区块链的起源与发展是怎样的,区块链启示录
区块链技术的起源可以追溯到20世纪90年代末，当时的研究者们正在研究分布式网络的技术，他们希望能够实现一种可以让节点之间进行安全交互的技术。
2008年，比特币的创始人中本聪发表了一篇论文，提出了一种基于区块链技术的去中心化数字货币系统，即比特币系统，这也是区块链技术真正走进公众视野的开始。
比特币系统的出现，引起了全球的关注，人们开始关注区块链技术，并开始研究如何将其应用到其他领域，从而形成了一个新的行业，即区块链行业。
区块链行业的发展，使得区块链技术得以迅速普及，它不仅被用于金融领域，还被用于供应链管理、智能合约、去中心化应用等领域，成为了一种新的技术手段。
区块链技术的发展，给我们带来了许多有趣的启示：
首先，区块链技术能够有效地解决信任问题，使得不同的节点之间能够安全地进行交互，从而极大地提高了数据的安全性。
其次，区块链技术可以有效地减少中心化管理的成本，使得系统的运行更加高效率。
最后，区块链技术可以有效地保护个人隐私，使得数据的使用更加安全可靠。
总之，区块链技术的发展给我们带来了许多有趣的启示，它不仅能够有效地解决信任问题，还能够提高数据的安全性，减少中心化管理的成本，保护个人隐私，使得数据的使用更加安全可靠。
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A. Blockchain explained in vernacular
Blockchain explained in vernacular is:
A decentralized distributed ledger database. Decentralization means that it is different from the traditional centralized method. There is no center here, or everyone is the center. Distributed ledger database means that the recording method is not only to store the ledger data in each node, but also in each node. The data of the entire ledger will be shared and copied synchronously.
Generally speaking, a blockchain system consists of a data layer, a network layer, a consensus layer, an incentive layer, a contract layer and an application layer.
Among them, the data layer encapsulates the underlying data blocks and related basic data and algorithms such as data encryption and timestamps; the network layer includes distributed networking mechanisms, data dissemination mechanisms, and data verification mechanisms, etc. ; The consensus layer mainly encapsulates various consensus algorithms of network nodes; the incentive layer integrates economic factors into the blockchain technology system, mainly including the issuance mechanism and distribution mechanism of economic incentives; the contract layer mainly encapsulates various scripts, algorithms and Smart contracts are the basis of the programmable features of the blockchain; the application layer encapsulates various application scenarios and cases of the blockchain.
In this model, the chain block structure based on timestamps, the consensus mechanism of distributed nodes, economic incentives based on consensus computing power and flexible programmable smart contracts are the most representative of blockchain technology. sexual innovation.
B. What is the origin of blockchain
Blockchain originated from Bitcoin. On November 1, 2008, a person who called himself Satoshi Nakamoto Published the article "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System", which elaborated on the architectural concept of an electronic cash system based on P2P network technology, encryption technology, timestamp technology, blockchain technology, etc., which marked the birth of Bitcoin. .
Two months later, the theory came into practice, and on January 3, 2009, the first genesis block with serial number 0 was born. A few days later, block number 1 appeared on January 9, 2009, and was connected to the genesis block number 0 to form a chain, marking the birth of the blockchain.
In recent years, the world's attitude towards Bitcoin has been ups and downs, but blockchain technology, one of the underlying technologies of Bitcoin, has received increasing attention. In the formation process of Bitcoin, blocks are storage units one by one, recording all communication information of each block node within a certain period of time.
The links between each block are realized through random hashing (also called hash algorithm). The latter block contains the hash value of the previous block. With the expansion of information exchange, a block Continuing with one block, the result is called a blockchain.
(2) Extended reading on the island of origin of blockchain:
Characteristics of blockchain:
1. Decentralization change. Blockchain technology does not rely on additional third-party management agencies or hardware facilities. There is no central control. In addition to the self-contained blockchain itself, it uses distributed computing and storage., each node realizes information self-verification, transmission and management. Decentralization is the most prominent and essential feature of blockchain.
2. Openness. The foundation of blockchain technology is open source. In addition to the private information of the transaction parties being encrypted, the data of the blockchain is open to everyone. Anyone can query the blockchain data and develop related applications through the public interface. Therefore, the entire System information is highly transparent.
