2021年区块链考试题,区块链考试答案

2021年，区块链考试将会是一个重要的考试，参加这一考试的考生们将会更好地了解区块链技术，从而能够更好地应用这一技术。在这一文章中，我们将为您提供区块链考试题和答案，帮助您更好地准备考试。

题目1：什么是区块链？

答：区块链是一种分布式数据存储和共识机制，它将数据存储在网络中的节点之间，通过加密算法和数字签名来确保数据的安全性和完整性。它可以用来记录交易、执行智能合约，以及构建去中心化的应用程序。

题目2：区块链的特点有哪些？

答：区块链具有去中心化、可验证性、不可篡改性、安全性和透明性等特点。去中心化意味着没有中心控制者，所有节点都可以参与共识；可验证性意味着可以追溯和验证交易；不可篡改性意味着一旦数据被写入区块链，就不能被篡改；安全性意味着数据被加密存储；透明性意味着所有参与者都可以追溯查看区块链上的交易。

题目3：区块链的应用场景有哪些？

答：区块链的应用场景非常广泛，其中包括金融、政府、企业、健康管理、文件存储、物联网、供应链管理等。在金融领域，区块链可以用于跨境支付、点对点贷款、信用评估等；在政府领域，区块链可以用于数字身份管理、投票系统、基础设施管理等；在企业领域，区块链可以用于财务管理、供应链管理、交易管理等；在健康管理领域，区块链可以用于健康数据管理、医疗保险管理等；在文件存储领域，区块链可以用于文件存储、版权管理等；在物联网领域，区块链可以用于智能物流、智能制造等；在供应链管理领域，区块链可以用于货物追踪、库存管理等。

总之，区块链技术已经被广泛应用于各个领域，它可以帮助企业更加有效地管理资源，提高效率，降低成本，促进企业的发展。参加2021年区块链考试，将有助于更好地了解区块链技术，从而应用这一技术，为企业的发展提供更多便利。

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❶ Blockchain adult self-study, blockchain vocational education system

2019-10-31 10:18
As the country regards blockchain as a strategy technology, and points out the direction that will bring substantial changes to social development. It is imperative to actively promote the application of blockchain technology in education, employment and other fields. Blockchain has once again become the focus of market attention.
In fact, Zhengbao has been actively exploring the application of blockchain in the field of vocational education in recent years, and has achieved initial results.
Zhengbao Self-study Examination 365 (book020) online school has launched a self-study examination network assistance platform based on blockchain technology and co-constructed with universities (hereinafter referred to as the self-study examination assistance platform). The platform uses blockchain technology to record and certify the process evaluation results of higher education self-study examinations, and is committed to realizing full online management of continuing education and certification of electronic score certificates, and building a true information management platform for continuing education in colleges and universities.
The Guangxi Higher Education Self-study Examination Online Tutoring Platform launched by Zhengbao is the only online tutoring platform designated by the Guangxi Admissions and Examination Institute. The final score of the self-study tutoring course is a combination of the online tutoring process assessment results and the written test scores. , including Zhengbao Self-study Examination 365 Network
Guangxi University, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin University of Electronic Science and Technology and many other schools have joined the self-study examination online teaching aid platform.
Currently, 70 countries and regions recognize the academic qualifications and degrees of higher education self-study examinations.
In order to ensure the credibility of process assessment results, the self-study assistance platform uses blockchain technology to write data on the education and training process, assessment links and other data into the blockchain to provide sharing and certification services.
Students can complete online learning and review of each course, pre-graduation degree examination, thesis application and other aspects through the self-study assistance platform. The platform provides blockchain electronic certificates and score details for each teaching link, and the results can be traced and Certifiable for easy graduation review and user preferences.
Student completion certificate
Relying on its own educational competence circle, Zhengbao Self-Study 365 adopts blockchain technology and uses its centralized, verifiable, and tamper-proof technical features to build real continuing education information for colleges and universities It provides reliable data support for personal career planning, and provides students, schools and employers with reliable data support in the learning process
Since its establishment in 2000, Zhengbao Distance Education has been focusing on vocational education and services.
In recent years, Zhengbao has continuously explored the application of blockchain technology in the education industry and launched the "Professional Ability Chain", which takes user abilities as the core and provides strong endorsement for users' credit information, employment, study, qualification certification and other information. Assist personal career development.
At present, the Link100 professional ability chain launched by Zhengbao has obtained the domestic blockchain information service registration number in 2019.
Maintain investment and attention to cutting-edge technologies in the field of education blockchain, become the first batch of practitioners, and continuously improve the ultimate solution based on blockchain technology.The construction of personal education system provides students with vocational education products and vocational skills data support platform.
(Editor) Justin Jimochi
Reprinting of copyrighted works without the written permission of Global Times huanqiu.com is strictly prohibited, and violators will be held legally responsible.

If you have questions about the self-study/adult examination, don’t know the content of the self-study/adult examination, or don’t know the local self-study/adult examination policy, click the bottom to consult the official website teacher and receive free review materials: https://www. 87dh.com/xl/

❷ The three stages of blockchain development are

The three stages of blockchain: The development of blockchain is generally divided into three stages. , respectively called the blockchain 1.0 stage, the blockchain 2.0 stage and the blockchain 3.0 stage. Blockchain involves many scientific and technical issues such as mathematics, cryptography, Internet and computer programming.
Extended information:
1. Concept definition: What is blockchain? From a technological perspective and an application perspective, to put it simply, blockchain is a distributed shared ledger and database, which has the characteristics of decentralization, non-tampering, full traces, traceability, collective maintenance, openness and transparency, etc. . These characteristics ensure the "honesty" and "transparency" of the blockchain and lay the foundation for creating trust in the blockchain. The rich application scenarios of blockchain are basically based on the ability of blockchain to solve the problem of information asymmetry and achieve collaborative trust and consistent action among multiple subjects.
2. Blockchain is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithms. Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database. As the underlying technology of Bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each The data block contains information about a batch of Bitcoin network transactions and is used to verify the validity of the information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block.
3. In the original English version of the Bitcoin white paper, the word blockchain does not actually appear, but chain of blocks is used. In the earliest Chinese translation of the Bitcoin white paper, chain of blocks was translated into blockchain. This is the earliest time when the Chinese word "blockchain" appeared. The Cyberspace Administration of China issued the "Blockchain Information Service Management Regulations" on January 10, 2019, which will come into effect on February 15, 2019. As an important breakthrough for independent innovation of core technologies, the security risk issues of blockchain are regarded as a major shortcoming that currently restricts the healthy development of the industry. Frequent security incidents have sounded the alarm for the industry. To embrace blockchain, we need to accelerate the exploration and establishment of a security system that adapts to the blockchain technology mechanism.

