区块链发现态势及其应用和影响的考试,区块链difai

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Ⅰ What is blockchain

Let’s talk about some basic concepts first.

The network said that blockchain is a new usage model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanisms, and encryption algorithms. It is essentially a decentralized database, and as the underlying technology of Bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated by cryptography.

We try to translate "what is blockchain" into "human language".

The definition refers to the "decentralized database" nature of blockchain3354. This is very different from the traditional "centralized database" in storage, update and operation.

A centralized database can be thought of as having this shape:

For example, if I want to use Alipay to pay a Taobao seller, all data requests from when I make money to when he receives the money will be centrally processed by Alipay. The advantage of this data structure is that as long as Alipay is responsible for the efficient and safe operation of the system, others can unconditionally believe it without worrying; the disadvantage is that if there is a problem with Alipay, such as being hacked, the server being burned, a traitor appearing, and the company running away (Of course, the possibility of the above is extremely low), the balance details and other information in our Alipay will be confused.

Then some people think that this kind of low-probability event can use any technical means to avoid individual risks, and not only hand over the data to a centralized organization. For example, everyone can store and process data.

The database structure may look like this:

This picture is a schematic structural diagram of a "distributed database". Each point is a server, they all have equal rights to record and calculate data, and information is spread point-to-point. At first glance, it seems that it can indeed resist the risk caused by the crash of a certain node, but it is also very confusing and inefficient intuitively. Who will handle my information, and who has the final say on the outcome?

At this time, the "consensus mechanism" in the definition of blockchain comes into play. The consensus mechanism mainly "stipulates" the following things: who will process a data request (what qualifications are required); who will verify the results (to see if he has handled it well); how to prevent processors and verifiers from colluding with each other, etc.

Some people may like to be questioned when a "rule" is made. In order to form a stronger consensus, in addition to making the rules more reasonable, they must also be more attractive so that people are interested and motivated to participate in data processing. This involves the incentive mechanism of the public chain. We will start again later when we discuss the classification of blockchain and the role of digital currencies.

When we hand over a transaction to a distributed network, there is also a "psychological threshold": there are so many nodes that can process information, and I don't know any of them (unlike Alipay, if it hurts me, I can go and file a lawsuit against it). They all have my data, why should I trust them?

At this time, encryption algorithm (the last descriptive word in the definition of blockchain) comes on stage.

In the blockchain network, the data requests we send will be encrypted according to cryptographic principles into a string of characters that the recipient cannot understand at all. Behind this encryption method is the support of a hash algorithm.

HaHashing algorithms can quickly convert any type of data into a hash value. This change is one-way irreversible, deterministic, random, and anti-collision. Because of these characteristics, the person handling my data request could record the information for me, but they had no idea who I was or what I was doing.

So far, the working principle of the decentralized network has been introduced. But we seem to have overlooked one detail. The previous diagram is a net. Where are the pulleys and chains? Why do we call it blockchain?

To understand this matter, we need to clarify a few knowledge points first:

The previous picture is actually a "macro" database perspective, showing the basic rules and processes of the blockchain system for processing information. . And specifically at the "micro" data log level, we will find that the ledger is packaged, compressed, stored in blocks, and strung together in chronological order to form a "chain structure", like this:

Figure Each ring in can be regarded as a building block, and many links are linked together to form a blockchain. Blocks store data, unlike ordinary data storage: on a blockchain, the data in a later block contains the data in the previous block.

In order to academically explain the fields of each part of the data in the block, we tried to use a book metaphor to describe what a blockchain data structure is.

Usually, when we read a book, we read the first page, then the second and third pages. The spine is a physical existence that fixes the order of each page. Even if the book is scattered, the order of each numbered page can be determined.

Inside the blockchain, each block is labeled with a page number, the second page contains the first page's content, the third page's content contains the first and second page's content. The tenth page contains the previous Nine pages of content.

It is such a nested chain that can be traced back to the original data.

This brings up an important attribute of blockchain: traceability.

When the data in the blockchain needs to be updated, that is when new blocks are generated in sequence, the "consensus algorithm" comes into play again. This algorithm stipulates that a new block can only be formed if it is recognized by more than 51% of the nodes in the entire network. To put it bluntly, it is a matter of voting, and it can be elected if more than half of the people agree. This makes the data on the blockchain difficult to tamper with. If I were to force a change, there would be too many people to bribe and the cost would be too high to be worth it.

This is what people often call the "non-tamperable" feature of blockchain.

Another reason why blockchain gives people a sense of trust is because of "smart contracts."

Smart contracts are commitment agreements defined and automatically executed by computer programs. It is a set of transaction rules executed by code, similar to the current automatic repayment function of credit cards. If you turn on this function, you don’t have to worry about anything. The bank will automatically deduct the money you owe when it is due.

When your friend borrows money from you but doesn't remember to pay it back, or makes excuses not to pay it back, smart contracts can prevent breach of contract. Once the terms in the contract are triggered, such as when it is time to repay the money, or there is a limit in his account, the code will automatically execute, and the money he owes you will be automatically transferred back whether he wants it or not.

