区块链商业化应用,区块链商业场景应用

随着区块链技术的不断发展，区块链应用已经渗透到商业场景中，并且受到越来越多的关注。区块链商业化应用和商业场景应用，利用区块链技术的去中心化，安全，可信，可追溯等特点，改变传统业务模式，推动商业经济发展。

区块链商业化应用的核心在于改变传统的商业模式，把传统的线下商业模式改变为全新的线上商业模式，从而提高商业效率，降低成本，提高用户体验，推动商业经济的发展。例如，金融机构可以利用区块链技术构建一个去中心化的金融网络，实现高效的金融交易，提高金融服务质量，改善金融服务的效率和质量，并且可以在线上实现支付，转账，借贷等金融服务。

此外，区块链技术还可以应用于商业场景，改变传统的商业运作模式。例如，可以建立一个去中心化的电子商务网络，实现商品的直接交易，减少中间环节，降低交易成本，提高交易效率，改善商业环境。此外，还可以使用区块链技术构建一个安全可靠的数据共享平台，实现数据的安全存储和安全共享，为商业场景的发展提供技术支持。

总之，区块链商业化应用和商业场景应用是一种全新的商业模式，它利用区块链技术的去中心化，安全，可信，可追溯等特点，改变传统业务模式，推动商业经济发展。因此，区块链商业化应用和商业场景应用对于商业经济的发展具有重要的意义，将为企业带来更多的机遇和挑战，也将为消费者带来更多的便利。

A. The main features of the blockchain business model are

The blockchain distributed business model has the following characteristics:

1 , Dimensionality reduction

The traditional business model is high-dimensional and has extremely asymmetric information. For example, automobile manufacturers shield the cost and technical content of car manufacturing from customers, and companies obtain profits through information asymmetry. The Internet business model is mid-latitude. The platform controls all user information and all stakeholders are related on the platform. The platform seems to be fair to everyone, but in fact different users have different information and permissions.

The blockchain distributed business model is a low-dimensional one, which significantly reduces the dimensionality of the Internet and traditional business models. It is specifically realized as information symmetry, openness and transparency, equal power, removal of centralized platforms, and all users All transactions occur on the same level. For example, Alipay is an Internet business model. The Alipay platform holds information on hundreds of millions of users. All transactions must be processed through the Alipay settlement center. Alipay has the right to intervene in abnormal transfers it determines, and has the right to modify the rules and charge relevant fees in accordance with the set rules. And users can only passively obey. The relationship between Alipay and users is one of centralized power and obedience. The Bitcoin network can be understood as the parallel migration of the Alipay system on the blockchain. It is a decentralized point-to-point payment system. In the Bitcoin network, there is no centralized settlement system. Settlement and accounting can only be completed with the participation of all nodes. Its rule transactions are solidified by code, information is open and transparent, and node participation rights, accounting rights, and income rights are all are equal and characterized by high trust. The relationship between the Bitcoin network and each node is complementary and indispensable. If the Bitcoin network leaves node verification, the payment system cannot operate.

2. Distribution

Dimensionality reduction solves the unequal relationship between the original centralized organization and users, but once the dimensionality is reduced, a huge number of users will How (node) relationships are handled is the core of the blockchain business model. In a distributed network where everyone is the center and everyone is a node, obtaining benefits through fair competition on the basis of equal rights and responsibilities is in line with the characteristics of extreme competition in the market. For example, in the Bitcoin network, every node has equal power and competes fairly to obtain Bitcoin rewards based on POW. In the commodity traceability system, every node is an equal member, information is not controlled by any party, power is equal, and responsibilities and interests are clearly divided.

Distribution of power has an motivating effect in business models. Unfair competition is prone to occur in traditional business models and Internet business models, thus damaging the enthusiasm of entities to participate. For example, in the auction market, due to opaque information, it is difficult to avoid power rent-seeking and collusion. In the blockchain network, each node exists in a distributed manner and competes in an information-transparent environment. Therefore, the blockchain distributed business model is in line with market rulesThe model can promote the market mechanism and improve the incentive effect of the market.

3. Equity decomposition

Equity decomposition may be the biggest innovation in the blockchain distributed business model. Generally, ownership includes four rights: possession, use, income, and disposal. In the traditional business model, property rights transfer generally includes the transfer of these four rights together, while property rights leasing only transfers the right to use, and the owner retains the rights of possession, income and disposal. Ownership and management rights may or may not be separated, and the separated management rights are in the hands of specific operators. In the Internet business model, ownership has begun to differentiate significantly. Users enjoy the right to use a large number of Internet products, but do not have the right to possess, benefit or dispose of them. Management rights have little to do with users, and only a small number of crowdsourcing products (***) are relevant.

In the blockchain distributed business model, there is a large degree of separation of possession, use, income, and disposal in ownership, a large degree of separation between ownership and operating rights, and decision-making rights, and operating rights and decision-making rights (partial) In the hands of ordinary users. In the Bitcoin network, those who hold Bitcoins enjoy the rights to the future income of Bitcoins, but do not have the right to possess them. The nodes control the settlement rights and accounting rights, and the blockchain network cannot leave the participation rights of the nodes. A more specific example is that investors purchase stocks and enjoy the equity of the listed company, including the rights of possession, use, income and disposal, but they have no operating rights, and most of them have no decision-making rights. When investors purchase currency, they do not have ownership of the project, but they have the right to future income from the currency, as well as the right to use and operate as a node (verification and accounting rights), and voting rights (decision-making rights). Of course, there are still many problems in the current rights, responsibilities and interests system. In many blockchain projects, the rights and interests of many blockchain projects cannot be guaranteed because investors have no ownership rights.

