in any field. Information that previously required third-party confirmation can be completed online and confirmed at multiple nodes, making it difficult (almost impossible) to delete.

At present, blockchain is still in its infancy, and the technology is not mature enough, but it is also a better time to enter.

Blockchain is a decentralized technology. Blockchain can be applied to all products currently covered by the Internet.

The most popular application industry at present is the financial industry.

An application that has been implemented is product traceability. Alibaba and JD.com are already using blockchain technology to fully trace the origin of some of the products they sell. Consumers can trace the origin of the purchased products. There are also many blockchain applications in the digital advertising industry. Since digital advertising traffic fraud causes losses of tens of billions of dollars every year, there are already blockchain application projects based on digital advertising, such as DCAD, which is based on blockchain. The digital advertising application of blockchain technology mainly solves the problem of traffic fraud

In the future, as the application of blockchain technology becomes more mature, it will be applied in many industries, creating a new ecosystem based on technological trust. Mode

What is blockchain

If you explain blockchain in non-technical terms, blockchain is a place where data is stored. However, the data stored in the blockchain is safe and reliable and does not need to be managed by anyone. Therefore, in the Internet, a place where data and information explode, having such a place will be like a magical treasure land.

What can the blockchain do?

If you ask what the blockchain can do, it is better to say what applications require the use of the blockchain. As mentioned earlier, blockchain is a safe place, so wherever data needs to be protected securely on the Internet, blockchain technology needs to be used. For example:

Because the use of blockchain technology can better protect the data of policyholders, in today’s Internet, data is value and wealth, so value protection and value transmission are the future development directions of the Internet. And blockchain technology can really do just that.

If there are any deficiencies, you are welcome to comment and correct me.

In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chain data structure that combines data blocks in chronological order and is cryptographically guaranteed.Distributed ledger that cannot be tampered with or forged.

The two parties involved in the transaction do not need to know who the other party is, nor do they need a third party for trust endorsement. They only need to trust a common algorithm to establish mutual trust and conduct direct transactions.

Its characteristics are trustlessness and decentralization. The destruction of each node's ledger has no impact on the entire blockchain. The blockchain runs point-to-point payments without a center that may cheat, and the security is greatly improved. Improved, the entire transaction network has changed from a star structure to a point-to-point P2P structure.

In the future, blockchain will be used in many fields and will have a great impact on human life. . It can be widely used in fields ranging from digital currency to securities and financial contracts, medical care, games, artificial intelligence, smart contracts, Internet of Things, e-commerce, file storage and other fields.

1. Cloud storage

This is the statistics of current cloud storage on the Internet. In terms of volume, Google has the largest volume, which is 8,000PB. So what if we share the idle data on the Internet?

Starlight Cloud builds a blockchain data computing and storage lake through Starlight Chain, with a total storage capacity of 15,000P (approximately 15.72864 billion G) in the future. This will be more than 10 times that of Alibaba Cloud's 1500PB! It is also more than four times the size of the Taizhou Storage Center, the largest storage lake in the world after expansion.

2. Medical aspects

Using blockchain technology to save personal medical records also retains personal medical historical data, which can be used when seeing a doctor or planning for your own health in the future. Historical data can be called directly. These data are highly private, and the use of blockchain technology also helps protect patient privacy.

9. The development status of the global blockchain industry in 2021 is based on both a global perspective and a domestic perspective

As an emerging information technology, blockchain The chain will continue to develop in depth in 2021, with continuations and breakthroughs in regulatory policies and applications. Related NFTs, Metaverse, and central bank digital currencies are ushering in an explosion.

In the era of digital economy, it is particularly important to grasp the development and development trends of blockchain. This article will start from two perspectives: a global perspective and a domestic perspective

(1) Global perspective: the blockchain industry is growing in leaps and bounds, and the track in emerging fields is hot

1. Blockchain has become a multinational strategy, and cryptocurrency policies are polarized

2. Blockchain spending grows, with banking industry spending leading

Blockchain and other distributed ledger technologies have shown great potential in improving the efficiency of business operations and creating new ways of delivering value, across industries and maleCompanies are implementing these technologies and integrating them into existing infrastructure and industrial planning. According to Statista, global spending on blockchain solutions is expected to reach $6.6 billion in 2021. Forecasts indicate that spending on blockchain solutions will continue to grow in the coming years, reaching nearly $19 billion by 2024

3. NFT, cryptocurrency, and the Metaverse are booming

In 2021, new models and new business formats based on blockchain will continue to emerge. Among the hot words of 2021 announced by Collins Dictionary, NFT ranked first on the hot word list, and the words Metaverse and Crypto were also shortlisted for the list.

Starting in March 2021, NFT has experienced explosive growth. The full name of NFT is Non-Fungible Token, and the Chinese expression is non-fungible token. NFT is a data unit stored on the blockchain. It uses photos, videos, audios and other types of digital files as underlying assets, and supports the verification of the authenticity and uniqueness of the underlying assets.

4. More than 90% of the world’s economies are exploring central bank digital currencies

(2) Domestic perspective: The blockchain industry is making steady progress, and the digital renminbi has achieved gratifying results

1. Promote the development of blockchain technology and rectify virtual currency transactions and "mining" activities

2. The number of registered blockchain companies continues to rise, and the industry is about to enter a "steady recovery period"

3. The digital renminbi is in full bloom, and three major challenges need to be overcome