❸ How to define blockchain and what are the application scenarios of blockchain

Many people now think that blockchain is a universal technology that can do anything. haveClick on the myth of blockchain technology!
Regarding the definition of blockchain technology, American scholar Melanie Swann defined blockchain technology as an open, transparent and decentralized technology in her book "Blockchain: A New Economic Blueprint and Introduction" database.

Definition of Blockchain: Narrow VS Broad

As for the application scenarios of blockchain technology, it is natural to combine the differences between blockchain and other technologies. In terms of system characteristics.

Blockchain technology features include:

Blockchain is a global A database storage system that can be operated collaboratively in various places is different from traditional database operations where read and write permissions are in the hands of a company or a centralized authority (a characteristic of centralization). Blockchain believes that anyone with the ability to set up a server can participate. Nuggets from all over the world have deployed their own servers locally and connected to the blockchain network to become a node in this distributed database storage system; once joined, the node enjoys exactly the same rights as all other nodes and obligations (decentralized, distributed characteristics).

At the same time, people who provide services on the blockchain can perform read and write operations on any node in the system. In the end, all nodes around the world will complete the process again and again according to a certain mechanism. Synchronize in sequence to achieve complete consistency of data in all nodes in the blockchain network.

At the beginning of this year, the term blockchain began to enter everyone’s lives. From national leaders to aunts who dance square dances, everyone knows this term. This term is widely known by Bit Brought by coins.

As we all know, the first few dozen bitcoins could only be exchanged for one pizza. At its peak, it was more than 20,000 US dollars each, which has skyrocketed by more than a thousand times, which has also benefited a large number of wealthy people. Currently, there are blockchain The virtual currency generated by technology is gradually entering into everyone's life, and many people have joined the ranks of currency speculation. I often hear people say that if you buy the right currency a hundred times, a bicycle will become a sports car, and one coin will turn a young model. You can imagine how many of them are involved. Attractive.

Since 2008, various games applying blockchain technology have also become popular, such as development games (Network Letts Dog, 360 Block Cat), mining games (NetEase Planet, Virtual Earth, Gongxinbao), these are attracting everyone to join in the name of blockchain, and of course there are some that are really reliable, which requires everyone to identify them carefully.

Blockchain is a distributed ledger (database) that connects data blocks in an orderly manner and cryptographically ensures that it cannot be tampered with or forged. technology. In layman's terms, blockchain technology can make all data information in the system open and transparent, non-tamperable, non-forgery, and non-forgeable without the need for third-party endorsement.Traceable. As an underlying protocol or technical solution, blockchain can effectively solve the problem of trust and realize the free transfer of value. It has broad prospects in the fields of digital currency, financial asset transaction settlement, digital government affairs, and certificate deposit and anti-counterfeiting data services.

Digital currency

After experiencing physical objects, precious metals, banknotes and other forms, digital currency has become the development direction of the digital economy era. Compared with physical currency, digital currency has the characteristics of easy portability and storage, low circulation cost, convenient use, easy anti-counterfeiting and management, breaking geographical restrictions, and better integration.

Bitcoin technically implements an electronic cash system in which both parties to the transaction can directly transfer funds to each other without the need for third-party transfer or arbitration. In June 2019, the Internet giant Facebook also released a white paper on its cryptocurrency Libra. Whether it is Bitcoin or Libra, the underlying technology they rely on is blockchain technology.

my country began the development of central bank digital currency as early as 2014. my country's digital currency DC/EP adopts a two-tier operating system: the central bank does not directly issue digital currency to the public. Instead, the central bank redeems the digital currency to various commercial banks or other legal operating institutions, and then these institutions exchange it for public supply. its use. In early August 2019, the central bank held a video conference on work for the second half of the year. The meeting called for accelerating the pace of research and development of the national legal digital currency.

Financial asset transaction settlement

Blockchain technology naturally has financial attributes, and it is causing disruptive changes in the financial industry. In terms of payment and settlement, under the blockchain distributed ledger system, multiple market participants jointly maintain and synchronize a "general ledger" in real time. Payment, clearing, and settlement that currently take two or three days can be completed in just a few minutes. tasks, reducing the complexity and cost of cross-bank and cross-border transactions. At the same time, the underlying encryption technology of the blockchain ensures that participants cannot tamper with the ledger, ensuring that transaction records are transparent and safe. Regulators can easily track transactions on the chain and quickly locate high-risk capital flows. In terms of securities issuance transactions, traditional stock issuance has long procedures, high costs, and complex links. Blockchain technology can weaken the role of underwriting institutions and help all parties establish fast and accurate information exchange and sharing channels. Issuers handle issuance on their own through smart contracts, and regulatory authorities With unified review and verification, investors can also bypass intermediaries and conduct direct operations. In terms of digital bills and supply chain finance, blockchain technology can effectively solve the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises. It is difficult for current supply chain finance to benefit small and medium-sized enterprises in the upper reaches of the industrial chain, because they often do not have direct trade relations with core enterprises, and it is difficult for financial institutions to evaluate their credit qualifications. Based on blockchain technology, we can establish a consortium chain network covering core enterprises, upstream and downstream suppliers, financial institutions, etc. The core enterprises issue accounts receivable vouchers to their suppliers. After the bills are digitized and uploaded to the chain, they can be uploaded to the supplier For transfers between suppliers, each level of supplier can realize the corresponding quota with the digital receipt certificate.financing.

Digital Government Affairs

Blockchain can make data run and greatly streamline the service process. The distributed technology of blockchain can allow government departments to be centralized on one chain, and all service processes are delivered to smart contracts. As long as the service personnel pass the identity authentication and electronic signature in one department, the smart contracts can be automatically processed and transferred, and the subsequent steps can be completed in sequence. All approvals and signatures. Blockchain invoice is the earliest application of domestic blockchain technology. The tax department launched the "Tax Chain" platform for blockchain electronic invoices. The tax department, the issuer, and the payee join the "Tax Chain" network through unique digital identities, truly realizing "instant invoicing for transactions" and "instant reimbursement after invoicing" - in seconds Level invoicing and minute-level reimbursement accounting greatly reduce tax collection and management costs, and effectively solve problems such as data tampering, over-reporting of one ticket, and tax evasion. Poverty alleviation is another practical application of blockchain technology. Utilize the characteristics of openness, transparency, traceability, and non-tampering of blockchain technology to achieve transparent use, precise investment, and efficient management of poverty alleviation funds.

Evidence-based anti-counterfeiting

Blockchain can prove the existence of a file or digital content at a specific time through hash timestamps, and it is open, non-tamperable, and traceable. It provides perfect solutions for judicial forensics, identity certification, property rights protection, anti-counterfeiting and traceability, etc. In the field of intellectual property, the digital signature of blockchain technology and on-chain certificates can confirm the rights of text, pictures, audio and video, etc., and create and execute transactions through smart contracts, allowing creators to regain pricing power and preserve data formation in real time. The evidence chain covers the three major scenarios of rights confirmation, transaction and rights protection. In the field of anti-counterfeiting and traceability, blockchain technology can be widely used in various fields such as food and medicine, agricultural products, alcohol, and luxury goods through supply chain tracking.