This decomposition of rights and interests leads to changes in the original relationship of rights, responsibilities and interests, thus forming a new business model. In the distributed business model, project owners, operators, decision-makers, users, and beneficiaries are separated from each other and at the same time interdependent. The ideal state may be that the beneficiary (coin holder) takes higher risks and makes profits through the money market, and the owner profits from the project profits, but the beneficiary reduces the income risk by participating in operations and decision-making.

The blockchain distributed business model still has a lot of room for development, the most critical of which is how to build a standardized currency market to protect the interests of the beneficiaries. In this way, in this business model, risks can be transferred, income distribution can be benign, and rights, responsibilities, and benefits can be more clearly defined.

B. What is the business model of blockchain?

First of all, blockchain itself has no business model at all.
You are talking about using blockchain technology to combine with a certain industry, which is what we call "blockchain +". After combining specific projects, we will deeply combine technology and industry, and then develop Corresponding landing application.
The characteristics of blockchain technology and how it canApplication fields
① Data cannot be tampered with. Blockchain is a decentralized distributed database. There is no centralized server and cannot be controlled by a certain person or institution. Blockchain The data in the system is stored in each node. If the data on the node is changed, it will not be verified in the entire blockchain network. With this feature, financial, public government data, and audit data etc. will be put to good use.
② Distributed storage. In the District Kuailian system, each running node has a complete copy of the data, which allows each node to independently verify and retrieve data, greatly increasing the reliability of the system. Combining the characteristics of this blockchain technology and applying it to games, everyone is familiar with the fact that our games are all applied on a game server, which can greatly increase the stability of the game and improve the player's gaming experience
③Anonymity. Traditional software clients all need to register a user name, bind a mobile phone number, etc. In order to increase the user's recognition, some will also add identity authentication, combined with blockchain technology, generated through a public password algorithm Converted from the public key, which is usually a garbled string. The Bitcoin system is like this, but we don’t know who the operator is behind it
So combined with this technical feature, we can use it for online payment, collection, property on the chain, etc., which is huge User information is protected.

C. What are the applications of blockchain technology in business

1. Banking industry
A bank is a secure storage warehouse and value exchange center, and blockchain As a new type of digital transaction method, chain can prevent financial risks more safely and is even more outstanding in the current financial field. UBS and the British Barclays Bank have successively carried out blockchain research experiments. It is hoped that the cost of settlement middlemen can be reduced through the decentralized ledger characteristics of blockchain technology.
2. Payment and cash transactions
Today’s transaction model has been fixed for hundreds of years. Nowadays, the intervention of blockchain technology is to create a more simplified transaction system, which can create a better future for the existing cash transaction model with the characteristics of decentralization, convenience, borderlessness, ultra-low rates, and instant transaction arrival. "Business Structure".
3. Traceability of academic certificates and training
Using blockchain technology to certify academic certificates will ensure that students’ education and training are traceable. If the future education system can adopt open and transparent academic certificates and results Certificates and diplomas can better solve the problem of academic qualification or certificate fraud, and solve the labor cost and certificate manufacturing cost.
4. Copyright certification
“Traditional copyright protection methods include copyright registration, judicial appraisal and notarization. These are all effective methods to protect originality, but they are time-consuming and labor-intensive. Traditional media consumes a lot of money in After spending time and energy to produce content, traditional methods of copyright protection appear to be ineffective.There is no choice but to consume as much time and energy as creating content. For example, a single creative product worth several hundred or even dozens of yuan will require hundreds of yuan to be spent on copyright protection, which is unacceptable to many creators.
Through the development of blockchain-based digital rights management (DRM: Digital Rights Management) technology, each authorization license when a work is released or the copyright owner’s copyright of the work is recorded and tracked, allowing the management side to and authors have greater control over their intellectual property. Blockchain technology can help authors, artists, photographers and other art workers register the copyright of their works on the blockchain to prevent infringement.
Blockchain technology provides a simple public database registration, which facilitates creators to register copyright on the blockchain and obtain the corresponding copyright certificate. If someone copies a work without permission, the blockchain will automatically issue a copyright certificate as a warning. It also records all authorized and unauthorized copying and distribution activities, which can be used as management and statistics for the management department and copyright owners, and can also be used as evidence in court for infringement.

5. Public welfare and charity
The characteristics of the blockchain itself are to solve the "trust" problem in charity fundraising. The blockchain is a digital account book that cannot be tampered with. It is based on the block chain. In the transaction model of blockchain technology, there is no central organization or central server. All transactions are recorded in the blockchain distributed database, which means that the donations or benefits raised can be effectively distributed to all parties. The entire process needs to be simpler, safer, more transparent and more authentic in human hands.
Triporg: It is a travel service platform that uses blockchain technology to provide booking services such as air tickets and train tickets.

D. Why do I say that blockchain technology will change the future of social e-commerce?

Why do I say that blockchain technology will change the future of social e-commerce?

1. What problems does blockchain technology solve?

“People often ask me recently, everyone knows that blockchain makes money, but can you tell me in one sentence, blockchain What problem does this technology solve?”

