区块链系统中的应用层包括,区块链系统中的应用层有哪些

㈠ The hierarchical structure of the blockchain (what is Layer0/1/2 of the blockchain)

The hierarchical structure is the basis for the data processing and operation of the blockchain.

In order to find a scalability solution for the blockchain, the blockchain referred to in the academic research field (usually in papers) is divided into three layers: Layer0, Layer1 and Layer2.

Generally, the blockchain system is mainly divided into six layers: application layer, incentive layer, consensus layer, network layer and data layer, which are mainly reflected in the early Bitcoin system. With the emergence of smart contracts, a contract layer was added between the application layer and the incentive layer, mainly reflected in the Ethereum system.

The content of each layer is shown in the figure above, but the technologies used in different specific systems may be different. For example, the consensus layer mainly completes the consensus between nodes, except for the workload proof. The mechanism (Proof of Work) also includes the Proof of Stake mechanism (Proof of Stake) and the Byzantine Fault Tolerance mechanism (BFT).

The data layer, network layer, and consensus layer constitute The underlying foundation of the blockchain hierarchy is also the three essential elements of the blockchain. Without any one of them, it cannot be called a true blockchain technology.

Blockchain hierarchical structure correspondence The comparison between the OSI system 7-layer model and the TCP/IP 4-layer model is shown in the figure below.

If we focus on the four layers of TCP/IP, especially the "application layer" above, We will see that it is possible that the blockchain separates the application layer that was originally focused only on information transmission into a new layer dedicated to value transfer. Therefore, we can think that the four layers of TCP/IP are split into five layers , consider the blockchain as a layer of TCP/IP: the value layer.

It is generally believed that Bitcoin, Ethereum, and EOS are blockchainsRepresentatives of 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0, it is also interesting to look at their layers:

From Bitcoin to Ethereum, the contract layer has been added. From Ethereum to EOS, due to the adoption of DPOS, the incentive layer is actually merged into the consensus layer. EOS adds two layers: ① Tool layer to make it easier to develop applications; ② Ecological layer, its own positioning is an open source software, so others can use its open source software to build industry chains and domain chains.

Xu Zhong and Zou Chuanwei wrote a central bank working paper, discussing blockchain from an economics perspective and trying to provide a Token paradigm. Among them, they actually gave a layered model, this time it is internal and external layering: the inner layer is consensus, which is divided into: Token, smart contract, consensus algorithm; at the boundary of consensus and blockchain, is the blockchain Other information within; outside the boundaries of the blockchain, is the Internet and the physical world.

In order to improve performance, some systems actually layer their distributed networks. That is, not all nodes are equal.
For example, the following is the layering of EOS.

In order to make blockchain useful, some people are discussing it from other perspectives. Zhu Feng of ENChain.Asia proposed the "Seven-layer Self-Organizing Business Model" in the BAO white paper. This model was quoted in the "Model and Practice of Token Economy" (0.2) report as the "Seven-layer Self-Organizing Business Model" Model".

However, it should be noted that the "incentive layer" here is similar to the incentive layer we usually call blockchain, but it is different. When we discussed the incentive layer before, we often discussed it from the perspective of the native tokens of the public chain, while the incentive layer here is discussed at the pass level.

In a December 2018 report "Construction and Analysis of the Four-Layer Application Model of Blockchain", Huobi Research Institute gave a four-layer application model, which is very interesting:< br />
References:
1. Ten years of blockchain: various layers
http://www.360doc.com/content/18/1211/10/53358875_800866301.shtml
2. How much do you know about the six hierarchical structures of blockchain? - Zhihu
https://zhuanlan.hu.com/p/98126049
3. Introduction to the six hierarchical structures of blockchain - Blockchain - Electronic Enthusiast Network
http ://www.elecfans.com/blockchain/1138839.html

㈡ Is it correct that the application layer is the upstream level of the blockchain industry chain?

The application layer is the blockchain industry chain The upstream level of is wrong.

Generally speaking, the blockchain system consists of data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer and application layer.

