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『一』The world’s first Internet of Vehicles blockchain IOV Blockchain was officially open sourced globally in Huangpu, China
On January 14, 2020, Beijing time, Guangdong Zhongke Intelligent Zone Blockchain Technology Co., Ltd. successfully held the global open source of the underlying technology of the Internet of Vehicles blockchain and the launch conference of the ecological service system in Huangpu, Guangzhou, and released the underlying technology platform of the Internet of Vehicles blockchain IOV Blockchain to the world. With the MDPoS algorithm and cross-chain technology, it officially It has become the representative platform of the fourth generation blockchain algorithm technology and ranks among the top ten blockchain underlying technology platforms in the world. In just two months after Zhongke settled in Huangpu, the number of blockchain technology patent applications has reached 11.2% of the number of applications filed by the People's Bank of China, and 1.3% of Alibaba, the world's largest blockchain technology patent application company, has become Guangzhou The Huangpu blockchain industry was successfully incubated and became the backbone of global blockchain technology competition. Zhongke Company, Guangzhou Intelligent Connected Vehicle Demonstration Zone Operation Center, and Jumbo Bus Group signed a tripartite agreement on blockchain technology application cooperation at the press conference, becoming another important scenario for blockchain technology application in Huangpu District.
The technical infrastructure route in the development process of the blockchain industry is particularly important, including core content such as underlying algorithm capabilities, open source service capabilities, ecosystem development capabilities, industry standardization processes, and digital chip industry applications. After long-term scientific research and incubation, Zhongke has completed the open source of the underlying blockchain algorithm and launched an ecological service system. In 2020, it will start the standardization construction of the Internet of Vehicles blockchain and the design and development of digital chips. The launch of IOV Blockchain’s open source and ecological services marks that the underlying technical strength of China’s blockchain is changing the competitive landscape of the new generation of global information technology. In terms of underlying technology and business ecology, as one of the core technology representatives of blockchain, it leads China’s blockchain industry and become a Chinese force participating in global competition.
This press conference received the guidance of Guangzhou Huangpu District Industry and Information Technology Bureau and Guangzhou Blockchain Industry Association, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Blockchain Alliance, BLOCKCHAIN728, and Guangdong Automotive Supplies With the support of the Chamber of Commerce and the Internet of Vehicles Branch, more than 100 representatives from industry organizations and core blockchain companies attended the press conference and participated in technology docking activities.
This article comes from the author of Autohome Chejiahao and does not represent the views and positions of Autohome.
『二』 Is the blockchain invented by humans?
The blockchain is invented by humans.
Blockchain is a term in the field of information technology. In essence, it is a shared database, and the data or information stored in it has the characteristics of "unforgeable", "full traces left", "traceable", "open and transparent" and "collectively maintained". Based on these characteristics, blockchain technology has laid a solid foundation of "trust" and created a reliable "cooperation" mechanism, which has broad application prospects.
In 2008 by Satoshi NakamotoThe concept of blockchain was first proposed, and in the following years, blockchain became a core component of the electronic currency Bitcoin: serving as a public ledger for all transactions. By leveraging peer-to-peer networks and distributed timestamp servers, blockchain databases can be managed autonomously. The blockchain invented for Bitcoin makes it the first digital currency to solve the problem of repeated consumption. Bitcoin's design has become a source of inspiration for other applications.
Features
Decentralization. Blockchain technology does not rely on additional third-party management agencies or hardware facilities, and there is no central control. In addition to the self-contained blockchain itself, each node realizes self-verification, transmission and management of information through distributed accounting and storage. Decentralization is the most prominent and essential feature of blockchain.
Openness. The foundation of blockchain technology is open source. In addition to the private information of the transaction parties being encrypted, the data of the blockchain is open to everyone. Anyone can query the blockchain data and develop related applications through the public interface. Therefore, the entire System information is highly transparent.
『三』What is the development process of blockchain applications?
The development process of blockchain can be divided into three stages. Melanie Swann, founder of the Blockchain Science Institute, in her book "Blockchain: A New Economic Blueprint and Introduction", divides the application development of blockchain into three stages: Blockchain Chains 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0.
1. Blockchain 1.0 Cryptocurrency Era (2008-2013)
In 2008, Satoshi Nakamoto first proposed the concepts of Bitcoin and blockchain. In January 2009, the first blockchain was launched. At this stage, people are paying more attention to cryptocurrency transactions, and blockchain is only the underlying technology, acting as a "public ledger".
2. Blockchain 2.0 Smart Contract Era (2014-2017)
In 2014, "Blockchain 2.0" became synonymous with decentralized blockchain databases. At this stage, people mainly focus on the application of the platform. Anyone can upload and execute smart contracts on the blockchain, and will automatically receive rewards after execution. Since this transaction process does not require any intermediary, people's privacy is greatly protected.
3. Blockchain 3.0 Large-Scale Application Era (2018-)
At this stage, people began to build a completely decentralized data network. Blockchain technology Applications are no longer limited to the economic field, but have expanded to art, law, real estate, hospitals, human resources and other fields.
『四』What is the concept of blockchain? Is blockchain a scam? The most complete explanation of blockchain
What is the concept of blockchain?
On October 25, 2019, the country advocated the development of blockchain. Overnight, the blockchain concept became popular.
However, many people are hearing about blockchain for the first time.
So, what is blockchain?
Let’s take a look at it from an academic perspective:
Blockchain is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithms. Blockchain is essentially a decentralized database. As the underlying technology of Bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains a batch of Bitcoin network transactions. Information, used to verify the validity of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block.
In fact, blockchain is essentially a decentralized database.
Is blockchain the same as Bitcoin? Blockchain is not Bitcoin. The first application of blockchain is Bitcoin.
What are the characteristics of blockchain? Now let’s take a look at several characteristics of the blockchain:
1. Decentralization:
The most important feature of the blockchain is decentralization, and the blockchain system is different Based on a centralized database, it is not controlled by any person or entity. Through distributed storage, data is completely copied and distributed on multiple computers, and each node realizes information self-verification, transmission and management.