Let’s briefly summarize. Blockchain technology is mainly decentralized, difficult to tamper with, and traceable, which represents more security and trustlessness. But it also brings new problems: redundancy and inefficiency, which requires many nodes to agree with the rules and actively participate.

This concludes the "drying" section. Next, let’s talk about unofficial history and the official history of blockchain.

A new technology is often used to serve a certain task.

Or goals. So where was blockchain first used, and who came up with it first?

Let's go back to 2008.

On September 21, Wall Street investment banks collapsed one after another, and the Federal Reserve announced that it would convert the only two remaining investment banks (Goldman Sachs Group and Morgan Stanley) into commercial banks; it hoped to survive the financial crisis by absorbing savings. On October 3, the Bush administration signed a $700 billion financial rescue package.

Twenty-eight days later, on November 1, 2008, a new post appeared in a cryptography mailing group: "I am developing a new electronic currency system that is completely peer-to-peer and does not require a third party. Three-party trust institution." The text of the post is a paper titled "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System", signed by Satoshi Nakamoto.

The paper explains the design of this peer-to-peer electronic cash system with a more rigorous logic. It first discusses the problem that financial institutions are subject to "trust based" (based on credit), and then explains step by step how to achieve "no third-party agency" , and cleverly solved the technical problems left by the predecessors.

Two months later, Satoshi Nakamoto released the first version of the open source Bitcoin client and mined 50 Bitcoins for the first time. The block that generated the first batch of Bitcoins is called the "Genesis block". The genesis block was compiled into block 0 and was not uploaded to the chain. It took Satoshi Nakamoto 6 days to mine this block. This also sparked discussion in the bitcointalk forum. Bitcoin "believers" thought of the Bible, "God created the heavens and the earth in six days, and then rested on the seventh day."

Although concepts such as decentralized, token, and economy did not appear in the paper, Satoshi Nakamoto explained in detail the role of blocks and chains in the network. working principle. So, there is Block Chain.

This paper later became the "Bible" of the "Bit Cult", technology became the cornerstone of faith, and developer documentation became the "Code of Hammurabi".

After that, Bitcoin realized the first real-life payment by exchanging pizza, WikiLeaks, whose account was blocked by the US government, miraculously survived by relying on Bitcoin, Satoshi Nakamoto's "decentralization" and retirement, and the appearance of the real and the fake A series of legends such as and refutation of rumors, combined with the expectations, imagination and speculation of later generations, became "Bible stories".

There are also people who are not satisfied with the "oldThe world described in "The Testament" started a new sect, written the doctrine into a white paper, and told the story of their faith in the ten years after Bitcoin. Just like the writing of 66 volumes of the Bible spanned 1,500 years, and another 2,000 years Interpretation, Christianity has divided into 33,000 branches.

CoinMarketCap shows that there are more than 4,900 types of digital currencies, and the overall digital currency market size is nearly 140 million yuan. Bitcoin still leads the entire digital currency market with a market share of 66%. Recently, The price is hovering around US$7,200 per coin.

So many currencies have different functions and are divided into different categories: digital currencies represented by Bitcoin are positioned as "digital gold" and have certain reserves. Value and hedging characteristics; digital currencies represented by Ethereum have become the "operational fuel" in its network system; stablecoins represented by USDT and Libra have good payment capabilities due to their low volatility; DCEP The digital currency issued by the central bank represented by the Central Bank has replaced M0 to a certain extent, allowing commercial institutions and ordinary people to not delay receipts and payments when they have no cash and are disconnected from the Internet.

It can be seen that after 10 years of development of blockchain technology, initially And the "biggest" application is digital currency.

Digital currency has also become an attractive reward for participants to maintain the public chain.

So besides digital currency, where else can blockchain technology be used? What?

Let us recall what the essence of blockchain is—a decentralized database, and its corresponding characteristics: traceability, publicity, anonymity, and tamper-proof. So in theory, traditional You can try to use blockchain to transform any centralized database scenario to see if it is suitable.

Next, let’s talk about a few industries and scenarios where blockchain has been successfully implemented:

Blockchain can Proving the existence of a file or digital content at a specific time through hash timestamps provides a perfect solution for forensic forensics, identity certification, property rights protection, anti-counterfeiting and traceability, etc.

In the field of anti-counterfeiting and traceability, tracking blocks through the supply chain Chain technology can be widely used in various fields such as food and medicine, agricultural products, alcohol, and luxury goods.

Give two examples.

Blockchain can allow government data to be run and greatly streamline the service process

The distributed technology of the blockchain can allow government departments to be centralized on one chain, and all service processes are delivered to smart contracts. As long as the worker passes the identity authentication and electronic signature in one department, the smart contract can be automatically processed and transferred, and all subsequent transactions can be completed in sequence. Approval and signature.

Blockchain invoices are the earliest use of domestic blockchain technology. The tax department launched the blockchain electronic invoice "Tax Chain" platform. The tax department, the invoicing party, and the payee pass a unique number Join the "Tax Chain" network with your identity to truly realize "instant invoicing upon transaction" and "immediate reimbursement upon invoicing" - invoicing in seconds and reimbursement in minutes, significantly reducing tax collection and management costs and effectively solving data tampering, over-reporting of one vote, and tax evasion. and other issues.

