区块链基础知识和原理是什么,区块链基础知识和原理的区别

㈠ What is the technical principle of blockchain

Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database. As the underlying technology of Bitcoin. The blockchain is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains information about a Bitcoin network transaction and is used to verify the validity of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block.
The blockchain is public on the Internet and can be queried in every offline Bitcoin wallet data. The functionality of a Bitcoin wallet relies on confirmation with the blockchain, and a valid check is called a confirmation. Usually a transaction requires several confirmations before it can proceed. Lightweight Bitcoin wallets use online confirmations, which means no blockchain data is downloaded to device storage.
Many altcoins of Bitcoin also use the same design, but are slightly different in proof of work and algorithm. For example, using proof of stake and SCrypt, etc.

㈡ You have to know the operating principles and development of blockchain!

1. Why is there innovation in blockchain?
The starting point of the first generation of the Internet is the TCP/IP protocol, which implements a unified format for peer-to-peer transmission of information by all nodes on the network. Open code. However, the impact of such an uncomplicated innovation on mankind is epoch-making. It has programmed, agreed, and enforced the basic values ​​required by a unified global market: "freedom, equality, and fraternity." Then the STMP email protocol, HTTP domain name protocol, etc. were derived, achieving low-cost and high-efficiency global information transmission in a decentralized manner. As Alibaba Vice President Gao Hongbing said:
"The Internet is to eliminate the (information) supply chain that has very low value and high cost - it is open, interconnected, peer-to-peer, globalized, and decentralized."
We know: The essence of the market is also decentralized. It automatically executes the decentralized agreement of "equivalent exchange". Just as Nobel Prize winner Ronald Coase summed up: "The market economy is based on two On the basis of deep cognition: admitting ignorance and tolerating uncertainty." Adam Smith also described the market as: "the invisible hand"! Therefore, the market must require the low-cost flow of information decentralization, and the Internet has adapted to the global Under the general climate formed by the unified market, it turned out to be.
However, the first generation of Internet decentralized solved the problem of low-cost and efficient transmission of information, but it did not solve the problem of credit of information. Therefore, what the second-generation Internet must break through is: how to establish global credit in a decentralized manner so that value transfer can be carried out at low cost and with high efficiency.
So what are the problems with the original centralized credit system? As we all know: centralized credit, such as the legal currencies of various countries, has different credit values, and the clearing systems are also incompatible, which adds a lot of cost to global trade. The current global credit system centered on the US dollar has a "Triffin Paradox" in its mechanism (the essence is that a country's legal currency cannot simultaneously solve its own economic problems).interests and the needs of the global economy), so in 2009, Zhou Xiaochuan, governor of the People’s Bank of China, called for the creation of a super-sovereign storage currency. In the same year, Satoshi Nakamoto disclosed the first-generation blockchain source code online—“Bitcoin” ".
2. How does the blockchain system operate?
First of all, Satoshi Nakamoto knew very well that establishing a credit system for payment must solve the problem of preventing "duplicate payments", that is, no counterfeit currency can be created. The centralized credit system relies on state machinery to prevent counterfeit currency. What about "Bitcoin"? Satoshi Nakamoto's great innovation is to "timestamp" every transaction. There is a block (block: equivalent to a network account book) every ten minutes, and all network transactions for these ten minutes are correctly timestamped. The question is who will cover it? Satoshi Nakamoto did not assume that everyone on the Internet is Lei Feng. He agreed with Adam Smith: people in the market are greedy. He asked the so-called "miners" to compete for the accounting rights of these ten-minute blocks. The rules of the competition were to correctly record the accounting and at the same time solve the SHA256 problem. Who can prove that their computer has the fastest computing power (the so-called PROOF OF WORK mechanism), he can compete for the legal accounting rights of these ten-minute blocks and get a reward of twenty-five bitcoins. This is the so-called "mining" process. It is actually a decentralized credit process that establishes a network-wide ledger - the blockchain. Therefore, the more essential function of miners is "bookkeepers"!
Satoshi Nakamoto is here In its Bitcoin white paper, the process of establishing this credit system is described in detail:
Step 1: In order for the entire network to recognize it as valid, each transaction must be broadcast to each node (node: that is, the miner);
The second step: Each miner node must correctly timestamp each transaction in these ten minutes and record it in that block;
The third step: Each miner node must Compete for the legal accounting rights of this ten-minute block by solving the SHA256 puzzle, and strive to get a reward of twenty-five bitcoins (fifty bitcoins every ten minutes for the first four years, decreasing by half every four years);< br>Step 4: If a miner node solves the SHA256 puzzle of these ten minutes, it will publish all the timestamped transactions recorded in its ten-minute blocks to the entire network, and they will be checked by other miner nodes in the entire network;< br>Step 5: Other miner nodes in the entire network check the correctness of the block accounting (because they are also stamping the accounting at the same time, but they have not competed for the legal block accounting rights, so there is no reward), there is no error Finally, they will compete for the next block after the legal block, thus forming a single chain of legal accounting blocks, which is the general ledger of the Bitcoin payment system - the blockchain.