2. Non-tamperability:
The blockchain system also has the characteristics of non-tamperability. In the blockchain system, each node is the center and no information can be changed, not even the administrator can modify this information. The consensus mechanism of the blockchain has the characteristics of "the minority obeys the majority" and "everyone is equal". Only when more than 51% of the accounting nodes in the entire network are controlled, it is possible to forge a non-existent record. This situation is basically impossible, thus eliminating the possibility of fraud.
3. Publicity:
In a blockchain system, all nodes in the network can easily access information. The foundation of blockchain technology is open source. In addition to private information being encrypted, blockchain data is open to everyone. Anyone can query blockchain data and develop related applications through public interfaces, so the entire system information is highly transparent. .
4. Independence:
Because the blockchain is decentralized, it can facilitate peer-to-peer transactions, so there is no need for a third party whether in transaction or exchange of funds. of approval.
Based on consensus specifications and protocols, the entire blockchain system does not rely on other third parties. All nodes can be automatically and securely verified within the system.Exchange data without any human intervention.
Let’s assume an environment: 6 people live in dormitory 188 of the university
There is a ledger in the dormitory for Xiao Li, who is good at calculation, to keep accounts.
In the beginning, when the dormitory sold paper boxes or bought some public items, Xiao Li would record them in the ledger. If Xiao Li wanted to enrich himself and made false accounts, there would be less money in the account books, but no one would know.
After all, there is already a general ledger room, who would have nothing to do to keep track of the ledgers?
However, one day, because Xiao Li took more, there were obvious errors in the account book. Now, he could no longer hide it, so Xiao Li had to admit his mistake and make up the money.
So, how to solve this problem?
If blockchain is used to solve the problem:
Everyone in the dormitory takes out a ledger, and every time a transaction occurs, everyone records it in their own ledger. , such problems will not arise, because everyone is keeping accounts and can see the transaction records and final results on the ledger.
Xiao Li can’t change, you can’t change, and neither can your lower bunk. No one can change it.
This is because the previous accounting model was a centralized accounting model, and the current accounting model is a decentralized accounting model, where everyone is the center and everyone is the accountant.
If someone wants to change it, it will obviously be ineffective if they only change the data on their own account book, unless they bribe three people.
So, is blockchain a scam?
With the emergence of the great benefits of blockchain, in a short period of time, the prices of blockchain-related assets have soared, and ordinary investors are becoming more and more interested in blockchain. And criminals have also taken aim at this. There are some criminals who wear the gorgeous cloak of "blockchain" and use the blockchain to commit fraud or issue digital currencies without permission, leading many people to think that the blockchain is a scam.
But in fact, it is not. Blockchain is just a technology. If it can be used well, it will benefit the public and promote the development of the industry.
In particular, the application of blockchain is very wide and can be applied to almost everything of value to human beings.
Medical field: For example, when you go to the hospital for medical treatment, you can directly check the previous medical treatment in your own database, which greatly saves medical resources and saves medical expenses for repeated examinations.
Food traceability: Do you know where the food on your table comes from? Which logistics team is transporting it? This information can be tracked using blockchain. It can provide us with a single source of truth.
Supply chain application: For example, when we buy a product on Moubao, the product leaves the factory, goes to the distributor for logistics turnover, goes to the seller's store warehouse, and then reaches the consumer's hands. During these processes, if something goes wrong, only you will know about it, and others, especially consumers, will not.
Well, this is where I introduce you to the relevant knowledge about the concept of blockchain. I hope it can be helpful to you.
『五』How to develop a block into a blockchain and what is a blockchain
1. The development of a block into a blockchain requires the software Go. Go is an open source programming language that makes it easy to build simple, reliable, and efficient software.
2. Blockchain is a term in the field of information technology. In essence, it is a shared database, and the data or information stored in it has the characteristics of "unforgeable", "full traces left", "traceable", "open and transparent" and "collectively maintained". Based on these characteristics, blockchain technology has laid a solid foundation of "trust", created a reliable "cooperation" mechanism, and has broad application prospects.
3. From a technological perspective, blockchain involves many scientific and technical issues such as mathematics, cryptography, Internet and computer programming. From an application perspective, simply put, blockchain is a distributed shared ledger and database, which has the characteristics of decentralization, non-tampering, full traceability, traceability, collective maintenance, openness and transparency. These characteristics ensure the "honesty" and "transparency" of the blockchain and lay the foundation for creating trust in the blockchain. The rich application scenarios of blockchain are basically based on the ability of blockchain to solve the problem of information asymmetry and achieve collaborative trust and consistent action among multiple subjects.
『Lu』Blockchain Technology
Background: After the birth of Bitcoin, it was discovered that the technology was very advanced, and only then was Blockchain technology discovered. Bitcoin and blockchain technology were discovered at the same time.
1.1 The purpose of the birth of Bitcoin:
①Currency transactions have records, that is, ledgers;
②The disadvantages of centralized institution accounting - it can be tampered with; Yi Chaofa
Bitcoin solves the first problem: anti-tampering - hash function
1.2 hash function (encryption method)
① Function: convert any A string of length, converted to a fixed-length (sha256) output. The output is also called a hash value.
② Features: It is difficult to find two different x and y such that h(x)=h(y).
③Application: md5 file encryption
1.3 Blockchain
①Definition
Block: Split the general ledger into zones Block storage
Blockchain: On each block, add a block header. It records the hash value of the parent block. By storing the hash value of the parent block in each block, all blocks are connected in order to form a blockchain.
②How does the blockchain prevent transaction records from being tampered with?
After the blockchain is formed, tampering with any transaction will cause the hash value of the transaction block to be different from that of its sub-blocks. , tampering was discovered.
Even if you continue to tamper with the hash value in the sub-block header, the hash value in the sub-block will be different from that in the grandchild block, and the tampering will be discovered.
1.4 The essence of blockchain
①The essence of Bitcoin and blockchain: a big ledger visible to everyone, only recording transactions .
②Core technology: Through cryptographic hash function + data structure, it ensures that the ledger records cannot be tampered with.
③Core function: Create trust. Fiat currency relies on government credibility, and Bitcoin relies on technology.
1.5 How to trade
① To conduct transactions, you need an account number and password, corresponding to the public key and private key
Private key: a string of 256-bit binary numbers , no application is required to obtain it, and you don’t even need a computer. You can generate the private key by tossing a coin 256 times.