Poverty alleviation is another practical application of blockchain technology. Utilize the openness, transparency, and trustworthiness of blockchain technologyFeatures such as traceability and non-tampering enable transparent use, precise allocation and efficient management of poverty alleviation funds.

Give two examples as well.

The eID network identity operation agency guided by the Third Research Institute of the Ministry of Public Security is jointly developing a "digital identity chain" with Gongyilian, which will be issued to Chinese citizens based on the citizen's identity number as the root and cryptographic algorithm. Since it was put into operation, the eID digital identity system has served the full life cycle management of 100 million eIDs, effectively alleviating the problems of personal identity information being fraudulently used, abused and privacy leaked.

Odaily Planet Daily compiled 5 identity chain projects registered with the Cyberspace Administration of China

Blockchain technology naturally has financial attributes

In terms of payment and settlement, under the blockchain distributed ledger system, there are many markets Participants jointly maintain and synchronize a "general ledger" in real time. In just a few minutes, they can complete payment, clearing, and settlement tasks that currently take two or three days to complete, reducing the complexity and cost of cross-bank and cross-border transactions. At the same time, the underlying encryption technology of the blockchain ensures that participants cannot tamper with the ledger, ensuring that transaction records are transparent and safe. Regulators can easily track transactions on the chain and quickly locate high-risk capital flows.

In terms of securities issuance transactions, the traditional stock issuance process is long, costly and complicated. Blockchain technology can weaken the role of underwriting institutions and help all parties establish a fast and accurate information exchange and sharing channel. The issuer can handle the issuance on its own through smart contracts. , regulatory authorities conduct unified review and verification, and investors can also bypass intermediaries for direct operations.

In terms of digital bills and supply chain finance, blockchain technology can effectively solve the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises. It is difficult for current supply chain finance to benefit small and medium-sized enterprises in the upper reaches of the industrial chain, because they often do not have direct trade relations with core enterprises, and it is difficult for financial institutions to evaluate their credit qualifications. Based on blockchain technology, we can establish a consortium chain network covering core enterprises, upstream and downstream suppliers, financial institutions, etc. The core enterprises issue accounts receivable vouchers to their suppliers. After the bills are digitized and uploaded to the chain, they can be uploaded to the supplier Transfer between them, each level of supplier can realize the corresponding amount of financing with the digital bill certificate.

Give me an example.

The China Enterprise Cloud Chain, jointly launched by ICBC, Postal Savings Bank of China, 11 central enterprises, etc., has covered 48,000 companies since its establishment in 2017, with the amount of rights confirmed on the chain reaching 100 billion yuan, and factoring financing of 57 billion yuan. , cumulative transactions reached 300 billion yuan. After receiving the loan application, financial institutions can verify the authenticity of the contract on the chain and whether the contract has been verified multiple times (multiple loans); the smart contract automatically clears and settles, reducing costs and increasing efficiency; at the same time, the accounts payable of core enterprises can have The corresponding vouchers will be split by the first-level suppliers and handed over to the second- and third-level suppliers in the chain to help them with financing; core enterprises can also use this to understand whether the entire chain is operating normally and avoid emergencies. Redemption pressure.

Blockchain technology will greatly optimize the existing use of big data and play a huge role in data circulation and sharing

The aforementioned areas are areas that we are relatively familiar with. With the development of more new technologies, blockchain may be able toThe combination works in unexpected intersections and new scenarios that are currently unforeseen.

In the future, the Internet, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things will generate massive amounts of data. The existing centralized data storage (computing model) will face huge challenges. Edge storage (computing) based on blockchain technology is expected to become a future solution. Furthermore, the non-tampering and traceability mechanism of blockchain ensures the authenticity and high quality of data, which becomes the basis for the use of all data such as big data, deep learning, and artificial intelligence.

Finally, blockchain can realize multi-party collaborative data calculations while protecting data privacy, and is expected to solve the problems of "data monopoly" and "data islands" and realize the value of data circulation.

In response to the current blockchain development stage, in order to meet the blockchain development and use needs of general business users, many traditional cloud service providers have begun to deploy their own BaaS ("Blockchain as a Service") solutions. The combination of blockchain and cloud computing will effectively reduce enterprise blockchain deployment costs and promote the implementation of blockchain usage scenarios. In the future, blockchain technology will also play an important role in many fields such as charity, insurance, energy, logistics, and the Internet of Things.

During this trial process from traditional technology to blockchain, we found that when certain scenarios have stronger demands for traceability, tamper-proofing, and decentralization, they also have problems with the weaknesses of blockchain (such as performance). , the requirements are not high, and this field is quite suitable for combining blockchain.

At the same time, in the process of blockchain evolution, it has also developed from a highly decentralized public chain accessible to everyone to a consortium chain with different permissions and maintained by multiple centers. Balances the advantages and disadvantages of the two systems.

