区块链多少个,区块链有多少币种

请查看相关英文文档

A. How many Ethereum coins are issued?

The total amount of Ethereum currency issued for the first time during the crowdfunding on the platform was approximately 116.3 million ETH. Issue 72 million Ethereums.
Extended information:
1. Ethereum (English Ethereum) is an open source public blockchain platform with smart contract functions. It provides decentralization through its dedicated cryptocurrency Ether (ETH). Ethereum Virtual Machine to handle point-to-point contracts.
2. Bitcoin pioneered the decentralized cryptocurrency and has fully tested the feasibility and security of blockchain technology for more than five years. The Bitcoin blockchain is actually a set of distributed databases. If you add a symbol - Bitcoin, and stipulate a set of protocols so that this symbol can be safely transferred on the database without trusting a third party , the combination of these characteristics perfectly constructs a currency transmission system-the Bitcoin network.
3. The Ethereum protocol will be as simple as possible, even at the expense of some data storage and time inefficiencies. An ordinary programmer can also perfectly implement the complete development instructions. This will ultimately help reduce the influence that any particular individual or elite group may have on the protocol and advance Ethereum’s prospects as a protocol open to everyone. Optimizations that add complexity will not be accepted unless they provide very fundamental benefits.
4. The different parts of Ethereum should be designed to be as modular and separable as possible. During the development process, it should be easy to make a small change somewhere in the protocol while the application layer continues to operate normally without changes. Ethereum development should do these things to the greatest extent possible to benefit the entire cryptocurrency ecosystem, not just itself.
5. Ethereum is a platform that provides various modules for users to build applications. If building applications is compared to building a house, then Ethereum provides modules such as walls, roofs, floors, etc. Users only need to Building a house is like building blocks, so the cost and speed of building applications on Ethereum are greatly improved. Specifically, Ethereum uses a Turing-complete scripting language (Ethereum Virtual Machinecode, EVM language for short) to build applications, which is similar to assembly language

B. How many blocks are there in the world? Which country does the public chain belong to

There are 1,059 public blockchains in the world that belong to cooperative countries
Blockchain is a computer technology based on distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm, etc. New application models.
Blockchain is essentially a decentralized database.
Country is a term in political geography. From a broad perspective, a nation refers to a social group that shares a common language, culture, ethnicity, territory, government, or history.
From a narrow perspective, a country is within a certain rangeA form of community formed by groups of people.

C. Is the total issuance of NFT coins 1,000 trillion?

The total issuance of different types of NFT coins is different:
1. The total issuance of NFT coins as APENFT coins The total amount held by the NFT team is 999990 billion pieces, and the total amount held by the NFT team is 1899981 billion pieces, accounting for 19% of the total circulation. It will be released evenly in 24 months, and the number released in each period is 7916587.5 million pieces;
2. As an NFT platform As a platform currency, the total issuance of NFT coins on the NFT platform is five billion
3. As a game token, its total issuance is one billion
1. What is a digital currency wallet.
Digital currency wallets have corresponding network addresses. The address of each wallet is different. When you need to transfer currency to the wallet, the wallet address is equivalent to the bank card number. You can directly enter the wallet address to transfer money. A digital currency wallet is a cyberspace used to store public keys and private keys. After registering the wallet, the registrant will have a unique private password key used to open the wallet. Whoever has the password owns the wallet. Digital currency wallets are divided into two categories: 1. Hot wallets are online software wallets; 2. Cold wallets are offline hardware wallets.
2. The full name of NFT is Non-Fungible Tokens, which is often translated in Chinese as "Non-Fungible Tokens/Irreplaceable Tokens". Simply put, an NFT is an entry on a blockchain, which is a decentralized digital ledger technology similar to cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin.
1. Because of the irreplaceable nature of NFT, this means that it can be used to represent unique things, such as the original Mona Lisa painting in a museum, or ownership of a piece of land. Although mainstream crypto assets such as Bitcoin (BTC) and Ethereum (ETH) are also recorded in the blockchain, the difference between NFT and them is that any NFT token is irreplaceable and indivisible.
2. When you purchase an NFT token, it means that you have obtained its indelible ownership record and the right to use the actual asset. For example, if you purchase a piece of art, it can be displayed and copied, but only you are its actual owner. NFT is a "unique" asset in the digital world. It can be bought, sold and used to represent some commodities in the real world, but the way it exists is intangible.
3. Currently, most of them are digital artworks or trading cards. Some are virtual goods, while others are packaged in common formats such as JPEG and PDF. Only a few NFT tokens are a digital record of physical ownership.

