中科院计算所区块链实验室,中科院区块链研究所

㈠ Distributed Storage Joint Laboratory of Cloud Computing Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences

Early warning of five major risks of IPFS distributed storage

With the development of 5G, big data and artificial intelligence With the widespread application of emerging technologies and the rapid increase in data volume, the distributed storage joint laboratory as an infrastructure can be said to be an indispensable promotion factor.

Recently, the Distributed Storage Joint Laboratory of the Cloud Computing Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences held a virtual roundtable meeting. Zhang Jing'an, Executive Vice Chairman of the China Science Center of the International Eurasian Academy of Sciences, Ji Tongkai, Director of the Cloud Computing Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Deputy Secretary of the Party Committee of the Cloud Computing Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Zuo Chaosheng, Xing Jianshe, Director of the Data Science Research Laboratory of the Cloud Computing Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wu Gaobin, Deputy Chairman of the Blockchain Special Committee of the China Communications Industry Association, Li Hongjian, Head of the Distributed Storage Joint Laboratory of the Cloud Computing Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, etc., discussed the implementation of The China Internet Finance Association, the China Banking Association, and the China Payment and Clearing Association jointly issued the "Announcement on Preventing the Risks of Speculation in Virtual Currency Transactions" and the spirit of the meeting of the "Financial Stability and Development Committee of the State Council to Combat Bitcoin Mining and Trading". The announcement made a heavy statement and put forward a series of industry warnings, which once again clarified the joint laboratory of the Distributed Storage of the Cloud Computing Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences to implement the strict management attitude of the financial regulatory authorities towards virtual currencies such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Chia.

At present, most people are focusing on the IPFS distributed storage industry and participating in it in different ways, but there is no in-depth evaluation of this emerging industry. To this end, the Distributed Storage Joint Laboratory of the Cloud Computing Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and relevant experts have issued five major risk warnings for the IPFS distributed storage industry and provided professional services to help investors avoid risks.

Early warning: Five major risks of IPFS distributed storage

Risk 1: Policy risk

The Distributed Storage Joint Laboratory of the Cloud Computing Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences believes that the seven national Daxin Infrastructure has clearly stated that it will provide strong support for the research and application of data centers and distributed storage technologies, but will severely crack down on all irregular and illegal business models such as illegal financing and malicious money-making in the name of IPFS.

Risk 2: Funding risk

For trending industries, especially emerging industries, there is a risk of loss of investment principal for non-professionals around the world. Although cloud storage and cloud computing are already mature industries, and some Internet giants at home and abroad have achieved brilliant results in the cloud field, the cloud field is still a relatively vague field for ordinary investors and entity entrepreneurs. The joint laboratory plans to conduct popular training on data center, cloud storage, cloud computing, and distributed storage knowledge for relevant enterprises that want to transform and are undergoing transformation.

Risk 3: No data supervision risk

The Distributed Storage Joint Laboratory of the Cloud Computing Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences believes that although the IPFS interstellar transmission system effectively solves problems such as large network redundancy, slow transmission speed, and insecure data storage, it is currently in a distributed In the first stage of storage, how to effectively filter data? Whether the data stored in the IDC data room contains unhealthy content, negative remarks, and illegal content. Each company does not have an effective filtering method. The Distributed Storage Joint Laboratory of the Cloud Computing Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences will conduct special research on data filtering, content screening, and other aspects, and conduct targeted storage to ensure the health, safety, and legal compliance of data.

Risk 4: Technical risk

The technical aspect is divided into software technology architecture and hardware technology construction. Currently, in the field of IPFS, various companies focus most of their energy and research on how to obtain more Filecoin rewards. Storage technology is neither valued nor mature. The joint laboratory will provide IPFS storage technology for enterprises willing to jointly contribute to the industry in response to the technical risks of the industry to ensure the security and stability of stored data.

Risk 5: Ecological application risk

IPFS interstellar file transfer system, NFS network file system, and GFS scalable distributed file system are all Internet protocols and are relatively mature. However, the supporting facilities on IPFS are still far from those of the HTTP hypertext protocol. The joint laboratory will improve the supporting design on the interstellar file transfer protocol, so that more companies participating in distributed storage will not just stop at obtaining Filecoin on the rewards.

