德国区块链技术应用时间多久,德国区块链技术应用时间多长

德国区块链技术应用时间多久，是当今社会中许多投资者和技术爱好者关心的问题。德国区块链技术已经在过去几年里取得了很大的进步，并且正在不断推动着技术的发展与应用。今天，我们将讨论三个关键词，即德国区块链技术的发展、应用和投资。

德国区块链技术的发展：德国区块链技术的发展可以追溯到2012年，当时德国的技术专家们开始研究区块链技术，并且在2013年发表了首个区块链应用程序。从那时起，德国的技术专家们不断推动着区块链技术的发展，以满足当今社会对安全、可信赖和高效的技术的需求。在过去几年里，德国的技术专家们不断改进和优化区块链技术，使其能够更好地满足当今社会的需求。

德国区块链技术的应用：德国区块链技术的应用已经超越了金融行业，并且正在渗透到更多的行业中。例如，德国的技术专家们正在使用区块链技术来改善供应链管理，以及优化物流运输。此外，德国的技术专家们还正在使用区块链技术来改善政府机构的数据管理，以及提高公共服务的效率。总之，德国区块链技术的应用正在不断推动着社会的发展，并且正在为社会带来更多的福利。

德国区块链技术的投资：德国区块链技术的投资也是当今社会中许多投资者关注的问题。随着区块链技术的发展，德国的投资者们也在不断投资区块链技术。德国的投资者们认为，区块链技术具有非常高的投资潜力，因此他们正在不断投资区块链技术，以获得更多的投资回报。此外，德国的投资者们还认为，投资区块链技术可以为他们带来更多的机会，以及更多的创新。总之，德国区块链技术的投资正在不断推动着社会的发展，并且正在为投资者带来更多的投资回报。

从以上内容可以看出，德国区块链技术的发展、应用和投资都在不断推动着社会的发展，并且正在为社会带来更多的福利。德国区块链技术的应用时间已经超过了几年，而且还在不断发展，以满足当今社会对安全、可信赖和高效的技术的需求。

请查看相关英文文档

1. Blockchain Encyclopedia: The Past and Present of Blockchain - 3.0 Era

The representative of the 1.0 era of blockchain is Bitcoin, and the representative of the 2.0 era is Ethereum Square, as well as various copycats and air coins in the troubled times. Blockchain 3.0 is the era of consumer-level blockchain that has truly entered commercial applications and physical applications after the troubled times. The typical symbol is the emergence of tokens. The pass has brought about changes in traditional business models and production relations. The pass has moved from the digital world to the real economy and has begun to seek practical applications in various industries.

The pass has three elements, one of which is indispensable.

Pass: The pass can be circulated on a large scale in a network and can be verified anytime and anywhere; Certificate: As a proof of digital rights and interests, the pass must be a certificate of rights and interests that exists in digital form, and it must represent It is a right, an inherent and intrinsic value; value: the token must have economic value.

In this way, the meaning of "token economy" is not difficult to understand. The token economy is a large-scale group collaboration based on tokens. It maximizes the role of tokens, allows every role that creates value to share value fairly, fully mobilizes participation motivation, and forms a self-organizing form.

Major changes in the blockchain 3.0 era

The token economy has laid the theoretical basis and technical support for the large-scale application of blockchain, and the future world will also be transformed by it. Large-scale changes include:

1. Fragmented investment, fragmented income, subverting the traditional way of doing business on the Internet. In the traditional Internet era, it was impossible for ordinary people to participate in the investment of a company, but the emergence of blockchain allows ordinary people to make fragmented investments in a large asset. Assuming that Alibaba originally adopted blockchain for fragmented investment, then all fragmented shareholders who invested in Alibaba would be able to reap a return on investment that has increased thousands of times today!

2. Break the money-burning model of the Internet and make everyone a winner. The free model of the traditional Internet is essentially to obtain a large number of users through free products to form monopolies and barriers, and then make profits through advertising and value-added services on this basis. In the blockchain 3.0 era, project income is redistributed by issuing tokens to attract more early investors and community users. As the number of users holding tokens increases, the value of the tokens will become higher and higher, and community users, investors, and projects can all benefit from it. In this way, the money-burning model of providing free services in the early days of the traditional Internet can also be improved, and everyone will become a winner.

3. Breaking down the traditional corporate organizational hierarchy, self-organization may become a future trend. In the era of blockchain 3.0, through the establishment of distribution and collaboration mechanisms through smart contracts, it can be more efficient than enterprises.,more acurrate. All token owners will naturally form a community. Everyone has the same goal - "to promote the development of the project and make it a success". They are all members of the community, contribute to the community, promote the value-added of the token, and thus gain benefits together. profit. From a philosophical perspective, this new self-organizing community of freedom, independence, and equality must be the future trend. Gojoy blockchain e-commerce is a blockchain self-organized community. Every consumer is a token owner and a fragmented investor, so he is very happy to co-create and build Gojoy value.