D. Is the total number of Bitcoins 21 million? Why?

The total number of Bitcoins is limited, 21 million, but smart people Human beings have invented a method, which is to divide one piece into small parts. We know that one yuan of RMB isIt is composed of ten dimes, one hundred cents, one thousand cents...and any of them, whether it is a cent, a dime or a circle, can be divided again infinitely, and the total amount of Bitcoin is limited. It can also be divided indefinitely in this way, endlessly, just like you use a kitchen knife to cut sausages, and you can't cut into the smallest unit until the day you die. Therefore, the limited amount of Bitcoin is actually an infinite and huge black hole, which can accommodate the entire universe if it is thrown into it. So my point is, Bitcoin equals a black hole.

Talk in the vernacular and get useful information!

Bitcoin is a genius idea, a distributed accounting system.

Solve a math problem, do an accounting, and calculate the sum of a geometric sequence.

Source of Bitcoin value, security, consensus, assets, technology

Keywords: accounting, equation, convergence, consensus, technology

First, Bitcoin white paper, genius idea.

11 years ago, a person with the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto published a paper called the Bitcoin White Paper, which detailed a genius idea. I often say that it is human thought that leads the world. .

Things that people thought were illusory and nonsense in the past often turned out to be very far-sighted later. That's what happens with Bitcoin.

In the past, our accounting was often centralized, and there was always one person who was in charge of you. There is a finance department in the company and an accountant. Every account you transfer must be recorded by the accountant.

There is always a bookkeeping center in the bank. There is a system. How many accounts are transferred every day, and finally they have to reconcile the accounts and find a solution.

Let me give you an example. The earliest trust was born during the Crusades. At that time, many people were going out to fight. They went out with their lives, not knowing whether they would come back alive, so they put their The property is left to a group of people to take care of. This group of people will manage your property for you, and when there is profit, they will take a small share of it.

It’s like saying that your family has 100 sheep. You are leaving, but your son is still here, and you can’t herd the sheep anymore. So you hand these sheep over to some professional shepherds. When the sheep give birth to lambs, they You can also get a share from it.

But there is a problem here. Who will supervise this matter? How do you know that he is letting you take care of your sheep with peace of mind? Or if he gives you your sheep, what will you do?

This requires a set of accounting rules, that is, our entire audit system now uses a set of debit and credit methods. Double-entry accounting is used to ensure that he does not have too many mini-obsession. Of course, financial accounting can also be falsified. This is equivalent to 100 sheep. He can narrow down a little, 5 sheep, but don't 95 sheep, it won't be very interesting.

However, there are always problems with this kind of centralized accounting. He knows that you don’t know, and there is information asymmetry. Someone has all the information,Not everyone has the information, which is very troublesome.

Satoshi Nakamoto envisioned a distributed accounting. Everyone can keep accounts. Everyone keeps accounts in a network and uses modern information technology to keep accounts. Very good solution to this problem.

Once the account is recorded, I will announce it to the entire network. Everyone knows, and everyone has confirmed my information, a new person will keep the account, and then publish the full account. Chain after chain, this is the so-called blockchain.

This idea is a good way to solve the problem of someone losing your sheep, because everyone knows it. It also prevents someone from cheating. Once you cheat, the person who keeps accounts next time will not be able to keep up with this time. Moreover, your matter was done in broad daylight, and everyone will think that you made a mistake in remembering it, or that you deliberately falsified it, so you will lose your credibility and you will not be qualified to keep accounts next time. That's probably the idea.