Although many people know that blockchain technology supports the operation of Bitcoin, when it comes to what problem it really solves, or what blockchain has created What is the value? Many people in the industry are speechless. Because of the ultra-high money-making effect, everyone cannot calmly look at this industry or even this so-called ecology from an investment or technical perspective.

Recently, when I interviewed some "old people in the currency circle", I got a better answer.

“Blockchain technology is the first time in human history that the problem of trust between people has been solved through technical means.”

Through the characteristics of blockchain, we It can be completely tamper-proof, traceable, transactions through smart contracts, etc. Therefore, in theory, anything that needs to solve the problem of trust between people through technical means will most likely requireBlockchain technology is needed for development and innovation.

2. The Internet era gave birth to social networking and e-commerce

The Internet is a problem in which humans have greatly optimized information transmission through technical means. In the Internet era, business models are roughly divided into three major modules: advertising, e-commerce, and games. Therefore, in the Internet era, there is no doubt about the rise of e-commerce and social networking.

Taking the current highly competitive e-commerce industry as an example, Alibaba and JD.com are both leaders in the field of e-commerce. The e-commerce industry in mainland China has realized e-commerce in the Internet wave. 17 years of explosive development in the business field. WeChat, the largest social software in China and the second largest in the world, has also become an industry leader.

The current Internet industry has gone through the baptism of time, and an obvious oligarchic effect has been formed after the great waves. Today, every oligarch in the e-commerce market has become an industry heavyweight. Of course, there are also situations where it is difficult for a large ship to turn around. In this state. All e-commerce companies are looking for new directions to break through. And many people are eyeing the social e-commerce field of cross-border cooperation.

The two major representatives of social e-commerce are e-commerce based on the Weibo and WeChat ecosystems. At present, the total market share of social e-commerce has reached as high as 14%-20%

Although many people say that the biggest application of blockchain is currency speculation, SEC and other The launch of the project indicates that blockchain technology has the potential to improve the current status of the industry. It is precisely because there are many teams like the SEC that find the integration point between technology and industry and solve the key problems of the industry, which will be the research direction and consensus of the overall blockchain in the future.

E. What is blockchain technology and how it changes business and financial models

Blockchain technology is a distributed ledger technology that Allows multiple participants to jointly maintain a secure, transparent and immutable record on a decentralized network. Blockchain technology was originally designed for the digital currency Bitcoin, but is now widely used in many other fields.

The core features of blockchain technology include:

Decentralization: Blockchain has no central control agency, and data is distributed on various nodes in the network, which makes it decentralized. The centralization feature reduces the risk of single points of failure.

Transparency: Transaction records on the blockchain are public to all participants, and anyone can view these records. This helps increase trust and reduce the risk of fraud.

Immutable: Once a transaction is recorded on the blockchain, it cannot be easily modified or deleted. This guarantees data integrity and security.

Smart contracts: Transactions on the blockchain can be automatically executed to implement "smart contracts", which automatically execute corresponding operations when specific conditions are met. This helps simplify complex business processes and reduce costs.

Blockchain technology has had a profound impact on business and financial models, mainly reflected in the following aspects:Aspects:

Reducing costs: Blockchain technology can reduce intermediary links and reduce transaction costs and operating costs. For example, by adopting blockchain for cross-border payments, remittance fees can be significantly reduced.

Improving efficiency: The automation and smart contract features of blockchain technology help improve the efficiency of business processes, reduce manual intervention, and reduce error rates.

Enhance trust: The transparency and non-tamperability of blockchain technology help to establish a reliable trust system, reduce the risk of fraud, and provide better protection for commercial activities.

Innovative business models: Blockchain technology has spawned many new business models, such as decentralized finance (DeFi), digital asset trading, supply chain finance, etc. These new business models have brought disruptive changes to existing industries.

In short, blockchain technology, as an emerging technical means, is gradually changing the landscape of business and finance. With the continuous development of technology and the in-depth promotion of applications, blockchain is expected to have a more extensive and far-reaching impact in the future

F. Bitcherry BCHC proposed "Blockchain 4.0" to promote blockchain and e-commerce Industry application practice

With the continuous development of blockchain technology, it seems that many industries want to have something to do with blockchain. There is a popular saying in the world: "Get blockchain." He who conquers the world" is a bold statement. So is this blockchain really as amazing as everyone says? How will blockchain finally be implemented? Today, let’s first talk to you about the application practice of blockchain in the field of “e-commerce”.

First, let’s briefly review what is e-commerce? E-commerce was born in the 1990s. It is a business activity that uses information network technology as a means and commodity exchange as the center and side. We call e-commerce "EC" for short. Many people think it is the ultimate major commercial use of the Internet, so they call it an epoch-making symbol.

According to data from US market research company Forrester, by the end of 2018, China’s e-commerce market is expected to reach US$1.1 trillion, becoming the world’s first trillion-dollar e-commerce market. The report points out that by 2022, China's e-commerce market will reach US$1.8 trillion, far exceeding the United States and Japan.

With the expansion of e-commerce, it has also greatly promoted the development of logistics, customer service and other industries. But at the same time, it has also brought about many problems. According to big data from the e-commerce consumer dispute mediation platform, the number of complaint cases accepted in the first half of 2018 increased by 66.93% year-on-year, and the growth rate was much higher than in previous years.

In order to solve the pain points of e-commerce in aspects such as counterfeit goods, logistics, integrity, and supervision, major companies and platforms are also showing off their skills and tricks. The most eye-catching one is our protagonist: blockchain. So how does it solve these problems?