Among them, the data layer encapsulates the underlying data blocks and related basic data and algorithms such as data encryption and timestamps; the network layer includes distributed networking mechanisms, data dissemination mechanisms, and data verification mechanisms, etc. ; The consensus layer mainly encapsulates various consensus algorithms of network nodes; the incentive layer integrates economic factors into the blockchain technology system, mainly including the issuance mechanism and distribution mechanism of economic incentives.

The contract layer mainly encapsulates various scripts, algorithms and smart contracts, and is the basis for the programmable features of the blockchain; the application layer encapsulates various application scenarios and cases of the blockchain. In this model, the chain block structure based on timestamps, the consensus mechanism of distributed nodes, economic incentives based on consensus computing power, and flexible programmable smart contracts are the most representative innovations of blockchain technology.

Internet of Things and Logistics Fields

Blockchain can also be naturally combined in the Internet of Things and logistics fields. Through blockchain, logistics costs can be reduced, the production and delivery process of items can be traced, and the efficiency of supply chain management can be improved. This field is considered a promising application direction of blockchain.

Blockchain's hierarchical structure of scattered networks connected by nodes can realize the comprehensive transmission of information throughout the network and can test the accuracy of the information. This feature improves the convenience and intelligence of IoT transactions to a certain extent.

The solution of blockchain + big data makes use of the automatic filtering mode of big data to establish credit resources in the blockchain, which can double improve the security of transactions and improve the convenience of Internet of Things transactions. degree. Save time and cost for smart logistics model applications.

Blockchain nodes have very free entry and exit capabilities and can independently participate in or leave the blockchain system without any interference to the entire blockchain system. Blockchain + big data solutions take advantage of the integration capabilities of big data to make the basic user expansion of the Internet of Things more directional and facilitate user expansion among dispersed users of smart logistics.

What is the six-layer model of the blockchain?