Of course, this involves cryptography, consensus mechanism, Poisson distribution, etc. Many people criticize where the value of Bitcoin comes from? Bitcoin does not have government endorsement. I still say the same thing. If you believe in advanced mathematics, you believe in Newton, and you believe in Einstein, it is not because they have government endorsement. But because of their superb skills. The real source of Bitcoin’s value is actually technology.

Second, what is Bitcoin? Just keep an account and do a math problem. The sum of geometric series

So what exactly is Bitcoin? Why can its total number be framed at 21 million, and why can it be calculated?

Let me briefly introduce that Bitcoin is a reward mechanism. It roughly means that when you are qualified to keep accounts, you should write down the accounts. After writing them down, package your accounts and remember them correctly, so you can get a reward.

The rules of Bitcoin are like this. When a person has the right to record all transaction accounts that occur within these ten minutes, for example, Zhang San gave Li 40 Bitcoins, and Li Zi gave Wang 50. Bitcoin, then you record them all. Then package it. You will be able to get Bitcoin rewards, for example, 40 for 20.

So who is qualified to record? This requires a screening method, which is computing power. What's the meaning? If you want to be qualified for accounting, you must first calculate a mathematical equation and solve a mathematical problem. This equation is called the hash equation. To simply understand, this equation can be calculated forward, but cannot be calculated inversely. You know that x can be used to calculate y, but you know that y cannot be used to calculate x.

What to do? Then you only have to bring in the numbers one by one and try them out. If you try them correctly, you will figure it out. The way of doing this is to keep repeating the operation, just like digging with a shovel and a shovel. This is mining. It means that it is a metaphor. It means that you try numbers one by one, but it does not mean that you really go around there.Mining.

At the same time, the rules of Bitcoin stipulate that the Bitcoin reward received by everyone for accounting is halved every four years. In other words, you can get ten for the first time, but after four years you can only get five, and after four years you can only get 2.5.

Over time, if you count this total, the total number of Bitcoins will become the sum of a convergent geometric sequence. That means you can calculate its total through a mathematical formula. If you follow the established rules, the total number is 21 million. Of course, it can be further subdivided to the decimal point, which seems to be eight digits. This limits his total number.

Third, the source of value of Bitcoin.

Finally, let’s talk about the source of Bitcoin’s value. I have said before that the real value of Bitcoin comes from technology, mathematics, cryptography, genius ideas, and its security.

Let’s talk about security first. I have introduced the operating mechanism of Bitcoin before. When you keep accounts, you need to announce it to the entire network. Then once everyone on the entire network receives your information, it is equivalent to You were running around naked in front of everyone, and everyone could clearly see what was on you. If you wanted to do something bad, it would be almost impossible.

At the same time, Bitcoin has been attacked many times, but it has still not been defeated. It is still very safe and its data cannot be tampered with. If he is proven safe time and time again, he will gain more and more credibility.

So why is Bitcoin becoming more and more valuable? Was it no longer valuable before? Can its price increase by more than 10 million times or 20 million times? The reason is that more and more people believe in him, more and more people like him, and more and more people recognize him. If everyone recognizes Bitcoin, everyone believes that Bitcoin is important, Bitcoin is reasonable, and Bitcoin is safe, then this consensus will become a belief. When something becomes a belief, its value is self-evident.

Finally, Bitcoin has the characteristics of an asset, and strictly speaking it should be counted as an intangible asset. The characteristic of this intangible asset is that it basically does not depreciate. If you think about it, it is originally an illusory thing, a virtual thing. It is exactly the same if it is left for one year or ten years. It only exists in people's minds.

I have introduced the characteristics of assets many times before. Assets can be stored for a long time. They are durable goods, so people buy them to earn higher returns. Buying them tomorrow is better than buying them today. It’s more expensive. It’s more expensive to buy it the day after tomorrow than it is tomorrow. It’s getting higher and higher. That’s how assets are. The more expensive they are, the more they want to buy them. As long as it continues to rise and people form common expectations, it is valuable.