Data services

Blockchain technology will greatly optimize existing big data applications and play a huge role in data circulation and sharing. In the future, the Internet, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things will generate massive amounts of data. The existing centralized data storage (computing model) will face huge challenges. Edge storage (computing) based on blockchain technology is expected to become a future solution. Furthermore, the non-tampering and traceability mechanism of blockchain ensures the authenticity and high quality of data, which becomes the basis for all data applications such as big data, deep learning, and artificial intelligence. Finally, blockchain can realize multi-party collaborative data calculations while protecting data privacy, and is expected to solve the problems of "data monopoly" and "data islands" and realize the value of data circulation. In response to the current blockchain development stage, in order to meet the blockchain development and application needs of general business users, many traditional cloud service providers have begun to deploy their own BaaS ("Blockchain as a Service") solutions. The combination of blockchain and cloud computing will effectively reduce enterprise blockchain deployment costs and promote the implementation of blockchain application scenarios. In the future, blockchain technology will also play an important role in many fields such as charity, insurance, energy, logistics, and the Internet of Things.

The three words "blockchain" were completely ignited during the Spring Festival that just passed, and the limelight overshadowed everything. Some people said that this is the arrival of a new era, and the past has become classical. , and some people say that everything is hype and is ultimately a bubble.

In fact, blockchain technology is not a new concept. It has been applied to many industries, such as electronic signatures, as early as the past two years. Recently, the third-party electronic signature platform eShanbao revealed the latest progress of blockchain applications to NewSeed.

Currently, blockchain technology is mainly used in e-signing products for certificate deposit and certificate issuance. The application scenarios include copyright protection and online signing. , web page forensics, phone recording, email storage of evidence, etc.

Take the rights protection of online works as an example. Since online rights protection generally adopts the method of collecting evidence after the fact, real-time confirmation of rights is not carried out in the process of evidence generation, so the entire confirmation process is difficult. The copyright process is time-consuming, difficult and costly to obtain evidence, and extremely difficult to prove and trace the source. It cannot meet the characteristics of rapid dissemination and large quantity of online works.

eShanbao's new intellectual property protection solution based on timestamp + blockchain starts from the user's real-name authentication and solidifies the information generated in the process in real time. Electronic data, and through the time source service synchronized with the National Time Service Center, online works are stamped with legally valid timestamps to prove that electronic files have not been tampered with in a certain period of time. Blockchain technology can establish point-to-point trust in the network, ensuring that all blockchain nodes can record complete copyright confirmation and transaction records, and can trace their origins, truly realizing anti-repudiation and anti-tampering, and realizing a kind of distribution. trust infrastructure.

Founder and CEO Jin Hongzhou believes that the application of decentralized blockchain technology has greatly improved the efficiency of data storage and certification, and The credibility of the identity of the parties reduces the cost of trust, but it cannot replace the original centralized public key encryption technology. The two should complement each other. Through the combination of the two, it can provide users with real-time and reliable Confirmation plan.

Next, e-Shanbao will also focus on building a smart contract platform based on blockchain technology. Jin Hongzhou said that data storage, Issuing certificates is only a relatively superficial application based on blockchain technology. It is the first step to implement blockchain technology, and the realization of real smart contracts is the second step. "Smart contracts cannot simply be understood as electronic contracts. They refer to a process, from the conclusion of the contract to the confirmation to the final execution." Jin Hongzhou explained.

From a technical perspective, blockchain is not a brand-new technology;New application models of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanisms, encryption algorithms, and smart contracts. Specifically, blockchain technology is a technical solution that collectively maintains a reliable database in a decentralized, high-trust manner.

Due to its advantages such as "decentralization", "distributed data storage", "traceability", "anti-tampering", and "openness and transparency", blockchain technology can effectively solve data problems. By establishing a trustworthy data management environment, we can prevent and avoid various data management problems such as data fraud, tampering, and loss, and promote the efficient sharing and application of data. In the process of practice and exploration, the application scope of blockchain technology continues to expand, especially in the field of public resource transactions, and continues to empower public resource transaction management services.

Facilitate transaction data sharing and transaction witnessing

Facilitate transaction data Share

Currently, the data of different trading centers are not interoperable, and the subject information of different trading centers needs to be entered repeatedly. It is difficult to verify the off-site performance provided by the bidders during the bid evaluation process. It is difficult to troubleshoot the same person repeatedly serving as project manager. Issues such as low cost of breach of trust. Establishing a cross-regional subject database based on blockchain can well alleviate the above problems.

The distributed ledger feature based on the blockchain can effectively ensure the real-time or quasi-real-time sharing of data, and can reduce the repeated entry of subject information; the use of blockchain information that cannot be tampered with can ensure the data circulation process on the chain. The authenticity of the bidders in the regional alliance is directly obtained from the on-chain data, making it impossible to hide the fake performance. At the same time, the sharing of bidding behavior data through the blockchain provides a data basis for the development of "joint punishment of dishonest enterprises".

Blockchain-based transaction witness

"Guiding Opinions on Deepening the Integration and Sharing of Public Resource Trading Platforms" ( The State Office Letter [2019] No. 41) pointed out the need to optimize services such as witnessing, venues, information, files, and expert extraction. However, at present, public resource transaction process witnessing is mainly based on manual on-site witnessing, which has limited witnessing intensity, high occupation of human resources, and limited witnessing effect. Due to its centralized characteristics, the traditional digital witness system is prone to data tampering, and the data is easily damaged or lost during the storage and migration process, which has certain flaws in terms of security and usability.

Utilize the distributed, difficult to tamper, and traceable characteristics of the blockchain to solidify and store the data generated in each transaction link, and accurately record the data generated through time stamp technology, summary algorithm, and electronic signature technology. Time, content, data source. According to the technical characteristics of the blockchain, simple structured data can be stored directly on the blockchain. For unstructured data, the data can be stored directly on the blockchain.The summary information of large files such as layout files, videos, and audios is saved through the blockchain, and the original files are saved through the distributed file storage service. When there are disputes or problems in a transaction, the blockchain can provide a set of credible transaction process data and clarify the responsibilities of all parties involved in the transaction. Achieve the goals of risk prevention and control in all aspects, traceability of the entire process, and improvement of all-round services.

Promote the rationalization of electronic guarantee rates

Promote financial services and corporate financing for bidding companies

Promote the rationalization of electronic guarantee rates

At present, electronic bidding deposit guarantee letters have certain applications in the field of bidding, solving the problem of bidding deposit funds for bidding companies. Occupancy issues. However, because financial institutions currently do not have reliable historical bidding behavior data of bidders, they are unable to judge the default risks of different bidders. As a result, the guarantee services charged to bidders adopt fixed rates, which makes a small number of bids with high default risks The cost of personal guarantee is allocated to most bidders with low default risk, which increases the guarantee rates for most bidders to a certain extent.