According to incomplete statistics, more than 100 billion yuan of market capital has entered the Filecion market. Experts from the Distributed Storage Joint Laboratory of the Cloud Computing Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences believe that if there is no effective risk control and effective prevention plan, the entire Filecion market will face a development crisis.

[Related links]

After the establishment of the Distributed Storage Joint Laboratory of the Cloud Computing Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, it will be committed to using the research and development results of distributed storage technology to promote the implementation of transformation and application, and formulate the Various standards in the field of distributed storage.

According to CCTV reports, the laboratory is a national IPFS scientific research institution, and IPFS distributed storage technology has been recognized and participated by more heavyweight scientific research institutions.

It is understood that the laboratory also plans to set up a special public welfare fund for China's distributed storage technology innovation and development, organize experts in the distributed storage industry, financing, etc. to form an expert group to serve relevant enterprises in entering the capital market, and China's distributed storage industry academic forums and annual conferences are held regularly to promote the in-depth integration and development of my country's blockchain technology and the real economy, and play a role in building a network power, developing the digital economy, and assisting economic and social development.greater effect.

㈡ What are the plans of the Institute of Computing Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences to join the Golden Link Alliance

On May 16, reporters learned from Shenzhen WeBank on the 15th that the Institute of Computing Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (hereinafter referred to as "the Chinese Academy of Sciences") "Computing Institute") officially joined the Financial Blockchain Cooperation Alliance (Shenzhen) (hereinafter referred to as the "Golden Chain Alliance") this month.

In 2017, the Institute of Computing Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences has reached a strategic cooperation with WeBank, a core member of the Golden Link Alliance, and has already worked on the underlying platform architecture, performance and security of the blockchain. and conduct research cooperation in the direction of cross-chain communication. This powerful alliance is expected to break through barriers in key technical fields such as blockchain architecture, communication protocols, and security evaluation, and explore new application models of blockchain in the financial field.

Content source: China News Network

(iii) WeBank: Embracing the construction of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area and empowering financial services through technological innovation

Recently, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, The State Council officially issued the "Outline Development Plan for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area", marking the rise of the construction of the Greater Bay Area to a national strategic level. If the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area wants to become a leading bay area in the world, it cannot do without the power of technological innovation. It shoulders the historical responsibility of building a new highland for our country's innovative development and leading and driving the Pearl River Delta region to take the lead in realizing innovative transformation.

Shenzhen is located in the central city of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. Its technological innovation capabilities and overall financial industry development level rank among the top cities in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. Technology and financial elements are closely integrated. As the first Internet bank approved to open in the country, WeBank was born in this innovative and creative city. Since its establishment, WeBank has been committed to the construction of financial technology and actively explored the financial applications of artificial intelligence (AI), blockchain, cloud computing, big data and other technologies. Give full play to the positive role of financial technology in empowering the real economy and promoting the development of inclusive finance.

"ABCD" pioneered the way, ranking fifth in the world with 104 patents in the year

The integration of technology and finance can deeply drive financial innovation in the banking industry and actively promote economic growth and social development. develop. At the beginning of its establishment, WeBank established the corporate vision of "technology, inclusiveness, and connection" and elevated the "ABCD technology strategy" to the height of the bank's development strategy, hoping to use technology to explore a safer, more A more efficient and smarter Internet banking service model serves markets currently not covered by the traditional financial industry and fulfills the original intention of inclusive finance. It is reported that in the four years since its opening, WeBank has invested more than 1 billion yuan in information technology, biotechnology and financial technology, and the bank's scientific and technological personnel have always maintained more than half of the total number of employees.

Relying on innovative construction methods of open source technology and distributed architecture technology platform, WeBank has successfully built a completely independent and reliable technology platform.A banking core system that provides control and can support hundreds of millions of customers and highly concurrent transactions. At present, WeBank has built 253 key systems and 1,223 subsystems. It was selected into the 10 major financial informatization events of the People's Bank of China in 2015, and won the first prize of Shenzhen Financial Innovation Award for two consecutive years in 2016 and 2017. It is understood that the number of patent applications publicly filed by WeBank in 2018 has ranked fifth in the world and third in China, with 104 patent applications throughout the year.