Typical examples of alliance chains include: FISCO BCOS jointly developed by WeBank and the Golden Alliance Open Source Working Group, Fabric, a major contribution from IBM, and Ant Alliance Chain led by Ant Blockchain, etc.

These trustless systems represent more secure data authentication and storage mechanisms, where data is effectively authenticated and protected. Businesses or individuals can exchange or enter into contracts digitally, where these contracts are embedded in code and stored in transparent, shared databases where they cannot be deleted, tampered with, or revised.

It is boldly predicted that in the future, contracts, audits, tasks, and payments will all be digitized with unique and secure signatures. Digital signatures will be permanently identified, authenticated, legalized, and stored, and cannot be tampered with. There is no need for an intermediary to guarantee each of your transactions. You can conduct transactions without knowing the basic information of the other party. While improving information security, it effectively reduces transaction costs and improves transaction efficiency.

Generally speaking, there has been a lot of progress in the implementation of blockchain compared to two years ago.

Many improvements are at the bottom of the system, and users cannot directly see that blockchain is used, but they have actually benefited from it; some applications are still in pilot mode, and users have not yet been able to experience it. In the future, blockchain is expected to be used on a large scale and become one of the Internet infrastructure.

Hope to see you here, have a general understanding of what blockchain is and what blockchain can do.

Related Q&A: What is blockchain

Blockchain is actually equivalent to a disintermediated database, which is composed of a series of data blocks. Each of its data blocks contains information about a Bitcoin network transaction, which is used to verify the validity of the information and generate the next block.

In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chain data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is cryptographically guaranteed to be non-tamperable and non-forgeable. distributed ledger.

In a broad sense, blockchain is actually a distributed infrastructure and computing method, which is used to ensure the security of data transmission and access.

Blockchain infrastructure:

Blockchain is composed of six infrastructures: data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer and usage layer.

Ⅱ What should I do when I find that there is a problem with the data or transfer information in the blockchain?

Hello, when I find that there is a problem with the data or transfer information in the blockchain, what should I do? There's no way to deal with it.
Because the blockchain is equivalent to a public ledger, every transaction must be confirmed by the person holding the ledger. Once confirmed, the transfer is irreversible.
The essence of blockchain is to achieve upstream storage of data through consensus, encryption, p2p communication and other technologies, which cannot be tampered with.

Ⅲ New scientific discoveries reveal the surprising similarity between blockchain and DNA

Some scientists realize that computers are another form of life. Among them, blockchain technology is like DNA, which forms the basis of human life. A recently published study reveals striking parallels between computers and living things—life in general.

This research combines theory, observational data and conceptual models for analysis, and summarizes some basic elements that define "life". It is found that blockchain technology meets these elements. We observe that blockchain There are many similarities in function and structure between strands and DNA in organisms.

Blockchain is a structure that can only continuously add data. It is composed of many sub-units called "blocks" that are permanently connected together through encryption algorithms. From a practical application level, the blockchain is a permanent medium that stores a set of instructions in the form of computer code for replicating a large number of node copies. This is the same function as DNA in cells.

DNA is like the blueprint of a cell. The process of cell reproduction must follow the instructions stored in the DNA to copy the same new cell.

This study proposes that systems built on the basis of blockchain meet many conditions for the definition of "life", such as response to the environment, growth and change, replication, self-restraint, etc.

Research continues to look forward to rapidly developing systems, such as artificial neural networks (ANNs, systems that simulate the human brain) and artificial intelligence systems, which are more like "creatures" that can operate independently.

The study mentioned that compared with living organisms, these systems have many advantages, such as the ability to selectively pass their characteristics to the next generation, fast action, high accuracy, and can be said to have The ability to "eternal life". Distributed virtual machines (dVM) based on blockchain have the ability to plan how they want to evolve.

Researchers say that since the blockchain is like DNA and the neural network based on artificial intelligence is like the brain, once the two are combined in the future, what kind of life will be created!

What did scientists discover that shocked the world? Uncovering the "longest-lived" four-quark particle to date

What did scientists discover? Revealing the inherent characteristics of space-time of electromagnetic fields

What important value have scientists recently discovered? The latest estimate of the age of the universe is released

Scientists have discovered the frequent occurrence of mysterious fast radio bursts. What is the reason?

What did scientists discover? Brain neuron map is released, brain surgery will open up a new world

What did scientists unexpectedly discover? Why do so many different new stars appear in distant galaxies?

Scientists have discovered a new pterosaur fossil with a wingspan of seven meters in Australia.

What is the major discovery? Scientists study that the shape of the universe may be donut-shaped

IV Blockchain Technology

Background: After the birth of Bitcoin, it was discovered that the technology was very advanced, and blockchain technology was discovered. Bitcoin and blockchain technology were discovered at the same time.

1.1 The purpose of the birth of Bitcoin:

①Currency transactions have records, that is, ledgers;

②The disadvantages of centralized institution accounting - it can be tampered with; Yi Chaofa

Bitcoin solves the first problem: anti-tampering - hash function

1.2 hash function (encryption method)

① Function: convert any A string of length, converted to a fixed-length (sha256) output. The output is also called a hash value.

