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『一』What is blockchain technology and how does it change business and financial models

What is blockchain technology and how does it change business and financial models? According to reports, since the end of March, the tour guide team led by Yang Feihu has been receiving inquiries from out-of-town individual tourists. “There are many families traveling to Wuhan from out of town. Several families come together by car or by high-speed rail,” Yang Feihu said. , Yellow Crane Tower, Hubei Provincial Museum, and East Lake Scenic Area are still places to check in. "It's hard to get a ticket for the Hubei Provincial Museum now, and all the seats for the May Day period have been reserved." He and a number of parents looking for relatives went to Shuidun Town, Zijin County, Heyuan City, Heyuan City. Because Zhang Weiping once confessed that this was the place where Aunt Mei lived, and it was also the place where 8 of the 9 abducted children in the "Aunt Mei Case" were sold.

『二』Blockchain Graduation Project Proposal

Background of the project research:

With the development of modern technology and information industry, at this stage, The fourth industrial revolution is beginning to take shape, and the world is about to enter a technological era centered on new technologies such as the Internet and artificial intelligence. At the same time, blockchain technology has emerged as the times require and has become a hot topic of concern for many international governments and industries. Blockchain technology has been regarded as the core technology with the greatest potential to trigger the fifth round of disruptive revolution after steam engines, electricity, information and Internet technology. In the past 10 years, with the strong support of the government and policies, the development situation of my country's philanthropy has been relatively optimistic. However, as the scale of charity continues to develop and expand, my country's public welfare undertakings have gradually revealed some shortcomings. The biggest problems existing in traditional public welfare undertakings are insufficient credibility, imperfect internal management of charitable organizations, and high costs. However, many Internet public welfare service companies are currently actively using the new technology of blockchain to solve this problem. Blockchain technology has the characteristics of decentralization, information traceability and non-tampering, openness and transparency, and smart contracts. It can make up for the shortcomings of traditional public welfare undertakings such as opaque information and low management efficiency. Blockchain technology will enter public welfare undertakings and will Bring new development opportunities to the charity industry.

The main content of the research: This topic mainly includes the following three aspects:

[if !supportLists] 1. [endif] Combination of blockchain technology and public welfare Problems that arise and solved.

[if !supportLists] 2. [endif] Make a public welfare query webpage based on blockchain technology

[if !supportLists] 3. [endif] The query system Application issues and explanation

Purpose of the research:

As the scale of my country’s public welfare continues to develop and expand, our shortcomings have also been exposed. Insufficient credibility, charitable organizations Lack of management while leveraging blockchainTechnology can solve this problem. This technology will track and store data and behaviors throughout the donation process, realize the complete disclosure of the public welfare chain, enable donors to effectively supervise, avoid shortcomings such as low efficiency and clear fund flows, and control risks for public welfare projects, improving Credibility and transparency of public welfare projects promote the development and progress of public welfare projects and enhance trust between people. According to the attributes and characteristics of the blockchain system, public welfare enterprises can implement full-cycle tracking, evidence storage and auditing of data and behavior in the public welfare process, so that all parties involved in public welfare projects can conduct full-process tracking and effective supervision of the project, avoiding Due to the shortcomings of artificially reducing efficiency in public welfare, it provides a rational method for public welfare projects to control risks and judge effects, improve the transparency of public welfare undertakings, and promote the development of public welfare.

Significance of the project research: This project intends to develop an open and transparent system for tracking public welfare donations based on blockchain technology and combined with the actual development of public welfare undertakings in my country. Through in-depth analysis of blockchain technology and charity business, we found that blockchain technology has natural advantages in solving the problem of public welfare transparency. Blockchain technology can be understood as a distributed accounting method that can record all transaction information and ensure that it cannot be tampered with. This determines that wherever justice, fairness, and integrity are required, blockchain has great technology. Room to play. At the same time, the addition of smart contracts directly solves the business problem of earmarked funds.

Eventually, trust between citizens will be enhanced, donation channels will be accelerated, and the development of social donations will be promoted

2. Literature review (current status and development of relevant research at home and abroad Trend)

[if !supportLists] (1) [endif] Current status of foreign blockchain-related industries

China and Europe are gradually occupying the world in blockchain industry policies, and the EU is The European Blockchain Observation Forum has been established in February 2018. Its main responsibilities include: policy determination, industry-university-research linkage, cross-border BaaS

(Blockchain as a Service) service construction, standard open source formulation, etc. Investing 5 million euros in Horizon2020 as a blockchain research and development fund (before December 19, 2018), it is expected that investment in blockchain will reach 340 million euros within three years (2018-2020). In the United States, due to different policies among states, although blockchain is still a craze among American start-ups, the promotion of industrial policy has been slow. The Middle East, led by Di Pai, is leading the trend of blockchain. The government is taking the lead and enterprises are cooperating to explore new technology applications of blockchain. Japan and South Korea are also relatively active in the Asia-Pacific region. Japan is dominated by NTT and the government provides support. South KoreaChina uses finance as an entry point to explore blockchain applications. Isism is also a constant threat to all areas of Chinese society. A comprehensive review of the development status of new media culture in major foreign developed countries, summarizing experiences, and drawing lessons have certain implications for the development of new media culture in China.

[if !supportLists] (2) [endif] Current status of domestic new media research

The State Council of China issued the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan for National Informatization", Blockchain New technologies such as big data, artificial intelligence, and machine deep learning have become the focus of the country’s layout. The People's Bank of China issued the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan for the Development of Information Technology in China's Financial Industry", which clearly proposed to actively promote research on the application of new technologies such as blockchain and artificial intelligence, and organize pilot projects for national digital currencies. In October 2017, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology released the "White Paper on China's Blockchain Technology and Application Development", which is the first official guidance document for blockchain.

Governments across the country, especially in coastal areas, have established blockchain experimental sites and research institutes. Currently, governments in Shenzhen, Hangzhou, Guangzhou, Guiyang and other places are actively establishing blockchain development zones and providing special support policies. China Guangzhou officially released 10 Guangzhou blockchain strategies in December 2017 to create a blockchain enterprise technology innovation zone in Huangpu District and Development Zone. In March 2018, the Shenzhen Municipal Economic, Trade and Information Commission issued the "Notice of the Municipal Economic, Trade and Information Commission on Organizing and Implementing the Second Batch of Support Plan for the New Generation Information Technology and Information Security Transformation of Shenzhen's Strategic Emerging Industries in 2018". The district Blockchain is on the list of support directions. This is the fifth local government in China to introduce support policies for blockchain after Guangzhou, Guiyang, and Gehangzhou.

(3) Current status of blockchain in the open source field

Hyperledger

Hyperledger is developed by the Linux Foundation The open source project to promote blockchain digital technology and transaction verification, launched in 2015, has attracted the participation of many companies including IBM, Intel, Fujitsu, UPS, Cisco, Huawei, Redhat, Oracle, Samsung, Tencent Cloud, Internet Finance, etc. Currently, There are already more than 200 member units, and Bran Behlendorf, founder of the Aache Foundation, serves as the executive director of the ledger project.

The goal of the Hyperledger project is to allow members to work together to build an open platform to meet user cases from many different industries and simplify business processes. Process Ledger has multiple blockchain platform projects, including the Fabric project contributed by BIM, Intel contributedSawtooth project presented by , as well as Iroha, Burrow, Indy, etc.

The development status of blockchain in the field of standards

ITU-T

ITU-T (International Telecommunication Union Standardization Organization) from 2016 to 2017 At the beginning of the year, SG16 (Study Group), SG17 and SG20 respectively launched research on the overall needs and security of distributed ledgers to attract applications in the Internet of Things. Established three focus groups (Focus Group on Distributed Ledger (FG DLT), Focus Group on Data Processing and Management (FG DPM), and Focus Group on Fiat Digital Currency (FG DFC)), focusing on blockchain and distributed ledger respectively. Technology application and service research, establishing a trustworthy Internet of Things and smart city data management framework based on blockchain, and carrying out standardization work on blockchain applications based on digital currency. Huawei serves as the chairman of the Architecture Group of the Focus Group on Distributed Ledgers (FG DLT) and the Blockchain Group of the Focus Group on Data Processing and Management (FGDPM).

