区块链去中心化实现,区块链去中心化钱包有哪些

⑴ You have to know the operating principles and development of blockchain!

1. Why is there innovation in blockchain?
The starting point of the first generation of the Internet is the TCP/IP protocol, which implements a unified format for peer-to-peer transmission of information by all nodes on the network. Open code. However, the impact of such an uncomplicated innovation on mankind is epoch-making. It has programmed, agreed, and enforced the basic values ​​required by a unified global market: "freedom, equality, and fraternity." Then the STMP email protocol, HTTP domain name protocol, etc. were derived, achieving low-cost and high-efficiency global information transmission in a decentralized manner. As Alibaba Vice President Gao Hongbing said:
"The Internet is to eliminate the (information) supply chain that has very low value and high cost - it is open, interconnected, peer-to-peer, globalized, and decentralized."
We know: The essence of the market is also decentralized. It automatically executes the decentralized agreement of "equivalent exchange". Just as Nobel Prize winner Ronald Coase summed up: "The market economy is based on two On the basis of deep cognition: admitting ignorance and tolerating uncertainty." Adam Smith also described the market as: "the invisible hand"! Therefore, the market must require the low-cost flow of information decentralization, and the Internet has adapted to the global Under the general climate formed by the unified market, it turned out to be.
However, the first generation of Internet decentralized solved the problem of low-cost and efficient transmission of information, but it did not solve the problem of credit of information. Therefore, what the second-generation Internet must break through is: how to establish global credit in a decentralized manner so that value transfer can be carried out at low cost and with high efficiency.
So what are the problems with the original centralized credit system? As we all know: centralized credit, such as the legal currencies of various countries, has different credit values, and the clearing systems are also incompatible, which adds a lot of cost to global trade. The current global credit system centered on the US dollar has a "Triffin Paradox" in its mechanism (the essence is that a country's legal currency cannot simultaneously resolve the conflict between its own economic interests and global economic needs). Therefore, in 2009, the Governor of the Central Bank of China, Zhou Ogawa called for the creation of a super-sovereign storage currency. In the same year, Satoshi Nakamoto disclosed the first-generation blockchain source code-"Bitcoin" online.
2. How does the blockchain system operate?
First of all, Satoshi Nakamoto knew very well that establishing a credit system for payment must solve the problem of preventing "duplicate payments", that is, no counterfeit currency can be created. The centralized credit system relies on state machinery to prevent counterfeit currency. What about "Bitcoin"? Satoshi Nakamoto's great innovation is to "timestamp" every transaction. There is a block (block: equivalent to a network account book) every ten minutes, and all network transactions for these ten minutes are correctly timestamped. The question is who will cover it? Satoshi Nakamoto did not assume that everyone on the Internet is Lei Feng. He agreed with Adam Smith: people in the market are greedy. He asked the so-called "miners" to compete for the accounting rights of each block for ten minutes. The rules of competition are correct.While keeping accounts, you need to solve the SHA256 problem. Whoever can prove that his computer has the fastest computing power (the so-called PROOF OF WORK mechanism) can compete for the legal accounting rights of these ten-minute blocks and get twenty-five Bitcoin rewards. This is the so-called "mining" process. It is actually a decentralized credit process that establishes a network-wide ledger - the blockchain. Therefore, the more essential function of miners is "bookkeepers"!
Satoshi Nakamoto is here In its Bitcoin white paper, the process of establishing this credit system is described in detail:
Step 1: In order for the entire network to recognize it as valid, each transaction must be broadcast to each node (node: that is, the miner);
The second step: Each miner node must correctly timestamp each transaction in these ten minutes and record it in that block;
The third step: Each miner node must Compete for the legal accounting rights of this ten-minute block by solving the SHA256 puzzle, and strive to get a reward of twenty-five bitcoins (fifty bitcoins every ten minutes for the first four years, decreasing by half every four years);< br>Step 4: If a miner node solves the SHA256 puzzle of these ten minutes, it will publish all the timestamped transactions recorded in its ten-minute blocks to the entire network, and they will be checked by other miner nodes in the entire network;< br>Step 5: Other miner nodes in the entire network check the correctness of the block accounting (because they are also stamping the accounting at the same time, but they have not competed for the legal block accounting rights, so there is no reward), there is no error Finally, they will compete for the next block after the legal block, thus forming a single chain of legal accounting blocks, which is the general ledger of the Bitcoin payment system - the blockchain.
Generally speaking, each transaction must undergo six block confirmations, that is, six ten-minute accounting, before it can finally be recognized as a legal transaction on the blockchain. The following is the accounting format of Bitcoin:
So the so-called "Bitcoin" is such a billing system: it includes the owner electronically signing with the private key and paying to the next owner, and then the entire network's "miners" "Time stamp the account and form a blockchain.
3. What are the innovations in Bitcoin’s blockchain finance?
Similar to gold, trying to establish decentralized credit on the global Internet may allow value to flow across the entire network at high speed and at low rates (currently each transfer The transfer rate is one ten thousandth);
The total amount of currency is agreed upon by the cryptographic protocol;
Compared to gold, digital currency is infinitely divisible;
The value of currency can be based on a large number of P2P transactions ;
Full transparency in financial management (every transaction can be traced on the blockchain).
Bitcoin’s blockchain-wide accounting system has established a market value of US$10 billion, the highest on the global Internet. Therefore, Wu Xiaoling, dean of Tsinghua PBC School of Finance, pointed out: The blockchain experiment established distributed credit, which is an upgraded version of Internet TCP/IP, upgrading from information transmission to value transmission;
4. Bitcoin’s blocks What are the inherent flaws of chain systems?
The Bitcoin blockchain system has been successful since it was open sourced on the Internet in 2009, but it also shows some inherent flaws that are difficult to overcome:
The total amount cannot change with the market situation and will inevitably rise and fall;
Mining is high-carbon. Only less than 1% of miners can compete for the accounting rights of less than ten minutes of blocks. More than 99% of other miners participating in the competition waste their computing power;
About 10% every year. Inflation has greatly increased the cost of the Bitcoin financial ecosystem and even threatened her survival;
As a decentralized self-organizing DAC system, the operating costs of the accounting and issuance functions are too high.
As a global payment system, its efficiency is far from meeting the actual requirements of global trade. The Bitcoin network currently confirms a maximum of 7 transactions per second. In comparison, Visa's network system can process 10,000 transactions per second at the fastest, and Alipay's record is 80,000 transactions per second on Singles' Day in 2014!
5. Block The development of chain technology 2.0:
As the 2.0 upgrade and development of blockchain, it first focuses on solving the high-carbon mining of Bitcoin accounting:
When we discuss how to overcome the high carbon of Bitcoin mining and accounting Professor Liu Taoxiong from the Tsinghua Institute of Economics pointed out that mining competition relies on computing power. In the end, only one company competes for the legal accounting rights, and the other 99% of the miner nodes are mined for nothing, which is a waste of resources. It is obviously unreasonable. If The whole network transparently knows the legal accounting rights of the next block, and it is randomly generated in the entire network, which eliminates the high carbon cost of competitive accounting! After hearing this, we all praised Professor Liu for his brilliant idea, because the second generation is now more successful. Coin NXT has this mechanism. Their white paper is called "Transparent Forging". However, the probability of the accounting rights going to someone is directly proportional to the NXT token holdings in each miner node wallet. This is called the proof of equity mechanism ( PROOF OF STOCK). Of course, this also triggered a debate about the unfairness of NXT’s distribution of tokens to early investment developers!
RIPPLE is a semi-decentralized blockchain solution that uses “trusted gateways” to conduct block operations. The credibility of chain accounting is based on the consensus ledger protocol that these gateways will not do evil at the same time.
The most ambitious attempt is Ethereum, which combines blockchain technology with Turing completeness, hoping to develop a basic platform that can support the construction of various blockchain systems in the future. The development of various credit currencies, digital assets, smart protocols and even financial derivatives. The system design is to unify blockchain accounting on the ETHERUM platform and be used by all developers. Maybe their official version will be released in the near future.
6. Possible applications of blockchain innovation in other fields:
Now, blockchain’s attempts to establish decentralized credit are no longer limited to the financial world, but have attracted attention from all fields of society, especially in At present, some of China’s central credits, such as the “Red Cross Society”, are in a state of “collapse”.Blockchain can provide a new way of thinking and technical options for social management. Here are some new developments and related discussions we have learned about:
The combination of blockchain and the Internet of Things unifies digital assets and atomic assets. Eradicate the difference between consumer assets and cash assets, expand public credit, and accelerate value circulation; (IBM-Samsung)
Establish an intellectual property protection system on the blockchain, keep accounts of the use of intellectual property across the entire network, and establish global advertising Market;
Whether blockchain can provide technical support for the issuance of protocol-based cryptographic currencies in emerging economies along the Belt and Road Initiative;
Blockchain + cloud computing can develop into decentralized self-media and community systems;< br>Blockchain can build a decentralized equity crowdfunding system, allowing innovative projects to enter the circulation field in advance;
Blockchain can develop a fully transparent financial management system;
Blockchain supports the establishment of a global Centralized corporate organization.
In short, in this era when credit has become a scarce resource, the technological innovation of blockchain, as a distributed credit model, provides new opportunities for finance, social management, talent evaluation and decentralized organization construction in the global market. All provide a broad development prospect.