At present, it is up to the bidder to choose whether to use an electronic letter of guarantee, and the rate is the main choice basis for the bidder. If the bidder performance records are shared through the blockchain and the performance risks of different bidders are analyzed, it will be Different bidders provide different guarantee rates, which not only reduces the risks of financial institutions, but also reduces the use costs of most bidders and promotes the use of bid guarantees. To a certain extent, it can also encourage bidders to abide by their promises and maintain the order of the bidding market. .

Promote financial services for bidding companies

The bidding behavior of bidders is scattered in various trading centers, and the data is simply aggregated In a centralized information system, there is a risk of data tampering (untrustworthy), and valuable bidder transaction behavior data cannot be gathered and shared safely and reliably. Through blockchain technology, bidders from multiple trading centers are gathered, and historical bidding, winning bids, defaults, violations and other behavioral records provide data support for financial institutions to evaluate the bidders' credit in the bidding sub-sector.

Solving the financing problems of successful bidders

Traditional corporate loans mainly evaluate the company's solvency: collateral, audit There are requirements for accurate financial statements and sustained profitability, but most small and medium-sized enterprises cannot provide these "proofs" at all. Difficulty and expensive financing have become problems faced by many small and medium-sized enterprises in bidding activities. Using the methods of the past will no longer work. To solve the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises, we can only rely on new technologies and new tools. With the help of the non-tamperable characteristics of blockchain, the primary business of multiple trading centers can be gatheredData, combined with big data analysis technology to build a portrait of credible bidders. On the one hand, it improves the risk control level of financial institutions and taps high-quality bidding companies. On the other hand, it lowers the loan threshold for bidding companies and optimizes the service experience.

Drawing on the supply chain finance model, the bidder is a core enterprise with good credit in government departments, national enterprises and institutions, and the winning contract obtained by the winning bidder as a supplier is considered by financial institutions to be a high-quality asset. Apply for a loan from a financial institution. Under the traditional paper-based model, there is a risk of order and contract fraud and the process is cumbersome. Centralized information systems require operators to have strong authority. The distributed ledger and difficult-to-tamper characteristics of the blockchain will help solve the above problems. The contract signing between the tenderer and the bidder and the subsequent financial service links will be realized on the blockchain, which not only solves the problem of data trustworthiness but also reduces the risk of corruption. The entire system relies on a centralized authority.

Through further analysis, we found that credit sales are currently prevalent among domestic enterprises, and the upstream suppliers of the winning bidder have a large funding gap. The credit of the bidder can only be passed to the winning bidder (the winning contract cannot be split or transferred), and the upstream suppliers Business owners are unable to obtain high-quality loans from financial institutions. If the winning contract is converted into a "pass" on the chain, the "pass" can be split, and the winning bidder holding the "pass" can pay part or all of the voucher to the upstream supplier, making it discountable and financing. The "tokens" on the chain can be split and transferred from first-level suppliers to second-level (and multi-level) suppliers, thereby allowing core enterprise credit to be transferred to multi-level suppliers. The shortage of funds from suppliers due to credit sales has been solved, improving the business environment; through value transfer through the blockchain, the financing cycle has been greatly shortened; the cost of supplier loans has been reduced, which will help reduce the production costs of raw materials or intermediate products, and ultimately Increase bidders' profit margins and indirectly reduce bidders' costs.

Regarding blockchain, we can imagine a decentralized management model and technical processing method.

Let me give you an example. There are five people in your family, and they have never been able to figure out how to arrange work and handle family relationships.

So, you and your family discuss it together and simply use voting to solve the problem.

Then this way of voting to solve problems can be called the most elementary blockchain.

Decentralization solves problems.

What application scenarios can blockchain have?

In fact, many of our families and many organizations use blockchain management forms every day

However, this kind of blockchain application for organizational relationships cannot produce Economic Value.

What are the economic applications of blockchain?

The first type is used for tax deposit certificates, bank transfers, etc.

Make full use of the traceability function of the blockchain so that all records can be investigated at any time.Inquiry

The second type is applied to enterprise operation and management

Enterprises can better solve the problem of enterprise development by using blockchain management form. problems so that companies can develop faster and make more money.

Summary: The application scenarios of blockchain include taxation, bank transfers, etc., and can also be applied to business operations.

The characteristics of blockchain are distributed accounting and decentralization, but the ultimate goal is to make people get along more equally. Technology is meaningful only when it serves human values, and technology that meets human value needs will develop. Therefore, blockchain is in line with human pursuit of freedom and equality, so its trend to become mainstream is unstoppable.

Currently, there are many blockchain gimmicks, which are basically used to issue coins. The newly launched ono is a decentralized, free and global social platform. Due to decentralization, your chat communication information is peer-to-peer and cannot be viewed by others. In other words, your every word and deed will no longer be recorded and reviewed at any time like it is now on WeChat, QQ, and Facebook, freeing you from the trouble of surveillance.

In fact, blockchain technology can be used in any field. Information that previously required third-party confirmation can be completed online and confirmed at multiple nodes, making it difficult (almost impossible) to delete.

At present, blockchain is still in its infancy, and the technology is not mature enough, but it is also a better time to enter.

Blockchain is a decentralized technology. Blockchain can be applied to all products currently covered by the Internet.

The most popular application industry at present is the financial industry.

An application that has been implemented is product traceability. Alibaba and JD.com are already using blockchain technology to fully trace the origin of some of the products they sell. Consumers can trace the origin of the purchased products. There are also many blockchain applications in the digital advertising industry. Since traffic fraud in digital advertising causes losses of tens of billions of dollars every year, there are already blockchain application projects based on digital advertising, such as DCAD, which is based on blockchain. The digital advertising application of blockchain technology mainly solves the problem of traffic fraud

In the future, as the application of blockchain technology becomes more mature, it will be applied in many industries, creating a new ecosystem based on technological trust. Mode

What is blockchain

If you explain blockchain in non-technical terms, blockchain is a place where data is stored. However, the data stored in the blockchain is safe and reliable and does not need to be managed by anyone. Therefore, in the Internet, a place where data and information are exploding, having such a place will be like a magical treasure land.

What can the blockchain do?

If you ask what the blockchain can do, it is better to say what applications need to use it.Blockchain. As mentioned earlier, blockchain is a safe place, so wherever data needs to be protected securely on the Internet, blockchain technology needs to be used. For example:

Because the use of blockchain technology can better protect the data of policyholders, in today’s Internet, data is value and wealth, so value protection and value transmission are the future development directions of the Internet. And blockchain technology can really do just that.