First, supervise the production process of goods.

Second, trace and track the transportation of goods.

Third, guarantee product sales and after-sales service.

Fourth, protect user privacy.

The distributed e-commerce platform Bitcherry BCHC solves the platform trust crisis

Bitcherry BCHC is the world’s first distributed e-commerce platform. It is based on blockchain technology and is committed to To create a super ecology covering all aspects of clothing, food, housing and transportation. In the community ecology, all participants, such as users, merchants, super nodes, operating nodes, etc., use the token system for everyone's participation and economic sharing to open up the online and offline O2O e-commerce system, making the entire ecology healthy and autonomous. , develop healthily.

It is understood that the distributed e-commerce network has multiple payment methods, distributed sharing mechanisms, behavioral token incentives, distributed open platforms, multi-industry and multi-community access, and operating nodes around the world. , decentralized distributed business organizations, community self-propagation and ripples and other characteristics.

At present, consumer information is leaked, everyone has become a "digital labor", merchant profits are reduced, customer acquisition costs are increasing day by day, supply chain supervision is lacking, and product quality problems occur repeatedly, which is the problem for most centralized e-commerce companies. main pain points. Different from the centralized model of traditional e-commerce platforms, the underlying technology of distributed e-commerce platforms is a distributed accounting method that allows transaction data, dissemination, purchase, circulation and other behavioral data to be uploaded to the chain, making it open, transparent and non-tamperable. In distributed e-commerce based on blockchain technology, industry issues such as product traceability, logistics supervision, user evaluation and community incentives are all well-founded and well-founded. It returns data, traffic and value to the parties involved in the transaction, effectively solving the various shortcomings of centralized platforms.

To promote the implementation of blockchain in actual business scenarios, Bitcherry BCHC proposed "Blockchain 4.0"

According to the reporter's investigation, Bitcherry BCHC will adopt a two-stage implementation of "Blockchain 4.0" 4.0” target. Providing a public chain with high TPS and compatible with Ethereum smart contracts is the first phase of Bitcherry BCHC's measures to ensure the safe and efficient circulation of digital assets in the e-commerce ecosystem. In the second phase, Bitcherry BCHC will provide a large public chain environment that supports the e-commerce ecology - an e-commerce vertical blockchain network platform, allowing e-commerce operators to quickly realize digital operation transformation in the digital economy era and realize mutual cooperation in the e-commerce ecology. diversion. In addition, the reporter learned that the large public chain environment will also provide a governance structure, including a complaint mechanism, reputation scoring, arbitration mechanism, etc. based on smart contracts to prevent fraud and loss.harm the interests of consumers and digital asset investors, and ensure the compliance and healthy development of the e-commerce ecosystem.

In terms of technology, the Bitcherry BCHC public chain will combine blockchain and DAG technology to provide a chain network system, and the main chain will provide guarantee for the security of the entire system. Use signature algorithms, distributed storage, data operations, consensus mechanisms, message diffusion and other technologies to optimize the distributed e-commerce network architecture, and use a decentralized and non-tamperable structure to allow all participating entities in the Bitcherry BCHC ecosystem to establish a trust mechanism to achieve Second-level fast transaction verification by all parties is the main technical feature of the Bitcherry BCHC project.

G. What is blockchain

Blockchain is a term in the field of information technology. In essence, it is a shared database in which the data or Information has the characteristics of "unforgeable", "leaving traces throughout the entire process", "traceable", "open and transparent" and "collectively maintained".

On January 10, 2019, the National Internet Information Reform Office issued the "Blockchain Information Service Management Regulations". On December 2, 2019, the word was selected into the top ten buzzwords of 2019 by "Yi Wen Qi Zi".

H. What is blockchain technology and how does it change business and financial models

What is blockchain technology and how does it change business and financial models? According to reports, since the end of March, the tour guide team led by Yang Feihu has been receiving inquiries from out-of-town individual tourists. “There are many families traveling to Wuhan from out of town. Several families come together by car or by high-speed rail,” Yang Feihu said. , Yellow Crane Tower, Hubei Provincial Museum, and East Lake Scenic Area are still places to check in. "It's hard to get a ticket for the Hubei Provincial Museum now, and all the seats for the May Day period have been reserved." He and a number of parents looking for relatives went to Shuidun Town, Zijin County, Heyuan City, Heyuan City. Because Zhang Weiping once confessed that this was the place where Aunt Mei lived, and it was also the place where 8 of the 9 abducted children in the "Aunt Mei Case" were sold.

I. Has blockchain changed 10 cases of existing business

This article introduces the current 10 main usage scenarios of blockchain:

(1) Tracking the world Products in the supply chain;

is a typical usage scenario of blockchain technology in security traceability. It can promote information tracking, query, verification and anti-counterfeiting of commodity circulation, and can significantly improve the efficiency of some links. However, the role of the blockchain can only be reflected in the chain, but it cannot cover the parts operated by people below the chain.

(2) Guarantee 3D printing quality and tracking;

(3) Create personalized and lifelong “one-stop” medical records;

Blockchain healthcare can track anyone’s complete medical history, such as medications , illnesses, injuries, and transactions across health systems, physicians, pharmacies, and health plans, and empowering patients to control their own data. Blockchain can also transfer insurance payments: when a clinic confirms a patient has received treatment and prevent fraud or inaccuraciesSmart contracts can automatically trigger insurance clauses when an accurate claim is made. Some startups, such as the UK's Medicalchain, blockchain company Gem, MIT and other companies and universities are experimenting with this use.