Therefore, we can look forward to the era of great development of the blockchain 3.0 token economy, and the existing ones may be subverted. What we need to be prepared for is to work hard to embrace the blockchain. If you want to seize the trend of blockchain and understand how to transform into blockchain, please leave a message to communicate and we will take you to learn the blockchain professional certification course.

2. Re-understand the blockchain: Enlightenments brought by more than 1,550 application cases

Author: Ran Wei

(This article is excerpted from "2021 Global Blockchain Application Market Report")

When we talk about blockchain, anyone who knows something about blockchain can express themselves more or less on related topics. opinion. For example: from the perspective of technical system, blockchain is a new application of computer technology such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm; from the perspective of functional attributes, blockchain is decentralized, non-tamperable, and full-process. Features such as leaving traces, traceability, collective maintenance, openness and transparency.

Looking back at the history of blockchain, there is no way around Bitcoin. On January 3, 2009, the Bitcoin genesis block with serial number 0 was born. A few days later, on January 9, 2009, Bitcoin block number 1 was born. When two blocks are connected, the blockchain is "born."

The inventor of Bitcoin, whose pseudonym is “Satoshi Nakamoto”, may find it difficult to imagine: In the past 12 years, with Bitcoin as the center, a huge “cryptocurrency family” has spread all over the world. The financial market set off a "big wave" that continues to this day. During this period, innovation and risks related to cryptocurrency are intertwined, progress and bubbles coexist, and pursuit and criticism coexist, and it drives government departments of various countries to continuously improve the monetary and financial systems, social governance and supervision systems.

At the same time, the blockchain that accompanies Bitcoin is also evolving rapidly, and has long gone beyond the scope of "Bitcoin's underlying technology" and has been applied to every corner of social and economic development.

So, what mechanism does blockchain work through? What are its advantages compared to traditional technologies and models? What is its application effect? In the "2021 Global Blockchain Application Market Report" jointly released by Capital Lab and Yuanwang Think Tank, we analyzed the full year 2020 and 2021The study of more than 1,550 application cases around the world in the first quarter of this year attempts to provide certain empirical answers to the above questions. At the same time, based on the study of these cases, we can establish a new understanding of blockchain: blockchain is trust, blockchain is sharing, blockchain is transaction, blockchain is substitution, and blockchain is efficiency.

In the Bitcoin creation paper "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Currency System", "Satoshi Nakamoto" repeatedly emphasized that Bitcoin has the characteristics of not relying on a "trusted third party". That is the characteristic of “decentralization”.

On the other hand, the underlying technology of Bitcoin, the blockchain, is precisely designed for "trust." In other words, reshaping "trust" in the digital age is the most basic function of the blockchain, but this trust has been transformed from trust between people and legal entities to trust between machines and machines. Trust between blocks and between nodes. Interestingly, the subsequent “smart contract” function has further strengthened this trust through its integration with the blockchain.

Identity coding and authentication are the first steps to achieve the above-mentioned trust mechanism, and the distributed identity (Decentralized Identity, DID) system is the core of it. With DID applications, everyone from individuals to organizations to IoT devices, from physical items to virtual products, can be given digital "identities" and achieve trusted interactions. It is precisely because of this that blockchain-based certificate storage, empowerment, verification, circulation, and transactions can be realized, and only then can blockchain be implemented in various industries.

Application cases from around the world show that new trust mechanisms provide new rules and motivation for social and economic operations:

l China is comprehensively promoting blockchain electronic certificates Applications such as "one fish, one code", "one fruit, one code", "one tea, one code" and other applications are driving the global Anti-counterfeiting traceability of agricultural products and upgrading of food safety systems;

l Through the combination of blockchain, big data, and artificial intelligence, the credit "portrait" of an enterprise is more accurate and can be obtained faster and more accurately. Lower-cost financing services;

l Charitable charity organizations have put charity funds "on the chain" to form a more transparent and standardized charity tracking and management system;

l Relevant cities in China have launched a blockchain-based gas cylinder product traceability management system, and the credibility of the source of gas cylinder file information and the level of gas cylinder safety management have been greatly improved;

l Germany is developing its distributed energy resources Assets establishes a digital registration system based on identity authentication to promote the development and trading of renewable energy and cope with the arrival of the digital energy era...

Among the three types of blockchain (public chain, alliance chain, private chain), alliance chain has been the most widely used. In addition to considerations of technical performance, operational efficiency, operability, expected results, etc., this is mainly because all parties in the alliance already have a certain foundation of trust. This also shows from another perspective that in blockchain applications beyond cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, "multi-centralization" rather than complete "decentralization" is a more realistic option.