② Features: It is difficult to find two different x and y such that h(x)=h(y).

③Application: md5 file encryption

1.3 Blockchain

①Definition

p>

Block: Split the general ledger into blocks for storage

Blockchain: On each block, add a block header. It records the hash value of the parent block. By storing the hash value of the parent block in each block, all blocks are connected in order to form a blockchain.

②How does the blockchain prevent transaction records from being tampered with?

After the blockchain is formed, tampering with any transaction will cause the hash value of the transaction block to be different from that of its sub-blocks. , tampering was discovered.

Even if you continue to tamper with the hash value in the sub-block header, the hash value in the sub-block will be different from that in the grandchild block, and the tampering will be discovered.

1.4 The essence of blockchain

①The essence of Bitcoin and blockchain: a big ledger visible to everyone, only recording transactions .

②Core technology: Through cryptographic hash function + data structure, it ensures that the ledger records cannot be tampered with.

③Core function: Create trust. Fiat currency relies on government credibility, and Bitcoin relies on technology.

1.5 How to trade

① To conduct transactions, you need an account number and password, corresponding to the public key and private key

Private key: a string of 256-bit binary numbers , no application is required to obtain it, and you don’t even need a computer. You can generate the private key by tossing a coin 256 times.

The address is converted from the private key. The address cannot reverse the private key.

The address is the identity, which represents the ID in the Bitcoin world.

After an address is generated, it can only be known by everyone if it enters the blockchain ledger.

②Digital signature technology

Signature function sign (Zhang San’s private key, transfer information: Zhang San transfers 10 yuan to Li Si) = signature of this transfer

< p> Verify Korean verify (Zhang San’s address, transfer information: Zhang San transfers 10 yuan to Li Si, signature of this transfer) = True

Zhang San uses his own signature function sign() The private key signs this transaction.

Anyone can verify whether the signature was issued by Zhang San himself who holds Zhang San's private key by verifying the Korean vertify(). It returns true, otherwise it returns false.

sign() and verify() are cryptographically guaranteed not to be cracked. ·

③Complete the transaction

Zhang San will provide the transfer information and signature to the entire network. Under the premise that the account has a balance, after verifying that the signature is true, it will be recorded in the blockchain ledger. Once recorded, Zhang San’s account will be reduced by 10Yuan, Li Si increased by 10 Yuan.

Supports one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, and many-to-many transactions.

In the Bitcoin world, private keys are everything! ! !

1.6 Centralized Accounting

① Advantages of Centralized Accounting:

a. No matter which center keeps accounts, don’t worry too much

< p> b. Centralized accounting, high efficiency

②Disadvantages of centralized accounting:

a Denial of service attack

b Stop service after getting tired

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c Central institutions are vulnerable to attacks. For example, destroying servers and networks, committing self-intrusion, legal termination, government intervention, etc.

All attempts at confidential currencies with centralized institutions in history have failed.

Bitcoin solves the second problem: how to decentralize

1.7 Decentralized accounting

①Decentralization: Everyone can keep accounts. Everyone can keep a complete ledger.

Anyone can download open source programs, participate in the P2P network, monitor transactions sent around the world, become an accounting node, and participate in accounting.

② Decentralized accounting process

After someone initiates a transaction, it is broadcast to the entire network.

Each accounting node continues to monitor and continue transactions across the entire network. When a new transaction is received and the accuracy is verified, it is put into the transaction pool and continues to be propagated to other nodes.

Due to network propagation, the transactions of different accounting nodes at the same time are not necessarily the same.

Every 10 minutes, one person is selected from all accounting nodes in a certain way, and his transaction pool is used as the next block and broadcast to the entire network.

Other nodes delete the transactions that have been recorded in their own transaction pool based on the transactions in the latest block, continue accounting, and wait for the next selection.

③ Features of decentralized accounting

A block is generated every 10 minutes, but not all transactions within these 10 minutes can be recorded.

The accounting node that obtains the accounting rights will be rewarded with 50 Bitcoins. After every 210,000 blocks (approximately 4 years), the reward is halved. The total amount is about 21 million, and it is expected to be mined in 2040.

Recording the reward of a block is also the only way to issue Bitcoin.

④ How to allocate accounting rights: POW (proof of work)Method

Compete for the right to keep accounts by calculating mathematical problems.

Find a random number that makes the following inequality true:

There is no other solution except traversing the random numbers starting from 0 and trying your luck. The process of solving the problem is also called mining.

Whoever solves the problem correctly first will get the accounting rights.

If a certain accounting node finds the solution first, it will announce it to the entire network. After other nodes verify that it is correct, a new round of calculation will start again after the new block. This method is called POW.

⑤ Difficulty adjustment

The generation time of each block is not exactly 10 minutes

As Bitcoin develops, the computing power of the entire network does not increase.

In order to cope with changes in computing power, the difficulty will be increased or decreased every 2016 blocks (about 2 weeks), so that the average time for each block to be generated is 10 minutes.