(4) Simplify trade logistics;

Traditional trade involves complex import and export procedures, and all participants in the entire chain require a large number of paper documents to interact, resulting in high communication costs. Blockchain can optimize this system. Maersk and IBM have created a platform that integrates services such as liner, warehouse, freight forwarding, ports, customs, exporters, importers and trade finance banks into the trade ecosystem, on a data exchange platform running on the blockchain interoperate.

(5) Facilitate and secure customs trade;

Blockchain has been tested in many customs departments, including the United Kingdom, South Korea, Singapore, Costa Rica, Mexico, Peru and the 15-nation East African Group. In 2017, U.S. Customs developed 14 use cases for blockchain, which are currently being tested and evaluated. Blockchain will be particularly useful for the UK: when the UK leaves the EU customs union, its number of customs declarations will increase from 55 million to over 250 million (non-EU trade plus EU trade, which previously did not require customs documents), which is currently the case with UK software The program cannot fully handle it. Blockchain can help: It can trace the origins of products and help determine the origin and appropriate tariffs for goods, such as those destined to join the European Union’s tariff package. For the UK’s 28 border agencies, imported products such as food, safety and intellectual property compliance need to be analyzed, and blockchain projects can be shared securely and transparently in real time.

(6) Prevent voting fraud and protect voter identities;

Blockchain security and identity protection features can reduce fraud and encourage voters to believe their votes are anonymous,

increase turnout and make elections more immediate . Using the technology, voters can scan their thumbs with their smartphones and cast their ballots during their Election Day commute. If everyone votes via the blockchain, no one can vote twice. Voting records are inviolable, and the ID of each ballot is recorded instantly at every polling location.

(7) Launch crop insurance for farmers;

Crop insurance customized to specific farmer needs is often very expensive, and blockchain technology can reduce costs by determining trigger conditions and automating execution. For example, farmers can insure against extreme weather. If extreme weather affects a harvest, a blockchain-based insurance contract would immediately recognize this and pay the farmer’s claim.

Establishing a network of energy producers and users;

Decades ago, some companies introduced smart grids to provide intermediary services for energy producers and demanders. Now, blockchain can optimize smart grids and provide energy producers and consumers with a regional intermediary energy trading platform. TenneT and Brooklyn-based startup LO3 Energy are both trying this business.

(9) Create smart cities that can operate independently;

Blockchain can now amplify the impact of Douyou IoT on city operations. exampleFor example, Dubai has a pilot project to implement blockchain in city services. Dubai plans to use blockchain for more than 100 million annual government documents by 2020, including all visa applications, bill payments and license renewals.

(10) Automatic payment to the exporter when the goods arrive at the foreign buyer;

Blockchain changes the information asymmetry in existing international trade by allowing both parties to the transaction to access the same data and real-time digital files question. There is no need to store multiple copies of the same document across different databases for different entities. When goods arrive marked by sensors connected to the smart contract, a transfer of money from the buyer to the seller is automatically triggered.

2. Ten major problems currently faced by the blockchain industry and their analysis

2.1. Is the data on the blockchain really immutable?

Can one of the core features of blockchain, "anti-tampering", really be realized? And is "tamper-proof" really beneficial?

The report pointed out that the blockchain is not completely immutable, and gave three weaknesses of the blockchain:

(2) It may be hacked, and 51% of the chain is controlled by people who want to tamper with the results.

(3) The "garbage of garbage" problem has existed for centuries. The value of a blockchain depends on the data on the chain, and data entered into the blockchain may be inaccurate or fraudulent. One solution is to use sensors instead of manually entering data.

The so-called "51% attack" is to take advantage of computing power to cancel payment transactions that have already occurred. If someone has more than 50% of the computing power, he can find the random numbers needed to mine the block faster than others, so he actually has the absolute and effective right to decide which block. From a technical level, a 51% attack is achievable, but the cost is very high for the earliest cryptocurrencies such as BTC. They have built a huge network, which is why BTC’s network has remained stable for 10 years. reason. But with other counterfeit currencies, the risk is greater.

In addition, there is no direct benefit for the attacker to simply launch a 51% attack, and it must be linked to specific short selling and false recharge. Specifically, it is often a double spend on a certain transaction. The attacker stops attacking once. Continuous attacks are costly and will stop once successful; second, the community can issue an emergency pudding and add checkpoints to the blockchain. The community urgently agreed that the attacker’s blockchain was invalid. Therefore, there are many ways to deal with the 51% attack, and it will not be the end of the world for a blockchain.

2.2. Who owns and maintains the blockchain? And who asked about the appearance?

Responsible for problems and losses?

Since the blockchain is a decentralized user community, who will maintain it? Shouldn’t it require human adjustment and maintenance just like a website?

For permissioned chains, such as alliance chains and private chains, there is no need for incentives such as tokens to motivate people to manage, there is a manager who manages the entire network. Since there are fewer users in the network, coordination costs are relatively low. However, such networks are susceptible to security challenges, and as the number of network users increases, coordination costs will increase..