In addition, it is undeniable that unlike the proof-of-work mechanism that Bitcoin “mining” relies on, the blockchain cannot completely ensure the integrity of the on-chain data from the source in the actual application process. Authenticity. In other words, a certain alliance member or node may provide false data intentionally or unintentionally. However, with the help of blockchain's non-tampering, traceability, multi-party consensus and other characteristics, the alliance can identify counterfeiting behavior and impose corresponding punishments, such as "kicking" the counterfeiting members from the node. Therefore, in a sense, blockchain-based trust largely establishes alliance members’ awe for the authenticity of data and deters data fraud.

If "trust" is the foundation of blockchain applications, data sharing is the core of blockchain applications. Without data sharing, there will be no cooperation, and the practical application of blockchain will be impossible.

l The State Administration of Foreign Exchange's "Cross-border Financial Blockchain Service Platform" pilot has been fully launched, promoting foreign trade exports through information exchange between foreign exchange bureaus, taxation, banks and enterprise-related market entities. Business development;

l The "Insurance/Claims Alliance Chain" jointly established by 11 insurance companies in Taiwan has been put into operation, and each company has achieved "single application and common documents" on this platform;

l Blockchain platforms such as Contour and TradeLens are reshaping the global supply chain and providing impetus for the digital transformation of international trade through data collaboration among enterprises, financial institutions, shipping companies, terminals, customs and other institutions... .

l In China, through data collaboration, various government departments have realized "one data, one source, one source for multiple uses, one network, and full network operation";

l Through The "Judicial Chain" platform allows all types of electronic evidence to be seamlessly connected with judicial institutions such as notarization, arbitration, judicial appraisal, and courts, which improves the efficiency of the judicial system while reducing costs;

l Targeting grassroots nationwide The court's "cross-domain collaboration mechanism for trial auxiliary matters" can realize "cross-domain service and cross-domain evidence collection" between courts in different regions, effectively improving the efficiency of trial auxiliary matters and trial quality and efficiency, and reducing judicial operation costs... ….

l China's "Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Combination Port" project was officially launched, which can support the interconnection and interoperability of trade parties among the five major customs jurisdictions in the Greater Bay Area, becoming a Greater Bay AreaThe region’s first interconnected and shared blockchain network that connects the entire trade process of ports, customs, logistics, enterprises, finance, etc.;

l Japan’s KDDI Telecom, Hitachi, Kansai Electric Power, Sekisui Construction, etc. Large enterprises formed the blockchain alliance NEXCHAIN ​​to form a cross-industry real estate information sharing and management model and promote cross-industry innovation;

l The French Renault Group completed the test of its blockchain project "XCEED" , used to share compliance information between component suppliers and automakers and simplify compliance certification….

Although the above application cases in finance, government affairs and various industries are only a few typical cases, they are enough to illustrate that: on the one hand, data sharing is an inherent requirement of blockchain applications. In terms of specific implementation, everything must start from breaking "data islands" and "information asymmetry"; on the other hand, the application practice of blockchain has in turn promoted cross-level, cross-department, cross-industry, cross-region, and cross- Data sharing and unprecedented cooperation across national borders.

It can also be seen from the above cases that based on the transparency, security, trustworthiness and other characteristics of the blockchain, data sharing allows cooperation that originally seemed impossible to be achieved, and more Open innovation results; data sharing can effectively improve the operating efficiency of business systems, financial systems and social governance systems; various organizations promote their own organizational changes and process changes while sharing and cooperating with external institutions.

Based on trust and sharing, "transaction" is the most intuitive and deepest manifestation of the value of blockchain applications. Currently, blockchain is opening a new chapter in the transformation of transaction models in various industries around the world.

From the perspective of functional architecture, blockchain-based transactions are by no means just a change in the transaction process. Instead, they integrate various unique functions of the blockchain. Integrated integration of blockchain applications such as logistics, payment/settlement, supply chain financing, insurance, and network security.

From the perspective of application form, blockchain-based transactions transcend the traditional concept of product or service transactions and represent the realization of the value of a wider range of data in circulation.

From the perspective of application scenarios, transactions based on blockchain involve the upgrading of the physical industry, the digital advancement of the financial industry, and the innovative application of the "token economy".

In the physical industry, take the application of agricultural blockchain as an example: on the one hand, supply chain traceability based on blockchain has become an important barrier to food safety; but on the other hand, for growers or For farmers, the supply chain traceability function is far from enough. How to help them expand the sales of agricultural products and obtain more income as much as possible is the "hard truth" for blockchain technology to continue to promote agricultural development. In other industries, the same applies.