The address is converted from the private key. The address cannot reverse the private key.
The address is the identity, which represents the ID in the Bitcoin world.
After an address is generated, it can only be known by everyone if it enters the blockchain ledger.
②Digital signature technology
Signature function sign (Zhang San’s private key, transfer information: Zhang San transfers 10 yuan to Li Si) = signature of this transfer
< p> Verify Korean verify (Zhang San’s address, transfer information: Zhang San transfers 10 yuan to Li Si, signature of this transfer) = TrueZhang San uses his own signature function sign() The private key signs this transaction.
Anyone can verify whether the signature was issued by Zhang San himself who holds Zhang San's private key by verifying the Korean vertify(). It returns true, otherwise it returns false.
sign() and verify() are cryptographically guaranteed not to be cracked. ·
③Complete the transaction
Zhang San will provide the transfer information and signature to the entire network. Under the premise that the account has a balance, after verifying that the signature is true, it will be recorded in the blockchain ledger. Once recorded, Zhang San's account will be reduced by 10 yuan, and Li Si's account will be increased by 10 yuan.
Support one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, many-to-many trading methods.
In the Bitcoin world, private keys are everything! ! !
1.6 Centralized Accounting
① Advantages of Centralized Accounting:
a. No matter which center keeps accounts, don’t worry too much
< p> b. Centralized accounting, high efficiency②Disadvantages of centralized accounting:
a Denial of service attack
b Stop service after getting tired
p>c Central institutions are vulnerable to attacks. For example, destroying servers and networks, committing self-intrusion, legal termination, government intervention, etc.
All attempts at confidential currencies with centralized institutions in history have failed.
Bitcoin solves the second problem: how to decentralize
1.7 Decentralized accounting
①Decentralization: Everyone can keep accounts. Everyone can keep a complete ledger.
Anyone can download open source programs, participate in the P2P network, monitor transactions sent around the world, become an accounting node, and participate in accounting.
② Decentralized accounting process
After someone initiates a transaction, it is broadcast to the entire network.
Each accounting node continues to monitor and continue transactions across the entire network. When a new transaction is received and the accuracy is verified, it is put into the transaction pool and continues to be propagated to other nodes.
Due to network propagation, the transactions of different accounting nodes at the same time are not necessarily the same.
Every 10 minutes, one person is selected from all accounting nodes in a certain way, and his transaction pool is used as the next block and broadcast to the entire network.
Other nodes delete the transactions that have been recorded in their own transaction pool based on the transactions in the latest block, continue accounting, and wait for the next selection.
③ Features of decentralized accounting
A block is generated every 10 minutes, but not all transactions within these 10 minutes can be recorded.
The accounting node that obtains the accounting rights will be rewarded with 50 Bitcoins. After every 210,000 blocks (approximately 4 years), the reward is halved. The total amount is about 21 million, and it is expected to be mined in 2040.
Recording the reward of a block is also the only way to issue Bitcoin.
④How to allocate accounting rights: POW (proof of work) method
Let’s calculate some mathematical points for accountingquestion to compete for accounting rights.
Find a random number that makes the following inequality true:
There is no other solution except traversing the random numbers starting from 0 and trying your luck. The process of solving the problem is also called mining.
Whoever solves the problem correctly first will get the accounting rights.
If a certain accounting node finds the solution first, it will announce it to the entire network. After other nodes verify that it is correct, a new round of calculation will start again after the new block. This method is called POW.
⑤ Difficulty adjustment
The generation time of each block is not exactly 10 minutes
As Bitcoin develops, the computing power of the entire network does not increase.
In order to cope with changes in computing power, the difficulty will be increased or decreased every 2016 blocks (about 2 weeks), so that the average time for each block to be generated is 10 minutes.
#欧易OKEx# #BTC[超话]# #digital currency#
『撒』 On the open source and decentralization of blockchain code
This is determined by the genes of the blockchain, and it was also inherent when Bitcoin was born. If Bitcoin were not open source, there would be no cryptocurrency world today, and long before Bitcoin or blockchain code was open source, the Internet world had already There is talk of open source code. To put it bluntly, there are some people who are willing to show their special skills or secrets to the world. For example, scientist Nikola Tesla invented alternating current, but did not apply for a patent, so there is no electricity used in the world. Pay taxes or pay royalties to Nikola Tesla.
Another example is the Tesla electric car. Musk made the Tesla electric car patent public, which means he told the world how Tesla made it. Since then, there have suddenly been a lot of electric cars around the world. The reason is that the technology is in place and Musk has disclosed the secret. Musk also said in a previous interview video that he does not rely on patents to make money but on the speed of innovation. He is not afraid of others plagiarism, and only if everyone participates together can electric vehicles be made better. This is very much in line with the spirit of blockchain.
Originally, the spirit of Bitcoin or blockchain was to be decentralized, allowing people with consensus to participate and grow. We can only open our arms and allow more technical staff to contribute and make good suggestions for continuous improvement. Therefore, after the founder of Bitcoin disappeared, Bitcoin can still survive to this day because of the open source of Bitcoin and the geeks who maintain it for free after it is open source. And open source also means to allow more people to develop on your underlying technology. If you don't open source or open the API interface, others will not be able to develop and improve it freely. The many slip-proposals we have seen, such as 32, 39, 44, etc. for Bitcoin, were all proposed by users and then decided by the community. This is the spirit of open source and decentralized consensus.
『八』One article to understand the Internet blockchain
One article to understand the Internet blockchain
One article to understand the Internet blockchain. To understand the blockchain, you have to start with the birth of the Internet. Study the brief history of blockchain technology development, discover the motivations for blockchain, and infer the future of blockchain. Let’s understand the Internet blockchain in one article.
Understand the Internet blockchain in one article 1The originator of blockchain is mahjong, and the earliest blockchain was invented by the Chinese! The blockchain is just like Mahjong, except that Mahjong has fewer blocks. Mahjong only has 136 blocks. The rules of Mahjong vary from place to place and can be regarded as a hard fork of Bitcoin.
As the oldest blockchain project, Mahjong has a group of four miners. The first one to dig out the 13 correct hash values will get the accounting rights and rewards. It adopts the method of being willing to admit defeat and not cheating. Thousands of consensus mechanisms!