Two committees of CCSA (China Communications Standards Association) have established subgroups and projects respectively:

CCSA TC10 (Internet of Things Technical Working Committee) Established in October 2017, the Internet of Things Blockchain Subgroup: Responsible for the application research and standardization of blockchain technology in the Internet of Things and its covered areas such as smart cities, Internet of Vehicles, edge computing, Internet of Things big data, Internet of Things industry applications, logistics and intelligent manufacturing, and is led by China China Unicom technical experts serve as team leaders, and Huawei technical experts serve as deputy team leaders.

The Blockchain and Big Data Working Group under CCSA TC1 (Internet and Application Technology Working Committee) completed two blockchain industry standards: "Blockchain: Part 1 Overall Technical Requirements for Blockchain ” and “Blockchain: Part 2 Evaluation Indicators and Evaluation Methods”, in which Huawei actively participated.

JPEG

During the 78th JPEG Conference in February 2018, the JPEG Committee organized a special session on blockchain and distributed ledger technology and their impact on the JPEG standard. Meeting. Taking into account the potential impact of technologies such as blockchain and distributed ledgers on future multimedia, the committee decided to establish an ad hoc group to explore use cases and standardization needs related to blockchain technology in a multimedia environment, with a focus on imaging and multimedia applications. standardization work.

IETF

"Decentralized Internet Infrastructure ProposedR" was established at the ETF99 meeting in June 2017G

(Research Group), plans to study the blockchain architecture and corresponding standards. In 2018, IETF will likely pay more attention to the implementation of blockchain interconnection standards on the blockchain. develop.



3. The proposed research methods (plans, technical routes, etc.) and feasibility demonstration

This topic mainly studies blockchain technology Research methods adopted in combination with charitable donations:

1. Collect relevant theories using the literature method, collect literature materials and related theories using information retrieval, screening and other methods, and come to the blockchain The current state of technology and mastering blockchain decentralization technology.

2. Combine the technology with public welfare by combining theory and practice. Complete improvements to the system.

3. Use the method of comparative analysis to discuss the current development status of new media operations from both domestic and foreign aspects, as well as existing problems in the development of my country's new media operation models, and look forward to the development prospects of this technology field.

Feasibility demonstration:

1. Technical feasibility. The research goals involved in this topic already have considerable theoretical foundations at home and abroad. Through literature survey, we can learn about actual, reliable and useful information data, and the actual requirements are not difficult.

2. Economic feasibility. The research on this topic can be done by accessing literature and materials through the Internet and libraries. It is convenient and feasible and does not require a lot of economic consumption. Therefore, from an economic point of view, it is completely feasible.

3. Operational feasibility. This topic requires the combination of blockchain technology and public welfare, especially the tracing of these applications. A comprehensive analysis of the graduation project system on this topic can be achieved through the analysis of both Study the literature and study the existing information documents, use the data you collected to organize and analyze, apply what you have learned, and complete this project completely. From an operability point of view, it is completely feasible.

4. Expected results (or expected results)

1. Through research on the data, clarify the relevant concepts of blockchain technology, skillfully use dapp, and create a web page.

2. Through distributed applications, creating a system that allows the public to quickly browse and understand the public welfare process will increase convenience for the further development of my country's public welfare undertakings.

3. I hope that I can continue to learn and make progress from the process of writing this paper. Being able to master the relevant knowledge of blockchain will be helpful to your future career.

『三』 "Blockchain World" txt download and read the full text online, please ask for Baidu network disk cloud resources

Download the latest full set of "Blockchain World" network disk txt:
Link: https://pan..com/s/1avgmsbS5YemSGk0JCFQkow?pwd=qb6j Extraction code: qb6j
Introduction : The author of "Blockchain World" is Mr. Lan Yan.

『四』 Blockchain technology concept

Blockchain technology concept

Blockchain technology concept, nowadays, Blockchain has become an area of ​​concern for most people, and many companies have already studied the technology in depth. However, there are still people who do not know much about it. Below I will share an article about the concept of blockchain technology.

Blockchain technology concept 1

Basic concepts and working principles of blockchain

1. Basic concepts

Blockchain is a distributed data storage, point-to-point New application models of computer technologies such as transmission, consensus mechanisms, and encryption algorithms. The so-called consensus mechanism is a mathematical algorithm that establishes trust and obtains rights and interests between different nodes in the blockchain system.

Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database and serves as the underlying technology of Bitcoin. The blockchain is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains information about a Bitcoin network transaction, which is used to verify the validity of the information, prevent counterfeiting, and generate the next block.

In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chained data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is cryptographically guaranteed to be non-tamperable and non-tamperable. Fake distributed ledger.

Broadly speaking, blockchain technology uses block chain data structures to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, and uses cryptography to ensure data transmission and access. It is a new distributed infrastructure and computing method that uses smart contracts composed of automated script codes to program and operate data securely.

2. Working principle

The blockchain system consists of data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer and application layer. Among them, the data layer encapsulates the underlying data blocks and related basic data and basic algorithms such as data encryption and timestamps; the network layer includes distributed networking mechanisms, data dissemination mechanisms, and data verification mechanisms; the consensus layer mainly encapsulates network nodes Various consensus algorithms; the incentive layer integrates economic factors into the blockchain technology system, mainly including the issuance mechanism and distribution mechanism of economic incentives; the contract layer mainly encapsulates various scripts, algorithms and smart contracts, and is the core of the blockchain The basis of programmable features; the application layer encapsulates various application scenarios and cases of the blockchain. In this model, the chained area based on timestampBlock structure, consensus mechanism of distributed nodes, economic incentives based on consensus computing power and flexible programmable smart contracts are the most representative innovations of blockchain technology.

Blockchain mainly solves the trust and security issues of transactions, so it proposes four technological innovations to address this issue:

1. Distributed The ledger means that transaction accounting is completed by multiple nodes distributed in different places, and each node records a complete account, so they can all participate in supervising the legality of the transaction and can also jointly testify for it.

Different from traditional distributed storage, the uniqueness of blockchain distributed storage is mainly reflected in two aspects: First, each node of the blockchain stores complete data according to the block chain structure. For data, traditional distributed storage generally divides the data into multiple parts for storage according to certain rules. Second, the storage of each node in the blockchain is independent and of equal status, relying on the consensus mechanism to ensure storage consistency, while traditional distributed storage generally synchronizes data to other backup nodes through the central node. [8]

No node can record ledger data independently, thus avoiding the possibility of a single bookkeeper being controlled or bribed to record false accounts. Also because there are enough accounting nodes, theoretically speaking, the accounts will not be lost unless all nodes are destroyed, thereby ensuring the security of the accounting data.

2. Asymmetric encryption and authorization technology. Transaction information stored on the blockchain is public, but account identity information is highly encrypted and can only be accessed with authorization from the data owner. , thus ensuring data security and personal privacy.

3. The consensus mechanism is how all accounting nodes reach a consensus to determine the validity of a record. This is both a means of identification and a means of preventing tampering. Blockchain proposes four different consensus mechanisms, which are suitable for different application scenarios and strike a balance between efficiency and security.

The consensus mechanism of the blockchain has the characteristics of "the minority obeys the majority" and "everyone is equal". "The minority obeys the majority" does not entirely refer to the number of nodes, but can also be the computing power and the number of shares. Or other characteristic quantities that the computer can compare. "Everyone is equal" means that when a node meets the conditions, all nodes have the right to give priority to the consensus result, which will be directly recognized by other nodes and may eventually become the final consensus result. Taking Bitcoin as an example, it uses proof of work. Only when more than 51% of the accounting nodes in the entire network are controlled, it is possible to forge a non-existent record. When there are enough nodes joining the blockchain, this is basically impossible, thus eliminating the possibility of fraud.

4. Smart contracts. Smart contracts are based on these trustworthy and non-tamperable data. Some predefined rules and terms can be automatically executed. Taking insurance as an example, if everyone’s information, including medical information and risk occurrence information, is trueIf it is trustworthy, it will be easy to automate claims settlement in some standardized insurance products.