Against the above background, new trading platforms in the global physical industry are constantly emerging:

l The Indian government uses blockchain platforms to help farmers in remote areas sell agricultural products to achieve higher returns while reducing intermediate costs. Income;

l The Swiss company Cerealia builds a blockchain-based agricultural product trading and financing platform to promote the export of agricultural products in emerging market countries around the world;

l The world's largest independent refinery Sugar producer, Al Khaleej Sugar Company of the United Arab Emirates launched DigitalSugar.io, a blockchain-based sugar product trading platform, to realize spot-based international raw sugar trading;

l Jiangxi Ganzhou launched a blockchain-based trading platform The international timber electronic trading platform conducts full-process on-chain management of timber transactions and will provide the timber market with full industry chain services such as regulatory cloud warehouses, logistics, finance, and insurance;

l Shandong Province launches Shandong The Internet Chinese herbal medicine trading platform will realize online integrated services of quality control, transaction, payment, settlement and supervision through blockchain and other technologies;

l Weitang Town, Xiangcheng District, Suzhou released a blockchain-based The online pearl trading platform of the chain will store the core parameters and test reports of pearls on the chain and will also add functions such as supply chain management, trade finance, smart contracts, payment settlement, and incentive mechanisms;

l Huo Newell launched GoDirect Trade, an online trading platform for new and second-hand aircraft parts, providing a valuable reference for large manufacturers on how to apply blockchain to parts trading and circulation...

In the financial industry, blockchain is promoting the digital advancement of financial transaction business in aspects such as securities trading, asset securitization, trade financing, and cross-border settlement:

l The Australian National Stock Exchange has launched ClearPay, a digital securities trading platform based on distributed ledger technology, which can provide multi-currency, real-time DVP settlement on the same day and will replace the original exchange settlement system;

l Switzerland The company Finka has launched a related securitization token investment platform based on livestock from organic pastures in Bolivia to promote the development of the local livestock industry;

l The American company Securitize has established a Japanese real estate investment platform based on digital securities , aiming to revitalize idle real estate in rural Japan and enhance the vitality of the rural economy;

l China Postal Savings Bank and China Construction Bank completed the first cross-blockchain platform forfaiting transaction, Hua Xia Bank Kunming Branch’s first Realize forfaiting resale business in the secondary market;

l Nanjing Iron and Steel completed blockchain-based transactions with Rio Tinto of Australia and Vale of Brazil respectively.Iron ore trading;

l Baosteel Co., Ltd. and Australia's Rio Tinto completed the first blockchain-based RMB cross-border settlement transaction...

Of course, while blockchain promotes the advancement of financial transaction business, dark sides such as hype, scams, money laundering, and cyber attacks related to blockchain and cryptocurrency continue to follow. How to continue to promote financial innovation while also carrying out efficient risk prevention and control and effectively cracking down on illegal crimes is an important issue that requires long-term response. From a global perspective, China has responded with clear attitudes, strict measures, and effective measures in this regard.

The transaction changes realized by the blockchain in the real industry and financial industry are only the initial stage of the blockchain changing the traditional transaction method. The "Token Economy" is the blockchain "transaction" A higher level of functionality.

Under the framework of the "token economy", from electronic certificates to skill certificates, from credit records to public welfare activity participation records, from social media tracks to carbon emission reduction actions, when various data become When an encrypted digital proof of rights is circulated and exchangeable, it is given the function of "token".

Regardless of the investment/speculation craze of "Non-Fungible Token (NFT)", we can already see many early applications of "token economy" around the world:

l The HotCity project supported by the Austrian government uses a crowdsourcing model combined with blockchain and gamification tokens to encourage residents to submit heating waste heat hotspots to meet urban heating needs more efficiently;< br />
l Ford establishes "Green Miles" for commercial and municipal fleets using hybrid vehicles to help improve urban air quality;

l Weibin District, Xinxiang City, Henan Province, in its In the blockchain industrial park project, tokens are issued based on the points system for merchants and enterprises to establish a new commercial service platform;

l Chengdu released a blockchain-based community governance product "Chain Community", Residents can earn "time bank" points on the platform through volunteer services and other activities, and exchange them for benefits and discounts provided by community merchants;

l Global non-profit organization "Mobile Open Blockchain Plan" The Electric Vehicle Charging Network Working Group (EVGI) launches a global standard system for decentralized vehicle charging technology, covering the Tokenized Carbon Credit (TCC) scenario;

l Blockchain reward platform MiL. k cooperates with a Korean retailer to provide blockchain-based points management services to its members. Members can convert existing points into local MLK tokens through the MiL.k platform, or exchange them into other third-party points...

From the above cases and more, it can be seen that the "token economy" has several distinctive characteristics:

The "token economy" gives asset attributes and attributes to a wider range of data. Tradable attributes, and through cross-domain and cross-platform mutual trust and circulation, can improve the operating efficiency of the entire social and economic system;

"Token economy" is a new value creation and realization process , does not necessarily use currency directly as the medium of exchange, but is more embodied in the exchange, mutual benefit and reallocation of various elements and resources;

"Token economy" is often combined with incentive mechanisms. By motivating "good people and good deeds", "good companies" and "good institutions", the social value system and social credit system will be effectively reshaped.