Mahjong is decentralized, everyone can be the banker, and it is completely peer-to-peer.
Mining pool = commission from the boss of the chess and card room.
It cannot be tampered with, because convincing the other three people requires too much computing power and physical strength.
A typical value Internet. The value in my pocket didn't last eight rounds before it went into their pockets.
The Chinese are basically good at playing mahjong. In terms of blockchain, they produce 70% to 80% of the world’s mining machines and have the most computing power in the world, accounting for about 77% of the computing power.
Mahjong is actually the earliest blockchain project:
1. A group of four miners. The miner who first collides with the correct hash value of 13 numbers can obtain the accounting rights. and get rewarded.
2. It cannot be tampered with. Because convincing the other three people requires too much computing power and physical strength.
3. Typical value Internet. The valuable digital currency www.gendan5.com/digitalcurrency/btc.html in my pocket ran into their pockets after eight rounds.
4. Decentralization, everyone can be a banker, it is completely peer-to-peer.
5. UTXO, unspent transaction expenses.
There is another blockchain method of credit, assuming that everyone has no cash
Let’s take a closer look. When everyone reaches a consensus, we see There is no intermediary or third party to judge whether C wins, and the rewards given to C do not need to be transferred to C through a third party. They are all direct peer-to-peer transactions. This process is decentralized, and players (miners) record their own records. After recording the results of the first game, B Dahu drew thirteen pieces, and B got Jia Dongfeng. After the record was completed, a complete block was generated, but remember, this was only the first game. In the entire blockchain On, this is just one node. After the 8 games mentioned at the beginning, there are 8 nodes (blocks).8 blocks are connected together to form a complete ledger, which is the blockchain. Because everyone has one of this ledger, it is a distributed ledger. The purpose is to prevent someone from tampering with the record. At the end of the game, it is clear who wins and who loses.
Four men (A, B, C, and D) got together to play mahjong for money. None of them brought any cash, so they asked a beautiful woman (centralized) to keep a book and record who won how much money in each round. , Who lost how much? At the end of the day, everyone uses Alipay or WeChat to pay and settle the ledger. However, if this beauty made a mistake in accounting or was bribed by one of the four people in advance to make a mistake on purpose, there is no guarantee that the outcome of this game will be fair, just, and reasonable. ,dont you agree? then what should we do? If you "play mahjong", you can use "blockchain" as the game rules and adapt it as follows:
Four men (A, B, C and D) got together to play mahjong for money. No one brought any cash. B said Let the beauty she brought keep accounts. A said that none of us knew this beauty, so the four of them, A, B, C, and D, agreed that everyone would keep accounts at the same time (decentralized) on their mobile phones (blockchain nodes) for each game. ), after finally playing mahjong and paying with electronic money directly on the mobile phone, everyone checked the accounting results. The accounting results should have been the same.
Assume that the original result is the account recorded on A’s mobile phone: B owes A 10 yuan. However, the record on B's mobile phone shows that there is no debt, but the other two people (C and D) have the same accounting as A, so the settlement is still based on the majority rule. In addition, everyone has a bad impression of B's integrity. Next The first time I play mahjong, I won’t take B to play with me.
Unless B bribes two people (C and D) in advance to deliberately cheat, but the cost of B bribes them is 100,000 yuan (10,000 times the default of 10 yuan), then in common sense, B only You can choose to give up because the cost of counterfeiting is too high.
Assume that even if B is secretly willing to pay a high price of 100,000 yuan to buy C and D to do this silly cat transaction with huge losses during the card game, the rules of the blockchain are to keep accounts based on timestamps. Yes, it turns out that B owed A 10 yuan when debiting the account at 1 p.m., that is, when C and D changed the account at 3 p.m., time is irreversible and they can only record 3 p.m., which does not comply with the rules of the game. .
In fact, in 2017 the blogger has developed a set of Mahjong coins
China’s earliest blockchain project: a group of four miners, first starting from 148 random numbers The miner who collides with the correct hash value of 14 numbers can obtain an accounting right incentive. Since distributed accounting requires the consensus of several other miners, each accounting transaction takes about ten minutes.
Understanding the Internet Blockchain in One Article 21. Before the birth of Bitcoin, 5 Internet technologies that will have a significant impact on the future of the blockchain
In 1969, the Internet was born in the United States. Since then, the Internet has expanded from four research institutions in the United States to the entire planet. In terms of application, it has expanded from the earliest military and scientific research to human life.In all aspects, in the nearly 50 years since the birth of the Internet, there are 5 technologies that are of particularly great significance to the future development of blockchain.
1. The TCP/IP protocol born in 1974: determines the position of blockchain in the Internet technology ecosystem
In 1974, the most critical step in the development of the Internet was taken by The TCP/IP protocol, the core communication technology of the Internet jointly developed by American scientists Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn, was officially launched.
This protocol enables the transmission of information between different computers and even different types of networks. All computers connected to the network can communicate and interact as long as they comply with this protocol.
In layman's terms, Internet data can travel tens of thousands of kilometers to reach the computer users who need it. This is mainly because the Internet world has formed a unified information dissemination mechanism. That is to say, Internet devices follow a unified law-TCP/IP protocol when disseminating information.
Understanding the TCP/IP protocol is of great significance to mastering the Internet and blockchain. After the invention of TCP/IP in 1974, the entire Internet was between the underlying hardware devices, the intermediate network protocols and the network Addresses have always been relatively stable, but an endless stream of innovative applications are emerging at the top application layer, including news, e-commerce, social networks, QQ, WeChat, and blockchain technology.
In other words, in the technical ecology of the Internet, blockchain is a new technology at the top layer of the Internet - the application layer. Its emergence, operation and development have not affected the underlying infrastructure and communication protocols of the Internet. , is still one of the many software technologies that operates according to the TCP/IP protocol.
2. Cisco router technology born in 1984: an imitation of blockchain technology
In December 1984, Cisco was established in the United States. The founder was a professor from Stanford University. A couple, Leonard Posak, director of the computer center, and Sandy Lerner, director of the business school's computer center, designed a networking device called a "multiprotocol router" that was placed on the Internet's communication lines to help data Get from one end of the Internet to the other thousands of kilometers away accurately and quickly.