Conclusion. Starting from the Bitcoin white paper, a person with the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto had a genius idea to change centralized accounting to distributed accounting.style accounting. This accounting method is not easy to be tampered with or falsified. It's a genius idea.

The rules of Bitcoin stipulate that everyone reaches a consensus, calculates a hash equation within a period of time, and obtains the right to package and bookkeeping. At the same time, the accounts within ten minutes are announced to the entire network. As time goes by, the Bitcoin reward is continuously halved. The total number of Bitcoins becomes the sum of a geometric sequence. As it continues to converge, the total number is certain.

The source of Bitcoin’s value is actually technology, actually security, actually the consensus mechanism, and actually the characteristics of the asset. Many valuable things in history are actually illusory. What really affects the progress of mankind is actually human thoughts.

The total number of Bitcoins is 21 million. Yes, this is limited at the beginning of writing the source code. You can refer to the Bitcoin white paper. It is clearly written in it that this 1 Bitcoin is obtained through mining, but it is emphasized that the total number of Bitcoins is 21 million, but this 1 Bitcoin can be subdivided.

In other words, 1 Bitcoin can be subdivided into very small pieces. How small?

The smallest unit of Bitcoin is now 1 Satoshi, and 1 Bitcoin is equal to 100 million Satoshi.

As for where this Cong came from? It is named after the inventor of Bitcoin, Satoshi Nakamoto.

So if you look at the number, the number of Bitcoins that can be obtained through mining is 21 million. That's right!

But if you trade to get Bitcoin to break it down. . . That can be broken down to the point where 1 Bitcoin can be divided into 100 million satoshis! !

The entire operating mechanism of Bitcoin is imitated by physical gold, which is why many people call Bitcoin digital gold. And we know that gold, as an element on the earth, is itself scarce. This has also led to the fact that precious metals such as gold have played the role of currency in the long history of mankind. They are naturally gold and silver. Therefore, the initial number of Bitcoins is also limited, with a total of 21 million.

On October 31, 2008, a person named Satoshi Nakamoto proposed a 9-page idea of ​​a decentralized peer-to-peer transaction method on the Internet. This Conceived what would become known as the Bitcoin white paper. There are clear regulations in the Bitcoin white paper that the upper limit of Bitcoin is 21 million, and it can never be tampered with. This is a cornerstone that supports the current Bitcoin price.

So we can see that the number of Bitcoins is not infinite. The total number has a constant amount of 21 million. The number of Bitcoins currently in circulation has exceeded 18 million coins were obtained, but in the endThe release time of the next Bitcoin will be after 2100, which is also determined by its algorithm mechanism. The number of Bitcoins you understand is infinite and should be its minimum value, but the total number of Bitcoins currently in circulation includes 18 million Bitcoins, including nearly 4 million Bitcoins that have been lost and have been silent in the long history of history. currency.

So if you have time, take a closer look at the white paper published by Satoshi Nakamoto in October 2008. What this 9-page paper brings us is not just bits. Bitcoin also has the ultimate blockchain technology, which is a great gift that Bitcoin brings to the world.

First of all, the total number of Bitcoins is 21 million. This is determined by the generation mechanism of Bitcoin. If the total amount was not limited, Bitcoin would have died long ago.

Some comrades always use the theory that "Bitcoin can be split infinitely" to talk about things. This is a typical failure to understand Bitcoin.

Just like a bottle of mineral water labeled 600ml, you can drink a drop of it in 0.0001ml, drink it thousands of times, or drink it all in one go.

Could it be that because you drank this bottle of water tens of thousands of times, the fact that it has a total volume of 600ml will change? Don’t you understand such a simple truth?

As for the total amount of Bitcoin, in fact, to be precise, the total amount of Bitcoin is 20,999,997,690, which is slightly less than 21 million.