3. Independence. Based on consensus specifications and protocols (similar to various mathematical algorithms such as the hash algorithm used by Bitcoin), the entire blockchain system does not rely on other third parties. All nodes can automatically and securely verify and exchange data within the system without the need for any human intervention.
4. Security. As long as you cannot control 51% of all data nodes, you cannot manipulate and modify network data at will. This makes the blockchain itself relatively safe and avoids subjective and artificial data changes.
5. Anonymity. Unless required by legal regulations, technically speaking, the identity information of each block node does not need to be disclosed or verified, and information transfer can be carried out anonymously.
C. The prototype of blockchain - distributed accounting
A short story to help you understand the prototype of blockchain - distributed accounting:
< br />A group of friendly residents lived on a group of small islands. Over the long years, they used shells as a credit intermediary and exchanged them for the food they needed. A thousand years later, the island appeared He asked everyone to agree to use the leaves from his tree as the only credit intermediary.
Anyone who tried to resist was thrown into the sea to feed the fish, and the kind people were quickly tamed.
Slowly, the leaves in Dahan’s house became equivalent exchange items on the island. Islanders must first exchange items for leaves, and then use leaves to exchange for other daily necessities. As the days passed, everyone had more and more leaves in their hands, but the things they bought were less and less. Except for the big man and his men, many people were living a tight life.
Until one day, one of the islanders drifted to another island and found that the exchange method on this island was different from that on his own island. They do not use leaves, but jointly keep accounts. All islanders keep their current accounts in a ledger, and all transactions are represented by numbers on the ledger. As long as it is approved by 6 people, everyone thinks the account is correct.
If this person wants to buy something, he only needs to debit it and take away the goods. This new method is simpler and more convenient than using leaves as intermediaries. If you choose this method, everyone on the island can trade freely without leaves. At the same time, because the accounts are public, everyone can check the bills, which eliminates the possibility of fraud.
This kind of joint accounting method has the shadow of Bitcoin and is also the prototype of blockchain technology-distributed accounting. 6 on the islandA person is equivalent to 6 nodes, and each node maintains its own ledger, which records the transactions of the islanders on the island.
D. What is the relationship between blockchain and Bitcoin?
Blockchain technology is the basic technology of Bitcoin and is also the core and infrastructure of Bitcoin. Bitcoin has always been operated and managed without any centralized organization. Later, Bitcoin technology was abstracted and called blockchain technology, or distributed ledger technology.
(1) Blockchain is the core and infrastructure of Bitcoin:
1. In the Bitcoin system , "currency" is simply the unit of account used in that ledger. The most important thing is not the concept of "currency", but the concept of "ledger" without a central storage organization. For example: I lend 50 yuan to someone else. At this time, I asked the financial staff to help me keep accounts.
2. Blockchain technology is the basic technology of Bitcoin and the core and infrastructure of Bitcoin. Bitcoin has always been operated and managed without any centralized organization. Later, Bitcoin technology was abstracted and called blockchain technology, or distributed ledger technology.
(2) Blockchain is the core and infrastructure of Bitcoin:
1. In the Bitcoin system, “currency” is just the accounting used in the ledger. unit. The most important thing is not the concept of "currency", but the concept of "ledger" without a central storage organization. For example: I lend 50 yuan to someone else. At this time, I asked the financial staff to help me keep accounts. Bookkeeping must be paid, so I need to pay the financial staff.
Because an incentive mechanism has also been invented in the Bitcoin system technology, which is equivalent to what I just said, you can help me keep accounts and I will pay you, but not everyone has accounting rewards. Therefore, the blockchain has designed a corresponding mechanism competition mechanism.
2. The competition mechanism uses a hash algorithm to determine the ownership of rewards. Generally speaking, everyone is given a math problem. The reward is for whoever calculates the result first. The calculation process of the hash algorithm is a process in which a professional computer (we call it a miner) uses the hash algorithm to calculate the results, which is called mining.
For the fastest and best bookkeepers, the system writes the recorded contents into the account books and sends the account book contents to everyone in the system for backup. This way, everyone in the system has a complete ledger called blockchain technology.
(3) The origin of blockchain:
1. The origin of the word "blockchain" is from the original English version of the Bitcoin white paper "Blockchain". When translating this sentence, the Chinese market directly used the word "blockchain" and then directly wrote it as "blockchain", which became a proper noun at the global blockchain technology level.
