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㈠What is cosmos

Blockchain development framework

㈡ Take stock of the top ten projects worthy of attention in the second half of 2020

< p> lishuchen • August 7, 2020 11:07 am • Research • Read 180

There are two types of projects in the first half of 2020: one is related to DeFi, and the other is other projects.

Many DeFi projects have experienced thigh-breaking market prices, with increases ranging from several times to hundreds of thousands of times.

Uniswap, cross-chain, cloud storage, ETH2.0 and other hot spots are emerging one after another. The second half of 2020 is a period of highly concentrated hot spots. Can we find opportunities from them?

"Filecoin (Cloud Storage Track)"

Filecoin is the storage layer and incentive layer of the IPFS protocol. IPFS is a point-to-point distributed file system, which is known as the next generation of decentralized Internet underlying protocol.

From July to September 2017, Filecoin raised US$257 million through ICO (public and private placement), with top investment institutions such as Sequoia Capital participating. The development of the project has been full of twists and turns, and after several delays, the mainnet is about to be launched.

If there are no accidents, the Filecoin mainnet will be online between August 31st and September 21st. Miners can participate in network governance and competition by providing storage space and using effective storage as computing power. Obtain token rewards for block packaging rights.

On August 12, Filecoin will launch a global miner competition. This competition will have more than 4 million FIL rewards distributed, which is as high as 180 million US dollars based on the current futures price.

As a project that has both blockchain technology capabilities and practical applications, and is also popular in the market, Filecoin is undoubtedly the biggest opportunity in 2020.

Of course, there are as many traps as opportunities on the Filecoin track.

Participate in Filecoin investment and find opportunities.

In addition to Filecoin, the launch of the Filecoin mainnet may also increase the popularity of the cloud storage track, and projects related to the cloud storage concept may see an increase.

"Polkadot (cross-chain track)"

Polkadot is a multi-chain interaction architecture proposed by Gavin Wood, the former chief development officer of Ethereum, which mainly solves inter-chain information solve the problem of siled islands and provide cross-chain infrastructure to enable information exchange between chains in a secure and trustless manner. All in all, PolkadotIt is a network protocol that allows arbitrary data to be transmitted through the blockchain.

Like Filecoin, Polkadot has also experienced delays. The project was originally planned to go online in 2019. Before the mainnet went online, the team first launched the Polkadot sister chain Kusama without code audit, allowing developers to Various experiments are carried out above. The previous progress of Polkadot was mainly in ecological development and project promotion, holding Meetups (discussions) around the world. The code audit passed in the first half of this year, and the mainnet was launched as everyone was waiting.

The Polkadot project is very innovative and has the following characteristics:

Characteristics of Polkadot

Polkadot has recently launched Huobi, OKEx, etc. Mainstream exchanges conducted another crowdfunding of 302,000 DOT on July 24. At present, the six major stages of the full-featured mainnet launch (PoA, NPoS, governance, removal of Sudo, support for balance transfers and core functions) have entered the governance stage.

The next runtime upgrade initiated by public vote will remove Sudo from Polkadot, and the network will be controlled by token holders.

In addition, Polkadot will enable the transfer function on August 18, which is another step closer to the fully functional mainnet. Polkadot will subsequently conduct an auction for parachain slots. After the auction is completed, many parachains will be connected to Polkadot through slots.

The launch of the Polkadot mainnet is an important milestone in the development of blockchain. The cross-chain protocol will bring new expansion methods to more projects, and can also exchange information with other projects, making cross-chain calls of smart contracts possible. This is a major benefit for the project and will lead to a rich blockchain ecosystem that interacts through inter-chain messaging.

The one-click chain issuance model makes it no longer difficult to build a public chain, so we can also imagine that this will be more innovative than Ethereum's one-click coin issuance and can solve more problems. application scenario issues.

There are still many opportunities for Polkadot in the future. In addition to the Polkadot project itself, you can also find opportunities in the Polkadot parachain ecosystem, such as the existing ChainX, Edgeware, etc. You can also participate in Polkadot in the future new parachain.