Bitcoin generation plan:

Calculation method of Bitcoin mining

Bitcoin generates one block in 10 minutes, which will be 6 blocks per hour The speed is multiplied by 24 hours (each day), 365 days (one year), and finally 4 years (one cycle). As a result, a total of 210,000 blocks are generated in one cycle. The rewards for all blocks gradually decrease from 50 to 25 and then to 12.5, so there are 50+25+12.5+6.25+3.125. . . =100 rewards, multiplying the two numbers yields 21 million Bitcoins.

In other words, Bitcoin will be completely mined by 2140.

Why is the total amount of Bitcoin only 21 million? Can't there be more?

Let’s talk about why the total number of Bitcoins is 21 million. First of all, the total amount of Bitcoin is designed by Nakamoto. So far, he hasn't made it clear why. So there is a lot of speculation from the outside world. Now I will list to you the following 8 guesses.

One

Guess one: Because 21 is half of the final answer of 42.

Explanation: The answer is a joke. This clue comes from the bridge to the final answer in the movie "Guide to the Galaxy": The final answer to the universe is 42.

2

Guess 2: Because we live in the 21st centurydiscipline.

Commentary: This is a bit far-fetched.

Three

Conjecture 3: The principle set by Nakamoto is to produce a block every 10 minutes and reward 50 coins, which will be halved in 4 years. The result is very natural.

Explanation: Nakamoto did not interfere with human intervention, but accepted the natural results.

Four

Conjecture 4: All the gold in the world is melted together. This is a cube with a side length of about 21 meters.

Note: Nakamoto used this concept to describe Bitcoin as a kind of virtual gold.

Why is the total amount of Bitcoin only 21 million? Can't there be more?

Five

Conjecture five: Outsiders think Nakamoto likes to play blackjack.

Explanation: I have no explanation for this answer.

Six

Guess 6: There are 32-bit integers that can store 2^31-1, which is 2147483647. If you take the first 8 digits, it is 21474836.47 Bitcoins. That's 21 million.

Note: I guess Satoshi used 32-bit precision integers in the initial development. Later, he found that the precision was not enough for a global currency, so he expanded the two decimal places to 8 digits and changed the 32-bit storage to 64-bit storage.

Seven

Guess 7: Bitcoin is used to compare the global economic aggregate. According to the current global economic level, the global economic aggregate is estimated to be an upper limit of 21 million.

Note: I think this guess is more scientific.

Eight

Conjecture eight: According to the analysis of Vitalik Buterin, the founder of Ethereum, this value may be related to the integer data range supported by the computer programming language and to special currencies. In comparison, it also facilitates maintenance by subsequent developers.

Note: Bitcoin uses the C++ programming language.

Summary and analysis

The above eight answers are all guesses from outsiders. Because Nakamoto never explained it, we don't have a definite answer. Personally, I agree with V God. So what is the answer in your mind?

The total amount is approximately 21 million, which will be halved every four years. It will be completely mined by about 2140. After that, mining will no longer produce BTC, and the source of income for miners is transfer fees.

These logics are hard-coded in the code.

This is a good question. This question actually asks about the origin of digital currency.

Sovereign governments have the right to issue currency, and central banks of various countries will continue to issue currency. For example, my country issues RMB and the United States issues US dollars. Because there are no restrictions on the issuance of currency by sovereign governments, massive amounts of currency cause inflation, and the money in the hands of residents continues to depreciate.

For example, when I was a kid, steamed buns were four for one yuan, but now they are one yuan each, and in some places they are 2 yuan each. There are numerous examples of rising prices.

Under this situation, the wealth that residents have worked so hard to save is forever shrinking, and people must always be busy. If you accumulate wealth at the age of 30, it will be enough for you to live comfortably for the rest of your life. However, if you cannot maintain the appreciation of wealth, you will find that there will be almost no food left when you are 60 years old, and the same amount of money can no longer buy anything.

To combat this currency devaluation, smart creators created digital currencies that had to be limited in quantity. Bitcoin is the pioneer. There are only 21 million coins and they are not managed by any government.

Digital currency was created for this reason. As for how to ensure that the total number of Bitcoins is only 21 million, this is another question. If you are interested, you can discuss it further.