So, no matter who explains the blockchain, Bitcoin cannot be bypassed. If you want to introduce the history of cars, just like you can't avoid Carl Benz; if you want to introduce the history of airplanes, just like the Wright brothers.
2. CompareBitcoin “invented” and proved the feasibility of blockchain technology. Bitcoin is not the entire blockchain technology, just one of its applications. But without Bitcoin, or if Bitcoin's applications were not successful, blockchain might not have emerged, or at least not for many years. Therefore, it is difficult for the blockchain to be "isolated" from Bitcoin for a long time.
(4) Blockchain Origin Island Extended Reading:
Blockchain technology applied to digital currency Disadvantages:
First, "decentralization" does not have a circulation management agency. In essence, blockchain technology is a distributed database system, its logical structure is a one-way linked list, and its design model is based on P2P network, which determines that there is currently no unified virtual currency central control system based on blockchain technology. .
Second, quantity supply is difficult to effectively control. Based on blockchain technology, the issuance amount of virtual currency is fixed. According to the Fisher equation, at a certain price level, the total transaction volume of the whole society in a certain period has a certain ratio to the required nominal amount of money, and a fixed amount of money obviously cannot meet the requirements of the ever-increasing total price of social commodities.
Third, it is difficult for the “mining mechanism” to create recognized value. Bitcoin itself has no value and is not backed by national credit. Some people think that "value is injected into virtual currency by continuously consuming computing power and energy", but in order to find a hash value that meets the requirements, spending millions of calculations is obviously not the most efficient option.
Fourth, producers and early holders can easily obtain high seigniorage taxes. Any virtual currency based on blockchain technology will be held by a small number of people in the early stages of development. Take Bitcoin for example. At first, Bitcoin was just a product of a few people's game. In May 2010, the first transaction to buy Bitcoin was a $25 pizza purchased for 10,000 Bitcoins, and the first transaction completed in July of the same year was $0.04/Bitcoin.
E. What does blockchain mean?
Blockchain, an important concept of Bitcoin, is essentially a decentralized database that simultaneously Zhibu is the underlying technology of Bitcoin. It is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains a batch of Bitcoin network transaction information, which is used to verify the validity of the information. (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block.
Blockchain is a new application model of computer technology such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm.
2. In order to realize the great leap forward development of blockchain finance, in order to promote the new development of China’s economy, accelerate the circulation of global assets, and realize the renaissance that generations have been striving for. dream.
Puyin Group held the Puyin Blockchain Finance Guiyang Strategy Release Ceremony in Guizhou on December 9, 2016. At the meeting, the blockchain will realize the digital circulation of assets and the blockchain financial transaction model. , and launch the application of blockchain services and social public industries.Discuss.
F. What is the popular explanation of blockchain? Did blockchain originate from Bitcoin?
1. Blockchain is a term in the field of information technology. In essence, it is a shared database, and the data or information stored in it has the characteristics of "unforgeable", "full traces left", "traceable", "open and transparent" and "collectively maintained". Based on these characteristics, blockchain technology has laid a solid foundation of "trust", created a reliable "cooperation" mechanism, and has broad application prospects.
2. Blockchain originated from Bitcoin. On November 1, 2008, a person calling himself Satoshi Nakamoto published "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System" "The article explains the architectural concept of an electronic cash system based on P2P network technology, encryption technology, timestamp technology, blockchain technology, etc., which marks the birth of Bitcoin. Two months later, the theory came into practice, and on January 3, 2009, the first genesis block with serial number 0 was born.
G. "Small Island Blockchain" pdf download and read the full text online, please ask for Baidu network disk cloud resources
Download the latest complete collection of "Small Island Blockchain" network disk pdf:
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Introduction: "Small Island Blockchain" is about a A fable about blockchain technology, application and innovation, taking a small island, "Bit Island" as a logical starting point, and telling the origin of Bitcoin and its underlying technology blockchain in the digital continent through illustrations and humorous language. Applications and future developments.
H. Return to 2008: The origin of blockchain, the place where dreams begin
— — This article takes about 8 minutes to read— —
< br />My great achievements are worthy of being cast in bronze, engraved on marble, and engraved on wooden boards for eternity; when these deeds of mine are passed down in the world, happy times and happy times will come. —— Cervantes "Don Quixote"
On the tenth anniversary of the birth of Bitcoin, I would like to send this sentence to Satoshi Nakamoto to pay tribute to this great era.