If there are any deficiencies, you are welcome to comment and correct me.

In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chained data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is cryptographically guaranteed to be non-tamperable and non-tamperable. Fake distributed ledger.

The two parties involved in the transaction do not need to know who the other party is, nor do they need a third party for trust endorsement. They only need to trust a common algorithm to establish mutual trust and conduct direct transactions.

Its characteristics are trustlessness and decentralization. The destruction of each node's ledger has no impact on the entire blockchain. The blockchain runs point-to-point payments without a center that may cheat, and the security is greatly improved. Improved, the entire transaction network has changed from a star structure to a point-to-point P2P structure.

In the future, blockchain will be used in many fields and will have a great impact on human life. . It can be widely used in fields ranging from digital currency to securities and financial contracts, medical care, games, artificial intelligence, smart contracts, Internet of Things, e-commerce, file storage and other fields.

1. Cloud storage

This is the statistics of current cloud storage on the Internet. In terms of volume, Google has the largest volume, which is 8,000PB. So what if we share the idle data on the Internet?

Starlight Cloud builds a blockchain data computing and storage lake through Starlight Chain, with a total storage capacity of 15,000P (approximately 15.72864 billion G) in the future. This will be more than 10 times that of Alibaba Cloud's 1500PB! It is also more than four times the size of the Taizhou Storage Center, the largest storage lake in the world after expansion.

2. Medical aspects

Using blockchain technology to save personal medical records also retains personal medical historical data, which can be used when seeing a doctor or planning for your own health in the future. Historical data can be called directly. These data are highly private, and the use of blockchain technology also helps protect patient privacy.

❹ What is the Blockchain 1+X Certificate exam?

The Blockchain 1+X Certificate exam content is as follows:

District The assessment content of the Blockchain 1+X certificate mainly includes two parts: theoretical assessment and practical assessment. Take Shijiazhuang Vocational and Technical College as an example: the blockchain exam covers blockchain system application operations, blockchain business analysisAnalysis and design, business planning, business development implementation, business optimization and other detailed contents.

The meaning of Organizational Blockchain 1+X:

“1+X” Blockchain System Application and Design (Intermediate) Vocational Skills Level Certificate The successful holding of training and certification examinations will help promote the "three education reforms" and play a positive role in assisting the cultivation of high-quality compound blockchain talents, improving students' employment competitiveness, and serving the economic development of the blockchain industry.

Reference for the above content: Shijiazhuang Vocational and Technical College-1+X Blockchain System Exam

❺ What is the concept of blockchain? What exactly is blockchain? Read it in three minutes!

On October 25, 2019, Xinwen Broadcast sent a very important signal: the country must vigorously develop blockchain. After that, blockchain has become an Internet celebrity, and the figure of "blockchain" is floating in the streets and alleys. In fact, many technology companies have already deployed blockchain technology.

Although blockchain is very popular, many people do not know much about blockchain.

What is blockchain?

Let’s first take a look at how Du Niang explained it. Network display: Blockchain is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithms.

Why is blockchain called blockchain?

The blockchain is linked by blocks one by one, and the blocks are storage units one by one, which record the communication information of each block node. The blocks are much like the records of the database. Writing data every time creates a block. With the expansion of information exchange, one block continues with another, and the result is called a blockchain.

What are the characteristics of blockchain?

Blockchain mainly has the following characteristics:

1. Decentralization: In the blockchain system, every node has equal rights. and obligations, there is no central control here. Decentralization has well established trust relationships with each other. Although there is no central management organization, people can collaborate with each other and trust each other. This mainly applies blockchain distributed ledger technology.

2. Openness: Blockchain data is open to everyone. Except for some encrypted information that is not open, everyone can check the data here.

3. Independence: The entire blockchain system does not rely on other third parties. All nodes can automatically and securely verify and exchange data within the system without any human intervention.

4. Security: Blockchain has a certain degree of security and cannot be tampered with. Because everyone in the blockchain system has the same ledger in their hands. If someone wants to tamper with it, they can only control it.Only if more than 51% of accounting nodes are able to forge a non-existent record. Of course, this is basically impossible. This is mainly due to the core technology of the blockchain: the consensus mechanism. The consensus mechanism has the characteristics of "the minority obeys the majority" and "everyone is equal".

5. Anonymity: Many people think that if the blockchain is so open and transparent, will we lose privacy? In fact, no, although the transaction information in the blockchain is open and transparent, the identity information of the account is encrypted and can only be accessed with authorization.

Now let me tell you a story to help you better understand the blockchain.

There are three people in the family, mom, dad, older brother and younger brother. Last year, my father was in charge of the family's account books. He was responsible for all the family's income and expenses alone.

However, on the day of Double Eleven, my mother, who has always been frugal, wanted to buy herself a beautiful piece of clothing on a certain online store. When she checked the account book, she found something was wrong. It stands to reason that except for some money deposited in banks and financial management, the whereabouts of the daily consumption money at home are all in this account book, but no matter how you look at it, it is wrong. Some consumption is clearly not recorded, but is recorded.

Later, my father took the initiative to confess that he couldn’t help but buy a pack of cigarettes.

Later, my mother changed her strategy and the whole family kept accounts. Everyone recorded their monthly consumption expenditure in their own account books. Whenever there was a transaction or consumption at home, my mother would shout, "Book it," and everyone would record the transaction in their own books. This is the decentralized accounting model, where everyone is the center and everyone has a ledger.

The previous accounting model for dad was centralized accounting. If dad wanted to do something alone, it would be difficult for anyone to see it. The decentralized accounting model has solved the problem of centralization very well. The disadvantage of bookkeeping is that it is very difficult for dad to tamper with the books.

For example, if my father wants to take some money from the ledger and secretly buy cigarettes, the amount of money is limited, and if he wants to take the money, he has to change the ledger, but he only tampered with his own ledger. No, he had to change the accounts of three people including himself. And this is undoubtedly more difficult than reaching the sky.

So, many times my father had the idea of ​​smoking, but he had no choice but to give up the idea due to the current situation.

Are blockchain and Bitcoin the same thing?

In fact, blockchain and Bitcoin are not the same thing. It is just the underlying technology of Bitcoin. Bitcoin is the first digital currency applied by blockchain.

In 2008, Satoshi Nakamoto first proposed the concept of blockchain. In the following years, it became a core component of the electronic currency Bitcoin, serving as a public account book for all transactions.. Blockchain was first applied to Bitcoin.

The origin of blockchain is to solve the problem of trust, and one of the most successful applications of blockchain is digital currency. Bitcoin is arguably the most successful application of blockchain so far.

What are the applications of blockchain?

The application of blockchain is actually very wide. In addition to digital currency, the future applications of Bitcoin are still very extensive. Blockchain technology has been widely used in different industries. Such as product traceability, copyright protection and transactions, payment and settlement, Internet of Things, digital marketing, medical care, etc., promoting different industries to quickly enter the "blockchain+" era.