The development of digital currency is in the ascendant, which reflects the residents' cherishment of their hard-earned wealth. Sovereign governments can "plunder" wealth invisible, promoting the development of new things in digital currency.

People who argue that Bitcoin is infinitely divisible do not understand Bitcoin at all. I don’t recommend you buy Bitcoin, but this truth must be made clear. “Infinitely divisible” and “infinite total amount” are two different things.

Let’s talk about the total amount first, and then why infinite divisibility does not mean the total amount is infinite. The total number of Bitcoins is indeed 21 million. You can understand the number of Bitcoins as a super difficult equation. There are 21 million solutions in total. This is a provable mathematical theorem, so the total amount is certain. Owning a Bitcoin is equivalent to owning a solution. The ownership of this solution is calculated every time After the result is obtained, it is recorded on the Bitcoin chain and cannot be tampered with. Moreover, more Bitcoins cannot be issued.

Then many people say that Bitcoin is not 21 million, because Bitcoin is infinitely divisible, you can have 0.1 Bitcoin, 0.01 Bitcoin, 0.001 Bitcoin, so Bitcoin is unlimited.

It is correct to say that Bitcoin is infinitely divisible, but it is nonsense to say that the total amount of Bitcoin is infinite.

When the total amount is certain, no matter how you continue to divide it, you still have as much as you originally had. If you originally had 10 Bitcoins, then no matter how you continue to divide the remaining 20 million, You will always own 10/21000000 Bitcoins. Just because someone divides his 1 Bitcoin into 100 shares, he will not own more Bitcoins than you. Similarly, just because you divide these 10 Bitcoins into 1000 points, you will not have more than 10/21000000 Bitcoins.

But traditional currency is different. Suppose the total amount of currency circulating in the market is 10 million, and you own 100,000, then you own1/100 of the amount of money.

Assume that your 100,000 does not move, and then the country issues another 10 million in currency, then the amount of currency you have becomes 1/200.

Then when you do nothing, your currency depreciates.

One of the reasons why Bitcoin is touted is that there is no such central bank that can issue currency at will, causing the currency in hand to depreciate.

Of course, the country does not issue coins at will, but compared with having a constant total amount of Bitcoin, the central bank's flexibility in this regard is too great.

In addition, infinite divisibility is just a mathematical game at best. In theory, any currency is infinitely divisible, as long as the country is willing to issue it, 0.001 yuan, 0.0001, 0.00000000001 yuan..., Then any currency is infinitely divisible, but Bitcoin is implemented through program code, which makes it easier to implement.

Do you understand the scam? It’s the same as when the U.S. dollar was called the U.S. dollar. When the value rises, you can cut off the leeks of the world. Our country is still powerful. Bitcoin transactions in China have been banned since then.

E. A comprehensive introduction to what Mchain is

Mchain, like Bitcoin and Ethereum, is an encrypted digital currency developed based on blockchain technology.

MChain’s Chinese name is Miner’s Classic Coin, referred to as M Chain. MChain was developed by the top blockchain team in the United States. The block confirmation speed has been greatly improved, and it is the first choice for existing anonymous transaction currencies! The M chain is issued on the public chain of the blockchain. The tokens follow the digital currency standards. The total issuance is 21,000,000 and will never be issued. The initial release is 6.3 million created by the mine investors and community participants of the M chain community. Jointly held, the last 14.7 million coins were mined by miners, and all were mined in a total of 20 years.

(5) How many coins are there in total in the blockchain? Extended reading:

In 2008, Satoshi Nakamoto proposed in the "Bitcoin White Paper" that " He founded the Bitcoin network in 2009 and developed the first block, the "Genesis Block".

The blockchain shared value system was first imitated by many cryptocurrencies, and improvements were made in proof-of-work and algorithms, such as the use of proof-of-stake and SCrypt algorithms. Subsequently, the blockchain ecosystem continued to evolve around the world, with the emergence of initial coin offerings (ICOs), smart contract blockchain Ethereum, asset tokenized sharing economies with “light ownership, heavy usage rights”, and blockchain countries.