The blockchain has a total of six levels of structure. These six levels of structure from bottom to top are: data layer, network layer , consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer, and application layer.
1. Data Layer
The data layer is the bottom layer of the six-level structure of the blockchain. We can understand the data layer as a database, but for blockchain, this database is an immutable and distributed database, which is what we call a "distributed ledger".
On the data layer, that is, on this "distributed ledger", the data information on the blockchain is stored, encapsulating the blockchain structure of the block, asymmetric encryption technology, hash algorithm and other technologies Means to ensure the security of data when it is disclosed to the entire network. The specific approach is:
On the blockchain network, nodes use consensus algorithms to maintain the consistency of data in the data layer (that is, this distributed database), using asymmetric encryption and hash algorithms in cryptography. , to ensure that this distributed database cannot be tampered with and is traceable.
This constitutes the lowest level data structure in blockchain technology. However, it is not enough to have a distributed database. The data information in the database also needs to be shared and exchanged. Next, we introduce the upper layer of the data layer - the network layer.
2. Network layer
The network system of the blockchain is essentially a P2P (point-to-point) network. Point-to-point means that there is no need for an intermediate link or centralized server to control the system. Everything in the network Resources and services are allocated to each node, and information can be transmitted directly between the two nodes. However, it should be noted that P2P
(peer-to-peer) was not invented by Satoshi Nakamoto. Blockchain just incorporates this technology.
So, the network layer of the blockchain is actually a particularly powerful peer-to-peer network system. In this system, each node can both produce and receive information, just like sending emails. You can write your own emails or receive emails sent to you by others.
On the blockchain network, nodes need to jointly maintain the blockchain system. Whenever a node creates a new block, it needs to notify other nodes in the form of broadcast, and other nodes receive After receiving the information, the block is verified, and then a new block is created based on the block. In this way, the entire network can jointly maintain and update the general ledger of the blockchain system.
However, what rules should the entire network follow to maintain and update the general ledger of the blockchain system? This involves the so-called "laws and regulations" (rules)), which is what we will introduce next: the consensus layer.
3. Consensus Layer
In the world of blockchain, consensus, simply put, means that the entire network must maintain and update the general ledger of the blockchain system according to a unified and agreed-upon rule. Similar to the rules for updating data. Allowing highly dispersed nodes to efficiently reach consensus in a decentralized blockchain network is one of the core technologies of the blockchain and is also the governance mechanism of the blockchain community.
The current mainstream consensus mechanism algorithms include: Bitcoin's Proof of Work (POW), Ethereum's Proof of Stake
(POS), EOS's Delegated Proof of Stake (DPOS), etc.
We have now introduced the data layer, network layer, and consensus layer. These three layers ensure that there is data and network on the blockchain, and there are rules for updating data on the network. However, there is no free lunch in the world. How to make it happen? Nodes can actively participate in the maintenance of the blockchain system. This involves incentives, which is what we will introduce below: the incentive layer.
4. Incentive layer
The incentive layer is the so-called mining mechanism. The mining mechanism can actually be understood as an incentive mechanism: how much you contribute to the blockchain system, you can get as many rewards as you want. Using this incentive mechanism, nodes across the entire network can be encouraged to participate in data recording and maintenance on the blockchain.
The mining mechanism and the consensus mechanism are actually the same. The consensus mechanism can be understood as the company's general rules and regulations, and the mining mechanism can be understood as, within this general rules and regulations, what you have done can What kind of reward you get, this kind of reward rules.
Just like Bitcoin’s consensus mechanism PoW, its stipulation is that the more work you do, the more you gain. Whoever can find the correct hash value first can get a certain amount of Bitcoin rewards;
And Ethereum PoS stipulates that the longer who holds the currency, the greater the probability of receiving rewards.
It should be noted that the incentive layer is generally only available in public chains, because public chains must rely on nodes across the entire network to jointly maintain data, so there must be such an incentive mechanism to encourage nodes throughout the network to participate in the blockchain system. Construction and maintenance to ensure the security and reliability of the blockchain system.
The blockchain is safe and reliable, but it is not smart enough, right? The contract layer we will introduce below can make the blockchain system more intelligent.
5. Contract Layer
The contract layer mainly includes various scripts, codes, algorithm mechanisms and smart contracts, and is the basis for blockchain programmability. The "smart contract" we are talking about belongs to the contract layer.
If the Bitcoin system is not smart enough, then the "smart contracts" proposed by Ethereum can meet many application scenarios. The principle of the contract layer is mainly to embed code into the blockchain system and use this method to implement customizable smart contracts. In this way, on the blockchain system, once the terms of the smart contract are triggered, the system can automatically execute the order.
6. Application layer
Finally, there is the application layer. The application layer is very simple. As the name suggests, it is the various application scenarios and cases of blockchain. The "blockchain+" we are talking about now is the so-called application layer. The blockchain applications that have been implemented so far are mainly various blockchain applications built on public chains such as ETH and EOS. There are many gambling and game applications, and truly practical applications have not yet appeared.

㈣ What are the three levels in the blockchain technology architecture

The three levels in the blockchain technology are as follows:

Protocol layer< /p>

The so-called protocol layer refers to the lowest level technology. This level is usually a complete blockchain product, similar to the operating system of our computer. It maintains network nodes and only provides APIs for calling. Usually the official will provide a simple client (commonly known as a wallet). The function of this client wallet is also very simple. It can only create an address, verify the signature, transfer payment, check the balance, etc.

Extension layer

This layer is similar to a computer driver and is designed to make blockchain products more practical.

The application layer

This level is similar to various software programs in computers. It is a product that ordinary people can use directly. It can also be understood as a B/S architecture. The browser side of the product. Applications at this level are currently almost blank.

What is the application layer in the blockchain technology architecture

Blockchain technology adopts a distributed accounting model, whether it is real-time reconciliation in registration and settlement scenarios capabilities, as well as the non-tampering ability in data storage scenarios, can provide strong guarantees for traceability, anti-counterfeiting, and supply chain scenarios. In order to implement blockchain technology from concept to commercial application level, help more small and medium-sized enterprises to create big data advantages, and help users trace the origin of products and data, Chongqing Jinwowo Network Technology Core Ridge Group and the China Institute of Electronics joined forces in December 2017. Li Lizhong, a member of the Computer Forensics Expert Committee, the initiator of the Blockchain Special Committee (Reform and Reform) of the China Electronic Martial Arts Society, and the chief scientist of Jinwowo Network Technology Group, established a blockchain research center in Hangzhou, dedicated to Provide blockchain commercial application big data services to small and medium-sized enterprises.