"Cosmos (cross-chain track)"

Cosmos is a parallel network launched by the Tendermint team. Using Cosmos, various blockchains can complete transactions and communicate with each other. Cosmos and Polkadot are collectively known as the "cross-chain duo", and the mainnet was successfully launched in March 2019.

Cosmos held an event to challenge the Incentive Network in June, laying a solid foundation for the practical application of subsequent cross-chain protocols. In July, the Stargate update was launched, and the project also received good news.

Cosmos has been developing the IBC 1.0 protocol.After problems within the team broke out in February, the project founder left Cosmos to start a new project. Since he was not a core member of the project, he had little impact on the entire project. After subsequent reorganization, the team has no internal friction, and the development speed of the IBC 1.0 protocol has also been accelerated.

Cosmos IBC 1.0 development progress

Cosmos’ core cross-chain protocol IBC 1.0 is about to be launched. Currently, 82% of the development of IBC 1.0 has been completed. The completion of IBC 1.0 will truly connect the center and partitions of Cosmos and achieve a breakthrough in inter-chain information transfer technology.

IBC 1.0 is the core development point of Cosmos. Currently, the partitions and centers of Cosmos can only operate independently because the cross-chain protocol has not yet been completed. The development of many projects is limited by IBC 1.0, and the cross-chain agreement is not completed. For example, the asset cross-chain project IRIS on Cosmos cannot solve the subsequent progress.

" Waves (Public Chain Track) "

Waves is a very easy-to-use blockchain platform with customizable tokens. After users apply for a Waves account, they can easily complete the issuance and listing of tokens.

Waves has opened up the Waves Association in the past to provide effective governance for the entire ecosystem. In 2020, a data protocol that can connect any blockchain to the outside world will also be launched, which will be applied in the ecosystem in the future.

Waves is building inter-chain DeFi

Waves is building inter-chain DeFi. It enables DeFi products to be accessible on all chains and protects DeFi products through a diversified asset portfolio. The first inter-chain DeFi product launched by Waves will be Neutrino, which can be ported to different chains. Waves is also implementing the next step to develop the Waves 2.0 vision.

Neutrino Dollar is an algorithmic stablecoin pegged to the U.S. dollar and backed by Waves’ PoS network. All Neutrino tokens are held in smart contracts, and users can send their WAVES to the smart contract at any time and exchange them for Neutrino.

"Enjin (Game Track)"

Enjin is an online game creation platform founded in 2009. It was not until 2017 that Enjin Coin was established and began to design and create a platform that can be used for trading, A digital platform that manages and distributes virtual goods, solving the problems of traditional game platforms such as centralization, opaque funds, and non-unification of various game tokens.

Enjin is well known not only for games but also through ERC-Various NFTs minted in 1155.

NFT minted with ERC-1155

NFT is a non-fungible token. Simply put, the two tokens exist independently and are different, such as 2017 Each CryptoKitty of various shapes and attributes that has been very popular in the past year is an NFT.

However, the market usage rate of CryptoKitties represented by ERC-721 is too low, while NFT represented by Enjin ERC-1155 is gradually opening up the market, and more and more projects choose to use ERC-1155 Issue NFT.

ERC-1155 type NFT can be operated in batches, and can be destroyed after minting is completed to retrieve Enjin tokens.

At present, the NFT market has not really exploded. Binance’s recent IEO has also launched projects related to the NFT concept. Enjin is the leader in the NFT field, so there are many opportunities.

At present, the revenue of the global game market is growing rapidly every year. According to professional data analysis, the revenue of the game market now exceeds 150 billion US dollars. However, the blockchain game track has not yet exploded. Enjin has 20 million users around the world, the ecological content of the game is also developing steadily, and the development tools provided for developers have also been improved. Therefore, after the NFT market exploded, Enjin The performance will be very imaginative.

"Nexus Mutual (DeFi Derivatives)"

Nexus Mutual is an Ethereum mutual insurance that shares risks through discretionary entrustment. It is somewhat similar to the Alipay "Huang Bao" we currently use. Users' premiums are concentrated in a fund pool. When a claim is settled, the user will be able to obtain a certain amount of compensation from the fund pool after passing the review.