ONE
01
Turn the clock back to 2008, and the world is fighting the most severe global economic recession in half a century. , this extraordinary impact caused severe trade paralysis and led to the collapse of many fairly large financial institutions. Due to globalization and the development of various well-designed financial products, the world's financial system has expanded into an interdependent, chain-link ecosystem of stacked roofs. The crisis is developing like a fire, and central banks and policymakers of various countries are helpless.
The crisis was caused by policymakers. In order to stimulate the economy, governments around the world implemented loose monetary policies and deficit finance, stimulating residents to increase leverage and engage in excessive consumption. Financial institutions also ignored risks and operated with high leverage. Created asset price bubbles. Policymakers and supervisory authorities are indifferent to risks, which subjectively results in a lack of and lax financial supervision; financial institutions use unscrupulous means to pursue short-term interests, exacerbating and amplifying risks.
The biographical drama "The Big Short" released by Paramount Pictures is based on the 2008 global financial crisis
The ironic and helpless thing is that after that, global policymakers In an attempt to quickly start the economic recovery after the financial crisis, all countries have entered an era of monetary easing. The currency issued by most countries in the world far exceeds the historical average. In this unprecedented round of money printing, global asset prices have Then a new round of skyrocketing began, resulting in severe inflation and overcapacity, which have not been cleared up to this day and have become unbreakable shackles tying up economic policy.
No one is satisfied with such a gangster-like policy. The money has to be deposited in the bank to endure the de facto negative interest rate exploitation. Who wants to see their hard-earned hard-earned money diluted by inflation? It’s time to change the rules of the game and try something new.
TWO
02
The popularization and application of computer technology and modern communication technology is the fifth information technology revolution defined in books. It will Human society has advanced into the digital information age, which has brought about tremendous changes in our production and lifestyle. We benefit from this. We chat, read, play, shop, socialize, complete work and life on the Internet, and pass the boring and lonely time. Some excellent and great companies were born from this, and some opportunistic rats grew up secretly.
Those of us who are accustomed to the Internet, in an environment of strict content censorship and speech control, are all too familiar with 404 pages. This is a characteristic of daily life under an authoritative system. HTTP 404 error is a page returned when the client is browsing the web and the server cannot provide information normally, or the server cannot respond and the reason is unknown. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP, HyperText Transfer Protocol) is the most widely used network protocol on the Internet, and all WWW files must comply with this standard. Although the TCP/IP protocol is the most popular application on the Internet, the HTTP protocol does not mandate its use and the layers it supports. In fact, HTTP can be implemented over any other Internet protocol, or over other networks.
Study the HTTP status codes carefully. Not far from 404 Not Found, we can find the rarely seen 402 Payment Required. Its description is "reserved for future use" and is marked as "payment required". ” can be accessed. In fact, at the beginning of the network design, the creators hoped to provide a way to transmit value. It's just that unlike the free sharing of information, the free exchange of value on the Internet is not an easy task. Value is not data that can be "copied and pasted" at will. This dream can only be shelved indefinitely, desolately marked as "reserved for later use", and the difficult problem is left to those who are smart enough to solve the problem.
THREE
03
The seeds of cryptocurrency have actually been planted long ago. In the 1980s, cypherpunks had the original idea of cryptocurrency. Some dream of a marketplace filled with government secrets, where whistleblowers can be rewarded with untraceable electronic cryptocurrencies. The difficulty in designing rewards is how to establish a consensus recognized by everyone, which is the Byzantine Generals Problem proposed by Leslie Lamport and others in 1985, so that armies from all over the world can reach consensus with each other and decide whether to The process of dispatching troops extends to the computing field to establish a fault-tolerant distributed system. Even if some nodes fail, the normal operation of the system can still be ensured. Multiple nodes based on zero trust can reach a consensus and ensure the consistency of information transmission.
We have to admit that earth-shattering history is sometimes created by a small number of people. In 1993, Eric Hughes and a group of cryptography enthusiasts created a "cypherpunk mailing list" encrypted email system, referred to as "cypherpunk", with the purpose of combating Internet electronic mailings that are monitored by the government. Email, the secret discussion group "Cryptozoology Email Group" wrote in the manifesto "We use cryptography, anonymous email forwarding systems, digital signatures, and electronic currency to protect our privacy."