#欧易OKEx# #BTC[超话]# #digital currency#

Ⅳ How to apply blockchain How to apply blockchain

1. Financial field:
Blockchain has potential huge application value in financial fields such as international exchange, letters of credit, equity registration and stock exchanges. The application of blockchain technology in the financial industry can eliminate the need for third-party intermediaries and achieve direct point-to-point connection, thereby greatly reducing costs and quickly completing transaction payments.
2. Internet of Things and Logistics Fields:
Blockchain can also be naturally combined in the Internet of Things and logistics fields. Through blockchain, logistics costs can be reduced, the production and delivery process of items can be traced, and the efficiency of supply chain management can be improved. This field is considered a promising application direction of blockchain.
3. Public service field:
Blockchain is closely related to people’s production and life in public management, energy, transportation and other fields. However, the centralized nature of these fields also brings some problems. Blockchain can be used chain to transform. The decentralized, fully distributed DNS service provided by the blockchain can realize domain name query and resolution through point-to-point data transmission services between various nodes in the network, and can be used to ensure that the operating system and firmware of an important infrastructure are not Tampered, you can monitor the status and integrity of the software, detect bad tampering, and ensure that the data transmitted by systems using IoT technology has not been tampered with.
4. Digital copyright field:
Through blockchain technology, works can be authenticated, proving the existence of text, video, audio and other works, and ensuring the authenticity and uniqueness of ownership. After the rights of the work are confirmed on the blockchain, subsequent transactions will be recorded in real time, realizing the full life cycle management of digital copyright and also serving as a technical guarantee in judicial evidence collection. For example, MineLabs, a startup company in New York, USA, has developed a blockchain-based metadataAccording to the agreement, this system called Mediachain uses the IPFS file system to realize copyright protection of digital works, mainly for copyright protection applications of digital pictures.
5. Insurance field:
In terms of insurance claims, insurance institutions are responsible for fund collection, investment, and claims settlement, and often have high management and operating costs. Through the application of smart contracts, Can Tan Orange does not require the policy holder to apply or the insurance company to approve it. As long as the claim settlement conditions are triggered, the policy will realize automatic claim settlement. A typical application case is LenderBot, which was launched in 2016 by the blockchain company Stratumn, Deloitte and the payment service provider Lemonway. It allows people to register customized micro-insurance products through the chat function of Facebook Messenger to provide insurance services between individuals. The high-value items exchanged are insured, and the blockchain replaces the third-party role in the loan contract.
6. Public welfare field:
The data stored on the blockchain is highly reliable and cannot be tampered with, so it is naturally suitable for use in social welfare scenarios. Relevant information in the public welfare process, such as donation projects, fundraising details, fund flows, recipient feedback, etc., can be stored on the blockchain and transparently and publicly disclosed conditionally to facilitate social supervision.

VI What exactly is blockchain? Which blockchains have physical applications

What is blockchain?

Official definition: Blockchain is a new application model of computer technology such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission consensus mechanism encryption algorithm, etc. The so-called consensus mechanism is a mathematical algorithm that establishes trust and obtains rights and interests between different nodes in the blockchain system.

Vernacular understanding: A block is to package all the data generated within a time period in chronological order. Generally, the length of a block is 10 minutes, which means that within 10 minutes, all the data on the Internet will The data is packed into a complete package, and this complete data package is called a block. The blockchain links these data packages in order to form a structure, and cryptographically ensures that it cannot be tampered with or forged to form a distribution. ledger, this is the blockchain.

It seems that everyone has a preliminary knowledge and understanding of the blockchain. So whether the blockchain has any practical application in daily life, the answer is yes, the current practical application There are mainly the following aspects. Of course, I may not know some of them. Friends are welcome to leave messages to add.

Financial Industry

Blockchain should be used the most in the financial industry.

For example, in May 2017, OMG (Omise Coin) announced that it would cooperate with Alipay to launch an electronic wallet, integrating the "Alipay" payment solution into its own payment service suite to help local electronics in Thailand. Business merchants accept online payment transactions from Chinese tourists.

Another example is PPT, which is a financial transaction system for bills based on blockchain.

Gambling

GamblingThe industry probably entered blockchain last year. Why does gambling favor blockchain? Because blockchain provides a relatively fair betting system. Why is it relatively fair? As you can see from the previous introduction, blockchain cannot be tampered with. Unforgeable.

For example, WICC (WikiChain) can realize rich application scenarios such as asset issuance, betting applications, copyright traceability, mutual insurance, decentralized exchanges, and cross-border settlement.

For example, the STX (King of Fighters Token) stox application is designed to provide the full functionality of a prediction market application without the need for any central server. Prediction markets require functions such as event planning, market production, providing information and analysis to traders, reporting event results, and of course collection and payment.

I believe that if the current lottery industry is built on the blockchain, people will become more and more enthusiastic about buying, because there are too many insider tips that make people give up.

Internet of Things

The Internet of Things still has many applications on the blockchain, because the traceability and immediacy of blocks are very suitable for this industry.

For example, DATA is the concept of the Internet of Things. It is a decentralized p2p network. Data sources can connect to any node in the entire network, then publish data, and the network will immediately send it to subscribers. Horizontal scalability is achieved through sharding pattern. This timeliness and accuracy are very important in IoT applications.