The construction of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area is a new attempt in the new era to promote a new pattern of comprehensive opening up. If the financial technology companies involved want to occupy a place in the fierce competition environment, the key lies in "open cooperation". WeBank has always implemented the "three major open strategies" in terms of financial technology: First, open platforms provide financial capabilities to partners through APIs, SDKs, etc. The second is to follow the open source technology trend and open up its own technological capabilities to the market through open source and open software. The third is open collaboration, including collaboration with financial peers, especially collaboration with financial institutions in the "9+2" city cluster in the Greater Bay Area, as well as collaboration with industries, so that finance can truly serve the real economy.

Strengthen financial technology capabilities and empower financial services

Financial technology is inseparable from the four major sectors of artificial intelligence, blockchain, cloud computing, and big data. On the one hand, WeBank has increased investment in science and technology and strengthened its financial technology capabilities; on the other hand, in conjunction with its "three major opening strategies", WeBank has carried out multi-level cooperation with other financial institutions and non-financial institutions to empower financial services. Strive to form an industry joint effort to promote the reform of the financial services industry, gain new competitiveness, and touch the future development of the banking industry.

As a purely online innovative bank, WeBank has no business outlets or teller staff. In order to solve problems such as customer identity authentication and customer service, WeBank applies artificial intelligence and biometric technology to remote customer identity authentication, intelligent customer service and other fields, and builds innovative products and services with WeBank characteristics. In terms of intelligent customer service, WeBank launched the intelligent cloud customer service "Weijin Xiaoyun", which is trained through deep learning models. Currently, an intelligent robot (Quote 300024, stock diagnosis) can replace 400 manual customer service personnel, and 98% of customer service services are completed by intelligent cloud customer service, which not only effectively supports massive customer needs, but also greatly saves labor costs.

In the development process of artificial intelligence, it will also face a series of new problems. The most typical example is the "data island" problem. If this problem is not solved for one day, it may inhibit the long-term development of the field of artificial intelligence and cause serious business consequences. In response to the above problems, Professor Yang Qiang and WeBank have put forward a systematic and general solution based on "federated learning" after many efforts, which can solve the problem of joint modeling between individuals (to C) and between companies (to B). Recently, WeizhongThe bank also took the lead in hosting the first meeting of the IEEE P3652.1 (Federated Learning Infrastructure and Applications) Standard Working Group. The IEEE P3652.1 project is the first international standard in the field of federated learning. In the future, "federated learning" is expected to break down data barriers in various fields and industries, and implement the dividends brought by artificial intelligence to every corner of society.

WeBank has also been at the forefront of the industry in the application of blockchain. Blockchain has attributes including distributed architecture, consistency, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm, etc. Since its establishment, WeBank has invested resources in developing blockchain and distributed ledger technology, and built a self-developed distributed banking core architecture to handle massive customers and highly concurrent transactions. In May 2016, WeBank, together with several institutions, launched the Financial Blockchain Cooperation Alliance (Shenzhen) to promote the research and development and application of blockchain technology. In the same year, it joined hands with Shanghai Huarui Bank to launch an inter-institution reconciliation platform based on the alliance chain. This is also the first domestic banking alliance chain application scenario running in a production environment, and is dedicated to solving the problem of high reconciliation costs among financial institutions. Recently, WeBank also signed a cooperation agreement with the Macau government to establish the Macau Science and Technology Development Fund, which will use innovative technologies such as blockchain as the main fulcrum to strengthen the scientific and technological innovation capabilities of the Special Administrative Region, promote the development of smart cities, and further implement the concept of technology benefiting people's livelihood. Wellbeing Measures.

In-depth integration of industry, academia and research to ensure continuous technological innovation capabilities

To continue to maintain technological innovation capabilities, cultivating financial technology talents that meet needs has become the key. WeBank attaches great importance to the in-depth integration of industry, academia, and research. In order to give full play to the advantages of Shenzhen’s local financial technology resources and introduce high-quality international education resources, WeBank teamed up with Shenzhen University to establish the Financial Technology Research Institute in 2018, with both parties jointly undertaking scientific research and develop projects, hire high-level researchers, and jointly cultivate master's, doctoral, and postdoctoral talents to promote teachers' basic research and development practice, students' scientific and technological innovation training, and enterprise technology project research, promote the deep integration of industry, academia, and research, and achieve a win-win situation for all parties.