Currently, people are using this shared value system to develop decentralized computer programs (Decentralized applications, Dapp) in all walks of life, and build decentralized autonomous organizations and decentralized autonomous communities around the world. (Decentralized autonomous society (DAS).

F. Blockchain Technology

Background: After the birth of Bitcoin, it was discovered that the technology was very advanced, and blockchain technology was discovered. Bitcoin and blockchain technology were discovered at the same time.

1.1 The purpose of the birth of Bitcoin:

①Currency transactions have records, that is, ledgers;

②The disadvantages of centralized institution accounting - it can be tampered with; Yi Chaofa

Bitcoin solves the first problem: anti-tampering - hash function

1.2 hash function (encryption method)

① Function: convert any A string of length, converted to a fixed-length (sha256) output. The output is also called a hash value.

② Features: It is difficult to find two different x and y such that h(x)=h(y).

③Application: md5 file encryption

1.3 Blockchain

①Definition

Block: Split the general ledger into zones Block storage

Blockchain: On each block, add a block header. It records the hash value of the parent block. By storing the hash value of the parent block in each block, all blocks are connected in order to form a blockchain.

②How does the blockchain prevent transaction records from being tampered with?

After the blockchain is formed, tampering with any transaction will cause the hash value of the transaction block to be different from that of its sub-blocks. , tampering was discovered.

Even if you continue to tamper with the hash value in the sub-block header, the hash value in the sub-block will be different from that in the grandchild block, and the tampering will be discovered.

1.4 The essence of blockchain

①The essence of Bitcoin and blockchain: a big ledger visible to everyone, only recording transactions .

②Core technology: Through cryptographic hash function + data structure, it ensures that the ledger records cannot be tampered with.

③Core function: Create trust. Fiat currency relies on government credibility, and Bitcoin relies on technology.

1.5 How to trade

① To conduct transactions, you need an account number and password, corresponding to the public key and private key

Private key: a string of 256-bit binary numbers , no application is required to obtain it, and you don’t even need a computer. You can generate the private key by tossing a coin 256 times.

The address is converted from the private key. The address cannot reverse the private key.

The address is the identity, which represents the ID in the Bitcoin world.

After an address is generated, it can only be known to everyone if it enters the blockchain ledger.

②Digital signature technology

Signature function sign (Zhang San’s private key, transfer information: Zhang San transfers 10 yuan to Li Si) = signature of this transfer

< p> Verify Korean verify (Zhang San’s address, transfer information: Zhang San transfers 10 yuan to Li Si, signature of this transfer) = True

Zhang San uses his own signature function sign() The private key signs this transaction.

Anyone can verify whether the signature was issued by Zhang San himself who holds Zhang San's private key by verifying the Korean vertify(). It returns true, otherwise it returns false.

sign() and verify() are cryptographically guaranteed not to be cracked. ·

③Complete the transaction

Zhang San will provide the transfer information and signature to the entire network. Under the premise that the account has a balance, after verifying that the signature is true, it will be recorded in the blockchain ledger. Once recorded, Zhang San's account will be reduced by 10 yuan, and Li Si's account will be increased by 10 yuan.

Supports one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, and many-to-many transactions.

In the Bitcoin world, private keys are everything! ! !

1.6 Centralized Accounting

① Advantages of Centralized Accounting:

a. No matter which center keeps accounts, don’t worry too much

< p> b. Centralized accounting, high efficiency

②Disadvantages of centralized accounting:

a Denial of service attack

b Stop service after getting tired

p>

c Central institutions are vulnerable to attacks. For example, destroying servers and networks, committing self-intrusion, legal termination, government intervention, etc.

All attempts at confidential currencies with centralized institutions in history have failed.

Bitcoin solves the second problem: how to decentralize

1.7 Decentralized accounting

①Decentralization: Everyone can keep accounts. Everyone can keep a complete ledger.

Anyone can download open source programs, participate in the P2P network, monitor transactions sent around the world, become an accounting node, and participate in accounting.