Game industry

For example, GTC (G coin) is a decentralized digital asset based on Ethereum erc20 issued by Game Global. G coin is committed to becoming a universal number in the global game industry. Monetary standards.

For example, MANA is a distributed shared virtual platform. On this platform, users can browse and discover content and interact with other people and entities. Users can also claim ownership of virtual territories through a blockchain-based land ledger. The territory is demarcated by rectangular coordinates (x, y), and its owner can decide the content published on the territory, including static 3D scenes to interactive systems such as games.

There are many other industries. The emperor did not list them one by one, but listed a few representative ones. What is the purpose? It shows that the blockchain is definitely not just a currency transaction, it is a real implementation project, and it is a product of the changes of the times with real practical uses.

The development of human society is actually like the blockchain, it is irreversible and unstoppable. As far as I feel, the blockchain will enter thousands of households sooner or later. Regardless of whether it is bull or bear, hold it in your hands. Value coins and Flush have started quoting digital currencies, which shows that society is accepting it step by step. The power of social development cannot be blocked by any country or person.

VII What is blockchain

In the simplest terms, blockchain is a distributed ledger.

To understand what this means, we first have to look at its opposite: a centralized ledger. becauseSince blockchain technology starts from finance, we will also use banks as an example to introduce it below.

The following is our process for using bank debit card transactions:

You can swipe your card to purchase goods in stores.

The merchant sends a statement to your bank for the agreed upon amount.

Your bank will verify that you may have authorized the purchase.

The bank sends the money to the merchant.

Finally, the bank records this information in its ledger.

There’s a lot of technology involved here, but that’s basically it. The last step is important - the bank records all transactions made by the customer. This ledger goes all the way back to the first transaction the bank made.

This ledger is kept, maintained and regulated by the bank. You can read it in your online bank account, but you can't change it. The bank has complete control. If it decides to make a change, there's nothing you can do about it.

Crucially, if hackers were able to access a bank’s ledger, that could cause a lot of problems. They can change the account balance to make it look like certain transactions never occurred, etc.

This is why distributed ledgers are so cool.

Blockchain Network Visualization

If a bank operates on a distributed ledger, each member of the bank will have a copy of the ledger, and whenever any member of the bank When they make a purchase, they tell every other member of the bank.

Each member will validate the transaction and add it to the ledger (the added records are called "blocks"). This has some important benefits, as there is no centralized authority that can manipulate records. Hackers accessing one ledger won't be a big problem because other ledgers can easily verify it.

On the other hand, it requires a lot of work. In short, the second system is blockchain (at least in financial scenarios).

As mentioned above, blockchain is a decentralized list of transactions. If I send Xiao Ming 2 Bitcoins, I send a message to everyone in the network saying "I am sending Xiao Ming 2 Bitcoins" and they all record the transaction.

The future of blockchain, how will it change our lives?

One thing that is important about blockchain is that it is a public resource and no one really owns it because everyone owns it.

Blockchain is not just science fiction. We don’t need to understand the mechanism behind this technology, but you do need to understand that it may completely change our lives in the next 20 years.

This may sound bold, but remember, 20 years ago we were browsing the Internet on Netscape, using state-of-the-artMotorola flip phone, buying our first DVD player. At that time, if we imagined that a computer could be held in our hands and that we could buy cars, make payments, and watch movies, it would have been considered a fantasy.

Although the impact of blockchain may not be as obvious as the Internet, nor as tangible as mobile phones, blockchain will effectively solve many worries in daily life. Such as intermediaries cheating people, transaction delays, etc. In our current lives, middlemen are everywhere and we take them for granted as a part of life. If one day these intermediaries cease to exist, you will find that the world will become a different place.

Imagine that by 2040, blockchain may become a mature and widely used technology. When one day you can't live without the blockchain just like you can't live without the Internet now, you will be surprised to find that this decentralized accounting technology has simplified the complexity and become a part of your lifestyle

ⅧApplications of blockchain

The main application scope of blockchain includes: digital currency, transaction settlement of financial assets, digital government affairs, certificate deposit and anti-counterfeiting data services and other fields. Blockchain is a database technology that links data blocks in an orderly manner. Each block is responsible for recording a file data and encrypting it to ensure that the data cannot be modified or forged.

Blockchain is essentially a distributed database system that uses cryptography technology for multi-party participation, joint maintenance, and continuous growth. It is also called a distributed shared ledger. Each page in the shared ledger is a block, and each block is filled with transaction records. The anonymity, decentralization, openness, transparency, and non-tamperability of blockchain technology make it highly favored by enterprises and has gained More extensive application attempts.

Blockchain application scope 1. Financial field

Blockchain can provide a trust mechanism and has the potential to change the financial infrastructure. Various financial assets such as equity, bonds, bills, warehouse receipts, fund shares, etc. It can be integrated into the blockchain technology system and become a digital asset on the chain, which can be stored, transferred and traded on the blockchain.