1. Payment and clearing: Blockchain can abandon the role of transit banks, realize point-to-point payment, reduce transit fees, and accelerate fund utilization.

2. Product traceability: For example, if we buy a piece of clothing on a certain store, we can see the past and present life of this piece of clothing.

3. Securities trading: Traditional securities trading requires the coordination of four major institutions, which is inefficient and costly. Blockchain technology can independently complete one-stop services.

4. Supply chain: Introducing blockchain technology into the supply chain system, synchronizing information within the system can control all links, better complete division of labor and collaboration, and facilitate subsequent accountability.

5. Intellectual property rights: With copyright on the chain, our photographic works, musical works, literary works, etc. will become our information, and the ownership of the information will be confirmed and become our property.

❻ Nine questions will help you understand the past and present of the central bank’s digital currency

China’s legal digital currency “can now be said to be ready to emerge.” Chinese People Mu Changchun, deputy director of the Bank’s Payment and Settlement Department, delivered a speech at the Third China Financial Forty Yichun Forum on August 10, once again bringing the central bank’s legal digital currency into the public eye.

Five years have passed since Zhou Xiaochuan proposed the development of a central bank digital currency in 2014 to Mu Changchun’s “preparation” this year. After five years of hard work, what does central bank digital currency look like today? What kind of development process has it experienced? What impact will it have in the future?

1. Model: two-tier operation and delivery system, centralized management mechanism

The English abbreviation of China's central bank digital currency is "DC/EP", and "DC" stands for "Digital Currency ( "EP" is the abbreviation of "Electronic Payment". The main function of China's central bank's digital currency is as a means of electronic payment.

China’s central bank digital currency has its own characteristics in terms of operation, management model and technology selection.

1. Double-layer transportationOperational delivery system: 4 considerations and 4 impacts

First of all, the People’s Bank of China’s digital currency has designed a two-tier operational delivery system instead of a single-tier operational system in which the People’s Bank of China directly issues digital currency to the public. Under the two-tier operating system, the upper level is the central bank, which provides credit guarantee for the legal digital currency issued. Therefore, the central bank’s digital currency has unlimited legal compensation like the RMB; the lower level of the operation and delivery system is composed of different commercial banks. Composition, while commercial banks and other institutions are responsible for issuing central bank digital currency to the public, they need to pay 100% of full reserves to the central bank to ensure that the central bank's digital currency is not over-issued.

There are four considerations for the central bank’s digital currency to adopt a two-tier operation and delivery system:

First, China has a vast territory, a large population, and a complex economic structure. The economic development level of each region, Resource endowments and population quality are all different. Therefore, issuing central bank digital currency in China is an extremely complex systematic project. A single-layer digital currency operation and delivery system will allow the central bank to face all the public alone, bringing great challenges to the central bank's operational work.

Second, commercial banks and other institutions have developed relatively mature IT technology facilities and service systems, have accumulated certain experience in the application of financial technology and related talent reserves, and adopted two-tier operations. The system can give full play to the advantages of commercial banks and other institutions in terms of resources, talents and technology, while avoiding the huge waste of starting a new business.

Third, the digital currency issued by the central bank is aimed at a wide range of users. The system covering more than one billion people is huge. It is not easy to ensure stable and efficient operation and faces many risks. The two-tier operating system helps to resolve risks and avoid excessive concentration of risks.

Fourth, a single-layer digital currency operation and delivery system may lead to financial disintermediation. The digital currency directly released by the central bank to the public has a higher credit rating than the deposit currency of commercial banks, which may have a crowding-out effect on commercial bank deposits, thereby affecting the loan granting capabilities of commercial banks.

The impact of the central bank's digital currency adopting a two-tier operation and delivery system is reflected in the following four aspects:

First, the central bank's issuance of digital currency does not change the creditor-debt relationship of currencies in circulation. . Initially, the currency issued by the central bank to exercise state functions had gold and other items of real value as convertible reserves. When the public accepts the currency issued by the central bank, it is equivalent to lending gold and other items of real value to the central bank, and the public only holds redemption certificates. In other words, currency is the central bank's liability to the public. This credit relationship and liability relationship did not change when the country relied on national credit to impose legal tender and no longer relied on gold reserves. From this perspective, all currencies in circulation, including digital currencies issued by the central bank, are liabilities of the central bank.

Second, the issuance of digital currency by the central bank does not change the existing currency delivery system.and binary account structures. Starting from the "Bank Account Management Measures" promulgated by the People's Bank of China in October 1994, after more than 20 years of development, our country has basically formed a currency injection system supported by a binary account structure. The central bank's digital currency also adopts a two-tier investment operation system similar to the binary account structure.

Figure 1: Comparison between binary account structure and two-tier operating system

Third, without affecting the existing monetary policy transmission mechanism , the central bank’s digital currency will not strengthen the procyclical effect. Economic growth generally goes through a complete cycle of depression, recovery, prosperity, and crisis. During economic prosperity, expansionary monetary policy is a procyclical policy, and during economic depression it becomes a countercyclical policy. Similarly, tightening monetary policy Policies are countercyclical when the economy is booming and procyclical when the economy is depressed. Expansive monetary policy will increase inflationary pressure when the economy is booming, while tightening monetary policy will increase deflationary pressure during economic depression, which is a procyclical effect. Since the digital currency issued by the central bank does not affect the existing monetary policy transmission mechanism, it is naturally isolated from the procyclical effect.

Fourth, the digital currency issued by the central bank focuses on replacing M0 currency rather than replacing M1 and M2 currencies.

(Note: M0, M1, and M2 are all important indicators used to reflect the money supply. M0 is cash circulating outside the banking system. Everyone’s deposits and withdrawals in the bank will affect the market. The increase or decrease of M0; M1 is narrow money, "M1 = M0 + corporate demand deposits in banks"; M2 is broad money, "M2 = M1 + quasi-currency", where quasi-currency includes time deposits, resident savings deposits, other deposits, Securities company customer deposits, housing provident fund center deposits, deposits of non-depository financial institutions in depository financial institutions, etc. M1 reflects the actual purchasing power in the market, while M2 reflects both actual and potential purchasing power. If M1 grows faster, consumption and terminal markets are active; if M2 grows faster, the investment and intermediate markets are active.)

At present, M1 and M2 currencies have basically realized electronicization and digitization in China, and banks that support the circulation of M1 and M2 The increasing efficiency of various online payment methods such as inter-bank payment and clearing systems, commercial bank intra-bank systems and non-bank payment institutions has been able to meet the needs of my country's economic development.