⑵ Whether the central bank’s promotion of digital currency is based on decentralization

Whether the central bank’s promotion of digital currency is centralized or decentralized is a relative question. If From the perspective of the domestic central bank, this is a centralized process. If we consider it from the perspectives of off-balance sheet banking, Internet finance, and the Federal Reserve, the digital currency of our country’s central bank is decentralized.

But from the perspective of the US dollar, domestic banks, financial institutions and Internet finance, it is a decentralization process. For a long time, the United States has used US dollar seigniorage to run rampant all over the world, and the global economy has been suffering for a long time. The continuous improvement of my country's base currency is largely caused by the import of US dollars.

As of March this year, the total assets of my country's central bank were 36.5 trillion yuan, which is approximately 5.16 trillion U.S. dollars when converted into U.S. dollars at the current exchange rate. Most of the assets of my country's central bank are foreign exchange assets, accounting for 58%, followed by claims on depository financial institutions, accounting for about 31%.

Due to the high proportion of foreign exchange held by the import of US dollars, the currency issuance power of our country’s central bank is equivalent to being usurped by the Federal Reserve. This not only seriously affects domestic macro-control, but also brings foreign exchange reserve risks to China. and economic risks, which are very detrimental to domestic regulation of economic growth, inflation levels, asset prices, etc. Therefore, the central bank’s digital currency can bypass the U.S. dollar’s ​​international payment and settlement system to a certain extent, de-dollarizing our country and de-dollarizing it. Centralization is conducive to the re-centralization of central bank power and the internationalization of the RMB. From this perspective, it is decentralization.