㈥ What is the blockchain structural layer?

The blockchain has a total of six hierarchical structures. These six hierarchical structures from bottom to top are: data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer, and application layer.

Data layer - The data layer is the lowest layer of the six-level structure of the blockchain. We can understand the data layer as a database, but for blockchain, this database is an immutable, distributed storage database, which is the so-called distributed ledger.

Contract layer - The contract layer mainly includes various scripts, codes, algorithm mechanisms, and smart contracts, and is the basis for blockchain programmability. The smart contract we are talking about belongs to the contract layer. If we talk about the Bitcoin systemIf not smart enough, the smart contracts proposed by Ethereum can meet many application scenarios. The principle of the contract layer is mainly to embed code into the blockchain system and use this method to implement customizable smart contracts. In this way, on the blockchain system, once the terms of the smart contract are triggered, the system can automatically execute the order.

Network layer - the network system of the blockchain is essentially a P2P (point-to-point) network. Point-to-point means that there is no need for an intermediate link or centralized server to control the system. Everything in the network Resources and services are allocated to each node, and information can be transmitted directly between the two nodes. However, it should be noted that P2P (peer-to-peer) was not invented by Satoshi Nakamoto. Blockchain just incorporates this technology. Therefore, the network layer of the blockchain is actually a particularly powerful peer-to-peer network system. In this system, each node can both produce and receive information, just like sending emails. You can write your own emails or receive emails sent to you by others.

Application layer - The application layer is the various application scenarios and cases of blockchain. The blockchain+ we are talking about now is the so-called application layer. The blockchain applications that have been implemented so far are mainly various blockchain applications built on public chains such as ETH and EOS, and there are many applications in gambling and games. A truly practical blockchain application currently has the world's first IoT application invested by CoinBank.

Consensus layer - In the world of blockchain, consensus simply means that the entire network must maintain and update the general ledger of the blockchain system according to a unified and agreed-upon rule. Similar to the rules for updating data. Allowing highly dispersed nodes to efficiently reach consensus in a decentralized blockchain network is one of the core technologies of the blockchain and is also the governance mechanism of the blockchain community. The current mainstream consensus mechanism algorithms include: Bitcoin’s Proof of Work (POW), Ethereum’s Proof of Stake (POS), EOS’s Delegated Proof of Stake (DPOS), etc. The three layers of data layer, network layer and consensus layer ensure that there is data, network and rules on the blockchain.

Incentive layer - The incentive layer is the so-called mining mechanism. The mining mechanism can actually be understood as an incentive mechanism: how much you contribute to the blockchain system, how much reward you can get. This incentive mechanism can encourage nodes throughout the network to participate in data recording and maintenance on the blockchain.

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㈦ Blockchain technologyWhat layers does the technical system consist of

Generally speaking, the blockchain system consists of the data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer and application layer.
Among them, the data layer encapsulates the underlying data blocks and related data encryption and timestamp technologies; the network layer includes distributed networking mechanisms, data dissemination mechanisms, and data verification mechanisms; the consensus layer mainly encapsulates network nodes Various consensus algorithms; the incentive layer integrates economic factors into the blockchain technology system, mainly including the issuance mechanism and distribution mechanism of economic incentives; the contract layer mainly encapsulates various scripts, algorithms and smart contracts, and is the core of the blockchain The basis of programmable features; the application layer encapsulates various application scenarios and cases of the blockchain. In this model, the chain block structure based on timestamps, the consensus mechanism of distributed nodes, economic incentives based on consensus computing power, and flexible programmable smart contracts are the most representative innovations of blockchain technology.