For consortium chains and private chains, since they are still very centralized organizations, the verification nodes are identified by the organization itself, so the management model is not very different from traditional centralized institutions. However, for public chains, there is no leader who coordinates the entire network system, and only relies on token incentives to coordinate different interest groups, which undoubtedly increases the instability of the entire ecosystem. At present, the development of the blockchain industry is in a very early stage. In addition to the relatively mature decentralized governance of BTC, in the governance of public chains such as ETH and EOS, the founder development team plays a very core role and is the "rules" of the public chain. "Maker", although the entire ecosystem has achieved partial decentralization, the founders still play a pivotal role in the direction of strategic development. Therefore, the author believes that the decentralization of blockchain can only be an ultimate goal that is constantly approaching. From the birth of the project to its maturity, its degree of decentralization should continue to increase, as shown in the figure below. In the early stages of project development, the founder and his development team play an absolute guiding role in the entire ecosystem. As the project ecosystem matures and the number of participants continues to increase, the original development team should gradually weaken its guiding role. The entire network maintenance needs to be decided jointly by all developers and users in the ecosystem. As for the final network problems, they can only be borne by all participants.

Figure: Schematic diagram of the relationship between the degree of centralization and development stages of blockchain projects

2.3. Are smart contracts really smart?

The second reason why smart contracts are not yet that smart is that their entries can be manipulated by evil actors, such as contracting parties or miners who add transaction records to the blockchain's ledger of past transactions. One study showed that 3.4% of ETH smart contracts are vulnerable to hackers.

Smart contracts can indeed optimize many intermediate programs, but judging from current industry practice, they are far from being called smart. A qualified smart contract should include all possible scenarios. Because the core essence of smart contracts is "to make the most just ruling even in the darkest environment."

The difference between Ethereum and Bitcoin is that Ethereum is Turing complete, and more types of contracts with more complex terms can be implemented through this platform. Of course, the cost of this is that the complex contract content makes it becomes more difficult to analyze. Typically, complexity is directly proportional to the probability of a vulnerability; the higher the complexity, the greater the probability of a vulnerability.

As for the concept "code is law" proposed by Ethereum, however, the code has attracted hacker attacks due to its own vulnerabilities, so it is not enough to form the authority of "law". Therefore, it needs the trust and endorsement of the government, lawyers, courts and other intermediary institutions. Compared with coordination, the current contract seems too rough.

2.4. Is there identity theft on the blockchain?

3% of social media accounts are fake, so can fake accounts be created on the blockchain? Can identities on the blockchain be stolen?

Blockchain can create a personal database for users whose data cannot be tampered with, but how to meet the user's "tampering" needs? Maybe this is the areaA paradox in the development of blockchain technology is that for user needs, we may need to start from the perspective of on-chain standards and permission management.

2.5. Can blockchains be connected to each other?

One blockchain records the data of an entity or user in one way, while another blockchain records the same data of the same entity or user in another way. In a fragmented system, multiple account books are not connected to each other, which will form a world of "operational islands", or "data islands". Users need to register for multiple systems at the same time to conduct transactions with different people for different purposes.

In view of the value transfer needs of different chains, cross-chain technology is the key, which can effectively connect different alliance chains or private chains, and promote the outward expansion and connection of blockchains. The current mainstream cross-chain technologies include Notary schemes, Sidechains/relays, Hash-locking, Distributed private key control, etc.

2.6． How does the blockchain connect to off-chain databases?

If one party's data and documents are off-chain, and the other party's data and documents are on-chain, can the two parties interact? In the company's database, can half of the company's data on the blockchain interact with the other half of the data?

These challenges are well known and are being addressed. For example, the same queries and analysis can be run in on-chain and off-chain databases. The risk is that data brought from on-chain to off-chain is no longer immutable, and researchers recognize that data security and aggregating, transforming and optimizing on-chain and off-chain data sets are significant challenges.

2.7． Can blockchain facilitate money laundering?

Money laundering is a huge global problem, amounting to 1-2 trillion US dollars, accounting for approximately 2% - 5% of the total global GDP. Banks and authorities are fighting back, spending about $8 billion a year to combat corruption. Banks around the world require KYC verification.

Due to the anonymous nature of the blockchain, especially the emergence of anonymous coins, BTC has been criticized by many people as a tool for money laundering. However, the anonymity of BTC is only anonymity on the chain. The interaction between people and the chain, and the interaction between BTC and legal currency will leave traces, and it is not as "lawless" as many media have promoted. Each BTC transaction requires the transfer of a corresponding address, and the transaction records of the address can be queried. In addition, the exchange of BTC and legal currency is conducted off-chain and cannot escape supervision. If the actual identity of any party in the transaction is exposed, then all parties involved in the transaction will have difficulty escaping recourse.

2.8. Will the blockchain consume all the energy in the world?

BTC has an amazing energy demand. Operating Bitcoin for one year requires the energy consumption of Ireland for one year. Because BTC’s POW consensus mechanism requires miners to mine for transaction verification. There are concerns that as the network grows and the value of BTC rises,Source demand will grow rapidly. In fact, miners themselves have incentives to prevent this from happening, and the scalability of the blockchain is limited by availability, energy costs, and the miners' own financial resources. The current alternative is the POS consensus mechanism. The POS mechanism selects validators based on the number of currency holders.

In fact, it can be seen that except for the early batch of cryptocurrencies headed by BTC, the vast majority of current blockchain projects have taken into account the disadvantages of POW and are constantly innovating consensus mechanisms to avoid excessive consumption of energy. Therefore, blockchain is not enough to cause such a huge consumption of energy.