Generally speaking, the "token economy" will spawn new production factors, reshape production relations, and greatly liberate social productivity; the "token economy" represents the direction of the "information Internet" The evolution of the "Internet of Value" indicates the most exciting future of the digital economy; the "token economy" based on the blockchain has begun to take shape and has begun to bring changes to economic operations, social governance, and everyone's lifestyle. Continuously visible change. All types of institutions and individuals should be mentally and physically prepared for this change.

Like other new technologies, in the process of application and popularization, blockchain continues to produce substitution effects in terms of platforms, media, models, methods, etc.: physical documents are replaced by electronic documents, and credit records are replaced by electronic documents. Tokens are replaced, manual review is replaced by data verification, and the city management platform is replaced by the "city brain"...

Such substitutions have become the norm:

l Argentina’s central bank has begun a proof-of-concept for a new blockchain clearing system, which may replace the existing clearing system;< br />
l Korea Minting and Security Printing Corporation (KOMSCO) expanded its blockchain digital gift certificate business to replace paper gift certificates and achieved record revenue despite a sharp decline in the issuance of banknotes and coins. Improvement;

l Courts across China have begun to use blockchain electronic seals to replace traditional paper seals in the enforcement of real estate seizures;

l The Shanghai court system is using artificial intelligence , the adoption of new technologies such as blockchain, and explore the use of digital court trial records to replace manual court trial transcripts;

l The Japanese company SUSMED launched a "Clinical Data Monitoring System Demonstration Using Blockchain Technology" pilot, indicating that the drug Or the necessary monitoring process in clinical trials of medical equipment can be replaced by a blockchain system;

l Alipay and Wukong Car Rental have cooperated to launch a "face-swiping" car rental service, using blockchain technology and information technology toUsing the deposit-free model, tourists can rent a car by simply "swiping their face" and return the vehicle through mobile phone operations;

l Under the new crown epidemic, local governments in China have intensively launched blockchain technology "No face-to-face, no contact, zero errands" government services have replaced the traditional offline service methods and provided a powerful force for the smooth progress of remote bidding, "cloud" customs clearance, financial support, and resumption of work and production during the epidemic. Assure…….

In addition, we can also see that through the use of blockchain technology, various enterprise-level services are also realizing substitution and evolution: from paper contracts to electronic contracts, to program-based, Blockchain contracts that can automatically execute smart contracts. Blockchain is pushing contract signing into the era of "chain signing"; from offline human resources companies to online human resources platforms to the blockchain-based human resources market , global human resources services have experienced continuous changes from the 1.0 era to the 2.0 era, and then to the 3.0 era.

Generally speaking, when the blockchain "invades" various industries, it will "mercilessly" delete all unnecessary links and processes, all unnecessary manual operations, and accelerate the The era of paperless, unmanned and automated is coming.

In the process of our analysis of more than 1,550 blockchain application cases around the world, words like "improve", "accelerate", "shorten", "lower", "reduce", "save", " Words such as "save" appear frequently in front of our eyes. These words show that the improvement of efficiency is the common pursuit of all parties involved in blockchain applications and is also the most direct result of the substitution effect of blockchain.

Numerous application practices are contributing to this:

l Kenyan company Shamba Records provides blockchain traceability, transaction and financing services to farmers in the country, currently covering more than 6,000 Small farmers and helped them increase their income by at least 40%;

l TradeWaltz, a blockchain trading platform invested by NTT DATA, Mitsubishi and other companies, completed a trial run, and the results showed that the platform can reduce traditional 50% of the workload of the trade process;

l Walmart Canada has significantly reduced invoice disputes with carriers by 97% through the application of the DL Freight blockchain platform;

l The State Grid Corporation of China’s power transaction certificate traceability inquiry platform has been put into operation, automating the entire authenticity review process for registered users and saving 99% of trusted manual review time;

l COSCO Shipping Lines and Shandong Port Group Qingdao Port have cooperated to launch a blockchain paperless import and delivery model, which can save customers nearly 24 hours on average per container in picking up goods;

l ZhejiangTaizhou uses the "Internet of Things + Blockchain" recycling system to solve the problem of marine pollution control. Compared with traditional processing methods, this recycling system can save 94% of labor costs and 84% of operating costs...

In summary, through the joint action of trust mechanism, sharing mechanism and transaction mechanism, blockchain has formed an obvious substitution effect, improved the operational efficiency of finance, government affairs and various industries, and will Continue to create systemic change. This change is reshaping the relationship between people and machines, people and society, and people and the environment, and clearly points to three ultimate goals: efficiency, well-being, and environmental protection.