② Decentralized accounting process

After someone initiates a transaction, it is broadcast to the entire network.

Each accounting node continuously monitors the entire network.trade. When a new transaction is received and the accuracy is verified, it is put into the transaction pool and continues to be propagated to other nodes.

Due to network propagation, the transactions of different accounting nodes at the same time are not necessarily the same.

Every 10 minutes, one person is selected from all accounting nodes in a certain way, and his transaction pool is used as the next block and broadcast to the entire network.

Other nodes delete the transactions that have been recorded in their own transaction pool based on the transactions in the latest block, continue accounting, and wait for the next selection.

③ Features of decentralized accounting

A block is generated every 10 minutes, but not all transactions within these 10 minutes can be recorded.

The accounting node that obtains the accounting rights will be rewarded with 50 Bitcoins. After every 210,000 blocks (approximately 4 years), the reward is halved. The total amount is about 21 million, and it is expected to be mined in 2040.

Recording the reward of a block is also the only way to issue Bitcoin.

④ How to allocate accounting rights: POW (proof of work) method

Compete for accounting rights by calculating mathematical problems on several accounting points.

Find a random number that makes the following inequality true:

There is no other solution except traversing the random numbers starting from 0 and trying your luck. The process of solving the problem is also called mining.

Whoever solves the problem correctly first will get the accounting rights.

If a certain accounting node finds the solution first, it will announce it to the entire network. After other nodes verify that it is correct, a new round of calculation will start again after the new block. This method is called POW.

⑤ Difficulty adjustment

The generation time of each block is not exactly 10 minutes

As Bitcoin develops, the computing power of the entire network does not increase.

In order to cope with changes in computing power, the difficulty will be increased or decreased every 2016 blocks (about 2 weeks), so that the average time for each block to be generated is 10 minutes.

#欧易OKEx# #BTC[超话]# #digital currency#

G. How much is the issuance of the Huangbao Blockchain System Huangchain

The abbreviation of HUANG Chain is Ripple Credit, and the total amount is fixed at 22 million. Ripple is an open source peer-to-peer payments network that allows people to transfer money easily, cheaply and securely. HUANG is a virtual currency based on this network...

H. How many public blockchain chains are there in the world

The global public blockchain chains are:

p>

1. BTC:

Different from most currencies, Bitcoin does not rely on the issuance of a specific monetary institution. It is generated through a large number of calculations based on a specific algorithm. The Bitcoin economy uses a distributed database composed of many nodes in the entire p2p network to confirm and record all transaction behaviors, and uses cryptography Designed to ensure the security of all aspects of currency circulation.

2. ETH:

Ethereum (Ethereum) is a global open source platform for distributed applications. It came into being to solve the problems existing in the Bitcoin network. The blockchain system provides developers with a platform to build and publish applications on the blockchain.

Ethereum can be used to program, decentralize, secure and trade anything including voting, domain names, financial exchanges, crowdfunding, company management, contracts and most agreements, intellectual property, smart assets, etc. It was issued on July 24, 2014, and the total initial issuance amount during crowdfunding was approximately 72 million ETH.

3. ICP:

The DFINITY team has been committed to researching the underlying technology of blockchain since 2015 and is committed to developing a blockchain-based , a secure and powerful next-generation application-level blockchain global computer. DFINITY is building a new decentralized public cloud computing service.

4. ADA:

Cardano is based on peer-reviewed academic research and embodies the spirit of openness and transparency. All research and technical specifications supporting Cardano are publicly released, and all Cardano development activities are open to the public. It is designed by a global team of experts who are leaders in their respective fields and developed by IOHK and its partners, with IOHK developing the technology, the Cardano Foundation overseeing development and promotion, and Emurgo driving commercial applications.

5. VET:

VET is converted from VEN according to the ratio of 1VEN:100VET. The Vechain platform is a global ledger-based information interaction and collaboration cloud platform based on block technology. Through the connection between API and application layer, people, things or things in the real world can be digitized to realize the interconnection of information.