2.9. Will blockchain take our jobs?

Regarding blockchain, if people can trade directly with each other, what impact will blockchain have on intermediaries such as banks and lawyers? Blockchain is unlikely to be a job killer; it will, like any technology, change the nature of work by changing companies’ business and revenue models.

When artificial intelligence becomes popular, people will continue to ask questions like this. On the one hand, we enjoy the convenience that technology brings to us, but on the other hand, we are worried that technology will replace us. The biggest challenge of blockchain is not the technology itself, but changing the traditional profit distribution model. Blockchain technology can remove certain intermediary links, break the monopoly of many resources by centralized institutions, and thus change the interest pattern. This is also the most revolutionary point of blockchain.

2.10. Is the United States lagging behind in the development of the blockchain industry?

Globally, the blockchain industry in the United States is still in its infancy. Deloitte surveyed 1,053 executives in financial services, healthcare, technology industries, telecommunications, manufacturing and other industries in 2018. According to the survey, only 14% of American respondents believe that blockchain is used in their production, compared with 49% in China, 48% in Mexico, 40% in the United Kingdom, and 36% in Canada. Plans are also lagging: 41% of U.S. companies plan to invest $1 million or more in blockchain, compared with 85% in China, 74% in Canada, 72% in the United Kingdom, and 65% in Mexico.

According to the "Blockchain China-U.S. Development White Paper" released by Silicon Valley Insight, North America is comparable to Asia in terms of the number of ICOs. In terms of financing amount, North America is far ahead with 7.85 billion. Therefore, the United States, as a major country in North America, is not lagging behind at all. On the contrary, it is still leading in many aspects.

《Harnessing Blockchain for American Business and Prosperity》

http://forex.hexun.com/2018-06-17/193222543.html

https://jiahao..com/s? id=1606478434369770769&wfr=spider&for=pc

Introduction to Tianjige: Tianjige (LD Research) was established on July 2, 2018.A research institute dedicated to exploring the unknown of science and technology, driven by human development, and with the purpose of "BASE Research for Solving Real Problems".

This article comes from Babbitt

Related questions and answers: What are the uses of blockchain technology in the business field?

What are the uses of blockchain technology in the business field?

In recent years, due to the virtual digital With currency speculation booming, blockchain, as its underlying technology, has also begun to receive widespread attention. Blockchain has the characteristics of decentralization, trustlessness, collective maintenance, and reliable storage. It is currently widely used in the field of virtual currency.

Since the birth of Bitcoin, more than 1,600 virtual currencies have appeared in the world, and a huge industrial chain ecosystem has been formed around the generation, storage, and trading of virtual currencies. But overall, the industry is still in its infancy and is still far away from the real value use area. The core of the blockchain economy lies in the reconstruction of business logic and organizational forms, so it is necessary to obtain practical examples in multiple industries to demonstrate its value. This article will explore the business models used by blockchain in various industries from the perspective of combining blockchain with industry needs.

First of all, the core of blockchain is to solve the problem of credit:

Credit is the foundation of all commercial activities and finance. The United States has implemented trusted identification since 2011, while China has implemented a real-name system to achieve supervised information dissemination. The significance of blockchain is that it has established decentralized trust from a technical level for the first time and realized a completely distributed credit system.

Secondly, blockchain solves the problem of value exchange:

Traditional networks can achieve point-to-point transmission of information, but cannot achieve point-to-point transmission of value. Because information is allowed to be copied, and value must be authentic and unique, it is necessary to rely on a centralized organization to achieve value transfer. Blockchain perfectly solves this problem and provides a method to realize point-to-point transfer of value. During the value transfer process, accounting is realized by the network without relying on a centralized institution. Therefore, blockchain is expected to become the infrastructure for building new finance and the cornerstone of the future value Internet.

The use of blockchain

There are currently two main modes of blockchain use:

1) Native blockchain use: directly based on decentralized blockchain technology to realize value Transmission and transaction use, such as digital currency;

2) "Blockchain +" model: combine traditional scenarios with the underlying protocol of the blockchain to improve efficiency and reduce costs. It is expected that the use of blockchain in various industries will be dominated by the second model.

Blockchain has five core attributes, namely: transaction attributes (value attributes), certificate attributes, trust attributes, intelligence attributes, and traceability attributes. The above core attributes are combined with the needs of the industry to solve the industry's pain points and become the business model used by blockchain in various industries.

Blockchain + Bank

1. Cross-border payment

Cross-border payment is a pain point that has long plagued the banking industry. Traditional cross-border payment methods include two majorCategory: The first is online payment, including electronic account payment and international credit card payment, which is suitable for small retail amounts; the second is the bank remittance model, which is suitable for large-amount transactions; both have long arrival cycles, high fees, and low transaction transparency. And other issues. Especially with the rise of cross-border e-commerce in recent years, convenient, fast, safe and low-cost cross-border payment has become an urgent need for the industry.

The role of blockchain:

The characteristics of blockchain are deintermediation and open and transparent transactions. There is no third-party payment institution to join, which shortens the payment cycle, reduces fees, and increases transaction transparency. For example, in December 2017, China Merchants Bank teamed up with Wing Lung Bank and Wing Lung Shenzhen Branch to successfully implement cross-border RMB remittances between the three parties using blockchain technology. Its clearing process is safe, efficient and fast, greatly improving customer experience.