In addition, for a long time, due to the continuous increase in the currency multiplier of banks’ off-balance sheet and Internet finance, the central bank’s currencyThe issuance rights are diluted, which not only poses a serious threat to domestic systemic security, but also makes the central bank's monetary policy increasingly weak, which increases market risks and reduces the credit of the RMB. The central bank's digital currency will have a negative impact on banks. Off-balance sheet, etc. have obvious restraint effect and will strengthen the central bank's centralization.

Since the central bank’s digital currency is endorsed by national credit, has the same value as legal currency, and is legally compensable, the central bank’s digital currency is destined to be different from the decentralization of digital currencies such as Bitcoin.

Central bank digital currency is a digital currency issued in the form of a state, backed by national credit. This is a centralized blockchain accounting method. The currently popular blockchain cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin are decentralized. However, Bitcoin and the like continue to exhibit high volatility because they do not have characteristics such as national credit, which cannot replace equivalents. Therefore, centralized legal digital currencies Only with more credit characteristics, legal characteristics, and stable characteristics will it be more recognized than Bitcoin, will it have a valuable foundation, and will it become an equivalent standard.

The digital currencies studied by various countries naturally have sovereign characteristics. This is necessarily different from decentralization such as Bitcoin. Contradictions arise. Centralization is mine and decentralization is his. This is probably the inevitable choice for central bank digital currency in various countries.

Well, for the digital currency launched by CCTV. Many people have a lot of arguments, but the country has also considered many reasons. Only then was he determined to promote digital currency. The country has been thinking about digital currency since last year. But not much implementation went into it. Due to the outbreak of the epidemic, countries have paid more attention to digital currencies and have implemented them faster. One banknote is prone to cross-infection and is unhygienic. Because banknotes may cause harm to ordinary people through counterfeiting. Deposits and withdrawals are particularly inconvenient. But today it is different with digital currency. All wealth will be in our mobile phones. No data network is required and transactions can be made by just touching the phone. There won't be too many financial frauds and the like. Therefore, it is better to promote digital currency, but it requires a process.

The central bank launched a legal currency based on national credit! It’s definitely not going to the center! To put it bluntly, it is the pip version of RMB! It is exactly the same as the paper money we usually spend!

The difference is that digital currency simplifies the process, making it more convenient and simple to serve the public! For example, if we want paper money, we need to go to the bank to apply for a bank card. There are many tedious steps, which would be too cumbersome for someone who wants to save a hundred yuan! So now many people around the world have not yet enjoyed financial services!

The launch of digital currency has greatly reduced the cost of use, and you only need a mobile phone number to activate the service! However, as the business volume increases, the required certifications will be added step by step.of!

Some people will say that Alipay and WeChat are very convenient now. Alipay and WeChat must have bank cards bound behind them, and then we are back to the cumbersome procedures before!

Therefore, the launch of digital currency will greatly reduce people’s usage costs and serve the public more conveniently!

No central bank will give up its control to the market. Otherwise, the central bank would not need to go through such painstaking efforts to create its own digital currency. Its purpose is to market-oriented virtual currencies such as Bitcoin. The impact of currency makes me worry that it will take away part of my huge cake. Therefore, central banks of various countries are also preparing for a comprehensive counterattack, and the core role of the most important central banks cannot be changed. The pattern of zero marginal cost of currency issuance by central banks cannot be changed. Central banks can use unlimited quantitative easing currency issuance according to policy needs. Characteristics cannot be changed. The last, most difficult and most important thing is that the regional liquidity characteristics under an independent monetary policy cannot be changed unless the moment of monetary globalization is reached.

Next, let’s talk about the scale of this digital currency. my country’s base currency is about 30 trillion yuan, but the scale of banknotes is only 7 trillion yuan, and my country’s supply in March reached At the end of 2019, the total domestic debt reached 251.3 trillion, which was 220% of GDP. When digital currency is fully liberalized, it is estimated that the existence of paper money will not be eliminated, and its scale will not be too small. Because the seigniorage of both banknotes and digital currencies is extremely high, the cost is negligible. For the central bank, there is actually no big problem in creating digital currency and issuing banknotes. Both can be released as long as the public needs them. If one day digital currency is on par with banknotes, it will reach a scale of 3 to 4 trillion, accounting for 2% of the entire M2208 trillion.

How can this mere 2% of digital currencies achieve decentralization? It is obviously impossible. But digital currency itself is decentralized. Not only can it be transferred through the big data of third-party platforms, but the digital currency in the wallet can also be transferred through point-to-point without the Internet. This is decentralization. The movement traces of digital currency can be found. This is also a technology that central banks must implement when issuing digital currencies, while the traces of banknotes are more difficult to track. But no matter how many miles Sun Wukong fights, he can never escape from the hands of Tathagata Buddha. And in this hand is the total money supply in the hundreds of billions.

Anyone who has a background in digital currency and blockchain technology will know that as a decentralized technology, digital currency has been “rebellious” since its birth, which is incompatible with centralization. Financial currency management and issuing institutions form a natural conflict. Central banks in various countries, including China, Sweden and Singapore, have begun preparations to issue their own digital currencies.

Problems also arise. What is the difference between this kind of legal digital currency endorsed by the state power and cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin and Ethereum that are generated on the basis of public blockchain chains? Can they coexist? What will be the outcome of the two in the future? Let us analyze it from two aspects.