3. In what year was blockchain technology born?

The idea of ​​blockchain technology can be traced back to 1991. In order to ensure that the timestamp file cannot be traced and tampered with, two scientists at the time, Stuart Haber and W. Scott Stornetta, launched a practical computing solution.
The system uses a block encryption chain to store timestamp files, and in 1992, Merkle trees were also incorporated into the system, a new technology that grouped multiple documents into one block. , greatly improving efficiency. Unfortunately, no one cared about this technology and it was slowly abandoned. The patent also expired in 2004, four years before Bitcoin was born.

4. What is blockchain technology? What exactly is blockchain?

Blockchain technology is one of the top ten typical judicial technology applications on the Internet. Blockchain is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm.

Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. In fact, it is a decentralized database. Blockchain, as the underlying technology of Bitcoin, is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains a batch of Bitcoin network transaction information, which is used to verify the validity of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next data block.

Blockchain originated from Bitcoin. On November 1, 2008, a person who called himself Satoshi Nakamoto published the article "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System", which elaborated on P2P network technology, encryption technology, timestamp technology, and block technology. The concept of electronic cash system framework such as chain technology marks the birth of Bitcoin.

(4) Extended reading on the application time of German blockchain technology:

The birth of blockchain:

The concept of blockchain was first proposed by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2008. In the following years, blockchain became the core component of the electronic currency Bitcoin: a public account for all transactions. By using peer-to-peer networks and distributed timestamp servers, blockchain databases can be autonomously managed.

The blockchain invented for Bitcoin made it the first digital currency to solve the problem of repeated consumption. Bitcoin design has becomeSource of inspiration for other applications. On December 20, 2016, the Digital Currency Alliance-China FinTech Digital Currency Alliance and FinTech Research Institute were officially established.

5. Blockchain for 12 years: In what fields has it been applied?

#「光 Moment」Theme Essay Issue 2#

People have said this countless times Talking about the applicable scenarios and application opportunities of blockchain. But in fact, it is very stupid and ridiculous to simply and crudely bundle blockchain with all businesses.

If you just use the word "blockchain" (rather than the technology behind it) to hype it, the result will be in vain. But if used properly, blockchain can indeed promote the development of certain economic sectors.

To achieve this goal, you need to take it slowly, step by step. Gartner experts believe that blockchain is currently on the verge of “escape from fantasy” stage. At this stage, its technical shortcomings were fully exposed, and most media from all walks of life were critical.

So, are there any good products that are truly based on blockchain? If so, in what areas?

First of all, financial services are a good choice. After all, many traditional intermediaries suffer from low transparency and high commissions. Currently, many large banks are already researching and testing decentralized solutions. So what are the options available on the market now?

Netting is a good example. It is based on Hyperledger Fabric and is capable of offsetting multiple positions or payments resulting from transactions between two or more parties. Often used to determine which party should receive remuneration in a multi-party agreement. Netting, as a general concept, has many more specific uses in financial markets (in securities trading).

In addition, there is endless discussion about blockchain bonds, mortgages and bank guarantees. Almost all big banks, including Islamic banks, are trying this approach.

Hyperledger Fabric and Corda blockchain technologies are also often used in other use cases, but the prospects require us to draw final conclusions through continued follow-up and observation.

Bank of America, Goldman Sachs, Citibank, Morgan Stanley, JPMorgan Chase, Bank of China and Commonwealth Bank of Australia have all achieved good results in 2019. In addition, in the banking industry, people often talk about cross-border financial transactions, and there is even an intention to get rid of SWIFT.

Some people believe that blockchain technology has great prospects in copyright protection and combating data fraud. For example, for copyright protection purposes, the startup Sputnik DLT developed the Depositor service on the Waves platform.

Likewise, Emernotar is a similar solution based on Emercoin, using the SHA-512 algorithm. According to the developers, businesses and lawyers can use the Emernotar service to sign contracts, use the online service to collect user consents, and creative industry representatives to confirm copyright.

The democracynotary.org platform, powered by Emercoin technology, aims to protect important election-related information. Although the blockchain cannot yet guarantee the anonymity of voting during the election process, it can at least guarantee the authenticity of voting.

The effectiveness of this platform was recently put to the test in a Macedonian referendum on ratifying a treaty with Greece that called for changing the country’s name to “North Macedonia.” ". The platform notarized public reports from the referendum process, thereby blocking the spread of false information.

Blockchain use cases are extremely promising in the registration of real estate transactions. Last year, there were attempts to leverage smart contracts on the Ethereum blockchain to conduct such buy/sell transactions in jurisdictions. While not all local legislatures understand what lawyers are doing, there have been and will be attempts.

For example, the most famous example was a deal to sell 10 acres of land through a decentralized Propy marketplace in California, conducted entirely in Bitcoin and using blockchain To register. Since then, the EU has also completed its first blockchain real estate sale.