2. Supply chain finance

The pain points in this field are the long financing cycle and high costs. Centered on the core enterprise system of the supply chain, it is difficult for third-party credit enhancement institutions to authenticate the authenticity of various relevant vouchers in the supply chain, resulting in long manual review times and high financing costs.

The role of blockchain:

Blockchain introduces consensus mechanism, existence proof, non-tampering, traceability and other characteristics into supply chain finance, and does not require third-party credit enhancement agencies to authenticate various relevant credentials in the supply chain. authenticity, thereby reducing financing costs and shortening the financing cycle. For example, in April 2017, the listed company Yijian and IBM China Research jointly launched the blockchain supply chain financial service system "Yijian Block". The system focuses on pharmaceutical scenarios and currently has more than 30 pharmaceutical distribution companies. Successfully registered in the "Yijian Block", as of the end of July, the number of transactions had been close to 8,000, and the total investment amount exceeded 100 million yuan.

3. Digital Bills

The pain point of the digital bill industry lies in the long-term problems of "false bills" and "one vote selling many", which have brought risks to the bill financing business of the banking industry.

The role of blockchain:

The existence proof and non-tampering characteristics of blockchain effectively solve the problem of false digital bills; at the same time, blockchain solves the double-spend problem and avoids "one vote". Sell ​​more". For example, Shenzhen Blockchain Financial Services Co., Ltd. issues bill chain products to provide bill financing services based on blockchain to solve the bill financing needs of small, medium and micro enterprises. Cooperative banks include Ganzhou Bank, Guiyang Bank, Suzhou Bank, Shizuishan Bank, Langfang Bank, Wuhai Bank, Jilin Jiutai Rural Commercial Bank, Yaodu Rural Commercial Bank, Shenzhen Rural Industry Bank, Weifang Bank, Zhongyuan Bank, etc. In addition, Zheshang Bank, JD Finance, Hang Seng Electronics, HNA, etc. are also verifying blockchain digital bill services.

Blockchain + Securities

1. Asset Securitization

Asset securitization uses future income as a guarantee to obtain current financing. The pain points in this field are: there are many participating entities, many operating links, low transaction transparency, information asymmetry, and the authenticity of the underlying assets cannot be guaranteed.

The role of blockchain:

Blockchain introduces attributes such as existence proof, non-tamperability, and consensus mechanism for asset securitization.It can monitor the real situation of assets in real time and solve the problem of trust of all parties in the transaction chain in the underlying assets. Various assets such as equity, bonds, bills, income certificates, warehouse receipts, etc. can be integrated into the blockchain and become digital assets on the chain, improving asset circulation efficiency and reducing costs. For example, in May 2017, Internet Finance and partners including Baiqian Leasing and Huaneng Trust jointly issued an asset securitization ABS project supported by blockchain technology, with an issuance scale of 424 million yuan.

Blockchain + Insurance

1. Insurance Business

The insurance industry has problems such as information asymmetry and lack of trust between customers and insurance institutions: it is difficult for users to choose insurance products that suit them, while insurance institutions Face the risk of insurance fraud.

The role of blockchain:

The decentralized, open, transparent, and traceable characteristics of blockchain establish a good communication channel between insurance institutions and users; insurance subject information is managed uniformly on the blockchain , cannot be tampered with, helping insurance institutions avoid the risk of insurance fraud; at the same time, smart contracts can improve work efficiency and reduce costs. For example, French insurance giant AXA is using the Ethereum public blockchain to provide automated flight delay compensation for air travelers. If the flight is delayed for more than 2 hours, the "smart contract" insurance product will automatically pay claims to passengers.

2. Credit information management

The pain point in this field is that credit information agencies have limited data collection channels and a lack of data sharing, which makes it difficult to accurately characterize the credit status of individuals or institutions; in addition, there are also problems in how to guarantee the data collection process. User privacy issues.

The role of blockchain:

Blockchain has the characteristics of trustlessness, consensus, and non-tampering. At the technical level, it ensures that limited and controllable credit data sharing can be achieved on the basis of effectively protecting user privacy. And verification. For example, Ping An's blockchain credit reporting business is now online. In addition, domestic startups such as Shanghai Juzhen, LinkEye, Bubi Blockchain, etc. are also exploring joint credit reporting and safe certificate storage.

As a basic technology, blockchain has great use value in many industries with distributed processing, peer-to-peer transactions, and rapid establishment of trust relationships. Its core is to solve the problem of credit and realize Point-to-point delivery of value. Therefore, it is considered to be the cornerstone of the future value Internet.

The core of the blockchain business model is to use the innovative attributes introduced by the blockchain and combine it with traditional industry uses to realize the reconstruction of business logic in order to create new usage scenarios, or improve efficiency and reduce costs.

It is expected that the use of blockchain will first start in the pan-financial field that has high requirements for credit, efficiency, and security: the financial industry pays more attention to efficiency and security, and blockchain has a high degree of matching with its pain points, and can be used for Systematically solve trust issues, efficiency issues, default risks, etc. that exist in all aspects of financial services; blockchain’s attributes such as “transaction, certificate storage, and traceability” are more likely to generate value in the financial industry. At the same time, the market space in the financial industry is huge, and small progress can bring huge benefits.

DistrictBlockchain will also extend to all areas of social life: Blockchain solves problems such as the management, transaction, and transfer of digital assets, and therefore will play an important role in the wave of asset digitization, such as supply chain management, data services, and asset management. , public services, the Internet of Things and other applications are gradually being implemented in various fields, and "blockchain+" is becoming a reality.