Question 1: Multiple differences between digital currency and central bank digital currency

From a technical definition, the manifestation of digital currency is intelligence based on an open blockchain. The essence of a contract is a consensus on labor value. Because the blockchain has a shared protocol such as a distributed ledger, this value consensus does not need to be transmitted and proven through an intermediary. On the other hand, from the current design perspective, the digital currencies of central banks in various countries play a role as a supplement to the current currency system. To put it bluntly, they only digitize the current currency, so they still essentially play the role of value intermediary.

From the background of its creation, the depreciation in the value of legal currencies around the world caused by severe inflation is one of the important prerequisites for the emergence of digital currencies. The emergence of digital currency logically solves the problems of currency depreciation and artificial manipulation of value fluctuations, but at the same time it inevitably poses a huge challenge to the current financial order. The central bank's digital currency is launching passive responses to this challenge.

Due to the different problems faced by the financial and monetary systems of various countries, there are also great differences in the design functions and missions.

For example, the Swedish central bank's motive for launching digital currency research is simple and direct, which is to cope with the shrinking domestic cash circulation, so it is directly called "digital krona", or digital cash. The starting point of the Bank of Canada is to evaluate whether digital currencies are more efficient and cost-effective than the existing retail payment system, so the proposed definition emphasizes its function as a payment medium: "a digital form of value issued by a central bank liability for payment." The Bank of England defines it as a digital currency issued by the central bank through specific rules that is equivalent to legal currency and earns interest. It provides the public with a way to electronically access the central bank's balance sheet anytime, anywhere.

In contrast, the European Central Bank’s concept is more comprehensive, grand and long-term, and plans to use blockchain technology to support both account-based and value-based central bank digital base currency (DBM) models. It also recognizes the legality of transactions under both modes, which is currently the most inclusive system.

Question 2: Can national legal digital currency replace traditional digital currency

Before answering the question, let us first position it from the sociological level. From a population perspective, humans, as group animals, naturally need centralized organizations. At the same time, the historical experience brought by the traditional contradictory philosophy of "a long-term unity must divide, and a long-term division must unite" also tells us that complete decentralization is impossible. In fact, the centralized versionIt’s not a problem. The problem lies in the negative effects of centralization, such as the emergence of monopoly, inequality and fraud. However, the blockchain, which was born under the blood of democratic civilization such as fairness and freedom, has not been interfered by negative factors, so it has produced technical functions that restrict such negative effects.

After understanding this, we will no longer have too many questions and entanglements on this issue. Dan Larime, who is known as the "leader" of global blockchain technology and is also the co-founder and CTO of Steemit, sees this very clearly. He said in an interview: "Centralization is not an end, it is just one of the ways to solve the problem. Decentralization is not an end, but a means to resist censorship and keep the network from being closed by external powers."

It is reasonable to predict that the development of traditional digital currency and national legal digital currency will go through three processes: parallel in the early stage, complementary in the mid-term, and integration in the later stage.

The reason is very simple. The development of productivity is not transferred by human will, and the same is true for blockchain technology. Similarly, the statutory credibility of national endorsement and the consensus credibility of technical endorsement will not be comparable for a long time. Blockchain technology is not yet mature, and there are no signs of collapse of the existing global financial and monetary system yet. Therefore, the basic judgment that can be drawn is that the two cannot replace each other, nor can they eliminate each other.

Not only that, the two may even complement each other to some extent. (Of course, the premise is that the central banks of various countries can go in the right direction.) The emergence of legal digital currencies will, on the one hand, crack down on the living space of various counterfeit currencies and fake currencies, promote the accelerated development and utilization of blockchain in the financial system, and also Focus on investment objectively and let valuable blockchains and ICOs emerge.

We can refuse choices, but we cannot refuse the future. The process of breaking out of a cocoon and becoming a butterfly is certainly painful, but the subsequent spread of wings is even more worthy of our expectations.

No, it is traceable and backed by the country’s local currency. If it is completely decentralized, transaction management is unacceptable. Its biggest function is to facilitate transactions and management

To understand digital payment tools with value transfer functions, it is necessary to talk about the electronic payment tools we currently commonly use, such as Alipay, WeChat, and QR code scanning. Let's take a simple scenario first. Why can't Alipay payment be used when there is no network (offline payment)? Why can't it be connected when offline? Why can't it be paid with point-to-point connection methods such as Bluetooth and NFC? The principle behind it is that Alipay It is just a means of payment intermediary. It is a digital and electronic form of physical currency payment. In other words, it is a mathematical payment on the surface, but the essence behind it is still the exchange of physical currency. Therefore, it must be connected to the Internet and connected to the physical currency for settlement (account system), otherwise electronic payment cannot complete equivalent (value) exchange.

Yes, decentralization is a major trend

It is not decentralized. The digital currency dcep of the Central Bank of China only uses the encryption algorithm of blockchain technology and does not The decentralized structure of the blockchain is actually just the digitization of the RMB

There is still a center now. As long as it is launched by the central bank, it must be a center. It may be decentralized in the future. , distributed.

⑶ What is pi coin

In the currency circle, Pi coin is also called π coin. However, in the blockchain market, Pi coin always appears as a currency that is not widely favored by investors. So, does anyone know when is the official time for Pi Coin to be listed on the mainnet? Next, the editor of Yisu Software Park will take you to understand the exact time when Pi coin will be listed on the main network, as well as the explanation of the scam problem of π coin and other information! Interested investors, come and take a look!