3. Others

Internet exchange What is exchanged is information, and what the blockchain exchanges is value. Human history and the history of the Internet can be understood in eight words: if they are divided for a long time, they must be combined. For a long time, they must be combined. In the era of long-term separation, all network information is scattered on the Internet. It is very difficult for everyone to mine information. At this time, platforms such as Google and Facebook will appear. , the only thing it does is recombine all our information. In the Internet era, what the monopoly giants reorganize is information, rather than generating their own information. The information generated is entirely our own. Once the information is reorganized, a new monopoly giant will emerge, so it will be an era of long-lasting separation. Now, due to the emergence of blockchain technology, it has entered an era of integration and division. It is a new multi-centralization. After the new multi-centralization, new value will be generated. These data will be in our own hands, and personal data will generate value. It belongs to oneself. This is the most exciting era of this era.

What is the value of blockchain? A low-cost mechanism to establish trust, establish data rights, and resolve data property rights.

At present, blockchain technology continues to develop, including the current development of single chains to multi-chains, and the technology can be further expanded. I think there may still be disruptions in the future, especially in transactions and other aspects. , especially many disruptive scenarios for existing industries.

The essence of blockchain is to establish trusted information exchange on untrustworthy networks.

One Belt, One Road + One Chain. The bigger thing about blockchain is not to create trust, but to allow trust to be transmitted losslessly, reducing the friction cost of society as a whole, thereby improving the overall efficiency.

Now the blockchain itself is still in its initial stage, so it includes the information transmission and encryption of the blockchain. Quantum encryption and other encryption appear in this process, which actually attacks the encryption algorithm used by the blockchain itself. This phenomenon also occurs from time to time. Including blockchain is also a recognition of assets, a recognition of digital assets, but now many of us use cryptographic algorithms, or as the key for us to decrypt, but if you forget the password, it is very likely that your current assets will be lost. If you lose them, you won't be able to get back your original assets. Therefore, there are still some hidden dangers in asset management, including information transmission and some security aspects. Of course, from a technical perspective, the processing speed of our blockchain itself, or its scalability, is because from the perspective of the working mechanism, the entire ledger must be copied to all participants, so in the blockchain Its operational efficiency and scalability are still relatively limited. We feel that these still need further development in terms of technology.

The underlying technologies of the blockchain platform include blockchain wallets, blockchain browsers, node elections, mining machines, mining pools, development components, development modules, and technical communities.A series of ecosystems such as districts and project communities. The perfection of these ecosystems directly determines the efficiency and effectiveness of the underlying platform of the blockchain.

4. Mundell’s Impossible Triangle

It is impossible to achieve the ultimate in decentralization, efficiency, and security at the same time.

Blockchain technology concept 2

The essence of blockchain is a distributed accounting technology, as opposed to centralized accounting technology, which is widely used in our current lives. exist. Blockchain is a new application model of computer technology such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm.

Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database. At the same time, as the underlying technology of Bitcoin, it is a series of related cryptographic methods. Each data block contains a batch of Bitcoin network transaction information, which is used to verify the validity and anti-counterfeiting of the information and generate the next block.

In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chained data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is cryptographically guaranteed to be non-tamperable and non-tamperable. Fake distributed ledger.

Broadly speaking, blockchain technology uses block chain data structures to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, and uses cryptography to ensure data transmission and access. It is a new distributed infrastructure and computing method that uses smart contracts composed of automated script codes to program and operate data securely.

The popular understanding of blockchain technology is: connecting the front, back, left and right blocks of "things" into a chain using one technology, but each block The original data of the block cannot be tampered with. It is a "linked module" technology in the field of Internet of Things that allows participants to trust. The application of blockchain technology is inseparable from the Internet and the Internet of Things. It is based on the integration and interaction of the two, but allows participants to remain independent, decentralized, and work together. With this set of value chain co-construction and sharing, technology.

Characteristics of blockchain: decentralization, openness, autonomy, information cannot be tampered with, and anonymity.

Blockchain is a network that can deliver value. The demand for a network that can deliver value is an important reason for the emergence of blockchain technology. Blockchain emerged driven by the need to protect information with ownership or other value. Through public and private key cryptography, distributed storage and other technical means, blockchain ensures on the one hand the efficient transmission of valuable information, and on the other hand ensures that this information will not be easily copied and tampered with during the transmission process.

Understand the connotation of blockchain from the inevitability of its birth. Blockchain is a distributed accounting technology that solves the shortcomings of centralized accounting and solves the problem of distributed consistency.At this time, the Internet is also being upgraded to a value network that ensures the safe and efficient transmission of valuable information.

Blockchain Technology Concept 3

Blockchain: Blockchain is like a globally unique account book, or database, which records the history of all transactions in the network.

Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM): It allows you to write more powerful programs on Ethereum and script programs on Bitcoin. It is also sometimes used to refer to the Ethereum blockchain, which is responsible for executing smart contracts and everything.

Node: You can run a node to read and write to the Ethereum blockchain, that is, using the Ethereum Virtual Machine. Full nodes require downloading the entire blockchain. Light nodes are still under development.

Miner: Mining, that is, the node that processes blocks on the blockchain. You can see some of the currently active Ethereum miners on this page: stats.ethdev.com.

Proof of Work: Miners are always competing to solve some mathematical problem. The first one to solve the problem (calculate the next block) will be rewarded with Ether coins. All nodes then update their own blockchain. All miners who want to figure out the next block have an incentive to stay in sync with other nodes and maintain the same blockchain, so the entire network can always reach consensus. (Note: Ethereum is planning to move to a proof-of-stake system (POS) without miners, but that is outside the scope of this article.)

Ethereum: Abbreviation ETH. A true digital currency that you can buy and use. Here is a chart from one of the exchanges where Ethereum can be traded. At the time of writing, 1 Ether is worth 65 cents.

Gas: Executing programs and saving data on Ethereum consumes a certain amount of Ethereum. Gas is converted from Ethereum. This mechanism is used to ensure efficiency.

DApp: The Ethereum community calls applications based on smart contracts decentralized applications (Decentralized App). The goal of DApp is (or should be) to have a friendly interface for your smart contracts, plus some extras, such as IPFS, a decentralized network that can store and read data, not from the Ethereum team but in a similar spirit ). DApp can run on a centralized server that can interact with Ethereum nodes, or it can run on any Ethereum equal node. (Take a minute to think about this: Unlike ordinary websites, DApps cannot run on ordinary servers. They need to submit transactions to the blockchain and read important data from the blockchain rather than a centralized database. Compared to typical users When logging into the system, the user may be represented as a wallet address and other user data is stored locally. Many things will be structured differently from current web applications.)

Ethereum client, smart contract language

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Writing and deploying smart contracts does not require you to run aEthereum nodes. Browser-based IDEs and APIs are listed below. But if you are just learning, you should still run an Ethereum node to understand the basic components, and running a node is not difficult.

Clients available for running Ethereum nodes

Ethereum has many client implementations in different languages, that is, multiple methods of interacting with the Ethereum network, , including C++, Go, Python, Java, Haskell, etc. Why do we need so many implementations? Different implementations can meet different needs. For example, the goal of Haskell implementation is to be mathematically verifiable, to make Ethereum more secure, and to enrich the entire ecosystem.

At the time of writing this article, I am using the client geth (go-ethereum) implemented in the Go language. At other times, I also use a tool called testrpc, which uses the Python client pyethereum. Later examples will use these tools.

About mining: Mining is fun, a bit like caring for your houseplant, but also a way to learn about the entire system. Although the current price of Ethereum may not even cover the electricity bill, who knows in the future. People are creating many cool DApps that may make Ethereum more and more popular.

Interactive console: Once the client is running, you can synchronize the blockchain, create a wallet, and send and receive Ethereum. One way to use geth is through the Javascript console. In addition, you can use cURL-like commands to interact with the client through JSON RPC. The goal of this article is to take you through the process of DApp development, so I won’t go into details about this. But we should remember that these command line tools are useful for debugging, configuring nodes, and using wallets.

Running the node on the test network: If you run the geth client on the official network, it will take quite a while to download the entire blockchain and synchronize with the network. You can determine if synchronization has occurred by comparing the last block number printed in the node logs with the latest block listed on stats.ethdev.com. ) Another problem is that running smart contracts on the official network requires real Ethereum. Running the node on the test network does not have this problem. At this time, there is no need to synchronize the entire blockchain. Just create your own private chain, which saves time for development.