In December 2018, the Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority approved the business model of the blockchain company “Blockimmo Real Estate Company”. Currently, the Blockimmo platform is in a testing phase and is available to residents of Switzerland and Liechtenstein. After that, the company plans to enter other markets throughout Europe.

Some experts are very optimistic about the application prospects of blockchain in the wholesale and logistics fields; but at the same time, some experts believe that it has no use in this field. However, as consumers, we should recognize the success that has been achieved in the industry.

In the late autumn of 2018, oil giants BP and Shell, as well as large banks and companies, launched the Vakt blockchain platform, which aims to optimize the commodity transaction process - including converting paper documents into smart contracts .

At the same time, the UAE is also using blockchain technology in the field-Maqta Gateway LLC launched the first blockchain logistics solution in Abu Dhabi. Silsal blockchain technology developed by company could improve logistics and freightefficiency. Maqta Gateway hopes to use DLT technology to reduce paperwork, facilitate real-time status updates and speed up information sharing.

Last fall also launched the IBM Food Trust Blockchain Platform - based on Hyperledger Fabric technology and designed to regulate the food industry supply chain. Well-known companies such as Carrefour, Nestle, Dole Food, Tyson Foods, Kroger, Unilever, and Walmart are among the Platform members. Monthly fees for IBM blockchain services range from $100 to $10,000, which explains why these industry giants are willing to invest in this area.

The decentralized Shelf.Network auction protocol was launched in the fall of 2017. Car dealers can conduct car sales and leasing transactions through the platform.

A year later, the auction network received investment from Japanese IT giant Broadleaf. At the same time, Broadleaf has also obtained a license to supply Shelf.Network technology to establish a trading network for automobile and parts sales in Southeast Asian countries (including Japan, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Laos, Australia, India and Singapore).

By the end of 2018, 60,000 vehicles from the United States had joined the service network. Shelf.Network also implements interaction with the Carfax web service, through which vehicle history reports can be provided to individuals and businesses. For example, startup Auto1 Group GmbH recorded the purchase of a car in Germany through blockchain for loan and insurance products, significantly speeding up the transaction (which would have taken two weeks to complete with traditional paperwork).

A survey of large companies conducted by the IBM Institute for Business Value shows that by 2021, blockchain will play a key role in the automotive industry, and at the same time, blockchain will also be used in the aviation field . For example, S7 Airlines and Alfa Bank (Russia) have enabled real-time payments for aircraft fuel costs by applying smart contracts on the Hyperledger blockchain platform.

All walks of life in the industry believe that DLT technology can simplify and speed up mutual settlement processes, eliminate various financial risks, and automate processes. As in the field of wholesale logistics, this technology also has important application significance in the field of transportation.

Blockchain technology is also gradually penetrating into the public sector and is widely used in document authentication processes. For example, ProofstaThe ck service is able to archive files with the owner's personal signature, date and time stamp, and then writes the archive hash to the blockchain. Users can also select the country that affects the type of timestamp, as well as the storage location (computer, cloud) required to generate the archive. Created archives allow people to identify when and by whom a file was archived. At the same time, the application of blockchain in the judicial system is becoming more and more popular. For example, ServeManager and Integra have applied blockchain technology to services that track subpoena delivery.

In China, government-backed blockchain solutions continue to develop rapidly. Its judicial blockchain system "Tianping Chain" has collected about 1 million pieces of online evidence data just three months after its release. All materials submitted on the platform are DLT certified, totaling 190,000 documents. The platform electronic evidence system was jointly developed by the Beijing Internet Court, the China Industrial Control System Emergency Response Team (CICS-CERT), the Research Center of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Network Internet Group and the TrustDo blockchain startup. The platform is based on the hyperchain infrastructure of the Internet giant network, optimizes the evidence collection and storage process, and ensures the authenticity of the data through the blockchain. In addition, the platform also achieves the purpose of saving time and resources by reducing Internet-related litigation costs.

As a global leader in container shipping, Maersk began using Insurwave blockchain solutions last spring. The marine insurance platform was jointly developed by consulting firms EY and Guardtime and is based on Microsoft Azure cloud technology. In the first year of cooperation with Insurwave, Maersk plans to insure 1,000 ocean-going vessels, and the total number of digital transactions will exceed 500,000.

Currently, platform users include Willis Towers Watson, XL Catlin and MS Amlin. Developers are trying to expand Insurwave's capabilities to expand insurance into the aviation and energy sectors.

Calastone, a British financial technology company specializing in investment flow management, announced that it will transfer all calculations to the blockchain. The company expects the technology to help cut billions of dollars in costs across its global settlement division. Calastone provides risk assessment management services, IT infrastructure and payment solutions to more than 1,700 companies, with clients including JP Morgan Asset Management, Schroders and Invesco.