Generally speaking, each transaction must undergo six block confirmations, that is, six ten-minute accounting, before it can finally be recognized as a legal transaction on the blockchain. The following is the accounting format of Bitcoin:
So the so-called "Bitcoin" is such a billing system: it includes the owner electronically signing and paying with a private keyGive it to the next owner, and then the "miners" of the entire network will stamp the time stamp and form a blockchain.
3. What are the innovations in Bitcoin’s blockchain finance?
Similar to gold, trying to establish decentralized credit on the global Internet may allow value to flow across the entire network at high speed and at low rates (currently each transfer The transfer rate is one ten thousandth);
The total amount of currency is agreed upon by the cryptographic protocol;
Compared to gold, digital currency is infinitely divisible;
The value of currency can be based on a large number of P2P transactions ;
Full transparency in financial management (every transaction can be traced on the blockchain).
Bitcoin’s blockchain-wide accounting system has established a market value of US$10 billion, the highest on the global Internet. Therefore, Wu Xiaoling, dean of Tsinghua PBC School of Finance, pointed out: The blockchain experiment established distributed credit, which is an upgraded version of Internet TCP/IP, upgrading from information transmission to value transmission;
4. Bitcoin’s blocks What are the inherent flaws of the chain system?
Bitcoin’s blockchain system has had successes since it was open sourced on the Internet in 2009, but it also shows some inherent flaws that are difficult to overcome:
The total amount cannot be adjusted at any time As the market situation changes, it will inevitably rise and fall sharply;
Mining is high-carbon. Only less than 1% of miners can compete for the accounting rights of blocks of less than ten minutes, and more than 99% of other miners participating in the competition have the computing power. Waste;
The annual inflation of about 10% has greatly increased the cost of the Bitcoin financial ecology, and even threatened her survival;
As a decentralized self-organizing DAC system, the operating costs of the accounting and issuance functions are too high high.
As a global payment system, its efficiency is far from meeting the actual requirements of global trade. The Bitcoin network currently confirms a maximum of 7 transactions per second. In comparison, Visa's network system can process 10,000 transactions per second at the fastest, and Alipay's record is 80,000 transactions per second on Singles' Day in 2014!
5. Block The development of chain technology 2.0:
As the 2.0 upgrade and development of blockchain, it first focuses on solving the high-carbon mining of Bitcoin accounting:
When we discuss how to overcome the high carbon of Bitcoin mining and accounting Professor Liu Taoxiong from the Tsinghua Institute of Economics pointed out that mining competition relies on computing power. In the end, only one company competes for the legal accounting rights, and the other 99% of the miner nodes are mined for nothing, which is a waste of resources. It is obviously unreasonable. If The whole network transparently knows the legal accounting rights of the next block, and it is randomly generated in the entire network, which eliminates the high carbon cost of competitive accounting! After hearing this, we all praised Professor Liu for his brilliant idea, because the second generation is now more successful. Coin NXT has this mechanism. Their white paper is called "Transparent Forging". However, the probability of the accounting rights going to someone is directly proportional to the NXT token holdings in each miner node wallet. This is called the proof of equity mechanism ( PROOF OF STOCK). Of course, this also triggered a debate about the unfair distribution of tokens by NXT to early investment developers!
RIPPLE is a semi-decentralized blockchain solution, using "trusted gateways" for blockchain accounting, and its credit is based on the consensus ledger protocol that these gateways will not do evil at the same time.
The most ambitious attempt is Ethereum, which combines blockchain technology with Turing completeness, hoping to develop a basic platform that can support the construction of various blockchain systems in the future. The development of various credit currencies, digital assets, smart protocols and even financial derivatives. The system design is to unify blockchain accounting on the ETHERUM platform and be used by all developers. Maybe their official version will be released in the near future.
6. Possible applications of blockchain innovation in other fields:
Now, blockchain’s attempts to establish decentralized credit are no longer limited to the financial world, but have attracted attention from all fields of society, especially in At present, some of China's central credit institutions, such as the "Red Cross", are in a "collapse" situation. Blockchain can provide a new way of thinking and technical options for social management. The following are some new developments and related discussions we have learned about:
The combination of blockchain and the Internet of Things unifies digital assets and atomic assets, smooths the difference between consumer assets and cash assets, expands public credit, and accelerates value circulation; (IBM-Samsung)
Built on the blockchain Intellectual property protection system, accounting for the use of intellectual property across the entire network, and establishing a global advertising market;
Whether blockchain can provide technical support for the issuance of protocol-based cryptographic currencies by emerging economies along the Belt and Road;
Block Chain + cloud computing can develop into a decentralized self-media and community system;
Blockchain can build a decentralized equity crowdfunding system, allowing innovative projects to enter the circulation field in advance;
Blockchain can develop Develop a fully transparent financial management system;
Blockchain supports the establishment of a global decentralized corporate organization.
In short, in this era when credit has become a scarce resource, the technological innovation of blockchain, as a distributed credit model, provides new opportunities for finance, social management, talent evaluation and decentralized organization construction in the global market. All provide a broad development prospect.