Testrpc: Use geth to create a test network. Another faster way to create a test network is to use testrpc. Testrpc can help you create a bunch of test accounts with funds at startup. It also runs faster and is therefore better suited for development and testing. You can start with testrpc, and then as the contract slowly takes shape, move to the test network created by geth - StartThe dynamic method is very simple, you only need to specify a networkid: geth --networkid "12345". Here is the code repository for testrpc, we will talk about it again below.

Next, let’s talk about the available programming languages, and then we can start the real programming. Solidity is the programming language used to write smart contracts.

There are several languages ​​to choose from when writing smart contracts: Solidity, which is somewhat similar to Javascript, has a file extension of .sol. Serpent, which is similar to Python, has a file name ending in .se. There is also a Lisp-like LLL. Serpent has been popular for a while, but now the most popular and stable one is Solidity, so just use Solidity. I heard you like Python? Use Solidity.

solc compiler: After writing the smart contract with Solidity, you need to use solc to compile it. It is a component from a C++ client implementation. Again, different implementations complement each other. Here is how to install it. If you don't want to install solc, you can also use a browser-based compiler, such as Solidity real-time compiler or Cosmo. The programming sections below will assume you have solc installed.

web3.js API. After the Solidity contract is compiled and sent to the network, you can use Ethereum's web3.js JavaScript API to call it and build web applications that can interact with it.

『Wu』The meaning of digital identity in the blockchain (with an excellent blockchain article that triggers thinking)

As the infrastructure and connector of the current Internet, WeChat, all The value of the Internet is based on "connection", the connection between people, the connection between people and money, the connection between people and things. Now it can also be the connection between people and things (scan the code of Mobike mini program to ride a bike), but all "connections" "The premise is that I trust WeChat, I trust Tencent, I trust the legal regulation of the Internet, and I trust that everyone around me is using WeChat. The root cause of this trust is trust in centralization, trust in companies with good reputations, and trust in institutions. , the rule of law, and community trust.

Nowadays, the blockchain seems to be able to turn each node in the blockchain network into a "WeChat". In order to form this kind of decentralized trust, we need to define a unique identifier for the node "WeChat". Trust the digital identity. This digital identity is not only the private key for managing your own digital assets in the blockchain network, but also allows this digital identity to ultimately serve real life and implement application scenarios. Therefore, it also needs to be endowed with prerequisites. The credit label of the legal system, institutions and communities.

The future world will be distributed, and each node will be verifiable.Trustworthy, whether placed in the blockchain or in the real world, each node becomes a "WeChat" trusted by all of us, and at the same time, we ourselves can also become a "WeChat" trusted by others.

Attachment: The significance of digital identity for blockchain - Liu Yongxin (NEL)
1. Ship of Theseus - How to define yourself

In life, we often use Regarding identity, we often introduce ourselves to others. Sometimes we give out our business cards, and sometimes we show our ID cards. However, many people may not know what the meaning of identity is and how to define it.

There is a famous thought experiment called "The Ship of Theseus". The Ship of Theseus can sail uninterruptedly on the sea for hundreds of years. If a plank rots, a new plank will be replaced until there is a plank. One day, all the planks on the ship were not the original ones. So was the ship still the original Ship of Theseus?

The human body is like the ship of Theseus. Cells are always undergoing metabolism. So all the cells have been renewed. Are you still the same person? What if your thoughts and personality also change?

Therefore, how to define yourself does not seem to be a simple matter.

2. Identities in life

In life, we have many identities. For example, in a company, you have your own position. In a family, you may be a husband or a wife. Or a child, for the bank, you are its customer, for your house, you are its owner, the tenant's landlord, for your car, you are the owner.

So we found that in different scenarios, you have different identities, and different identities usually correspond to different objects. For a bank, what it cares about is whether you are its customer. It doesn’t matter what role you play in the family. For a car, as long as you have its key, you can start it. Whether you are the landlord Don't care.

3. Define identity

Based on the previous discussion, I try to define identity:

Identity is the identifier of relationship,

Relationship is Bidirectional,

A relationship represents the rights and obligations between the parties.

So you have different relationships with different objects, you have different rights and obligations, and you have different identities.

For the country, you have citizenship, which is usually represented by an ID card. Citizenship means that you have the obligation to pay taxes and that you have the right to vote in elections. To the bank, you are its customer, representing your deposits and liabilities with it. For blockchain, you master the private key, which means you own the assets controlled by the private key, and the private key is your identity.

Therefore, we should not abandon the object and explore identity. What is important is not who you are, but who you are in the eyes of others.

In the process of using identity, there are two processes: authentication and verification. For example, after a Chinese is born, he has to go to the police station to register his household registration. This is the authentication process. After that, presenting his ID card is the verification process. Registration and login of accounts on the Internet are identity authentication and verification processes. The certification and verification of asset ownership in the blockchain is achieved through a consensus algorithm, which can be simply considered to be 51% voting approval.

4. Trusted data

Satoshi Nakamoto wrote a sentence in Bitcoin’s genesis block: “The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second lout for banks", this sentence was the front page headline of The Times that day, meaning "the Prime Minister saved the banks from the brink for the second time".

Many people believe that this sentence proves that The Times must have published this article that day, reflecting the existence proof capability of the blockchain.

However, the blockchain can only ensure that the written data cannot be tampered with, but cannot guarantee the authenticity of the data. The reason why we believe that this newspaper article must exist is because it was Satoshi Nakamoto who wrote the blockchain, and the authenticity of the data is guaranteed by Satoshi Nakamoto’s credibility.

In fact, the authenticity of data is generated in two ways:

Decentralized method, or 51% democratic voting, such as the actual authenticity of Bitcoin transaction data The above is guaranteed through 51% computing power voting. When off-chain data is uploaded to the chain, the authenticity of the data can also be ensured through manual voting, such as the decentralized prediction platform Augur.

However, not all consensus can be reached through majority rule.

For example, whether a work of art is authentic or fake must be authenticated by experts, but cannot be determined by the majority. The credibility of the appraisal results is guaranteed by the credit of experts. Whether a person is Chinese or not is verified by the police station when registering for residence, not by a vote of all Chinese people. Therefore, for specific scenarios, sometimes it is necessary to confirm the authenticity of the event through recognized authorities.

Normally, data native to the chain, such as token distribution, transactions and other data, can be easily reached consensus through a minority-subject-majority voting mechanism. However, when off-chain data is uploaded to the chain, its data Authenticity relies on the identity and reputation endorsement of the person on the chain, and sometimes legal means are needed to deter fraud through accountability mechanisms.

5. Trusted data uploading to the chain

Therefore, for the uploading of off-chain data, the dataThe authenticity can be achieved through a majority vote or the credibility endorsement of an authoritative identity.

The basic process of uploading trusted data to the chain should be as follows:

First, you need to have a digital identity. The authentication of this identity may be generated by 51% of the votes. It may also be through authoritative certification.

Then when the data is uploaded to the chain, identity information needs to be attached.

After obtaining the data, the data user verifies the identity information, and then determines the credibility of the data based on the verification results.

6. Identity management

When we use network applications, we need to register and log in to our account. Sometimes, for convenience, we will use third-party applications to register and log in. This Although the identity hosting method provides convenience, third-party applications can actually log in to the application without our authorization, perform operations, and obtain personal data.

So ideally, we want to be able to balance convenience and security. We want to be able to log in to different applications through the same account and be completely controlled by ourselves.

Digital identities can be roughly divided into three categories:

Digital sovereign identities, in the form of CA certificates, EIDs and other solutions in China, must be known to meet government supervision and be compatible with national laws. Sovereign identity.

Digital network identity, that is, the login account of various APPs

Digital asset identity, that is, the address and private key of various blockchain assets

Digital identity Management applications should be compatible with these identities and be able to implement identity authentication, verification, logout, loss and retrieval, etc.

There should also be a data management platform to realize data storage and permission management.

The blockchain platform can be used as a data storage platform to store data fingerprints, reading and writing records, etc. Smart contracts can realize identity verification and avoid redundant information leakage through encryption technology. Multi-signature enables key retrieval. At the same time, the blockchain is also a registration platform for digital assets.

On this basis, a variety of application scenarios can be realized, such as: APP login, electronic contract signing, supply chain, copyright protection, and asset digitization.

When digital identity and blockchain are combined, coupled with a data management platform, the needs of the alliance chain can be realized, such as the KYC alliance between banks. The essence of the alliance chain is identity-based data mutual trust. It does not matter whether it is a separate chain.