In 1998, another cypherpunk Wei Dai proposed the anonymous, distributed electronic cryptocurrency system B-money. The distributed idea suddenly emerged and became the spiritual forerunner of the new generation of cryptocurrency. With the collision of ideas and the excitement of the years, the cypherpunks have been diligently pursuing asymmetric encryption technology, point-to-point network technology, Hashcash algorithm mechanism, and reusable Proofs of Work. The technology is becoming increasingly mature.
On November 1, 2008, a new post appeared in the "Cryptozoology Mailing Group": "I am developing aThe new electronic currency system is completely peer-to-peer and does not require a third-party trust agency. "The signature of the post is Satoshi Nakamoto.
"This article proposes an electronic cash system completely implemented through peer-to-peer technology, which enables online payments to be initiated and paid directly by one party. To the other party, there is no need to go through any financial institution in the middle. “The most fundamental problem with traditional currencies is trust. A central bank must be trusted not to devalue the currency, but historically this credibility has never existed. Banks must be trusted to manage money and circulate this wealth in the form of electronic currency, but banks use currency to create credit bubbles, causing private wealth to shrink," he wrote in the Bitcoin white paper.
On January 3, 2009, Satoshi Nakamoto released the first version of the open source Bitcoin client, announcing the birth of Bitcoin. He obtained it through "mining" on a small server in Helsinki, Finland. 50 Bitcoins were obtained, and the block that generated the first batch of Bitcoins was called the "Genesis block". Satoshi Nakamoto published the headline on the front page of The Times that day - "The Times 03/Jan/2009 "Chancellor onbrink of second lout for banks" (on January 3, 2009, the Chancellor was on the verge of a second round of bailout for the banking industry) was engraved on the genesis block, a silent attack on the monetary authorities. A ridicule that will go down in history forever.
FOUR
04
The emergence of Bitcoin in 2009 has made everything about money, the Internet and value transfer The problem has been changed. As the saying goes, "the world will be turned upside down as soon as this thing comes out", the thorny problems that originally troubled network creators seem to be solved. Bitcoin, which cleverly integrates existing technologies such as P2P network, cryptography, and consensus algorithms, has elegantly solved the problem. The problem of generating, storing and transmitting exchange value on the Internet. In this system, data is generated and stored in blocks (blocks), connected in chronological order into a chain structure (chain), and independent nodes jointly participate in the processing of data Verification, storage and maintenance, with the characteristics of non-tampering, openness and transparency. Blockchain is translated into blockchain technology, which establishes a trusted mechanism for information and value transfer and exchange in untrusted networks.
Satoshi Nakamoto predicted that Bitcoin will either return to zero or become extremely powerful within 20 years. Through the promotion and development of geeks, technology evangelists, cryptocurrency enthusiasts and even keen capital, Bitcoin has gone from being unknown to being famous all over the world. The derived blockchain technology is spreading and will surely lead mankind into a new era.era. As for blockchain technology, governments, big capital, technology pioneers and even the general public have slowly established a consensus - following steam engines, electricity, and the Internet, blockchain may be the next generation of disruptive core technology. The Internet has evolved from information The Internet is moving towards the Internet of Value.
Although the development of the Internet is changing with each passing day, breakthroughs in information dissemination and value transmission are not accidental events. From researchers and enthusiasts’ day and night attempts and explorations to the application feedback of ordinary users, Go through a long and arduous process of evolution. As technology and needs stabilize and mature, each new stage can build something new based on the previous stage. Going through the fog of history and looking back at the development of the information Internet, we should be fully mentally prepared to build and use the value Internet. Although the technology is ready, large-scale popularization and application cannot be achieved overnight. If history serves as a reference, our expectations cannot be too optimistic. The application and popularization of the value Internet will burst out energy far beyond our expectations.
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I. How the blockchain was formed
The origin of the blockchain comes from Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008. Based on this ideological concept, the first product "Bitcoin" was born . The origins of blockchain technology are often attributed solely to the actions of a few mysterious geniuses working under the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto. This view of history often makes the technology seem almost magical and difficult to understand. It's even more fundamental when one understands the actual history behind the development of these systems. In this section, I will outline the most important topics from the decades of research on consensus algorithms and distributed systems that led to the creation of blockchains.
