区块链的运行原理是什么?,区块链运作原理图

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Ⅰ What exactly is blockchain? Decrypt the concept of blockchain

Ⅱ What is the technical principle of blockchain

< p>Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database and serves as the underlying technology of Bitcoin. The blockchain is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains information about a Bitcoin network transaction and is used to verify the validity of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block.
The blockchain is public on the Internet and can be queried in every offline Bitcoin wallet data. The functionality of a Bitcoin wallet relies on confirmation with the blockchain, and a valid check is called a confirmation. Usually a transaction requires several confirmations before it can proceed. Lightweight Bitcoin wallets use online confirmations, which means no blockchain data is downloaded to device storage.
Many altcoins of Bitcoin also use the same design, but are slightly different in proof of work and algorithm. For example, using proof of stake and SCrypt, etc.

Ⅲ How does the blockchain work?

What kind of technology is the recently popular blockchain technology? Blockchain technology is considered to be the brightest star in financial technology, and it may continue to develop in the future. It has many characteristics, including the distribution of data and the trust of data. Degree and collective consensus mechanism, the most important ones are openness, transparency, anonymity and privacy, which are very distinctive features. Based on the data in these blockchains, we can derive some basic information about contemporary society.

Blockchain technology is such a secure and scientific database. It can be simply understood as an authoritative database. The basic contents in it are all true and have been verified and reviewed by others. In terms of financial technology, it will be very easy to find some desired data, which is very good for people doing business.

IV What is the principle behind the development of blockchain technology

In a narrow sense, blockchain is a combination of data blocks that are connected sequentially in chronological order. A chained data structure, and an untamperable and unforgeable distributed ledger guaranteed by Midanhuai wide cryptography.

Broadly speaking, blockchain technology uses block chain data structures to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, and uses cryptography to ensure data transmission and access. It is a new distributed infrastructure and computing method that uses smart contracts composed of automated script codes to program and operate data securely.

Working principle

The blockchain system consists of data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer and application layer. Among them, the data layer encapsulates the underlying data blocks and related data encryption and timestamps and other basic data and basic algorithms; the network layer includes distributionNetworking mechanism, data dissemination mechanism and data verification mechanism, etc.; the consensus layer mainly encapsulates various consensus algorithms of network nodes; the incentive layer integrates economic factors into the blockchain technology system, mainly including the issuance mechanism and distribution of economic incentives mechanisms, etc.; the contract layer mainly encapsulates various scripts, algorithms and smart contracts, which is the basis of the programmable features of the blockchain; the application layer encapsulates various application scenarios and cases of the blockchain. In this model, the chain block structure based on timestamps, the consensus mechanism of distributed nodes, economic incentives based on consensus computing power, and flexible and programmable intelligent contract signing are the most representative innovations of blockchain technology. .

IV What are the technical principles of blockchain

The key points involved in blockchain technology include: decentralization, trustless, collective Maintenance (Collectivelymaintain), reliable database (ReliableDatabase), timestamp (Timestamp), asymmetric encryption (AsymmetricCryptography), etc.

Blockchain technology redefines the way credit is generated in the network: In the system, participants do not need to know the background information of other people, nor do they need to rely on guarantees or guarantees from third-party institutions. Blockchain Technology ensures that the system records, transmits, and stores value transfer activities, and the final result must be credible.

(5) Zhihu Extended Reading on the Operating Principles of Blockchain

The source of the principles of blockchain technology can be summarized as a mathematical problem: the Byzantine Generals Problem . The Byzantine Generals Problem extends to Internet life, and its connotation can be summarized as: in the context of the Internet, when it is necessary to conduct value exchange activities with unfamiliar counterparties, how can people prevent themselves from being deceived by malicious saboteurs? Be confused and make wrong decisions.

Further extending the Byzantine Generals Problem to the technical field, its connotation can be summarized as: in the absence of a trustworthy central node and a trustworthy channel, the problems distributed in the network How should each node reach consensus. Blockchain technology solves the long-known Byzantine Generals Problem by providing a way to create a consensus network without trusting individual nodes.

VI Blockchain Principle

Blockchain is a technology, but it is not a single technology, but the result of the integration of multiple technologies, including cryptography, Mathematics, economics, network science, etc. You can think of it as a distributed shared accounting technology, or as a database, but this database is jointly maintained by all nodes on the chain, and each node has a ledger, because all nodes The ledgers are consistent, different nodes can trust each other, and there is no doubt about the data, so everyone says that the blockchain has technically achieved trust. For detailed professional technology, you can consult some professional technology companies, such as: Jinbo Technology, FocusTo develop blockchain-related products, we have a professional R&D team and complete after-sales service. You can call us for consultation.