In July, Nexus Mutual introduced Pooled Staking, which was the largest upgrade since its launch and redesigned the staking system. This upgrade will reduce the learning costs for users to pledge tokens, encourage users to increase their pledge of NXM, increase the income of risk assessors and use a fairer distribution method, and shorten the lock-in period of NXM pledges.

Nexus Mutual insurance purchase interface

Anyone can pledge NXM to become a risk assessor. Risk assessors can evaluate the security of a smart contract and can use NXM deposits to pledge multiple smart phones at the same time. contract and receive rewards from the staking contract.

As the current leading project of DeFi insurance, Nexus Mutual mainly provides insurance services for DeFi protocols, especially because of the recent YFI-based liquidity mining, which has been favored by domestic investors.

Recent upgrades have stimulated risk assessors to increase the NXM pledge rate. The more policies written in users' smart contracts, the better protection they can provide to users.

"Zcoin (Anonymous Track)"

Zcoin is an anonymous coin that uses zero-knowledge proof and uses the method of minting and retrieval to hide the connection between traders. The project was launched in 2016. The total supply of tokens is 21.4 million, and the output and halving cycle are the same as Bitcoin’s 4 years. MTP (Merkle Tree Proof Algorithm) is used to balance the computing power of miners.

Zcoin’s main work in the first half of the year was the development of the Lelantus protocol and the launch of a decentralized project crowdfunding system to raise funds to develop some Zcoin applications. The issue of whether to change the Zcoin consensus mechanism is still being discussed. Officials recently launched a vote on Twitter to change the name of Zcoin. Currently, more than 50% of Twitter users express support.

Details of XZC mining token distribution before and after halving

Zcoin uses the PoW+PoS mechanism and will be halved in September this year. After the halving, each block reward will be reduced from 25 XZC to 12.5 XZC.

Zcoin’s main considerations when distributing block rewards are: Providing sustainable funding for development and research, ensuring continued growth of the community through miners and Znodes nodes. In addition to reducing the circulation of project tokens, it will also have a positive effect on project development progress and allow more users to participate in the construction of Znodes nodes, maintaining the safe operation of the Zcoin blockchain.

Comparison of Lelantus protocol and other protocol technologies

Zcoin’s Lelantus protocol will be launched soon. It can also be seen from the above table that Zcoin’s anonymity technology and performance have been improving from the initial protocol to the final protocol.

Lelantus will provide stronger anonymity. In addition to proving size, batch verification can also effectively reduce verification time.

Lelantus performs well in all dimensions: providing high anonymity, good performance and small proof size, relying on mature cryptography. Therefore, the successful launch of Lelantus will be a great progress for the project.

According to Zcoin officials, Lelantus will be deployed by September at the latest. However, the progress of the project may be delayed due to the impact of the epidemic this year. For investors, it is a good choice to know in advance the major progress of the project and make arrangements in advance.

"Curve Finance (DeFi track, not online)"

Locking status of Curve Finance on DeFi Pulse

Curve Finance, the DeFi stablecoin trading platform, currently has a locked position of US$218.8 million, ranking only behind Maker, Compound, Synthetix, Aave, Balancer and InstaDApp, showing a steady growth trend. Liquidity mining has brought explosive growth to other DeFi projects. For example, Compound dominates the entire market, and Curve can only carve up a small share.

Growth of the total amount of CRV over time

Curve will issue tokens and launch liquidity mining to compete for market share. However, the mining method has not yet been determined, and the token issuance time and selling price have not yet been determined, and may be held in the near future.

Information from Curve Github shows that CRV is an inflationary token with a total supply of 1 billion. The inflation rate is the highest in the first year, and the token will eventually grow to 3.33 billion.

Curve.finance founder Michael Egorov said: CRV will be a governance token that needs to be locked when voting. Tokens can not only be used for liquidity mining, but can also be used to incentivize any ecologically beneficial behavior recognized by Curve DAO (Decentralized Autonomous Organization).