In January this year, WeBank and Nanyang Technological University of Singapore co-founded the Singapore Fintech Joint Research Center, which will fully combine WeBank’s fintech innovation advantages and the scientific research of Nanyang Technological University, a world-class university of science and technology. Advantages, closely track the research and development and application of cutting-edge technologies in the field of financial technology, accelerate the industrialization and commercialization process of related technologies, vigorously cultivate a team of leading financial technology talents, and build a school-enterprise that links industry and profession, integrates teaching and scientific research, and combines theory and practice Cooperative mode.

WeBank has also conducted research cooperation with Xi'an University of Electronic Science and Technology, Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, etc. in the fields of blockchain architecture, performance, security, consensus algorithms, cross-chain communication, etc., and also plans to use hardware computing Cutting-edge technologies such as acceleration and high-throughput virtual machines are applied to more financial scenarios to jointly create a new generation of high-throughput blockchain computing engines.

In terms of government cooperation, WeBank actively connects with the National Standards Committee, the Standards Institute of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, ISO/TC307, IEEE and other standard organizations, and is deeply involved in the development of multiple blockchain-related international, national, industry and group standards. Formulate; cooperate deeply with the blockchain research working groups of the Central Bank, Internet Finance Association, Payment and Clearing Association, Financial Information Committee and other organizations to carry out research on related topics.

Those who keep integrity and innovate will advance. WeBank will actively respond to the innovation-driven development strategy of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, use financial technology innovation to promote financial services to the real industry, and continue to use financial technology innovation methods to continue to enhance risk control capabilities, improve risk control levels, and improve service efficiency. Reduce financing costs, resolve corporate financing problems, support small, medium and micro enterprises, and promote the transformation and upgrading of real industries, thereby promoting high-quality development of the real economy.

㈣ Who are the teachers who teach the first level of the Chartered Global Financial Technician CGFT Certificate

The teachers include:
1. Professor Li Feng is responsible for "Fundamentals of Accounting and Financial Analysis", He is a Ph.D. in Business Administration (accounting and financial economics

from the University of Chicago), a professor of accounting at Shanghai Jiao Tong University's Gaofin Institute, and co-president of the Shanghai Gaofin Financial Research Institute and the China Institute of Financial Research. Vice dean, and chairman of the CGFT Academic Committee;
2. Professor Yan Hong is responsible for "Fundamentals of Finance", PhD in Finance from the University of California, Berkeley, Professor of Finance at Shanghai Advanced Institute of Finance, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, and Vice Dean of Academic Affairs; He is also an expert on the CGFT Academic Committee;
3. Professor Zhu Qili is responsible for "Big Data Technology Principles and Applications". He is a PhD in computer science from the National University of Singapore, a postdoctoral fellow at Princeton University in the United States, and the deputy director of the Department of Computer Science at Shanghai Jiao Tong University; at the same time, he is Expert of the CGFT Academic Committee;
4. Dr. Bai Shuo is responsible for "Blockchain Technology and Application". He is a Doctor of Science from Peking University, a doctoral supervisor at the Institute of Computing and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and a Blockchain Special Committee member of the China Computer Federation. Advisory member of the Council and former chief engineer of the Shanghai Stock Exchange; he is also an expert on the CGFT Academic Committee;
5. Dr. Li Dapeng is responsible for "Python Language Basics". He is a Ph.D. in Computer Engineering from the University of Cincinnati, USA, and is the leader of Shanghai Advanced Institute of Finance, Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Mentor in the planning industry, CEO of Qingdao Lianhe Credit Asset Trading Center, a wholly-owned credit asset trading platform of Haier Financial Holdings, chief computer expert and director of the technical committee of Yuan Shanghai Futures Exchange. He is also an expert on the CGFT Academic Committee;
6. Dr. Yin Zhihao is responsible for "Machine Learning Technology and Application". He is a Ph.D. in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, an adjunct professor at Shanghai Advanced Institute of Finance, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, and the former CICC Fund General Manager, former Managing Director of JPMorgan Chase Bank in the United States. At the same time, he is an expert on the CGFT Academic Committee;

㈤ You have to know the operating principles and development of blockchain!