In the entire Internet hardware layer, tens of millions of routers are busy working, directing the transmission of Internet information. An important function of Cisco routers is that each router saves a complete Internet device address table. Once something happens Changes will be synchronized to tens of millions of other routers (theoretically), ensuring that each router can calculate the shortest and fastest path.
When you see the operation process of the router, you will feel very familiar. That is the important feature of the blockchain later. The significance of understanding the router lies in the important features of the blockchain. It has been implemented on routers in 1984. For routers, even if a node device is damaged or hacked, it will not affect the entire Internet.transmission of network information.
3. The B/S (C/S) architecture that was born with the World Wide Web: the opponent of the blockchain and the target of attempted subversion
The World Wide Web is referred to as the Web and is divided into Web clients and server. All updated information is only modified on the Web server. Thousands, tens of thousands, or even tens of millions of other client computers do not retain the information and only obtain the information data when accessing the server. This structure is also often referred to as the Internet B/S architecture is a centralized architecture. This architecture is also the most important architecture of the current Internet. Internet giants such as Google, Facebook, Tencent, Alibaba, and Amazon have all adopted this architecture.
Understanding the B/S architecture will be of great significance to the subsequent understanding of blockchain technology. The B/S architecture is that data is only stored in the central server, and all other computers obtain information from the server. Blockchain technology has tens of millions of computers without a center, and all data will be synchronized to all computers. This is the core of blockchain technology.
4. Peer-to-Peer Network (P2P): Blockchain The father of the chain and its technical basis
Peer-to-peer network P2P is another Internet infrastructure corresponding to C/S (B/S). Its characteristic is that multiple computers connected to each other are connected to each other. In a peer-to-peer position, there is no distinction between master and slave. A computer can be used as a server, setting shared resources for use by other computers in the network, and as a workstation.
Napster is one of the earliest P2P systems, mainly used for music resource sharing. Napster cannot be regarded as a true peer-to-peer network system. On March 14, 2000, a message was posted on the mailing list of the underground hacker site Slashdot in the United States, saying that AOL's Nullsoft department had released Gnutella, an open source Napster clone software.
In the Gnutella distributed peer-to-peer network model, each networked computer is functionally peer, serving as both a client and a server, so Gnutella is called the first true peer-to-peer network model. Network Architecture.
In the past 20 years, some Internet technology giants such as Microsoft and IBM, as well as liberals, hackers, and even criminals who infringe intellectual property rights, have continued to promote the development of peer-to-peer networks. Of course, those on the Internet want to strengthen information sharing. The idealists also put a lot of enthusiasm into peer-to-peer networks. Blockchain is a software application based on a peer-to-peer network architecture. It is a benchmark application for peer-to-peer networks trying to break out from the silence of the past.
5. Hash algorithm: the key to generating Bitcoin and tokens (tokens)
The hash algorithm converts numbers of any length into fixed-length values using a hash function. Algorithms, famous hash functions such as: MD4, MD5, SHS, etc. It is one of the cryptographic function families defined by the American National Institute of Standards and Technology.member.
This family of algorithms is crucial to the functioning of the entire world. From Internet application stores, emails, anti-virus software, to browsers, etc., all of them are using secure hashing algorithms. It can determine whether Internet users have downloaded what they want, and it can also determine whether Internet users are involved in man-in-the-middle attacks or network attacks. Victim of a phishing attack.
The process of blockchain and its application to generate new coins from Bitcoin or other virtual currencies is to use the function of the hash algorithm to perform operations to obtain numbers that meet the format requirements, and then the blockchain program gives Bitcoin rewards.
Mining, including Bitcoin and tokens, is actually a small mathematical game built with a hash algorithm. However, because of the fierce competition, people all over the world used powerful servers to perform calculations in order to get the rewards first. As a result, many computers on the Internet participated in this little mathematical game, which even consumed more than 40% of the electricity in some countries.
2. The birth and technical core of blockchain
The birth of blockchain should be the most unusual and mysterious invention and technology in the history of human science, because in addition to blockchain, to So far, there is no major invention in the history of modern science whose inventor cannot be found.
On October 31, 2008, Bitcoin founder Satoshi Nakamoto (pseudonym) published a paper on the cryptography mailing group - "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System". In this paper, the author claims to have invented a new electronic currency system that is not controlled by governments or institutions. Blockchain technology is the basis for supporting the operation of Bitcoin.
The preprint address of the paper is at http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf. From an academic point of view, this paper is far from a qualified paper. The main body of the article is composed of 8 flow charts. It is composed of corresponding explanatory text, no nouns and terms are defined, and the format of the paper is also very irregular.
In January 2009, Satoshi Nakamoto released an application case of blockchain on the SourceForge website - the open source software of the Bitcoin system. After the release of the open source software, it is said that Satoshi Nakamoto mined approximately 1 million bits. Coin. A week later, Satoshi Nakamoto sent 10 Bitcoins to cryptography expert Hal Finney, which became the first transaction in Bitcoin history. With the booming development of Bitcoin, research on blockchain technology has also begun to show explosive growth.
It is indeed difficult to fully and clearly explain the blockchain to the public. We use Bitcoin as the object to introduce the technical characteristics of the blockchain as simply as possible but in depth.
1. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer network (P2P) software application
As we mentioned before, at the beginning of the 21st century, the Internet formed two major types of applications. Architecture, centralized B/S architecture and non-centered peer-to-peer network (P2P) architecture, Alibaba, Sina, Amazon, the Internet, etc.Internet giants all have a centralized B/S architecture. To put it simply, data is placed on giant servers. We ordinary users access the servers of Alibaba, Sina and other websites through mobile phones and personal computers.
Since the beginning of the 21st century, there have been many software applications for freely sharing music, videos, and paper materials. Most of them use a peer-to-peer network (P2P) architecture, that is, there is no central server, everyone's personal computer They are all servers and clients, with equal status. However, this type of application has never become popular. The main reasons are large resource consumption and intellectual copyright issues. Blockchain is a software application in this field.
2. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer network (P2P) software application that synchronizes information across the entire network
Peer-to-peer networks also have many application methods. In many cases, everyone is not required to Each computer keeps the same information. Everyone only stores the information they need, and downloads it to other computers when needed.
However, in order to support Bitcoin financial transactions, the blockchain requires that every transaction that occurs must be written into historical transaction records and change information be sent to all computers with Bitcoin programs installed. Every computer with Bitcoin software installed maintains the latest and complete Bitcoin historical transaction information.
The characteristics of blockchain's network-wide synchronization and network-wide backup are often referred to as blockchain information security, and the source cannot be changed. Although it is still not absolutely safe in practice, when the number of users is very large, it does have certain security advantages in preventing information tampering.
3. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer (P2P) software application that uses a hash algorithm to generate "tokens" to synchronize information across the entire network
Area The first application of the blockchain was the famous Bitcoin. When discussing Bitcoin, a term that is often mentioned is "mining". So what exactly is mining?
The metaphor is that the blockchain program gives the miners (players) 256 coins, numbered 1, 2, 3...256. Each time a Hash operation is performed, it is like tossing a coin. 256 coins are thrown at the same time. After landing, if all the coins with the first 70 numbers happen to be heads. The miner can tell the blockchain program this number, and the blockchain will reward the miner with 50 Bitcoins.
From the perspective of software programs, Bitcoin mining is a mathematical game built using the hash SHA256 function. The blockchain first stipulates a winning mode in this small game: a 256-bit hash number is given, but the last 70 bits of the hash number are all 0, and then the player (miner) continuously enters various numbers. Give the hash SHA256 function and see if you can use this function to get a number with 70 zeros. If you find one, the blockchain program will reward the player with 50 Bitcoins. Actual mining and rewards are more complex, but the above example expresses the core process of mining and obtaining Bitcoin.
When Bitcoin was born in 2009, each bounty was 50 Bitcoins. Ten minutes after its birth, the first batch of 50 Bitcoins was generated, and the total currency amount at this time was 50. Subsequently, Bitcoin increased at a rate of about 50 every 10 minutes. When the total amount reaches 10.5 million (50% of 21 million), the bounty is halved to 25. When the total amount reaches 15.75 million (new output is 5.25 million, which is 50% of 1050), the bounty is further halved to 12.5. According to the design of the Bitcoin program, the total number of Bitcoins is 21 million.
From the above introduction, Bitcoin can be seen as a guessing game based on a peer-to-peer network architecture. The Bitcoin information rewarded for each correct guess will be transmitted to all players and recorded. into each player's history database.
4. Smart contracts, tokens, ICOs and blockchain basic platforms generated by blockchain technology due to the rise of Bitcoin
From the above introduction, Bitcoin technology It is not a new technology falling from the sky, but a clever combination of various original Internet technologies, such as peer-to-peer network architecture, network-wide synchronization of routing, and network security encryption technology. It can be regarded as a combination of innovative algorithm games. .
Because Bitcoin can be exchanged for legal currency, purchased in kind, and made huge profits through appreciation, the whole world is not calm. With the attitude that if you can do it, I can do it, many people have created their own imitation Bitcoin software applications. At the same time, taking advantage of the difficulty for the government to regulate peer-to-peer networks, various altcoins exploded together with Bitcoin. There have been many incidents of fraud and absconding, which have gradually attracted the attention of governments around the world.
Blockchain basic platform: It is still quite technically difficult to create currency using the blockchain technology framework. At this time, basic technology platforms such as Ethereum, the blockchain basic platform, have emerged, making it convenient for ordinary people. Create a "Bitcoin"-like software program, each showing its magical powers, inviting people to join the game to mine coins, speculate on coins, and gain profits from it.
Pass or token: If each "Bitcoin" or "Altcoin" uses a hash algorithm to create a guessing game and generates its own "currency", this "currency" is collectively referred to as " "Certificate" or "Token".
ICO: Since Bitcoin and Ethereum have been exchanged with the legal currencies of various countries, when other new virtual currencies are issued, only Bitcoin and Ethereum are allowed to purchase the new issued coins. This process of issuing coins It’s called ICO. The emergence of ICO has amplified the transaction volume of Bitcoin and Ethereum. At the same time, many ICO projects are completely based on nihilistic projects, resulting in a large number of frequent fraud cases. This further deepens society’s negative understanding of virtual currencies generated by blockchain.
Smart contract: It can be seen as a software function on the blockchain. It is a program that assists various virtual currency transactions on the blockchain. The specific function is like the fund custody of Alipay on Taobao. When a user receives the goods and confirms them on Alipay, the funds are automatically paid to the buyer and owner. The smart contract is in Bitcoin, etc.Blockchain applications also assume this intermediary payment function.
3. The historical status and future prospects of blockchain technology in the Internet
1. Where does blockchain stand in Internet technology? It is a new software and architecture at the top level.
We mentioned in the previous introduction to TCP/IP that blockchain, like browsers, QQ, WeChat, online game software, mobile APPs, etc., is a software form of the top layer of the Internet - the application layer. . Its operation still relies on the TCP/IP architecture system to transmit data. But unlike most application layer software, it does not adopt the central software architecture of C/S (B/S). Instead, an unusual peer-to-peer network architecture is adopted. From this point of view, blockchain cannot subvert the Internet infrastructure.
2. Who does blockchain want to subvert? Want to subvert the B/S (C/S) structure of the World Wide Web.
It attempts to subvert the B/S, C/S structure of the World Wide Web, which was born in 1989. Said before. Since 1989, European physicist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web and gave up applying for a patent. In the past nearly 30 years, companies including Google, Amazon, Facebook, Alibaba, Internet, Tencent and other companies have used the B/S (C/S) structure of the World Wide Web to grow into Internet giants.
In their headquarters, a powerful central server cluster was established to store massive amounts of data. Hundreds of millions of users obtained the data they needed from the giant servers. This also led to the emergence of cloud computing, and then the Internet giants Open up your unused central server resources to further absorb data from enterprises, governments, and individuals. Centralized Internet giants have an increasing influence on the world, countries, and Internet users.
The goal of blockchain is to try to reduce the influence of Internet giants by distributing data to each Internet user’s computer. It can be seen that the real opponent of blockchain and what it wants to subvert is the 1990 The B/S (C/S) structure born in 2007. But whether it can be subverted depends on its technical advantages and bottlenecks.