"NEAR (Public chain track, not yet online)"

NEAR is a well-known public chain for sharding technology. The sharding solution is called Night Shade Protocol ), but NEAR is not a sharded chain structure, and it does not adopt the model of Polkadot and Cosmos. NEAR's sharding technology solves the scalability problem and will make a difference in the Dapp and DeFi fields in the future.

Near announced the economic model, with an initial issuance of 1 billion and an inflation rate of 5%. Recently, it has also cooperated with Chainlink to provide decentralized oracle services for NEAR developers.

Comparison of scalability and flexibility between NEAR and several major public chains

NEAR is a project on the sharding track. Currently, the PoA mainnet has been launched and will raise funds in August. It is currently temporarily No specific information is available. The main opportunity lies in the 2-3 year window period of Ethereum 2.0. Ethereum 2.0 will start "Phase 0" at the end of 2020, "Phase 1" in 2021, and "Phase 2" in 2023. The process is very slow. .

Therefore, NEAR can use its own structural advantages to lower the threshold for Ethereum developers and allow developers to choose to deploy Dapps on NEAR. You can seize the market before Ethereum 2.0 comes out. If the ecology is good, you can still have a place in the public chain track.

"SKALE (public chain track, not yet online)"

SKALE is the star project of the Layer2 network and the flagship project of the new generation of chain testing.

The project was created by SKALE Labs. The vision is to promote the decentralized Layer 2 extended network and be compatible with Dapps running on the Ethereum Layer 1 chain to securely decentralize the network at high speed and low cost. Smart contracts run in layer 2. SKALE currently has dozens of Dapps in its ecology, the most important of which are DeFi and gaming Dapps. After Loom Network no longer emphasizes support for games, many Dapp games will be migrated to SKALE.

A Dutch auction will be held on August 17, and the project has raised US$17.1 million before this.

Every operation of such a hot DeFi project will be limited by Ethereum’s performance and high handling fees, but the SKALE project is the antidote to these problems. SKALE can be used at low cost

㈢What are the applications of blockchain in real life

(1) Qulian

Qulian blockchain underlying platform It is a domestic independently controllable blockchain underlying platform developed by Qulian Technology. It has the characteristics of high performance, high availability, scalability, easy operation and maintenance, strong privacy protection, hybrid storage, etc., and cooperates with the data sharing and secure computing platform BitXMesh and District Blockchain open service platform FiLoop, supply chain finance platform FiloLink, certificate deposit service platform FiloInk, and smart contract security research and development platform MeshSec can better support industry applications such as enterprises, governments, and industry alliances. Promote the efficient circulation of value among multiple institutions.

(2) JD Chain

JDChain is an enterprise-level blockchain underlying framework independently developed by JD.com. Its birth marks the full launch of JD.com’s blockchain-based BaaS The construction of the "intelligent ecology" of the platform and the underlying chain of "JDChain". JD Zhizhen Chain Service Platform relies on the "one-click deployment" capability achieved through multiple optimizations to achieve leading second-level blockchain node deployment. In addition, it also has the core advantage of being open and compatible with mature applications such as multiple underlying and enterprise-level dynamic networking. The timely launch of JD Zhizhen Chain will effectively promote the large-scale implementation of enterprise-level blockchain applications in various industries and promote the construction of China and the global trust economy.

(3) ThunderChain

ThunderChain is a blockchain application project independently developed by Xunlei’s Netcenter Technology. It has high concurrency of one million tps and second-level confirmation capabilities. . Based on the research and development of high-performance blockchain products, Xunlei has built the Xunlei Chain open platform to help enterprises or individual developers deploy smart contracts and easily implement products and services on the chain, making blockchain application development more convenient.

(4) Jingtong Chain

Jingtong Blockchain is the core underlying technology of the blockchain with independent intellectual property rights of Jingtong Technology.Technology, it is an Internet transaction network with an effective decentralized mutual sharing ecosystem built based on blockchain technology. It adopts a layered design (5 layers) of the underlying platform and a multi-language smart contract system, and has implemented cross-chain functions. . It has multi-level, all-round, one-stop service capabilities such as private chain, cloud chain, and alliance chain, and the layout of the industry and regional ecology has initially taken shape.