Ⅶ You have to know the operating principles and development of blockchain!

1. Why is there innovation in blockchain?
The starting point of the first generation of the Internet is the TCP/IP protocol, which implements a unified format for peer-to-peer transmission of information by all nodes on the network. Open code. However, the impact of such an uncomplicated innovation on mankind is epoch-making. It has programmed, agreed, and enforced the basic values ​​required by a unified global market: "freedom, equality, and fraternity." Then the STMP email protocol, HTTP domain name protocol, etc. were derived, achieving low-cost and high-efficiency global information transmission in a decentralized manner. As Alibaba Vice President Gao Hongbing said:
"The Internet is to eliminate the (information) supply chain that has very low value and high cost - it is open, interconnected, peer-to-peer, globalized, and decentralized."
We know: The essence of the market is also decentralized. It automatically executes the decentralized agreement of "equivalent exchange". Just as Nobel Prize winner Ronald Coase summed up: "The market economy is based on two On the basis of deep cognition: admitting ignorance and tolerating uncertainty." Adam Smith also described the market as: "the invisible hand"! Therefore, the market must require the low-cost flow of information decentralization, and the Internet has adapted to the global Under the general climate formed by the unified market, it turned out to be.
However, the first generation of Internet decentralized solved the problem of low-cost and efficient transmission of information, but it did not solve the problem of credit of information. Therefore, what the second-generation Internet must break through is: how to establish global credit in a decentralized manner so that value transfer can be carried out at low cost and with high efficiency.
So what are the problems with the original centralized credit system? As we all know: centralized credit, such as the legal currencies of various countries, has different credit values, and the clearing systems are also incompatible, which adds a lot of cost to global trade. The current global credit system centered on the US dollar has a "Triffin Paradox" in its mechanism (the essence is that a country's legal currency cannot simultaneously resolve the conflict between its own economic interests and global economic needs). Therefore, in 2009, the Governor of the Central Bank of China, Zhou Ogawa called for the creation of a super-sovereign storage currency. In the same year, Satoshi Nakamoto disclosed the first-generation blockchain source code-"Bitcoin" online.
2. How does the blockchain system operate?
First of all, Satoshi Nakamoto knew very well that establishing a credit system for payment must solve the problem of preventing "duplicate payments", that is, no counterfeit currency can be created. The centralized credit system relies on state machinery to prevent counterfeit currency. What about "Bitcoin"? Satoshi Nakamoto's great innovation is to "timestamp" every transaction. There is a block (block: equivalent to a network account book) every ten minutes, and all network transactions for these ten minutes are correctly timestamped. The question is who will cover it? Satoshi Nakamoto did not assume that everyone on the Internet is Lei Feng. He agreed with Adam Smith: people in the market are greedy. He made the so-called self-proclaimed "Miners compete for the accounting rights of each block in ten minutes. The rules of the competition are to correctly record the accounting and solve the SHA256 problem at the same time. Who can prove that their computer has the fastest computing power (the so-called PROOF OF WORK mechanism). He can compete for the legal accounting rights of these ten-minute blocks and get a reward of twenty-five bitcoins. This is the so-called "mining" process, which actually establishes a network-wide general ledger - the blockchain. The decentralized credit process, so the more essential function of miners is "bookkeepers"!
In his Bitcoin white paper, Satoshi Nakamoto described the process of establishing this credit system in more detail:
First Step: In order for the entire network to recognize that each transaction is valid, it must be broadcast to each node (node: that is, the miner);
Step 2: Each miner node must correctly and accurately report each transaction in these ten minutes. The transaction is stamped with a timestamp and recorded in that block;
Step 3: Each miner node must solve the SHA256 puzzle to compete for the legal accounting rights of this ten-minute block and strive to obtain twenty-five A reward of 10 Bitcoins (50 Bitcoins every ten minutes for the first four years, decreasing by half every four years);
Step 4: If a miner node solves the ten-minute SHA256 puzzle, he will submit the reward to The entire network publishes all the timestamp transactions recorded in the ten-minute block and checks them with other miner nodes in the entire network;
Step 5: Other miner nodes in the entire network check the correctness of the accounting of the block (because they At the same time, timestamp accounting is also being done, but there is no competition for the legal block accounting rights, so there is no reward). If there is no error, they will compete for the next block after the legal block, thus forming a legal accounting The single chain of blocks is the general ledger of the Bitcoin payment system - the blockchain.
Generally speaking, each transaction must be confirmed six times, that is, six ten minutes of accounting, before it can be The legal transaction was eventually recognized on the blockchain. The following is the accounting format of Bitcoin:
So the so-called "Bitcoin" is such a billing system: it includes the owner electronically signing with the private key and paying to the next person. An owner, and then the "miners" of the entire network stamp the timestamps to form a blockchain.