3. Technical flaws of blockchain: dilemmas caused by the pursuit of complete equality and freedom
The technical flaws of blockchain first come from its peer-to-peer network architecture. For example For example, Taobao currently has a B/S structure, and massive data is stored in the Taobao server cluster computer room. Hundreds of millions of consumers access the Taobao server website through their browsers to obtain the latest information and historical information.
If blockchain technology is used, hundreds of millions of people will retain a complete Taobao database on their personal computers or mobile phones. Every time a transaction occurs, it will be synchronized to hundreds of millions of other users. This is completely unachievable in reality. The amount of data transferred and stored is too large. It is equivalent to setting up and running hundreds of millions of Taobao websites at the same time.
Therefore, blockchain cannot be applied to projects with large amounts of data, and even smaller website projects will have difficulty using blockchain. By 2018, Bitcoin has been running for nearly 10 years, and the accumulated transaction data has caused the entire system to collapse.
So the blockchain has adopted many alternative methods, such as establishing relay nodes and lightning nodes. These two concepts can also make people confused. In layman's terms, the blockchain will ask it for The subversive object B/S structure has been studied, and a data server center has been established to become the relay node of the blockchain, which can also be accessed with a browser-like terminal. This is the lightning node of the blockchain.
This change can alleviate the technical shortcomings of the blockchain, but it does make the blockchain what it opposes, centralization. It can be seen that pure blockchain technology has major flaws due to its technical characteristics and cannot be widely used like the World Wide Web. If the technology is upgraded and some parts adopt a B/S (C/S) structure, the blockchain will become centralized. The information node no longer maintains the dream when it was born.
4. Looking at the future prospects of blockchain from the Internet brain model
We know that the Internet generally refers to the Internet that connects computer networks around the world. On this basis The development of a global Internet network covering the whole world is called the Internet, which is a network structure that is interconnected.
Since the birth of the Internet in 1969, humans have innovated in the Internet field from different directions, and there is no unified plan to build the Internet into a structure. When the wheel of time reaches 2017, with the advent of artificial intelligence, With the vigorous development of science and technology such as the Internet of Things, big data, cloud computing, robots, virtual reality, and the industrial Internet, when humans look up to see the giant systems they have created, the model and architecture of the Internet brain have become increasingly clear.
Through nearly 20 years of development, relying on the B/S and C/S structures of the World Wide Web, Tencent QQ, WeChat, Facebook, Weibo, and Twitter Amazon have developed structures similar to neuron networks. Internet devices, especially personal computers and mobile phones, map personal data and functional space on the giant's central server through the software on the device, allowing them to add friends, communicate and transfer information. Internet giants continue to optimize the software versions of hundreds of millions of terminals through software upgrades in central server clusters. In the neurological system, this is a standard central nervous system structure.
The birth of the blockchain provides another neuron model. Instead of uniformly managing neurons in the centralized services of giants, each terminal, including personal computers and personal mobile phones, becomes an independent neuron node. , retaining an independent data space and synchronizing mutual information. In the neurological system, this is a distributed neural structure with no center and multiple neural nodes.
Interestingly, these two different types of neural structures appear in the development of the nervous system. In lower organisms, blockchain-like neural structures have appeared. There are multiple ganglia with the same functions, all of which can command body activities and reactions. However, as organisms evolve, these ganglia gradually merge. When they evolve into higher biological time,The central nervous system emerged, containing a large number of interacting neurons.
4. Judgment on the future status of blockchain in the Internet
1. Understanding of Bitcoin: a guessing game based on peer-to-peer network architecture (P2P), Through clever financial and public opinion operations, it has become a "world currency" that is not subject to government supervision.
2. Understanding of blockchain: a peer-to-peer (P2P) software application that uses hashing algorithms to generate "tokens" to synchronize information across the entire network.
3. Blockchain has specific uses, such as large-scale election voting, large-scale gambling, financial transactions that circumvent government financial supervision, etc. It still has irreplaceable uses.
4. In more cases, blockchain technology will rely on the B/S and C/S structures of the Internet to achieve functional expansion, but overall it is still a supplement to the existing technology of the Internet. Most of the application scenarios currently envisaged by blockchain can be implemented using B/S and C/S structures, with higher efficiency and more mature technology.
5. Whether from the perspective of information transmission efficiency and resource consumption, or from the evolution of the nervous system, blockchain cannot become the mainstream architecture of the Internet, let alone a subversive and revolutionary leader of the future Internet.
6. Of course, Internet giants developed with B/S and C/S structures also have their problems, but these can be gradually solved through commercial and political methods in the future.
『Nine』 A new species has arrived: the path of self-evolution of the SEA open platform
Starting from the original intention and perseverance, we are determined to provide infrastructure and node management for the commercial operation of nodes. Capability vision, SEA white paper planning layout is accelerating the implementation, accelerating the promotion of maximizing the commercial value of nodes. The "new species" of the SEA open platform is about to be launched. How its self-evolution ability will stir up ripples in the industry has aroused unlimited expectations from the outside world. A few days ago, V Foundation technical consultant Jordon visited the community and announced for the first time the core value system of the SEA open platform and the deployment of key future ecological actions. A new value peak has emerged.
Unbearable "pain"
The launch of Ethereum 2.0 has caused a stir in the industry Hotly discussed, the high cost of deploying the beacon chain contract makes it difficult for developers to calm down in an instant. In blockchain application development, most small and medium-sized enterprises are unable to implement smart contracts, not only because of the complexity of the technology, but mainly because of its high price.
As the demand for smart contract development continues to increase, the cost of smart contract development is skyrocketing. The cost of developing smart contracts, which can easily reach US$100,000, has become a "pain" that many small and medium-sized enterprises cannot bear.
Looking at the public chain industry, in addition to the cost of smart contracts that restricts the implementation of applications, both the blockchain 1.0 and 2.0 eras are based on technology, and the actual DApps that have been implemented are even more lackluster. Technology and business There are major obstacles to their integration. Many small and medium-sized developers do not have enough ability to build independent business scenarios, resulting in commercial DApps being unsatisfactory in terms of both the number of developments and the amount of activity. Blockchain 3.0 is considered the core of the Internet of Value, and its evolution direction is moving towards meeting more complex business logic.