In addition to the above-mentioned blockchain products, there are also community-led LTC, Cosmos, IOTA, Nervos, NULS, MOAC, etc., and enterprise-led Ripple, Stellar, WeChat BCOS, XuperChain, Huawei, and Ping An , Wanxiang, Ant Financial, ZhongAn, Bubi, Matrix Yuan, Miyuan, Zhongxianbit, Complex Beauty, Shanghai Lianjing and many other blockchain products.

(3) Extended reading on cosmos blockchain technology:

Blockchain is far more than just a technology, behind it involves " The spirit of multi-party collaboration. In modern society, many things must rely on everyone's cooperation to achieve the effect of 1+1>2, but in cooperation, we need to try our best to avoid problems such as "information asymmetry."

Therefore, alliance members jointly keep accounts, share data, and make everything public to eliminate "information asymmetry" to protect everyone's interests and allow the business environment to develop healthily. If you do things honestly, you will get the benefits you deserve. If you cheat, it will be known to everyone and criticized by thousands of people. Technology is the foundation that helps realize this model. This is the more important "blockchain thinking".

㈣ What are the characteristics of blockchain?

According to reports, blockchain has the advantages of decentralization, trustlessness and non-tampering.

Compared to the Internet, the blockchain network conceived by Cosmos also realizes asset value transfer while exchanging information. Through the IBC cross-chain protocol, cross-chain transfer of tokens can be achieved between blockchains developed by Tendermint Core of Cosmos. For public chains generated based on the PoW consensus mechanism such as Ethereum, Pegged Zone can be used to bridge .

Source of the article: Bit 110 Network

㈤ Is it difficult to develop a public blockchain chain? How many domestic companies can do it?

Blockchain is distributed New application models of computer technologies such as data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanisms, and encryption algorithms. Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database. As the underlying technology of Bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each The data block contains information about a batch of Bitcoin network transactions and is used to verify the validity of the information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block.

The biggest problem if such technology is to be put into use is the "impossible triangle problem"

That is, it cannot be simultaneouslyWhen achieving scalability (Scalability), decentralization (Decentralization), and security (Security), only two of the three can be achieved.

Most of the public chain projects currently on the market are difficult to put into use on a large scale.

㈥ What is the Metaverse and what are its core technologies

The Metaverse mainly has the following core technologies: One is extended reality technology, including VR and AR , the second is that digital twins can mirror the real world into the virtual world, and the third is to use blockchain to build an economic system. The Metaverse cannot simply be equated with video games, nor can it be equated with the virtual world. It is an open exploration of creative play. Connect with reality.

With the explosion of the concept of the Metaverse, virtual digital humans have once again become the focus of public attention. Recently, A-Soul, the leading domestic virtual idol group developed by ByteDance and operated by Lehua Entertainment, caused a chain reaction due to the suspension of its members, bringing the virtual idol industry and its ecology to the attention of all walks of life again. With the fermentation of the idol group A-Soul incident, other virtual people who are one of the investments of the Byte family have also been pushed to the forefront.

It is understood that at the beginning of this year, ByteDance invested in "Li Weike", "Li Weike" and the team behind it: Hangzhou Li Weike Technology Co., Ltd. has also received much attention from the industry and media. focus on. Recently, Hangzhou Li Weike Technology Co., Ltd. launched two new virtual human characters: Lingxia and Xiaoke. The company stated that the new characters, together with Li Weike, will eventually be implemented in AR glasses products.

㈦ Common blockchain cross-chain technologies

Common blockchain cross-chain technologies include: 1. Ripple Interledger protocol. 2. Side chain technology BTCRelay. 3. Relay technology Polkadot and COSMOSPolkadotCOSMOS; 4 hash locking technology Lightingnetwork.5 distributed private key control technology WanChain. Among the many problems faced by blockchain, the interoperability between blockchains greatly limits the application space of blockchain. Regardless of whether it is a public chain or a private chain, cross-chain technology is the key to realizing the Internet of Value. It is a good medicine to save the blockchain from scattered islands and a bridge for the blockchain to expand and connect outwards.