1. Pi Coin Master What is the exact date of the website?

Estimated time: December 2023 to March 14, 2025
The time for Pi coins to be listed on the mainnet is always changing. As for the reasons:
1. Pi The coin cannot actually be listed on the mainnet because the Pi coin itself is a scam coin.
2. The specific time when Pi Coin is listed on the mainnet needs to be adjusted according to the specific announcement content on the Pi Coin official website.
3. Last year, it was reported that Pi Coin will complete the task of being on the mainnet before the end of 2021. However, one year later, the time for π Coin to be on the mainnet is still far away.

2. Is π coin a A scam?

It’s a scam.
The essence of Pi Coin is the same as MLM coins such as "Datang Coin" and "Five Elements Coin". It has a bad reputation of "cutting leeks" in the blockchain investment market. In addition, Pi Coin requires investors to continuously attract people to achieve income and profits, so it has a very clear routine. Therefore, in essence, Pi Coin is a scam.
Investors need to pay attention to the fact that Pi Coin will continue to confuse the minds of investors through various deceptive methods, so that investors will be trapped and defrauded without knowing it. .
Therefore, before investing in the blockchain, everyone needs to learn to identify fraudulent products such as Pi coins.

⑷ BTC Bitcoin connotation

1. The concept, connotation, essence, etc. of blockchain and Bitcoin.

2. Blockchain-related laws and regulationsMake plans, notices and announcements, etc.

First, the blockchain in the author’s eyes:

As its name suggests, it refers to an area connected together, eventually forming the splicing of many blocks, and each Each block has a node that can carry different things. For example, if you buy a box of apples and the seller sells them to you for 100 yuan at this node, you can know through this chain that the previous farmer who grew apples sold them for 50 yuan. The information is open and transparent, which can lift the veil of transactions, services, and communication processes; I personally believe that the blockchain is not decentralization, but the union of all centralizations, because each node is a small center. , connecting all centers to form an entire blockchain database, instead of isolating one thing into one point and diverging in the traditional way, requires the cooperation of each node. It is an ideological model and a carrier based on distributed accounting and In terms of storage, there is no centralized hardware or management organization. Any node has equal rights and obligations. Data blocks in a system are jointly maintained by nodes with maintenance functions in the entire system.

The explanation of network and 360 network, and according to the definition of China's Blockchain Technology and Application Development White Paper (2016) by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of my country: it is distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, New application models of computer technologies such as consensus mechanisms and encryption algorithms.

On March 31, 2018, "Blockchain Technology Principles and Development Practice" was officially introduced into university lectures, and the first course was taught at the South Campus of Xi'an University of Electronic Science and Technology. In April 2018, a group of scholars from Oxford University announced the establishment of the world's first blockchain university, Woolf University. On May 29, a new blockchain function was launched on the network to ensure that entry editing is fair and transparent.

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Second. Bitcoin in the eyes of the author:

A digital currency developed based on the application of blockchain technology, it is not a legal currency and has challenged legal rules and caused many social and property risks. We need to carefully evaluate the possible legal issues in the application of blockchain technology and think about countermeasures. Regulatory issues...

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Narrow blockchain is a way to block data in chronological order A chained data structure composed of sequential connections, and a cryptographically guaranteed distributed ledger that cannot be tampered with or forged.

Generalized blockchain technology uses block chain data structures to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, and uses cryptography to ensure the security of data transmission and access. , a new distribution that uses smart contracts composed of automated script code to program and manipulate datainfrastructure and computing methods. Generally speaking, the blockchain system consists of data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer and application layer. The data layer encapsulates the underlying data blocks and related data encryption and timestamp technologies; the network layer includes Distributed networking mechanism, data dissemination mechanism and data verification mechanism, etc.; the consensus layer mainly encapsulates various consensus algorithms of network nodes; the incentive layer integrates economic factors into the blockchain technology system, mainly including the issuance mechanism of economic incentives and Distribution mechanism, etc.; the contract layer mainly encapsulates various scripts, algorithms and smart contracts, which are the basis of the programmable features of the blockchain (the wide application of blockchain technology is inseparable from smart contracts. The so-called smart contracts are in the form of digital encoding. Define commitment. The parties to the transaction do not need to trust each other, and all transactions are enforced by code. However, the form of the smart contract and the validity of its content have not been officially recognized by law and justice. It is a contract text embodied in the form of digital encoding. , it is still unclear whether it can constitute the requirements for a valid contract and whether it can meet the authenticity, legality and validity of the evidence to be admitted by the judiciary.); the application layer encapsulates various application scenarios and cases of the blockchain.

The blockchain has developed from blockchain 1.0 - digital currency to 2.0 - digital assets and smart contracts, to now blockchain 3.0 - DAO, DAC (blockchain self-consistent organization , Blockchain self-consistent company) --> Blockchain society (science, medical care, education, blockchain + AI). From cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin to tracking free-range broiler chickens in China. Patent applications specifically related to cryptocurrencies—not included in the blockchain patent category—increased 16% in 2017 to 602. China applied for 225 blockchain patents in 2017, compared with 59 in 2016,

followed by the United States (91 last year and 21 in 2016). The core advantage of its architecture: any node can create a transaction, and after a period of confirmation, it can be reasonably confirmed whether the transaction is valid. The blockchain can effectively prevent problems between both parties. The cost of trying to rewrite or modify transaction records is very high.

Blockchain implements two types of records: transactions and blocks. Transactions are the actual data stored on the blockchain, while blocks are records confirming when and in what order certain transactions became part of the blockchain database. Transactions are created by participants using the system in the normal course (in the case of cryptocurrency, a transaction is created by B sending tokens to A), while blocks are created by what we call miners The unit is responsible for creating.