The decentralization of blockchain technology can reduce transaction costs and make financial transactions more convenient, intuitive and secure. The combination of blockchain technology and the financial industry will inevitably create more and more business models, service scenarios, business processes and financial products, thereby bringing more impact to the development of financial markets, financial institutions, financial services and financial formats. . With the improvement of blockchain technology and the combination of blockchain technology with other financial technologies, blockchain technology will gradually adapt to the application of large-scale financial scenarios.

2. Public service field

Traditional public services rely on limited data dimensions, and the information obtained may not be comprehensive enough and have a certain lag. The non-tamperable nature of the blockchain makes the digital certification on the chain highly credible. It can be used to establish new authentication mechanisms in the fields of property rights, notarization and public welfare, and improve the management level of public services.

Relevant information in the public welfare process such as donation itemsProjects, fundraising details, fund flows, recipient feedback, etc., can all be stored on the blockchain. On the premise of meeting the privacy protection of project participants and other relevant laws and regulations, they can be publicly disclosed conditionally to facilitate the public and Social supervision.

3. Information security field

Using the traceability and non-tampering characteristics of blockchain, we can ensure the authenticity of data sources and ensure the non-forgery of data. Blockchain technology will fundamentally change information Security issues of the propagation path.

Blockchain is reflected in the following three points in the field of information security:

User identity authentication protects data integrity and effectively prevents DDoS attacks

The distributed storage architecture of blockchain will make Hackers are at a loss as to what to do. Some companies have begun to develop a distributed Internet domain name system based on blockchain to eliminate the root cause of the current DNS registration shortcomings and make the network system cleaner and more transparent.

4. Internet of Things field

Blockchain + Internet of Things can allow each device on the Internet of Things to operate independently, and the information generated by the entire network can be protected through smart contracts in the blockchain.

Security: Traditional IoT devices are highly vulnerable to attacks, data loss and maintenance costs are high. Typical information security risk issues for IoT devices include low firmware versions, lack of security patches, permission loopholes, too many device network ports, and unencrypted information transmission. The blockchain's consensus mechanism for network-wide node verification, asymmetric encryption technology and distributed data storage will significantly reduce the risk of hacker attacks.

Trustability: The traditional Internet of Things is managed and controlled by a centralized cloud server. Due to the security of the device and the opacity of the centralized server, it is difficult to effectively protect user privacy data. The blockchain is a distributed account book. Each block is interconnected and has its own independent working ability, ensuring that the information on the chain will not be tampered with at will. Distributed ledgers can therefore provide trust, ownership records, transparency and communication support for the Internet of Things.

Effectiveness: Limited by cloud services and maintenance costs, the Internet of Things is difficult to achieve large-scale commercial use. The traditional Internet of Things realizes communication between things through centralized cloud servers. The disadvantage of this model is that as the number of access devices increases, the server faces more load, requiring enterprises to invest a lot of money to maintain the normal operation of the IoT system.

Blockchain technology can directly realize point-to-point transactions, omitting the labor expenditure of other intermediaries or personnel, which can effectively reduce the costs incurred by third-party services and maximize benefits.

5. Supply chain field

The supply chain consists of many participating entities, with a large amount of interaction and collaboration. Information is discretely stored in their own systems, lacking transparency. The lack of smooth information makes it difficult for various participating entities to accurately understand the real-time status and existing problems of related matters, affecting the collaborative efficiency of the supply chain. When disputes arise between parties, it is time-consuming and laborious to provide evidence and pursue accountability.

Blockchain can make data open and transparent among various entities, thereby forming a complete and smooth system throughout the supply chain.Smooth and immutable information flow. This can ensure that all entities promptly discover problems arising during the operation of the supply chain system and find targeted solutions, thus improving the overall efficiency of supply chain management.

6. Automotive Industry

Last year announced a partnership using blockchain to build a proof of concept to streamline the car rental process and build it into a “click, sign up, and drive” process. Future customers choose what they want The rented car enters the public ledger of the blockchain; then, sitting in the driver's seat, the customer signs the rental agreement and insurance policy, and the blockchain updates the information simultaneously. This is not an imagination, for car sales and car registration Said, this type of process may also develop into reality.

7. Stock Trading

For many years, many companies have worked to make the process of buying, selling, and trading stocks easy. Emerging Blockchain Chain startups believe that blockchain technology can make this process more secure and automated than any previous solution. At the same time, blockchain startup Chain is working with Nasdaq to enable private companies through blockchain. Equity transfer

8. Government management

Government information, project bidding and other information are open and transparent. Government work is usually subject to public attention and supervision. Since blockchain technology can ensure the transparency and immutability of information, it is very important to the government. The implementation of transparent management plays a great role. There is a certain degree of information opacity in government project bidding, and enterprises also have the risk of information leakage during the sealed bidding process. Blockchain can ensure that bidding information cannot be tampered with and can ensure the transparency of information nature, forming a common trust among competitors who do not trust each other. It can also arrange subsequent smart contracts through the blockchain to ensure the construction progress of the project and prevent the growth of corruption to a certain extent.

There are many more applications of blockchain technology, and this is just a fulcrum of blockchain applications. In the future, blockchain technology will be applied everywhere