3. What innovations are there in Bitcoin's blockchain finance?
Like gold, try to build a global Internet Decentralized credit makes it possible to transfer value across the entire network at high speed and at low rates (currently the rate for each transfer is one ten thousandth);
The total amount of currency is agreed upon by the cryptographic protocol;
Compared to Unlike gold, digital currency is infinitely divisible;
Currency value can be built on a large number of P2P transactions;
Full transparency of financial management (each transaction can be checked on the blockchain).
Bitcoin's blockchain network-wide accounting has established a market value of US$10 billion, the highest on the global Internet. Therefore, Wu Xiaoling, dean of Tsinghua PBC School of Finance, pointed out: The blockchain experiment has established distributed credit, which is the Internet TCP /The upgraded version of IP is an upgrade from information transmission to valuePass;
4. What are the inherent flaws of Bitcoin’s blockchain system?
Bitcoin’s blockchain system has had successes since it was open sourced on the Internet in 2009, but it also shows some difficulties. Inherent defects to overcome:
The total amount cannot change with the market situation, and will inevitably rise and fall;
Mining is high-carbon, and less than 1% of miners can compete for the accounting rights of less than ten minutes of blocks. , more than 99% of other miners participating in the competition waste computing power;
The annual inflation of about 10% has greatly increased the cost of the Bitcoin financial ecology, and even threatened her survival;
As a decentralized self-organization The running costs of the DAC system, accounting and issuance functions are too high.
As a global payment system, its efficiency is far from meeting the actual requirements of global trade. The Bitcoin network currently confirms a maximum of 7 transactions per second. In comparison, Visa's network system can process 10,000 transactions per second at the fastest, and Alipay's record is 80,000 transactions per second on Singles' Day in 2014!
5. Block The development of chain technology 2.0:
As the 2.0 upgrade and development of blockchain, it first focuses on solving the high-carbon mining of Bitcoin accounting:
When we discuss how to overcome the high carbon of Bitcoin mining and accounting Professor Liu Taoxiong from the Tsinghua Institute of Economics pointed out that mining competition relies on computing power. In the end, only one company competes for the legal accounting rights, and the other 99% of the miner nodes are mined for nothing, which is a waste of resources. It is obviously unreasonable. If The whole network transparently knows the legal accounting rights of the next block, and it is randomly generated in the entire network, which eliminates the high carbon cost of competitive accounting! After hearing this, we all praised Professor Liu for his brilliant idea, because the second generation is now more successful. Coin NXT has this mechanism. Their white paper is called "Transparent Forging". However, the probability of the accounting rights going to someone is directly proportional to the NXT token holdings in each miner node wallet. This is called the proof of equity mechanism ( PROOF OF STOCK). Of course, this also triggered a debate about the unfairness of NXT’s distribution of tokens to early investment developers!
RIPPLE is a semi-decentralized blockchain solution that uses “trusted gateways” to conduct block operations. The credibility of chain accounting is based on the consensus ledger protocol that these gateways will not do evil at the same time.
The most ambitious attempt is Ethereum, which combines blockchain technology with Turing completeness, hoping to develop a basic platform that can support the construction of various blockchain systems in the future. The development of various credit currencies, digital assets, smart protocols and even financial derivatives. The system design is to unify blockchain accounting on the ETHERUM platform and be used by all developers. Maybe their official version will be released in the near future.
6. Possible applications of blockchain innovation in other fields:
Now, blockchain’s attempts to establish decentralized credit are no longer limited to the financial world, but have attracted attention from all fields of society.Especially in China, some central credit institutions, such as the Red Cross Society, are in a state of collapse. Blockchain can provide a new way of thinking and technical options for social management. Here are some new developments and related discussions we have learned about. :
The combination of blockchain and the Internet of Things unifies digital assets and atomic assets, smooths the difference between consumer assets and cash assets, expands public credit, and accelerates value circulation; (IBM-Samsung)
Block Establish an intellectual property protection system on the chain, keep accounts of the use of intellectual property across the entire network, and establish a global advertising market;
Whether the blockchain can provide technical support for the issuance of protocol-based cryptographic currencies by emerging economies along the Belt and Road;
Blockchain + cloud computing can develop into a decentralized self-media and community system;
Blockchain can build a decentralized equity crowdfunding system, allowing innovative projects to enter the circulation field in advance;
Block The blockchain can develop a fully transparent financial management system;
The blockchain supports the establishment of a global decentralized corporate organization.
In short, in this era when credit has become a scarce resource, the technological innovation of blockchain, as a distributed credit model, provides new opportunities for finance, social management, talent evaluation and decentralized organization construction in the global market. All provide a broad development prospect.