Continuously evolve and cultivate “internal strength”
In line with the development trend of the public chain, in On the basis of reconstructing business rules, SEA deeply binds all participating nodes through the diversified incentive mechanism of node business to form the cornerstone of the SEA ecosystem, which greatly promotes the development of the business itself, accelerates the integration of nodes into the entire system, and forms a complete closed-loop ecosystem. With the core nodes as the center, SEA has established an ecological alliance, including business entities, developers, users, etc., to establish an ecological system. Throughout the SEA system, the underlying infrastructure continues to evolve over time.
As a safe and easy-to-use SEA management tool, the wallet was renamed Ark. It is not only a change in name and interface, but also a major change in internal logic and product positioning. . Originally, the core function of the wallet was to provide users with personal asset management, but Ark has expanded its product extension closer to the portal, including entertainment, consumption, information, asset management, online transactions and other sectors, and has completely moved away from the pure tool form. Ark has set sail, and its future development is full of imagination. It has embedded all application scenarios in the SEA ecosystem, and as time goes by, the scenarios will become more and more complete, and the architectural features of the full-scenario ecosystem will become more and more obvious.
Open platform empowers joint construction of ecological prosperity
In 2021, SEA will focus on Efforts have been made to open the platform, and the technical preparations have been completed by the end of December 2020, and everything is ready to be confirmed and released. In the future, a voting mechanism will be introduced in the SEA ecosystem. Node users can have more voting rights and participation rights in the ecosystem, and choose trusted nodes to be promoted to super nodes. Adhering to the concept of openness and inclusiveness, the SEA open platform provides node-based community tools to help business entities better promote business, improve connections with nodes, manage nodes well, and simplify the use of chains to make applications easier to implement. use.
At the beginning of its birth, blockchain gained favor due to its open and transparent technical features. However, in actual use, the privacy of many users’ personal assets is difficult to truly protect. Understand the real needs of users, the SEA open platform introduces asset hiding functions and payment capabilities, and completes the transfer of digital assets through token circulation, giving assets stronger security protection capabilities and opening up imagination for business connections.
According to the development roadmap, the SEA open platform will provide chain-oriented application underlying services, comply with the trend of simplifying the chain, and can quickly create sub-chains , publish contracts and query data on the chain. Not only does it provide easy-to-use underlying capabilities, the SEA open platform also provides developers with scenario-oriented service capabilities. Developers do not need to rewrite the underlying logic of the application scenario. They only need to access the scenario service capabilities to automatically generate applications.
In the future, the SEA open platform system will also provide an application-oriented mini program system to provide high-frequency application templates in daily marketing of enterprises, such as red envelopes and lottery draws. , coupons, etc., it solves the problems of corporate merchants and mini program developers, gets rid of the complicated code development process, saves UI design and can generate mini programs with one click. Based on the mini program framework, developers can also freely release their imagination to create their own creative applications to better promote the common prosperity of business and SEA ecology.
Release two key actions of open source
It is foreseeable that in the next 5-10 years In 2020, the demand for enterprise blockchain product development will become increasingly intense, and its application scope will become wider. The birth of the SEA open platform is expected to provide developers with low-cost, easy-to-develop blockchain underlying services, allowing blockchain technology to exert greater potential in empowering the high-quality development of node business and maintain its leadership in the blockchain industry. status.
The launch of the open platform is an important part of the construction of the SEA ecosystem. It will open up the connection between nodes in the ecosystem and realize node reuse and flow. , and enable SEA to have stronger business scenario connection capabilities. In the future, the SEA open platform will promote two key actions, one is openness and the other is open source.
In the white paper planning, it is the stated goal for the SEA public chain to become open source, so the open platform sends a stronger open source signal and connects through the open ecological ability , more scenarios, nodes, users or organizations can be integrated together. Through open source, developers can freely modify the code at any time and flexibly adjust partial codes as needed to create their own application functions. This will greatly empower developers to quickly acquire the ability to develop, deploy, and manage applications and achieve win-win development.
The continuous evolution of capabilities stimulates a multiplication effect
In the future, the technological evolution of the SEA open platform line will take the leadMoving towards payment and account security, the second step will be to improve link capabilities and scenario service capabilities. The third step will start with optimization capabilities, simulate the full scenario of commercial operations, break through contract boundary restrictions, and have the ability to carry complex services.
According to the established plan, the SEA open platform has now completed the development of version 1.0, which is expected to be released in January next year. The community tools will be launched in March and April. The underlying capabilities will be provided in April and May. The open source SDK will be launched in June and July. The mini program platform will be launched in August and September. In October, users will be able to develop their own programs.
With the launch of Open Platform 1.0, it already has payment and account protection capabilities, and operations based on payment and account security can be carried out. With the passage of time and the expansion of functions, the open platform has injected strong momentum into the ecological development of SEA, opening a new milestone in development and stimulating the value multiplication effect.
『Shi』What are the blockchain open source technologies?
I will only talk about the ones I know better. One is an open source project based on the Bitcoin system called Cravecoin, and the other is Ethereum. We initially chose Cravecoin for source code analysis and wanted to carry out secondary development on it, but because Ethereum is more open and supports smart contracts well, we gave up after analyzing it for a while.
Then we entered the research of Ethereum. At first, we wanted to start from the underlying source code, but the whole process was quite difficult. After re-analyzing our needs, we felt that we could also carry out certain development using its existing interfaces to meet some needs. , so after translating all the source code comments and basically understanding the role of each module, no further modifications will be made. After all, Ethereum is also a project that dozens of experts took a long time to build, < br />It is difficult for us to successfully transform it into what we want within a period of time. To achieve the goal, the faster and easier the better.
And there is a very important issue. If Ethereum is changed, it will no longer be able to connect to its public network, and it will not be able to use its world's second largest computing power. This is a matter of putting the cart before the horse. It seems that the answer is wrong, but the main point I want to express is that if the questioner wants to develop, it is enough to carefully analyze a project.
After all, the logic is similar. To learn more blockchain knowledge, follow "District View Network"