Once blockchain assets are associated with sovereign identities, they can meet government regulatory needs, and regulatory strategies that meet regulatory needs can be added at the application layer.

Therefore, if blockchain is to be applied on a large scale in the future, the digital identity problem must be solved. Digital identity is a bridge between the on-chain and off-chain, and a bridge between blockchain and compliance supervision.

As more and more applications and assets are built on the blockchain, big data analysis becomes possible because of the unified identity. Therefore, the combination of big data and blockchain, It’s also inseparable from digital identity.

『Lu』 One article to understand the Internet blockchain

One article to understand the Internet blockchain

One article to understand the Internet blockchain, you need to understand the blocks In order to understand the blockchain, we have to study the brief history of the technological development of the blockchain starting from the birth of the Internet, discover the motivations for the emergence of the blockchain, and infer the future of the blockchain. Let’s understand the Internet blockchain in one article.

Understand the Internet blockchain in one article 1

The originator of blockchain is mahjong, and the earliest blockchain was invented by the Chinese! The blockchain is just like Mahjong, except that Mahjong has fewer blocks. Mahjong only has 136 blocks. The rules of Mahjong vary from place to place and can be regarded as a hard fork of Bitcoin.

As the oldest blockchain project, Mahjong has a group of four miners. The first one to dig out the 13 correct hash values ​​will get the accounting rights and rewards. It adopts the method of being willing to admit defeat and not cheating. Thousands of consensus mechanisms!

Mahjong is decentralized, everyone can be the banker, and it is completely peer-to-peer.

Mining pool = commission from the boss of the chess and card room.

It cannot be tampered with, because convincing the other three people requires too much computing power and physical strength.

A typical value Internet. The value in my pocket didn't last eight rounds before it went into their pockets.

The Chinese are basically good at playing mahjong. In terms of blockchain, they produce 70% to 80% of the world’s mining machines and have the most computing power in the world, accounting for about 77% of the computing power.

Mahjong is actually the earliest blockchain project:

1. A group of four miners. The miner who first collides with the correct hash value of 13 numbers can obtain the accounting rights. and get rewarded.

2. It cannot be tampered with. Because convincing the other three people requires too much computing power and physical strength.

3. Typical value Internet. The valuable digital currency www.gendan5.com/digitalcurrency/btc.html in my pocket ran into their pockets after eight rounds.

4. Decentralization, everyone can be a banker, it is completely peer-to-peer.

5. UTXO, unspent transaction expenses.

There is another area of ​​creditBlockchain gameplay, assuming everyone has no cash

If we look closely, when everyone reaches a consensus, we can’t see any intermediary or third party coming out to judge whether C has won, and the reward given to C does not need to pass. The third party transfers it to C, which is a direct peer-to-peer transaction. This process is decentralized. The poker players (miners) each record the results of the first game. C's big Hu draws thirteen pieces, and B's trump card is Dongfeng, recording After completion, a complete block is generated, but remember, this is only the first round. In the entire blockchain, this is just one node. After the 8 rounds mentioned at the beginning, there are 8 nodes. (block), 8 blocks are connected together to form a complete ledger, which is the blockchain. Because everyone has one of this ledger, it is a distributed ledger. The purpose is to prevent someone from tampering with the record. At the end of the game, it is clear who wins and who loses.

Four men (A, B, C, and D) got together to play mahjong for money. None of them brought any cash, so they asked a beautiful woman (centralized) to keep a book and record who won how much money in each round. , Who lost how much? At the end of the day, everyone uses Alipay or WeChat to pay and settle the ledger. However, if this beauty made a mistake in accounting or was bribed by one of the four people in advance to make a mistake on purpose, there is no guarantee that the outcome of this game will be fair, just, and reasonable. ,dont you agree? then what should we do? If you "play mahjong", you can use "blockchain" as the game rules and adapt it as follows:

Four men (A, B, C and D) got together to play mahjong for money. No one brought any cash. B said Let the beauty she brought keep accounts. A said that none of us knew this beauty, so the four of them, A, B, C, and D, agreed that everyone would keep accounts at the same time (decentralized) on their mobile phones (blockchain nodes) for each game. ), after finally playing mahjong and paying with electronic money directly on the mobile phone, everyone checked the accounting results. The accounting results should have been the same.

Assume that the original result is the account recorded on A’s mobile phone: B owes A 10 yuan. However, the record on B's mobile phone shows that there is no debt, but the other two people (C and D) have the same accounting as A, so the settlement is still based on the majority rule. In addition, everyone has a bad impression of B's ​​integrity. Next The first time I play mahjong, I won’t take B to play with me.

Unless B bribes two people (C and D) in advance to deliberately cheat, but the cost of B bribes them is 100,000 yuan (10,000 times the default of 10 yuan), then in common sense, B only You can choose to give up because the cost of counterfeiting is too high.

Assume that even if B is secretly willing to pay a high price of 100,000 yuan to buy C and D to do this silly cat transaction with huge losses during the card game, the rules of the blockchain are to keep accounts based on timestamps. Yes, it turns out that B owed A 10 yuan when debiting the account at 1 p.m., that is, when C and D changed the account at 3 p.m., time is irreversible and they can only record 3 p.m., which does not comply with the rules of the game. .

In fact, in 2017 the blogger had developed a set of Mahjong coins

China’s earliest blockchain project: four miners onegroup, the miner who first collides with the correct hash value of 14 numbers from 148 random numbers can obtain an accounting right incentive. Since distributed accounting requires the consensus of several other miners, each accounting transaction It takes about ten minutes.

Understanding the Internet Blockchain in One Article 2

1. Before the birth of Bitcoin, 5 Internet technologies that will have a significant impact on the future of the blockchain

In 1969, the Internet was born in the United States. Since then, the Internet has expanded from four research institutions in the United States to the entire planet. In terms of application, it has expanded from the earliest military and scientific research to all aspects of human life. In the nearly 50 years since the birth of the Internet, five technologies have been of particularly great significance to the future development of blockchain.

1. The TCP/IP protocol born in 1974: determines the position of blockchain in the Internet technology ecosystem

In 1974, the most critical step in the development of the Internet was taken by The TCP/IP protocol, the core communication technology of the Internet jointly developed by American scientists Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn, was officially launched.

This protocol enables the transmission of information between different computers and even different types of networks. All computers connected to the network can communicate and interact as long as they comply with this protocol.

In layman's terms, Internet data can travel tens of thousands of kilometers to reach the computer users who need it. This is mainly because the Internet world has formed a unified information dissemination mechanism. That is to say, Internet devices follow a unified law-TCP/IP protocol when disseminating information.

Understanding the TCP/IP protocol is of great significance to mastering the Internet and blockchain. After the invention of TCP/IP in 1974, the entire Internet was between the underlying hardware devices, the intermediate network protocols and the network Addresses have always been relatively stable, but an endless stream of innovative applications are emerging at the top application layer, including news, e-commerce, social networks, QQ, WeChat, and blockchain technology.

In other words, in the technical ecology of the Internet, blockchain is a new technology at the top layer of the Internet - the application layer. Its emergence, operation and development have not affected the underlying infrastructure and communication protocols of the Internet. , is still one of the many software technologies that operates according to the TCP/IP protocol.

2. Cisco router technology born in 1984: an imitation of blockchain technology

In December 1984, Cisco was established in the United States. The founder was a professor from Stanford University. A couple, Leonard Posak, director of the computer center, and Sandy Lerner, director of the business school's computer center, designed a networking device called a "multiprotocol router" that was placed on the Internet's communication lines to help data Get from one end of the Internet to the other thousands of kilometers away accurately and quickly.

In the entire Internet hardware layer, tens of millions of routers are busy working to direct the transmission of Internet information.Hands-on, an important function of Cisco routers is that each router saves a complete Internet device address table. Once a change occurs, it will be synchronized to tens of millions of other routers (theoretically), ensuring that each router can calculate the shortest and fastest path of.

When you see the operation process of the router, you will feel very familiar. That is the important feature of the blockchain later. The significance of understanding the router lies in the important features of the blockchain. It has been implemented on the router in 1984. For the router, even if the node device is damaged or attacked by hackers, it will not affect the transmission of the entire Internet information.