One, Why is there innovation in blockchain?
The starting point of the first generation of the Internet is the TCP/IP protocol, which is an open code that implements a unified format for peer-to-peer transmission of information by all nodes on the network. However, the impact of such an uncomplicated innovation on mankind is epoch-making. It has programmed, agreed, and enforced the basic values ​​required by a unified global market: "freedom, equality, and fraternity." Then the STMP email protocol, HTTP domain name protocol, etc. were derived, achieving low-cost and high-efficiency global information transmission in a decentralized manner. As Alibaba Vice President Gao Hongbing said:
"The Internet is to eliminate the (information) supply chain that has very low value and high cost - it is open, interconnected, peer-to-peer, globalized, and decentralized."
We know: The essence of the market is also decentralized. It automatically executes the decentralized agreement of "equivalent exchange". Just as Nobel Prize winner Ronald Coase summed up: "The market economy is based on two On the basis of deep cognition: admitting ignorance and tolerating uncertainty." Adam Smith also described the market as: "the invisible hand"! Therefore, the market must require the low-cost flow of information decentralization, and the Internet has adapted to the global Under the general climate formed by the unified market, it turned out to be.
However, the first generation of Internet decentralized solved the problem of low-cost and efficient transmission of information, but it did not solve the problem of credit of information. Therefore, what the second-generation Internet must break through is: how to establish global credit in a decentralized manner so that value transfer can be carried out at low cost and with high efficiency.
So what are the problems with the original centralized credit system? As we all know: centralized credit, such as the legal currencies of various countries, has different credit values, and the clearing systems are also incompatible, which adds a lot of cost to global trade. The current global credit system centered on the US dollar has a "Triffin Paradox" in its mechanism (the essence is that a country's legal currency cannot simultaneously resolve the conflict between its own economic interests and global economic needs). Therefore, in 2009, the Governor of the Central Bank of China, Zhou Ogawa called for the creation of a super-sovereign storage currency. In the same year, Satoshi Nakamoto disclosed the first-generation blockchain source code-"Bitcoin" online.
2. How does the blockchain system operate?
First of all, Satoshi Nakamoto knew very well that establishing a credit system for payment must solve the problem of preventing "duplicate payments", that is, no counterfeit currency can be created. The centralized credit system relies on state machinery to prevent counterfeit currency. What about "Bitcoin"? Satoshi Nakamoto's great innovation is to "timestamp" every transaction. There is a block (block: equivalent to a network account book) every ten minutes, and all network transactions for these ten minutes are correctly timestamped. The question is who will cover it? Satoshi Nakamoto did not assume that everyone on the Internet is Lei Feng. He agreed with Adam Smith: people in the market are greedy. He asked the so-called "miners" to compete for the accounting rights of these ten-minute blocks. The rules of the competition were to correctly record the accounting and at the same time solve the SHA256 problem. Who can prove that their computer has the fastest computing power (the so-called PROOF OF WORK mechanism), he can compete for the legal accounting rights of these ten-minute blocks and get a reward of twenty-five bitcoins. This is the so-called "mining" process. It is actually a decentralized credit process that establishes a network-wide ledger - the blockchain. Therefore, the more essential function of miners is "bookkeepers"!
Satoshi Nakamoto is here In its Bitcoin white paper, the process of establishing this credit system is described in detail:
Step 1: In order for the entire network to recognize it as valid, each transaction must be broadcast to each node (node: that is, the miner);
The second step: Each miner node must correctly timestamp each transaction in these ten minutes and record it in that block;
The third step: Each miner node must Compete for the legal accounting rights of this ten-minute block by solving the SHA256 puzzle, and strive to get a reward of twenty-five bitcoins (fifty bitcoins every ten minutes for the first four years, decreasing by half every four years);< br>Step 4: If a miner node solves the SHA256 puzzle of these ten minutes, it will publish all the timestamped transactions recorded in its ten-minute blocks to the entire network, and they will be checked by other miner nodes in the entire network;< br>Step 5: Other miner nodes in the entire network check the correctness of the block accounting (because they are also stamping the accounting at the same time, but they have not competed for the legal block accounting rights, so there is no reward), there is no error Finally, they will compete for the next block after the legal block, thus forming a single chain of legal accounting blocks, which is the general ledger of the Bitcoin payment system - the blockchain.
Generally speaking, each transaction must undergo six block confirmations, that is, six ten-minute accounting, before it can finally be recognized as a legal transaction on the blockchain. The following is the accounting format of Bitcoin:
So the so-called "Bitcoin" is such a billing system: it includes the owner electronically signing with the private key and paying to the next owner, and then the entire network's "miners" "Time stamp the account and form a blockchain.
3. What are the innovations in Bitcoin’s blockchain finance?