However, there are still three prominent problems on the M0 currency side: first, the anonymity of existing M0 makes it risky to be used for money laundering and terrorist financing; second, Internet payment The model based on the tight coupling of bank card accounts cannot meet the public's demand for anonymous payments; thirdly, there are still areas in my country where bank account services and communication network coverage are poor, and the local public is still relatively dependent on M0 currency (cash). high.

Therefore, the central bank’s issuance of a digital currency that focuses on replacing M0 is in line with national conditions and in line with the public’s demand for small amounts.It meets the needs of high-frequency payment services (setting transaction limits and balance limits based on different levels of wallets), while also effectively preventing risks such as M0 currency being used for money laundering and terrorist financing.

2. Centralized management model: It is fundamentally different from digital currencies such as Bitcoin

The central bank’s digital currency adopts a centralized management model, which is different from the digital currency represented by Bitcoin. Decentralized digital currencies are fundamentally different.

1) The central bank’s digital currency is still the central bank’s liability to the public, and this creditor-debt relationship has not changed with the changes in the currency form;

2) In order to ensure and To strengthen the central bank's macro-prudential and monetary control functions, it is necessary to continue to adhere to the centralized management model;

3) Under the two-tier operation and delivery system of the central bank's digital currency, designated institutions are responsible for the currency, which requires the central bank to 4) As long as the binary account system and the original monetary policy transmission mechanism do not change, the central management model and status of the central bank will not change. Change.

Finally, for a central bank digital currency system that needs to support widespread public use, if a pure blockchain technology architecture is adopted, it is currently impossible to achieve the high concurrency performance required at the retail level. Therefore, when it comes to the choice of technical path, China’s central bank digital currency does not preset a technical route, nor does it rely on a certain technology. In addition, the relevant person in charge stated that the central bank’s digital currency can support smart contracts, but it will only support smart contracts that are beneficial to monetary functions. It will still maintain a more cautious attitude towards smart contracts that exceed monetary functions. In addition, some operating agencies designated by the central bank will also adopt different technical routes to determine the research and development of digital currencies, and ultimately achieve system optimization of digital currencies through market competition.

2. Development history:

my country’s central bank’s research on digital currency can be traced back to 2014, five years ago.

If Zhou Xiaochuan proposed the research and development of legal digital currency in 2014, it was the beginning of all this, then the central bank’s establishment of a digital currency research institute in 2017 was the turning point of the story. In the past five years, the People's Bank of China, with the Digital Currency Research Institute as the core, has teamed up with several commercial banks to study the feasibility of central bank digital currency from multiple dimensions such as digital currency solution prototypes and digital bills.

On August 2, 2019, the central bank held a video conference on the work of the second half of 2019, clearly stating that in the second half of the year, it will accelerate the pace of research and development of my country’s legal digital currency (DC/EP) and promptly follow the domestic Development trends of foreign virtual currencies.

Table 1: Research progress on the central bank’s digital currency

3. Voices from all walks of life: Nine issues on the central bank’s digital currency

1 , why last yearHas the central bank launched the 996 working model for legal digital currency research?

Xiao Lei analyzed the situation in the same period last year and found that in June last year, the United States began to impose tariffs on Chinese goods exported to the United States for the first time. Sino-US trade frictions intensified, the RMB exchange rate fell, and the domestic market public's attitude towards digital currencies As demand increased, the country began to rectify the situation at the level of public opinion, including CCTV Finance's special topic "Focus on Token Market Chaos," the Cyberspace Administration of China's Cyberspace Administration of China banned many blockchain self-media accounts, and five ministries and commissions issued risk warnings one after another. In June last year, the Digital Currency Research Institute of the Central Bank of China announced four patent applications within a month. Based on these news, Xiao Lei believes that since June last year, China has strengthened controls from two levels. One is the guidance and control of digital currencies at the public opinion level, and the other is to build public confidence in China’s official digital currency from the central bank level. The central bank must have received instructions to speed up the research and development of legal digital currency, which is why Mu Changchun came up with the 996.

2. China has developed mobile payments, so why does it still need a central bank digital currency?

Mu Changchun bluntly said that for ordinary people, the boundaries between basic payment functions and central bank digital currency are actually relatively blurred. However, the actual implementation of some functions of central bank digital currencies in the future will be very different from electronic payments. From a macroeconomic perspective, fund transfers of electronic payment instruments must be completed through traditional bank accounts, using a "tightly coupled account" approach. The central bank's digital currency is "account loosely coupled", which can realize value transfer without traditional bank accounts, greatly reducing the dependence on accounts in the transaction process. The central bank's digital currency can be as easy to circulate as cash, which is conducive to the circulation and internationalization of the renminbi, and at the same time can achieve controllable anonymity.

From the perspective of the inevitability of currency development, Yang Dong, director of the Financial Technology and Internet Research Center of the National Development Institute of Renmin University of China, believes that currency will inevitably develop in a low-cost, reliable, and convenient direction, and general equivalents will inevitably become more and more Detached from the entity, the form becomes more and more free. Cryptocurrency tokens are the mainstream development direction of currency now. Although my country's mobile payment is in a relatively leading position internationally, this advantage is not absolute. The release of Libra has sounded the alarm to our country and can cause a major impact. "In the future, the competition for data resources will definitely intensify. my country's payment field, especially the small retail payment field, will face more challenges. The best way is to launch legal digital currency to deal with it. At this level, the central bank The launch of legal digital currency is also conducive to the growth of my country's payment industry."

Xiao Lei also said that no matter how many design goals there are for the central bank's digital currency, it is ultimately the purpose of eliminating cash. But the problem is that if you don’t do digital currency, cash will gradually disappear. This is a historical trend.

3. Does the central bank’s digital currency pay interest?

Fan Yifeizao, Deputy Governor of the People's Bank of ChinaAt the beginning of 2018, it was stated in public that because the central bank’s digital currency is a replacement for M0, interest should not be paid on it. This will neither trigger "financial disintermediation" nor lead to inflationary expectations. Correspondingly, it will not have a major impact on the operation of the existing monetary system, financial system and real economy.

Long Baitao believes that a reasonable central bank digital currency design must pay interest. Paying adjustable interest rates on central bank digital currencies can maintain price stability and maintain parity between central bank digital currencies and other currencies. "Adjustable interest rates can increase the demand for central bank digital currency without the need for adjustments to the central bank's balance sheet, without breaking the parity relationship, and without requiring adjustments to the price level."

4. Central bank digital currency = digitization of central bank cash ?

On the same day as Mu Changchun, UnionPay Chairman Shao Fujun also expressed his research on legal digital currency at the China Financial Forty Forum on August 10. He believes that legal digital currency is not only the digitization of currency, but also can better solve the trust problem of both parties to the transaction and the synchronization of information flow and capital flow through the combination with intelligent technology and smart contract design. This advantage can greatly simplify The relatively complex transaction process between traditional financial institutions.