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(Part of) Blockchain characteristics:

1. Decentralization: using distributed computing and storage, no There is centralized hardware or management organization, and the rights of any nodeand obligations are equal, and the data blocks in the system are jointly maintained by nodes with maintenance functions in the entire system.

2. Openness: The system is open. In addition to the private information of the transaction parties being encrypted, the blockchain data is open to everyone, and anyone can query the blockchain through the public interface. Data and development related applications, so the entire system information is highly transparent. (Private items are encrypted and public items are transparent)

3. Autonomy: The blockchain adopts consensus-based specifications and protocols (such as a set of open and transparent algorithms) to enable all nodes in the entire system to Being able to exchange data freely and securely in a trustless environment changes trust in "people" to trust in machines, and any human intervention has no effect.

4. The information cannot be tampered with: Once the information is verified and added to the blockchain, it will be stored permanently. Unless more than 51% of the nodes in the system can be controlled at the same time, otherwise the information on a single node will not be tampered with. Modifications to the database are invalid, so the data stability and reliability of the blockchain are extremely high.

5. Anonymity: Since the exchange between nodes follows a fixed algorithm, the data interaction is trustless (the program rules in the blockchain will judge whether the activity is valid by itself), so the counterparty There is no need to disclose your identity to make the other party trust you, which is very helpful for the accumulation of credit.

In summary, the author agrees that blockchain is a system and an innovative application of algorithm technology. As long as it does not involve ethical issues and moral risks, there is no issue of national supervision and legal regulation. .

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References

1. Zheng Huimin: "Blockchain Law: The nature of virtual currencies and digital tokens in some countries Recognition" Dafenghao self-media.

2. Cao Lei: "Blockchain, Another Possibility of Finance". Chief Financial Officer. Issue 24, 2015.

3. Wang Wenyan: "Secure and Transparent Public Ledger - Blockchain". Shanghai Securities News·China Securities Network. February 26, 2016.

4. Jiang Runxiang; Wei Changjiang: "Discussion on the Application Progress and Value of Blockchain". Financial Vision. Issue Z2, 2016.

5. What exactly is “blockchain”? What does it have to do with ordinary people? .NetEase Technology .August 5, 2016.

6. Liu Jinyu: "The Hong Kong Securities Regulatory Commission issued an announcement to warn of the risks of digital currency and said it would take enforcement actions when necessary." Ifeng.com Finance Golden Finance. February 9, 2018.

7. Su Dedong: On the legal regulations and risks of blockchain. All ChinaLawyers Association.

⑸ What is fsv currency?

FSV is an interstellar video public chain project, and FSV currency is a decentralized blockchain currency led by the interstellar video public chain project, but the The audience of currency is relatively small, so you need to carefully check the authenticity and legality of the currency to avoid being deceived.

Blockchain
What is Blockchain? From a technological perspective, blockchain involves many scientific and technical issues such as mathematics, cryptography, Internet and computer programming. From an application perspective, simply put, blockchain is a distributed shared ledger and database, which has the characteristics of decentralization, non-tampering, full traceability, traceability, collective maintenance, openness and transparency. These characteristics ensure the "honesty" and "transparency" of the blockchain and lay the foundation for creating trust in the blockchain. The rich application scenarios of blockchain are basically based on the ability of blockchain to solve the problem of information asymmetry and achieve collaborative trust and consistent action among multiple subjects.
Blockchain is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithms. Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database. As the underlying technology of Bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each The data block contains information about a batch of Bitcoin network transactions and is used to verify the validity of the information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block.
The original English version of the Bitcoin white paper does not actually appear in the word blockchain, but uses chain of blocks. In the earliest Chinese translation of the Bitcoin white paper [9], chain of blocks was translated into blockchain. This is the earliest time when the Chinese word "blockchain" appeared.
The Cyberspace Administration of China issued the "Blockchain Information Service Management Regulations" on January 10, 2019, which will come into effect on February 15, 2019.
As an important breakthrough for independent innovation of core technologies, the security risk issue of blockchain is regarded as a major shortcoming that currently restricts the healthy development of the industry. Frequent security incidents have sounded the alarm for the industry. To embrace blockchain, we need to accelerate the exploration and establishment of a security system that adapts to the blockchain technology mechanism.

⑹ What does the decentralization of the blockchain mean?

The decentralization of the blockchain refers to the formation of The form of social relations and content production form is a new online content production process compared to "centralization".

Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database. As the underlying technology of Bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. , each data block contains a batch of Bitcoin network transaction information, which is used to verify the validity of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block.

Blockchain isThe entire network is unified, so it is logically centralized. From an architectural point of view, blockchain is based on a peer-to-peer network, so it has a decentralized architecture. From a governance perspective, blockchain uses consensus algorithms to make it difficult for a few people to control the entire system, so its governance is decentralized.

(6) Extended reading on blockchain decentralized currency system:

Characteristics of blockchain decentralization:

Decentralization does not mean that there is no center, but that the nodes can freely choose and determine the center. Simply put, centralization means the center determines the node. Nodes must rely on the center. Nodes cannot survive without the center.

In a decentralized system, anyone is a node, and anyone can become a center. No center is permanent, but is temporary, and no center is mandatory for nodes.

With the diversification of network service forms, the decentralized network model is becoming more and more clear and becoming more and more possible. After the rise of Web 2.0, the services provided by network service providers such as Wikipedia, Flickr, and Blogger are all decentralized. Any participant can submit content, and netizens can jointly create or contribute content.