3. The B/S (C/S) architecture that was born with the World Wide Web: the opponent of the blockchain and the target of attempted subversion

The World Wide Web is referred to as the Web and is divided into Web clients and server. All updated information is only modified on the Web server. Thousands, tens of thousands, or even tens of millions of other client computers do not retain the information and only obtain the information data when accessing the server. This structure is also often referred to as the Internet B/S architecture is a centralized architecture. This architecture is also the most important architecture of the current Internet. Internet giants such as Google, Facebook, Tencent, Alibaba, and Amazon have all adopted this architecture.

Understanding the B/S architecture will be of great significance to the subsequent understanding of blockchain technology. The B/S architecture is that data is only stored in the central server, and all other computers obtain information from the server. Blockchain technology has tens of millions of computers without a center, and all data will be synchronized to all computers. This is the core of blockchain technology.

4. Peer-to-Peer Network (P2P): Blockchain The father of the chain and its technical basis

Peer-to-peer network P2P is another Internet infrastructure corresponding to C/S (B/S). Its characteristic is that multiple computers connected to each other are connected to each other. In a peer-to-peer position, there is no distinction between master and slave. A computer can be used as a server, setting shared resources for use by other computers in the network, and as a workstation.

Napster is one of the earliest P2P systems, mainly used for music resource sharing. Napster cannot be regarded as a true peer-to-peer network system. On March 14, 2000, a message was posted on the mailing list of the underground hacker site Slashdot in the United States, saying that AOL's Nullsoft department had released Gnutella, an open source Napster clone software.

In the Gnutella distributed peer-to-peer network model, each networked computer is functionally peer, serving as both a client and a server, so Gnutella is called the first true peer-to-peer network model. Network Architecture.

In the past 20 years, some Internet technology giants such as Microsoft and IBM, as well as liberals, hackers, and even criminals who infringe on intellectual property rights have continued to pushIt has promoted the development of peer-to-peer networks. Of course, idealists on the Internet who want to strengthen information sharing have also invested a lot of enthusiasm in peer-to-peer networks. Blockchain is a software application based on a peer-to-peer network architecture. It is a benchmark application for peer-to-peer networks trying to break out from the silence of the past.

5. Hash algorithm: the key to generating Bitcoin and tokens (tokens)

The hash algorithm converts numbers of any length into fixed-length values ​​using a hash function. Algorithms, famous hash functions such as: MD4, MD5, SHS, etc. It is a member of the family of cryptographic functions defined by the American National Institute of Standards and Technology.

This family of algorithms is crucial to the functioning of the entire world. From Internet application stores, emails, anti-virus software, to browsers, etc., all of them are using secure hashing algorithms. It can determine whether Internet users have downloaded what they want, and it can also determine whether Internet users are involved in man-in-the-middle attacks or network attacks. Victim of a phishing attack.

The process of blockchain and its application to generate new coins from Bitcoin or other virtual currencies is to use the function of the hash algorithm to perform operations to obtain numbers that meet the format requirements, and then the blockchain program gives Bitcoin rewards.

Mining, including Bitcoin and tokens, is actually a small mathematical game built with a hash algorithm. However, because of the fierce competition, people all over the world used powerful servers to perform calculations in order to get the rewards first. As a result, many computers on the Internet participated in this little mathematical game, which even consumed more than 40% of the electricity in some countries.

2. The birth and technical core of blockchain

The birth of blockchain should be the most unusual and mysterious invention and technology in the history of human science, because in addition to blockchain, to So far, there is no major invention in the history of modern science whose inventor cannot be found.

On October 31, 2008, Bitcoin founder Satoshi Nakamoto (pseudonym) published a paper on the cryptography mailing group - "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System". In this paper, the author claims to have invented a new electronic currency system that is not controlled by governments or institutions. Blockchain technology is the basis for supporting the operation of Bitcoin.

The preprint address of the paper is at http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf. From an academic point of view, this paper is far from a qualified paper. The main body of the article is composed of 8 flow charts. It is composed of corresponding explanatory text, no nouns and terms are defined, and the format of the paper is also very irregular.

In January 2009, Satoshi Nakamoto released an application case of blockchain on the SourceForge website - the open source software of the Bitcoin system. After the release of the open source software, it is said that Satoshi Nakamoto mined approximately 1 million bits. Coin. A week later, Satoshi Nakamoto sent 10 Bitcoins to cryptography expert Hal Finney, which became the first transaction in Bitcoin history. With the rise of BitcoinWith the development of blockchain technology, research on blockchain technology has also begun to show explosive growth.

It is indeed difficult to fully and clearly explain the blockchain to the public. We use Bitcoin as the object to introduce the technical characteristics of the blockchain as simply as possible but in depth.

1. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer network (P2P) software application

As we mentioned before, at the beginning of the 21st century, the Internet formed two major types of applications. Architecture, centralized B/S architecture and non-centered peer-to-peer (P2P) architecture. Many Internet giants such as Alibaba, Sina, Amazon, etc. all have centralized B/S architecture. Simply put, it is data Put it in a giant server, and our ordinary users can access the servers of Alibaba, Sina and other websites through mobile phones and personal computers.

Since the beginning of the 21st century, there have been many software applications for freely sharing music, videos, and paper materials. Most of them use a peer-to-peer network (P2P) architecture, that is, there is no central server, everyone's personal computer They are all servers and clients, with equal status. However, this type of application has never become popular. The main reasons are large resource consumption and intellectual copyright issues. Blockchain is a software application in this field.

2. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer network (P2P) software application that synchronizes information across the entire network

Peer-to-peer networks also have many application methods. In many cases, everyone is not required to Each computer keeps the same information. Everyone only stores the information they need, and downloads it to other computers when needed.

However, in order to support Bitcoin financial transactions, the blockchain requires that every transaction that occurs must be written into historical transaction records and change information be sent to all computers with Bitcoin programs installed. Every computer with Bitcoin software installed maintains the latest and complete Bitcoin historical transaction information.

The characteristics of blockchain's network-wide synchronization and network-wide backup are often referred to as blockchain information security, and the source cannot be changed. Although it is still not absolutely safe in practice, when the number of users is very large, it does have certain security advantages in preventing information tampering.

3. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer (P2P) software application that uses a hash algorithm to generate "tokens" to synchronize information across the entire network

Area The first application of the blockchain was the famous Bitcoin. When discussing Bitcoin, a term that is often mentioned is "mining". So what exactly is mining?

The metaphor is that the blockchain program gives the miners (players) 256 coins, numbered 1, 2, 3...256. Each time a Hash operation is performed, it is like tossing a coin. 256 coins are thrown at the same time. After landing, if all the coins with the first 70 numbers happen to be heads. The miner can tell the blockchain program this number, and the blockchain will reward the miner with 50 Bitcoins.

From softFrom the perspective of a software program, Bitcoin mining is a mathematical game built using the hash SHA256 function. The blockchain first stipulates a winning mode in this small game: a 256-bit hash number is given, but the last 70 bits of the hash number are all 0, and then the player (miner) continuously enters various numbers. Give the hash SHA256 function and see if you can use this function to get a number with 70 zeros. If you find one, the blockchain program will reward the player with 50 Bitcoins. Actual mining and rewards are more complex, but the above example expresses the core process of mining and obtaining Bitcoin.

When Bitcoin was born in 2009, each bounty was 50 Bitcoins. Ten minutes after its birth, the first batch of 50 Bitcoins was generated, and the total currency amount at this time was 50. Subsequently, Bitcoin increased at a rate of about 50 every 10 minutes. When the total amount reaches 10.5 million (50% of 21 million), the bounty is halved to 25. When the total amount reaches 15.75 million (new output is 5.25 million, which is 50% of 1050), the bounty is further halved to 12.5. According to the design of the Bitcoin program, the total number of Bitcoins is 21 million.

From the above introduction, Bitcoin can be seen as a guessing game based on a peer-to-peer network architecture. The Bitcoin information rewarded for each correct guess will be transmitted to all players and recorded. into each player's history database.

4. Smart contracts, tokens, ICOs and blockchain basic platforms generated by blockchain technology due to the rise of Bitcoin

From the above introduction, Bitcoin technology It is not a new technology falling from the sky, but a clever combination of various original Internet technologies, such as peer-to-peer network architecture, network-wide synchronization of routing, and network security encryption technology. It can be regarded as a combination of innovative algorithm games. .