5. Central Bank Digital Currency and Libra

Some people always compare central bank digital currency with Facebook’s Libra, but Zhu Chen, founder of Zhibao.com and monetary scholar, believes that the two are more important than each other. Are not the same. Libra is built on the credit of legal currency and is subject to the constraints of central banks and financial institutions; the central bank's digital currency is a technical upgrade of legal currency - a digital upgrade of the original central bank currency (M0), which essentially does not change bank deposit reserves and The monetary properties of cash. The specific scenario of central bank digital currency is to serve the payment side managed by the central bank, such as transactions between bank reserves, and the digital upgrade of cash, which is not mysterious. For ordinary people, the central bank's digital currency allows transactions and payments to be within the central bank's network. While improving convenience, it also loses the anonymity and privacy of banknotes.

Sun Tianqi, chief accountant of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, said that Libra should be regarded as a foreign currency and included in the overall framework of my country’s foreign exchange management. Except in rare cases where the country stipulates otherwise, domestic transactions must be priced and settled in RMB, including the pricing and settlement of domestic transactions in the digital environment. Libraization or dollarization of domestic transactions in the digital environment must not occur.

6. What is the impact of China’s launch of central bank digital currency?

Shao Fujun believes that the positive impact of launching central bank digital currency is reflected in: 1. Improving the efficiency of currency operation monitoring and enriching the means of monetary policy. The issuance of central bank digital currency will make it possible to collect real-time data on currency creation, accounting, and flow, provide useful reference for currency placement, formulation and implementation of monetary policies, and provide useful means for economic regulation. At the same time, central bank digital currency can alsoEffective enough to provide some help in anti-money laundering and counter-terrorism financing. 2. It is conducive to improving the intelligence level of the transaction process; 3. It effectively improves the efficiency of payment, especially cross-border payment, and establishes an open payment environment.

The Token Research Institute believes in the report that China’s launch of central bank digital currency is at least important in safeguarding digital sovereignty; providing new monetary policy tools, improving the effectiveness of monetary policy and promoting the internationalization of the RMB. significance.

However, Tan Yaling, president of the China Foreign Exchange Investment Research Institute, believes that using digital currency to promote the internationalization of the RMB is a kind of idealism. After all, the hegemony of the US dollar has great consequences in the short, medium and even long term. Large uncertainty is difficult to eliminate or replace. "Currently, China's finance is in the process of adjusting its structure. We need to transform it into "finance is supplemented and economic entities are the mainstay." The scale of our currency also exceeds that of the real economy, and it also needs to be adjusted. If the concept of digital currency It is still mainly about the financial aspect, so I have doubts about whether it can really promote the transition from reality to reality."

Chen Jibing from the Glacier Think Tank Research Institute also said that in the foreseeable future, traditional Legal currency is still the main circulation medium in the social economy, and digital currency will be an attempt and supplement for the time being.

7. Difficulties faced by China’s central bank’s digital currency

Long Baitao believes that the biggest challenge for the central bank’s digital currency in achieving the core goal of RMB internationalization is the nationalization of the U.S. dollar and the integration of the A super-sovereign currency similar to Libra. This challenge can be solved by accelerating capital account convertibility, but this is not the "most fundamental and thorough" solution. A more effective way is to share minting rights with friendly countries through central bank digital currency.

In Shao Fujun’s view, the current difficulties in China’s launch of central bank digital currency are mainly reflected in: 1. There are problems with technical implementation. At the current level of technology, it is indeed difficult to collect, monitor and analyze massive amounts of currency real-time data, and to carry out efficient and accurate programmable operations; 2. International coordination is difficult. The supervision of payment markets in various countries varies greatly, and the starting points and goals of studying digital currencies in each country are also very different. 3. The underlying foundation is insufficient. There is a lack of corresponding underlying operating specifications and a corresponding regulatory mechanism.

8. Is it issued based on blockchain?

Mu Changchun revealed in his speech that when the People’s Bank of China’s Digital Currency Research Group first studied the central bank’s digital currency, they made a prototype that fully adopted the blockchain architecture, but based on existing technology, it could not be achieved. High concurrency requirements at the retail level. Therefore, in the end, the central bank maintains technology neutrality, does not preset technical routes, and does not rely on a certain technology.

He said that the central bank is currently in a state of "horse racing" and market competition in selecting technical routes. Several designated operating institutions adopt different technical routes for the research and development of digital currencies. Whoever takes a better route will eventually be defeated by the old money.Whoever accepts the name and is accepted by the market will ultimately win the competition.

Zhou Xiaochuan, former governor of the People's Bank of China, also recently wrote that one of the most important tasks of the central bank is to help establish a competitive environment so that the best technologies can be successfully highlighted and developed through competition and selection. Better application of technology. Competition is a dynamic process. Because technology advances very quickly, one technology will have a larger market share at a certain stage, but another new technology will come out, forming waves after waves. The situation of moving forward.

9. How do people obtain central bank digital currency?

In the future, the ways for people to obtain central bank digital currency can be roughly divided into three categories. The first category is to open a digital currency wallet at a bank and directly take the cash in hand, including banknotes and coins, and exchange it for digital currency. (handling at the counter); the second type is to directly take the money from the existing account and use online banking to purchase online, which is similar to transferring the money in the bank account to Alipay or WeChat payment (handling online); the third type is to directly pay on the spot For external transactions, I transfer it to you, you transfer it to me, or I have something to sell, and it is clear that I only accept digital currency. There may be three forms of payment in China in the future, online banking, third-party payment (Alipay, WeChat Pay, etc.), and official digital currency. Where users put their money depends on the user

< p>❼ What is Blockchain

What is Blockchain? What changes will it bring to your future life?

Blockchain is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm.

Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database. At the same time, as the underlying technology of Bitcoin, it is a series of cryptographic methods related to each other. Each data block generated contains a batch of Bitcoin network transaction information, which is used to verify the validity of the information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block.

In fact, the original English version of the Bitcoin white paper does not appear in the word blockchain, but uses chain of blocks. In the earliest Chinese translation of the Bitcoin white paper, chain of blocks was translated into blockchain. This is the earliest time when the Chinese word "blockchain" appeared.

The Cyberspace Administration of China issued the "Blockchain Information Service Management Regulations" on January 10, 2019, which will come into effect on February 15, 2019.

In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chain data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is cryptographically guaranteed to be non-tamperable and non-transformable. Fake distributed ledger.

So in conclusion, this is undoubtedly a new technology that changes life. In the future, the production activities of the entire society will use blockchain as the underlying logic.As the series unfolds, we can put many things at our fingertips. Coupled with the integration of artificial intelligence and big data, we can easily handle things that seem to be complicated now, such as some securities market transactions and the intelligentization of financial management activities. match.

To put it simply, blockchain is a network computing center that integrates people, property, machines, and goods, and packages them into a whole; putting it on an infrastructure to run.