Reference source: Network-Blockchain

Reference source: Network-Decentralization

⑺ What is the decentralized financial application of blockchain?

Blockchain decentralized financial applications refer to decentralized finance (DeFi) applications implemented using blockchain core mining technology. In the traditional financial system, centralized financial institutions (such as banks, stock exchanges, etc.) play a core role in managing and controlling capital flows and transaction behaviors. However, there are also many limitations and problems, such as high handling fees and transaction speed. Slow, low trust, etc.

Blockchain decentralized financial applications transfer financial activities such as transactions and capital flows to the blockchain by taking advantage of the decentralization characteristics of blockchain technology, making financial activities more transparent and fair. and safety. Its characteristics include:

Decentralization: There is no central agency or intermediary, and all participants work together to maintain the security and stability of the system.

No trust required: Based on smart contracts and cryptography technology, both parties can conduct transactions without trust.

Transparent and open: All transaction information can be publicly recorded on the blockchain to achieve transparency and openness of transactions.

Low cost and high efficiency: Since there is no need for intermediaries and trust, transaction costs are lower and the speed is faster.

Common blockchain decentralized financial applications include decentralized exchanges, decentralized lending platforms, decentralized insurance, etc. These applications realize automated transactions, settlement and management through smart contracts, thereby providing users with more convenient, efficient and secure financial services.

⑻ BlockThe essence of decentralization of chain digital currency

For blockchain practitioners, if there is any word that has been heard in the past two years, then "decentralization" can definitely be used in it. Take your place. From being confused when I first came into contact with it, to being a mantra on my lips all the time now, the word "decentralization" went from being in the spotlight in 2018 to sweeping the world today, and it only took a year to fully calculate it. Much time. So far, the "decentralization" of various behaviors has become a political correctness in the blockchain industry.

Practitioners hate the cloud platforms of Internet giants because it makes data storage not decentralized enough. They hate the emergence of monopoly giants in the industry because it makes the industry structure not decentralized enough. Leaders, because this makes the decision-making mechanism not decentralized enough, may even hate working in one office, because it makes people's activities not decentralized enough... which makes the words and deeds of many practitioners now a little more "centralized". They will look forward and backward, fearing that they will be criticized by the outside world.

So, what exactly is “decentralization”? What is its essence?

The sinking of power: the true essence of decentralization

In fact, regarding the matter of decentralization, the author has already stated in ["Prospects of Blockchain 3.0: Are decentralized communities useless or the future? "It was once stated in the article: Decentralization is not a trend that people subjectively promote, nor is it a false proposition wantonly advocated by blockchain practitioners, but an objective and inevitable result of economic and technological development. In other words In other words, the decentralization trend of society is the result of everyone voting with their feet under the current situation, and it is not based on people's subjective will.

If you don’t believe it, let’s look back at the technological products before the blockchain industry exploded - the abundance of civilian cars has enabled more and more people to participate in what used to be only passenger transport and transportation. Among the passenger transportation services that taxi companies can only engage in, the decentralization of driving services has been achieved; a smartphone in everyone’s hand has given everyone the opportunity to record the world around them with a lens, thus achieving the decentralization of photography and video rights. ization; the Internet that extends in all directions allows every individual to have the opportunity to express his or her own voice, thereby decentralizing the right to speak; and the popularity of e-commerce platforms allows those who have the ability and intention to open a store. Opportunities to run your own business, thereby realizing the decentralization of the right to open a store...

From the above cases, it is not difficult to see that as early as with the help of the last bull market and Satoshi Nakamoto’s Bitcoin Before the currency white paper became famous, the phenomenon of “decentralization” was already everywhere. Why is there such a situation?

Regarding this point, the author has previously discussed this in ["Blockchain: The Last Internet Celebrity in the Digital World"]Mentioned slightly: For individuals, the biggest benefits that digital technology and the digital economy bring to them are two points: First, some of the costs that hindered their actions in the past are concentrated on centralized giants, such as those in the sharing economy. Time-sharing leasing can eliminate the need for many people to carry various necessities; the second is to sink various rights and interests into the hands of individuals, such as the passenger rights of car owners mentioned above and the rights to hold smartphones. The owner has the right to take pictures, the Internet users have the right to speak, and the goods and service providers have the right to open stores...

In other words, no matter what kind of decentralization, its essence is actually It refers to the sinking of various powers from top-level centralized institutions to grassroots individuals. As long as the development of economy and technology continues to benefit every smaller group or individual, this sinking trend will not continue. will stop. The "decentralization" advocated by the blockchain is actually just one of the countless decentralized powers in this technological wave - that is, the right to mint money (or the right to record information). In other words, Blockchain digital currency, including Bitcoin, is not the first decentralized product, and it will definitely not be the last decentralized product.

The boundaries of freedom: any decentralization has limits**

However, we should also pay attention to one thing: although in theory, "decentralization" The ultimate goal is to sink power into everyone's hands, but in reality, since the proper use of any power is inseparable from the user's good professionalism and moral standards, from a longitudinal perspective, the power of these powers There is a bottom line for many sinking rates. From a horizontal perspective, the degree of decentralization is limited (that is, what many people often call "polycentering").

If certain powers are allowed to continue to sink vertically, that is, the industry continues to be decentralized from the front, it is likely to lead to certain uncontrollable situations, such as the well-known Passenger transportation rights (that is, online ride-hailing), this kind of power to provide passenger transportation services can only sink to the level of car owners with driver's licenses and good conduct. If this bottom line is exceeded and continues to sink, various online ride-hailing services last year The chances of violence will skyrocket.