Similar to gold, trying to establish decentralized credit on the global Internet may allow value to flow across the entire network at high speed and at low rates (currently each transfer The transfer rate is one ten thousandth);
The total amount of currency is agreed upon by the cryptographic protocol;
Compared to gold, digital currency is infinitely divisible;
The value of currency can be based on a large number of P2P transactions ;
Full transparency in financial management (every transaction can be traced on the blockchain).
Bitcoin’s blockchain-wide accounting system has established a market value of US$10 billion, the highest on the global Internet. Therefore, Wu Xiaoling, dean of Tsinghua PBC School of Finance, pointed out: The blockchain experiment established distributed credit, which is an upgraded version of Internet TCP/IP, upgrading from information transmission to value transmission;
4. Bitcoin’s blocks What are the inherent flaws of the chain system?
Bitcoin’s blockchain system has had successes since it was open source and ran on the Internet in 2009, but it also shows someInherent flaws that are difficult to overcome:
The total amount cannot change with the market situation and will inevitably rise and fall;
Mining is high-carbon, and less than 1% of miners can compete for less than ten minutes of block accounting. Right, more than 99% of other miners participating in the competition waste computing power;
The annual inflation of about 10% has greatly increased the cost of the Bitcoin financial ecology, and even threatened her survival;
As a decentralized self- The operating costs of organizing the DAC system, accounting and issuance functions are too high.
As a global payment system, its efficiency is far from meeting the actual requirements of global trade. The Bitcoin network currently confirms a maximum of 7 transactions per second. In comparison, Visa's network system can process 10,000 transactions per second at the fastest, and Alipay's record is 80,000 transactions per second on Singles' Day in 2014!
5. Block The development of chain technology 2.0:
As the 2.0 upgrade and development of blockchain, it first focuses on solving the high-carbon mining of Bitcoin accounting:
When we discuss how to overcome the high carbon of Bitcoin mining and accounting Professor Liu Taoxiong from the Tsinghua Institute of Economics pointed out that mining competition relies on computing power. In the end, only one company competes for the legal accounting rights, and the other 99% of the miner nodes are mined for nothing, which is a waste of resources. It is obviously unreasonable. If The whole network transparently knows the legal accounting rights of the next block, and it is randomly generated in the entire network, which eliminates the high carbon cost of competitive accounting! After hearing this, we all praised Professor Liu for his brilliant idea, because the second generation is now more successful. Coin NXT has this mechanism. Their white paper is called "Transparent Forging". However, the probability of the accounting rights going to someone is directly proportional to the NXT token holdings in each miner node wallet. This is called the proof of equity mechanism ( PROOF OF STOCK). Of course, this also triggered a debate about the unfairness of NXT’s distribution of tokens to early investment developers!
RIPPLE is a semi-decentralized blockchain solution that uses “trusted gateways” to conduct block operations. The credibility of chain accounting is based on the consensus ledger protocol that these gateways will not do evil at the same time.
The most ambitious attempt is Ethereum, which combines blockchain technology with Turing completeness, hoping to develop a basic platform that can support the construction of various blockchain systems in the future. The development of various credit currencies, digital assets, smart protocols and even financial derivatives. The system design is to unify blockchain accounting on the ETHERUM platform and be used by all developers. Maybe their official version will be released in the near future.
6. Possible applications of blockchain innovation in other fields:
Now, blockchain’s attempts to establish decentralized credit are no longer limited to the financial world, but have attracted attention from all fields of society, especially in At present, some of China's central credit institutions, such as the "Red Cross", are in a state of "collapse". Blockchain can provide a new way of thinking and technical options for social management. The following are some new developments and related information we have learned about.Discussion:
The combination of blockchain and the Internet of Things unifies digital assets and atomic assets, smooths the difference between consumer assets and cash assets, expands public credit, and accelerates value circulation; (IBM-Samsung)
District Establish an intellectual property protection system on the blockchain, record the use of intellectual property across the entire network, and establish a global advertising market;
Whether the blockchain can provide technical support for the issuance of protocol-based cryptographic currencies by emerging economies along the Belt and Road;< br>Blockchain + cloud computing can develop into a decentralized self-media and community system;
Blockchain can build a decentralized equity crowdfunding system, allowing innovative projects to enter the circulation field in advance;
Zone Blockchain can develop a fully transparent financial management system;
Blockchain supports the establishment of a global decentralized corporate organization.
In short, in this era when credit has become a scarce resource, the technological innovation of blockchain, as a distributed credit model, provides new opportunities for finance, social management, talent evaluation and decentralized organization construction in the global market. All provide a broad development prospect.