Because Bitcoin can be exchanged for legal currency, purchased in kind, and made huge profits through appreciation, the whole world is not calm. With the attitude that if you can do it, I can do it, many people have created their own imitation Bitcoin software applications. At the same time, taking advantage of the difficulty for the government to regulate peer-to-peer networks, various altcoins exploded together with Bitcoin. There have been many incidents of fraud and absconding, which have gradually attracted the attention of governments around the world.

Blockchain basic platform: It is still quite technically difficult to create currency using the blockchain technology framework. At this time, basic technology platforms such as Ethereum, the blockchain basic platform, have emerged, making it convenient for ordinary people. Create a "Bitcoin"-like software program, each showing its magical powers, inviting people to join the game to mine coins, speculate on coins, and gain profits from it.

Pass or token: If each "Bitcoin" or "Altcoin" uses a hash algorithm to create a guessing game and generates its own "currency", this "currency" is collectively referred to as " "Certificate" or "Token".

ICO: Since Bitcoin and Ethereum have been exchanged with legal currencies in various countries, when other new virtual currencies are issued, only Bitcoin and Ethereum are allowed to be used to purchase the issued coins.The process of issuing new coins is called ICO. The emergence of ICO has amplified the transaction volume of Bitcoin and Ethereum. At the same time, many ICO projects are completely based on nihilistic projects, resulting in a large number of frequent fraud cases. This further deepens society’s negative understanding of virtual currencies generated by blockchain.

Smart contract: It can be seen as a software function on the blockchain. It is a program that assists various virtual currency transactions on the blockchain. The specific function is like the fund custody of Alipay on Taobao. When a user receives goods and confirms them on Alipay, the funds are automatically paid to the buyer and owner. Smart contracts also assume this intermediary payment function in blockchain applications such as Bitcoin.

3. The historical status and future prospects of blockchain technology in the Internet

1. Where does blockchain stand in Internet technology? It is a new software and architecture at the top level.

We mentioned in the previous introduction to TCP/IP that blockchain, like browsers, QQ, WeChat, online game software, mobile APPs, etc., is a software form of the top layer of the Internet - the application layer. . Its operation still relies on the TCP/IP architecture system to transmit data. But unlike most application layer software, it does not adopt the central software architecture of C/S (B/S). Instead, an unusual peer-to-peer network architecture is adopted. From this point of view, blockchain cannot subvert the Internet infrastructure.

2. Who does blockchain want to subvert? Want to subvert the B/S (C/S) structure of the World Wide Web.

It attempts to subvert the B/S, C/S structure of the World Wide Web, which was born in 1989. Said before. Since 1989, European physicist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web and gave up applying for a patent. In the past nearly 30 years, companies including Google, Amazon, Facebook, Alibaba, Internet, Tencent and other companies have used the B/S (C/S) structure of the World Wide Web to grow into Internet giants.

In their headquarters, a powerful central server cluster was established to store massive amounts of data. Hundreds of millions of users obtained the data they needed from the giant servers. This also led to the emergence of cloud computing, and then the Internet giants Open up your unused central server resources to further absorb data from enterprises, governments, and individuals. Centralized Internet giants have an increasing influence on the world, countries, and Internet users.

The goal of blockchain is to try to reduce the influence of Internet giants by distributing data to each Internet user’s computer. It can be seen that the real opponent of blockchain and what it wants to subvert is the 1990 The B/S (C/S) structure born in 2007. But whether it can be subverted depends on its technical advantages and bottlenecks.

3. Technical flaws of blockchain: dilemmas caused by the pursuit of complete equality and freedom

The technical flaws of blockchain first come from its peer-to-peer network architecture. For example For example, Taobao currently has a B/S structure and a massive amount of data.Stored in the Taobao server cluster computer room, hundreds of millions of consumers go to the Taobao server website through their browsers to obtain the latest information and historical information.

If blockchain technology is used, hundreds of millions of people will retain a complete Taobao database on their personal computers or mobile phones. Every time a transaction occurs, it will be synchronized to hundreds of millions of other users. This is completely unachievable in reality. The amount of data transferred and stored is too large. It is equivalent to setting up and running hundreds of millions of Taobao websites at the same time.

Therefore, blockchain cannot be applied to projects with large amounts of data, and even smaller website projects will have difficulty using blockchain. By 2018, Bitcoin had been running for nearly 10 years, and the accumulated transaction data had brought the entire system to collapse.

So the blockchain has adopted many alternative methods, such as establishing relay nodes and lightning nodes. These two concepts can also make people confused. In layman's terms, the blockchain will ask it for The subversive object B/S structure has been studied, and a data server center has been established to become the relay node of the blockchain, which can also be accessed with a browser-like terminal. This is the lightning node of the blockchain.

This change can alleviate the technical shortcomings of the blockchain, but it does make the blockchain what it opposes, centralization. It can be seen that pure blockchain technology has major flaws due to its technical characteristics and cannot be widely used like the World Wide Web. If the technology is upgraded and some parts adopt a B/S (C/S) structure, the blockchain will become centralized. The information node no longer maintains the dream when it was born.

4. Looking at the future prospects of blockchain from the Internet brain model

We know that the Internet generally refers to the Internet that connects computer networks around the world. On this basis The development of a global Internet network covering the whole world is called the Internet, which is a network structure that is interconnected.

Since the birth of the Internet in 1969, humans have innovated in the Internet field from different directions, and there is no unified plan to build the Internet into a structure. When the wheel of time reaches 2017, with the advent of artificial intelligence, With the vigorous development of science and technology such as the Internet of Things, big data, cloud computing, robots, virtual reality, and the industrial Internet, when humans look up to see the giant systems they have created, the model and architecture of the Internet brain have become increasingly clear.

Through nearly 20 years of development, relying on the B/S and C/S structures of the World Wide Web, Tencent QQ, WeChat, Facebook, Weibo, and Twitter Amazon have developed structures similar to neuron networks. Internet devices, especially personal computers and mobile phones, map personal data and functional space on the giant's central server through the software on the device, allowing them to add friends, communicate and transfer information. Internet giants continue to optimize the software versions of hundreds of millions of terminals through software upgrades in central server clusters. In the neurological system, this is a standard central nervous system structure.

The birth of the blockchain provides another neuron model that is not limited to the giants.Neurons are managed uniformly in a centralized service, but each terminal, including personal computers and personal mobile phones, becomes an independent neuron node, retains an independent data space, and synchronizes information with each other. In the neurological system, this is an indispensable Central, distributed neural architecture of multiple neural nodes.

Interestingly, these two different types of neural structures appear in the development of the nervous system. In lower organisms, blockchain-like neural structures have appeared. There are multiple ganglia with the same functions, all of which can command body activities and reactions. However, as organisms evolve, these ganglia gradually merge. When they evolve into higher In biology, the central nervous system appeared, which contains a large number of neurons that interact with each other.

4. Judgment on the future status of blockchain in the Internet

1. Understanding of Bitcoin: a guessing game based on peer-to-peer network architecture (P2P), Through clever financial and public opinion operations, it has become a "world currency" that is not subject to government supervision.

2. Understanding of blockchain: a peer-to-peer (P2P) software application that uses hashing algorithms to generate "tokens" to synchronize information across the entire network.

3. Blockchain has specific uses, such as large-scale election voting, large-scale gambling, financial transactions that circumvent government financial supervision, etc. It still has irreplaceable uses.

4. In more cases, blockchain technology will rely on the B/S and C/S structures of the Internet to achieve functional expansion, but overall it is still a supplement to the existing technology of the Internet. Most of the application scenarios currently envisaged by blockchain can be implemented using B/S and C/S structures, with higher efficiency and more mature technology.

5. Whether from the perspective of information transmission efficiency and resource consumption, or from the evolution of the nervous system, blockchain cannot become the mainstream architecture of the Internet, let alone a subversive and revolutionary leader of the future Internet.

6. Of course, Internet giants developed with B/S and C/S structures also have their problems, but these can be gradually solved through commercial and political methods in the future.