By the way, as the saying goes, every industry is like a mountain. Since different industries have different requirements for the professionalism of power users, the maximum sinking degree of different powers is often different, and what they can tolerate The degree of decentralization also varies. For example, regarding the sinking of photography rights, since a single video itself generally does not have a great negative impact on society, even if it is not professional enough and it is shot randomly, it may be understandable. Therefore, as long as no darknet-style works are produced, let There is often no problem with this kind of power sinking into everyone's hands.

But for things like blockchain minting rights, if it sinks to thatIn the hands of people with insufficient objective skills or subjective irresponsibility, we will see a lot of money-making and deceiving projects in the digital currency market. Under such circumstances, the minting power can only be transferred to those individuals or teams that are professional, marketing and ethical at most (that is, the author previously mentioned in ["Practical, Positive and Kind: One of the Most Suitable Blockchains for Ordinary People"] The three elements mentioned in the article "Road"), otherwise, the grand scene of "the city is full of air coins" in 2017 and 2018 will soon reappear in our world.

However, it is a pity that many people do not have an objective and correct understanding of "decentralization has limits". In reality, they love to go to extremes. When they first came into contact with blockchain and digital currency, they believed that the astonishing price increase of this new thing came largely from the distributed minting rights, so whenever there was any regulatory disturbance, they would shout out ideals and freedom with great resistance. slogan, as if all of them were anarchists; but after the collapse of air coins and altcoins, and their own interests were damaged, they threw down the decentralized flag they had previously waved, and cried everywhere why Master Qingtian didn't care. Take care of this lawless and barbaric land.

The swing between the two poles gives people a sense of confusion. The reason for this situation is ultimately because they do not realize: decentralization, that is, the sinking of various powers, It has limits, especially for the highly professional blockchain minting rights. The "everyone can mint money and print money" imagined by some people before can only be an ideal. If you are not aware of this objective fact, it is very likely that a funny situation will arise where "the front foot loves freedom and the back foot advocates authority."

Nonetheless, even if power cannot be decentralized without limit and decentralization cannot be too distributed, it does not mean that related initiatives are meaningless. The decentralization of minting power represented by Bitcoin and blockchain may be difficult to completely sink into the hands of every individual as Satoshi Nakamoto envisioned, but it has combined the word "decentralization" and related The concept of freedom is rooted in the hearts of countless investors and practitioners. Let them have a clearer understanding of the issue of "whose hands should hold various powers in the future?"

Although many people’s current accusations against centralized institutions are not entirely true, such as the accusation that one mining machine manufacturer is the dominant one; and some current “forced decentralization” behaviors are not entirely valid. Not particularly successful, just like Bitmain’s dual-CEO structure. But from a long-term perspective, these immature words and deeds are just a small wave at the beginning of the development of social decentralization. Just as once the floodgates are opened, the water flow cannot be stopped; when the concept of "decentralization" is rooted in people's hearts, the equal rights movement in various vertical fields is inevitable. The key is that power will sink from the original centralized institutions. The question is which level to go to.

From this point of view, decentralization has become an unstoppable torrent of social development, and the massive redistribution of social resources we have seen in the past decade or so is largely due to this sinking of power. the result. Under such circumstances, people, including some blockchain practitioners, began to pursue the victory and targeted another "Chinese-prefixed" target - that is, intermediaries. However, "decentralization" is equal to "decentralization". Intermediation”? Is the latter, like the former, an irreversible trend? The author will introduce the relevant content in detail in the next series of articles.

⑼ What is jst currency?

JST currency is the ecological governance token of the decentralized financial system JUST. It was established based on TRON and was issued in May 2020. The total amount is 9900000000. JST currency is part of the USDJ currency system, which is a stable currency anchored 1:1 with the US dollar. TRON is the world's largest blockchain decentralized application operating system.
Blockchain is a distributed shared ledger and database, which has the characteristics of "unforgeable", "full traces left", "traceable", "open and transparent" and "collective maintenance". It involves many scientific and technical issues such as mathematics, cryptography, Internet and computer programming.
Extended information
1. The goal of the JUST system is to establish a fair decentralized financial system and provide stable currency lending and governance mechanisms for all users around the world. This is a dual token system. The first is USDJ, which is a stablecoin anchored 1:1 with the US dollar and generated by staking TRX on JUST’s CDP lending platform. Next is the JST coin, which is part of the USDJ currency system.
2. The system governance of JUST mainly relies on the holders of JST coins. On the one hand, JST currency holders can enjoy the benefits brought by the stable fees of USDJ. On the other hand, JST currency holders also need to assume the governance functions of the JUST system. The governance of the JUST platform is mainly accomplished by JST coin holders voting on effective proposals. Each JST coin holder can vote with JST coins to select the contract he supports from all the smart contracts that modify system parameters. After the voting is completed, the contract with the highest number of votes will be the valid proposal. The proposal contract can obtain system permissions and complete the modification of the internal management variables of the JUST system according to the established logic.
3. JST Coin founding team and its background: JST Coin has a vibrant elite team. 50% of the employees in the technical team come from the world's first-tier Internet companies such as Alibaba, Tencent, and IBM, and have rich product design and development experience. The financial analysis team of JUST system comes from several global investment banks, and the operation team has senior blockchain operation experience. At the same time, the JUST system is also a die-hard supporter of the TRON ecosystem