㈥ What is Blockchain

In the simplest terms, a blockchain is a distributed ledger.

To understand what this means, we first have to look at its opposite: a centralized ledger. Because blockchain technology started with finance, we will also introduce it below using banks as an example.

The following is our process for using bank debit card transactions:

You can swipe your card to purchase goods in stores.

The merchant sends a statement to your bank for the agreed upon amount.

Your bank will verify that you may have authorized the purchase.

The bank sends the money to the merchant.

Finally, the bank records this information in its ledger.

There’s a lot of technology involved here, but that’s basically it. The last step is important - the bank records all transactions made by the customer. This ledger goes all the way back to the first transaction the bank made.

This ledger is kept, maintained and regulated by the bank. You can read it in your online bank account, but you can't change it. The bank has complete control. If it decides to make a change, there's nothing you can do about it.

Crucially, if hackers were able to access a bank’s ledger, that could cause a lot of problems. They can change the account balance to make it look like certain transactions never occurred, etc.

This is why distributed ledgers are so cool.

Blockchain Network Visualization

If a bank operates on a distributed ledger, each member of the bank will have a copy of the ledger, and whenever any member of the bank When they make a purchase, they tell every other member of the bank.

Each member will validate the transaction and add it to the ledger (the added records are called "blocks"). This has some important benefits, as there is no centralized authority that can manipulate records. Hackers accessing one ledger won't be a big problem because other ledgers can easily verify it.

On the other hand, it requires a lot of work. In short, the second system is blockchain (at least in financial scenarios).

As mentioned above, blockchain is a decentralized list of transactions. If I send Xiao Ming 2 Bitcoins, I send a message to everyone in the network saying "I am sending Xiao Ming 2 Bitcoins" and they all record the transaction.

The future of blockchain, how will it change our lives?

One thing that is important about blockchain is that it is a public resource and no one really owns it because everyone owns it.

Blockchain is not just science fiction. We don’t need to understand the mechanism behind this technology, but you do need to understand that it may completely change our lives in the next 20 years.

This may sound bold, but remember, 20 years ago we were browsing the Internet on Netscape, using state-of-the-art Motorola flip phones, and buying our first DVD players. At that time, if we imagined that a computer could be held in our hands and that we could buy cars, make payments, and watch movies, it would have been considered a fantasy.

Although the impact of blockchain may not be as obvious as the Internet, nor as tangible as mobile phones, blockchain will effectively solve many worries in daily life. Such as intermediaries cheating people, transaction delays, etc. In our current lives, middlemen are everywhere and we take them for granted as a part of life. If one day these intermediaries cease to exist, you will find that the world will become a different place.

Imagine that by 2040, blockchain may become a mature and widely used technology. When one day you can't live without the blockchain just like you can't live without the Internet now, you will be surprised to find that this decentralized accounting technology has simplified the complexity and become a part of your lifestyle