iii What is blockchain technology? What exactly is blockchain? What is blockchain? 1. The so-called blockchain technology, referred to as BT (Blockchain technology), also Known as distributed ledger technology, it is an Internet database technology that is characterized by decentralization, openness and transparency, allowing everyone to participate in database records.

Explain in layman’s terms: If we assume that the database is a ledger, reading and writing the database can be regarded as an accounting behavior. The principle of blockchain technology is to find out the accounting information within a period of time. The fastest and best person will keep accounts, and then send this page of information to everyone else in the entire system.

2. Blockchain is a distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm.and other new application models of computer technology.

Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database. As the underlying technology of Bitcoin, it is a series of cryptographic methods. Each data block generated by the association contains a batch of Bitcoin network transaction information, which is used to verify the validity of the information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block.

(3) Extended reading on the basic knowledge and principles of blockchain:

The blockchain system consists of data layer, network layer and consensus layer , incentive layer, contract layer and application layer. Among them, the data layer encapsulates the underlying data blocks and related basic data and basic algorithms such as data encryption and timestamps; the network layer includes distributed networking mechanisms, data dissemination mechanisms, and data verification mechanisms; the consensus layer mainly encapsulates network nodes Various consensus algorithms.

The incentive layer integrates economic factors into the blockchain technology system, mainly including the issuance mechanism and distribution mechanism of economic incentives; the contract layer mainly encapsulates various scripts, algorithms and smart contracts, and is the The basis of the chain's programmable features; the application layer encapsulates various application scenarios and cases of the blockchain.

㈣ What is the principle of blockchain?

When I saw some answers arguing about the definition of blockchain, I suddenly realized that my answer explaining the principle was actually directed at Bitcoin. From Bilu, there is no particularly clear and unique answer to the definition of blockchain in the industry. Here are some of the characteristics that a “blockchain” should have that I have summarized based on the papers I have read:

1. A data structure in the form of "hash chain" (explained below) is used to save basic data

2. Multiple nodes participate in system operation (distributed)

3. Reach a consensus on the consistency of basic data through a certain protocol or algorithm (consensus protocol/algorithm).

Since Bitcoin is currently one of the most typical and influential applications of blockchain, after understanding how Bitcoin uses blockchain, you can then understand other various forms of blockchain applications. It will be much easier.

㈤ What is the principle of blockchain technology development?

In a narrow sense, blockchain is a combination of data blocks that are connected sequentially in chronological order. A chained data structure, and an untamperable and unforgeable distributed ledger guaranteed by Midanhuai wide cryptography.

Broadly speaking, blockchain technology uses block chain data structures to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, and uses cryptography to ensure data transmission and access. It is a new distributed infrastructure and computing method that uses smart contracts composed of automated script codes to program and operate data securely.

Working Principle

The blockchain system consists of data layer, network layer, consensus layer and incentive layer, contract layer and application layer. Among them, the data layer encapsulates the underlying data blocks and related data encryption and timestamps and other basic data and basic algorithms; the network layer includes distributed networking mechanisms, data dissemination mechanisms and data verification mechanisms; the consensus layer mainly encapsulates Various consensus algorithms of network nodes; the incentive layer integrates economic factors into the blockchain technology system, mainly including the issuance mechanism and distribution mechanism of economic incentives; the contract layer mainly encapsulates various scripts, algorithms and smart contracts, and is the area The basis of the programmable features of the blockchain; the application layer encapsulates various application scenarios and cases of the blockchain. In this model, the chain block structure based on timestamps, the consensus mechanism of distributed nodes, economic incentives based on consensus computing power, and flexible and programmable intelligent contract signing are the most representative innovations of blockchain technology. .