『撒』 "Blockchain: The Cornerstone of the Value Internet" pdf download and read the full text online, please ask for Baidu Netdisk cloud resources

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Introduction: Blockchain technology It is a major innovative technology in the 21st century. It is a distributed ledger of digital assets, the cornerstone of building a value Internet, and a new engine driving the development of the sharing economy. "Blockchain: The Cornerstone of the Internet of Value" reviews its development history, scans its development status, and provides insights into its development trends, showing readers a panoramic view of blockchain technology.

『8』 Please download the full text of "Accenture's Outlook: Blockchain+" for free from Baidu Netdisk resources, thank you~

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Introduction: Blockchain technology has It may become a widely used breakthrough technology, changing the way the entire society and economy operates like the steam engine, electricity or the Internet. Blockchain is a distributed (decentralized) digital network that enables users to exchange value or safely share data - including financial assets and contracts - in a secure environment. Through careful design, blockchain embeds trust into every transaction and every shared data, thereby greatly improving the security and efficiency of transactions and optimizing the account reconciliation process.

Accenture China's "Perspective (Blockchain)" focuses on the theme of blockchain and explores the advantages of blockchain technology in improving corporate operational efficiency and simplifying basic corporate processes. Financial companies The experience in blockchain technology can be used in other industries and enterprises, and the bright application prospects of blockchain technology in China are also worth looking forward to.

『九』Blockchain Case｜Backing up Peking University and trying to make a fool of yourself—difficult!

The story starts with the blockchain project. We know that many of the founders of blockchain capital have backgrounds in prestigious universities, especially Beijing University, Qingdao University and top foreign universities. This is not accidental. , as far as I know, entrepreneurs or partners are much more diligent than you think. Of course, most of them have good educational backgrounds, and they will naturally pay attention to trends.

However, a small number of capitalists like to use their educational background to sugar-coat their jobs in Gaofu.

Why? I believe you and I both know it clearly but have not said it or it is difficult to explain it.

Today, let’s take the Hero Entertainment Chain, which has been widely infamous in the chain currency circle for more than half a year due to air currency, as an example:

The Hero Chain public account has been suspended for more than a year.

"In May of this year, CCTV News directly named the Hero Chain project, accusing it of committing false fraud in the name of tokens. As the sales director of Hero Chain, Peking University talent Liu Hongyuan became the target of public criticism after the incident. .

After the incident, Liu Hongyuan ran away to Singapore, and Hero Chain CEO Gao Zhun also led his team to Cambodia." - The little monster next door.

What is the Hero Entertainment Chain? Who are the people on the platform?

"Hero Chain (HEC) was launched in January this year. It is a gambling game platform that supports digital cryptocurrency. The project CEO is Micro Motion."

Hero Chain White Paper:< br />
Who is Liu Hongyuan and how he got involved in the hero chain?of?

Liu Hongyuan, former president of Peking University Venture Capital Research Association. As an angel investor, Chen Manli had an educational background at Tsinghua University that could easily connect with college students. She took a fancy to Liu Hongyuan, who was anxious about starting a business.

“In addition to Liu Hongyuan, people who participated in proxy investment include Wang Dapao, Mr. Bai, Bit Wu, etc. These people have contributed to the sales of Hero Chain.”
< br />As can be seen from the white paper, Hero Chain tokens are stipulated not to be circulated within one year and will be locked. Funds raised are used for development.

The manipulator behind the Hero Chain Entertainment Chain is actually Hash Capital Chen Manli.

So, who is Chen Manli?

She works in ten companies including Dream Peak Technology Co., Ltd., and holds senior management positions. There is also Tsinghua Macquarie Master of Applied Finance, which can connect university students as teachers.

Hash Capital where Chen Manli works - background introduction

Hash Capital is a digital asset investment research institution co-founded by Mr. Deng Deyan and Mr. Nick.Fu (Fu Xiaoming). The founder, Deng Deyan, holds a master's degree in applied finance from Tsinghua Macquarie. He was a foreign exchange analyst at a well-known Australian financial institution and has many years of experience in securities foreign exchange and spot trading. Mr. Fu holds double degrees in law from Renmin University of China and communications engineering from Wuhan University of Technology.

Hash Capital and Asia-Pacific Blockchain Business Applications

Hash Capital has raised 3 funds since its establishment, totaling tens of millions of dollars, focusing on the Asia-Pacific market Blockchain business applications and digital asset-related projects. The projects invested by Hash Capital have gradually formed a coverage of the entire blockchain industry chain, including smart contracts, securities transaction settlement, identity certification, distributed accounting, e-commerce, data API and blockchain infrastructure and other fields. Investments include IPTChain, KTrade, Loopring, Qcash, CoinMeet, Halal Chain, Nuls and many other high-quality digital assets.

Comments on mutually reinforcing each other:

Long titles are normal among project founders. After all, blockchain projects do not necessarily require an actual company, and a chocolate office like the Newton project is acceptable. How founders make themselves known to investors is a problem. Therefore, the founders of each project party will have separate titles. People who have experience leading projects are more likely to win the trust of investors.

Create a conversation that is not a joke:

"What do you have?"

"I have a Title."

This shows the importance of titles in the blockchain industry. Dialogue is dialogue, and the founders of the project are still very capable and have professional knowledge background.

From the perspective of covering the entire investment industry, it gives people a professional and grand feeling. It is such a tall-looking organization that hides Chen Manli, the manipulator behind the Hero Chain Entertainment Chain.

Being like a rat with Peking University on your back—difficult!

Why do Chen Manli and other small capitals like to station themselves in Gaofu and sugar-coat things? !

Peking University has administrative status and potential value in the consciousness of the Chinese people

When talking about Peking University, do you feel the same inexplicable heat in your chest as I do at the moment? You have not received its blessings, but you seem to have received them. Surrounded by great benefits. I want to say more but I'm afraid I won't be able to say enough. Peking University Peking University adheres to the principle of freedom of thought and embraces inclusiveness. Probably because Peking University belongs to the Chinese people, not you and me.

1. Taking Peking University as an example, its administrative status makes it more than just an institution

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Peking University once held the status of the capital, starting from the position when Peking University was founded. By definition, it is the only school established as the country’s highest institution of higher learning in modern China. Initially, it was also the country's highest educational administrative agency, exercising the functions of the Ministry of Education and overseeing national education.

It can be seen that the administrative functions of Peking University have historical origins.

Even if you and I don’t remember him for a moment, we think he is an ordinary student or teacher. But some things are really subtle, and many people and rural parents have a brand-like influence on their subconscious minds, just like the widely spread Nainai Temple.

2. Even if the Chinese people’s sentiments about the Peking University and the Qing Dynasty are not deep, they are not shallow either

As a normal Chinese child when I was a child, I believe that everyone was the same, and they must have been instilled with different cultural backgrounds in childhood. But the same meaning was expressed in the eulogy of Peking University, Qingda University, Renmin University of China and other Beijing universities. It is undeniable that I also have feelings for Peking University and Qing Dynasty. These feelings are often for people because the masters gave speeches at Peking University. I don’t have many impressions of Peking University, but it’s not shallow either. This influence was so great that when the top scholar in science in Sichuan Province wanted to describe himself as a three-dimensional person rather than a learning machine, he still chose to write "Peking University is my beautiful and shy dream". In human terms, it was for Peking University. As a PR person, I am well aware of the issue of Peking University’s status in the hearts of Chinese people.

Therefore, it is understandable that Peking University is uneasy at this moment.

She, Chen Manli, is still the same, with the same appearance, a teacher title on her head, and the Global University Blockchain Entrepreneurship Leaders Alliance (the launching ceremony of the Global University Blockchain Entrepreneurship Leaders Alliance is July 25 From 14:00 to 16:00 in the afternoon, the Blockchain Leaders Event (Blockchain Leadership Event) Consulting Mentors was held in Room 601, Building C, Mingde Building, Renmin University of China, No. 59 Zhongguancun Street, Haidian, Beijing, once again targeting students from Peking University and other universities.

If today’s entrepreneurial teachers and students hold Peking University’s back, it’s hard to think of them as shit!!!

Because of the shit in the capital’s universities, Liang Hongzhi, Shi Ping, Zhang Zongxiang, and everyone are not ordinary people? !

If you ask some old alumni of Peking University who are also managers, are they involved in blockchain? Is it true?

The article has been abridged. For the full version, please go to the public account [OnlyTimeKnow] to reply to "I want to do rat shit on my back to Peking University."

Shun Song An Qi~