㈥ What exactly is blockchain? Decrypt the concept of blockchain

㈦ What exactly is blockchain?

area What exactly is blockchain? In essence, blockchain is a distributed, decentralized network database system that will make the storage, update, maintenance, and operation of data different. Blockchain has four indispensable core technologies, namely: distributed storage, consensus mechanism, cryptography principles, and smart contracts.

Then let’s talk about how blockchain is different from traditional data processing to help everyone understand what blockchain is and give everyone a general understanding of blockchain. Cognition.

1. Data storage in blockchain: block chain data structure

In terms of data storage, blockchain technology utilizes "block chain data structure" To verify and store data.

What does the blockchain structure mean? Everyone has seen an iron chain, with one link within another. In fact, each link can be regarded as a block, and many links are linked together to form a blockchain.

How does this so-called "iron chain" store data? To put it simply, the difference between blockchain and ordinary stored data is that on blockchain, the data in the next block includes the data in the previous block.

Take reading as an example: when we read a book, we finish page 1, then page 2, page 3...
What about in the blockchain? If each block is marked with a page number, then the content on page 2 contains the content on page 1, the content on page 3 contains the content on page 1 and page 2...Page 10 contains The content of the first 9 pages is such a chain nested layer by layer. In this way, the most original data can be traced back. This is the traceability of the blockchain.

Blockchain’s “blockchain data structure” makes it traceable, which is naturally applicable to many fields, such as:Food traceability, drug traceability, etc. In this way, the probability of tainted milk powder, fake vaccines, and fake and substandard food incidents will be greatly reduced, because once a problem occurs, through traceability, we can clearly know which link caused the problem, and accountability and recovery will be clearer.

2. Data update in the blockchain: distributed node consensus algorithm

In terms of data update, blockchain technology uses the "distributed node consensus algorithm" to Generate and update data.

Every time a new block is generated (that is, when data is updated), an algorithm needs to be used to obtain the approval of more than 51% of the nodes in the entire network to form a new block. To put it bluntly, it is a vote, and it can be generated if more than half of the people agree, which makes the data on the blockchain non-tamperable.

Why do you say that? Let’s make an analogy: we compare the blockchain to a ledger, because it records data. In the traditional world, the bookkeeping power lies with the bookkeeper, and the ledger belongs to the bookkeeper alone. So in the blockchain, everyone owns this account book. If you want to update the account, you must vote. Only if more than half of the people agree can you update the account data.

In this process, we will involve several terms: distributed, node, consensus algorithm. These terms are actually very easy to understand:

Everyone Accounting (that is, everyone has a ledger, and the ledger is scattered in everyone's hands) is the so-called "distributed";

The accounting method that everyone discusses, votes for, and unanimously agrees on is The so-called "consensus algorithm";

Every person participating in accounting is a so-called "node".

3. Data maintenance in blockchain: cryptography

In the data maintenance stage, the difference of blockchain is that it uses cryptography to Ensure the security of data transmission and access.

The cryptographic principles applied in the blockchain mainly include: hash algorithm, Merkle hash tree, elliptic curve algorithm, and Base58. These principles actually ensure data security on the blockchain through a series of complex operations and conversions.

4. Data operations in the blockchain: smart contracts

A smart contract is a commitment agreement defined and automatically executed by a computer program. To put it bluntly, it is executed with code A set of transaction rules, similar to the current automatic repayment function of credit cards. If you turn this function on, you don't have to worry about anything. The bank will automatically deduct the money you owe when it expires.

The outstanding advantage of smart contracts is that they largely avoid a series of problems caused by trust.
Many of us have experienced being borrowed money: friendsMoney is tight and he borrows 2,000 yuan from you, promising to pay it back next month after his salary is paid. But next month he finds other excuses not to pay it back, and it's useless to keep dragging it on. We didn't have much money, but we were still friends. Even though you were depressed, let it go.

Then, with the smart contract, he can no longer default on his debt, because in the smart contract, once the terms in the contract are triggered, the code will automatically execute, whether he wants it or not, as long as he sends Once you have earned your salary and have money in your account, he has to pay you back.

To summarize the contents of this section, there are four indispensable core technologies in the blockchain, namely: distributed storage, consensus mechanism, cryptography principles, and smart contracts.

We can understand it this way: distributed storage corresponds to the data storage stage, the consensus mechanism corresponds to the data processing and update stage, cryptography corresponds to data security, and smart contracts correspond to data operational issues.