If the enterprise's goal is to achieve transparency of transactions and information entered into the DLT registry, this will create an excellent application scenario for blockchain; however, if the enterprise is pursuing anonymity or "tracking "In the case of financial transactions, there is no opportunity for blockchain to exert its influence.

Singapore Power Group has launched a blockchain trading market for renewable energy (REC) certificates. Its company representatives said the "in-house developed" platform was designed to improve the security, reliability and traceability of such certificate transactions.

REC certificates are certificates that certify the amount of energy released by solar panels and are sold by Cleantech Solar Asia and LYS Energy Solutions. City Developments Limited and DBS Bank, who are interested in purchasing certificates, are both very interested in the platform. Katoen Natie Singapore has also joined the platform and plans to launch renewable electricity production capacity soon.

KT Corporation, South Korea’s largest telecommunications company, has also launched its own blockchain network, with distributed registration technology involving user authentication and improving international roaming services. This enables KT to securely transfer customer data to its partners. Network bandwidth can handle 100,000 transactions per second.

Time will tell whether these initiatives gain mass market acceptance. Likewise, the applications of blockchain in power, data, and user-identified accounts/records/transactions are old news.

At the end of 2017, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) used the Blockcerts wallet, which can issue a "verifiable, tamper-proof" authentication certificate, to more than a hundred people through the Bitcoin blockchain. Graduates were issued digital diplomas.

The pilot project is supported by software company Learning Machine, which was involved in the development of Blockcerts together with Media Lab.

The purpose of this is to allow students to become the true owners of their own files. Learning Machine CEO Chris Jagers said that even if the agency ceases to exist, people will be able to extract important official information stored in it.

The same approach is used by Tbilisi University of Business and Technology: the university uses a similar blockchain platform, Trusted Diploma, through a partnership with Emercoin. The platform is able to restore registration data (subjects studied, quality of training and scores obtained) with the help of blockchain. From this point of view, in the future, blockchain may be useful in further promoting digital learning methods.place.

6. Blockchain has officially entered the 3.0 era, and real estate, supply chain, etc. will become key application areas

With the continuous development of blockchain, the scope of blockchain application coverage More and more widely, with the improvement of scalability and efficiency, the application scope of blockchain will go beyond finance and expand to fields such as logistics, real estate and the Internet of Things, becoming a bottom-level protocol in the future society, which means As the blockchain will enter the 3.0 era.

The blockchain 1.0 era is represented by BTC (decentralized concept), which plays more of a distributed accounting role, such as BTC, Ripple, BCH, Litecoin, Dogecoin, etc. It is more used for digital currency accounting. Of course, the development in the first stage is not perfect. Bitcoin still has many problems that need to be solved, such as expansion, lightning payments, hard forks, etc.

With further completion, the blockchain has entered the 2.0 era, represented by ETH (smart contract), entering the contract stage.

Blockchain 2.0 represented by ETH is a great progress, but there are still many problems, such as channel congestion, slow transaction speed, and fork risk. High handling fees and so on. For example, after the popular CryptoKitties were launched on the Ethereum platform, they occupied about 25% of the Ethereum network at its peak, causing congestion on the entire Ethereum network and seriously affecting the experience of other Ethereum users. . The current development is a transition process from the first stage to the second stage.

After bidding farewell to the 1.0 and 2.0 eras, thanks to the continuous development of technology, blockchain has become more practical. This also means that the blockchain will completely break away from the financial attributes of the start-up period and enter practical application scenarios in all walks of life with its decentralization and other characteristics.

This also means that the blockchain has officially opened its 3.0 era - the era of comprehensive application. The blockchain industry structure in the 3.0 era is also more complex. Today I will give you a brief analysis.

The blockchain industry in the 3.0 era is divided into three levels: basic layer, service layer and application layer.

(1), Basic layer

The corresponding upstream, middle and downstream of the industrial chain include: upstream underlying technology and infrastructure (core technology, equipment, underlying platform deployment method), the midstream service layer mainly provides developers with applications based on blockchain technology; the downstream application layer includes finance, supply chain management, intelligent manufacturing, government enterprises, services, social applications, etc.

Hardware, technology and infrastructure manufacturers mainly provideProvides chips, mining machines, mining pools, hard drives, routers and other infrastructure necessary for blockchain applications.

The underlying platform deployment methods can be divided into public chain, alliance chain, and private chain.

The underlying technology includes core basic components, protocols and algorithms. Based on the underlying core technology components, it provides different functions for different application scenarios, including smart contracts, programmable assets, incentive mechanisms, member management, etc.

The base layer provides the underlying blockchain or distributed ledger technology framework, mainly including Ethereum, Hyperledger Fabric, R3 Corda, FISCO BCOS, etc.

(2) Service layer

The service layer refers to the BaaS (Blockchain as a Service) platform. The main domestic BaaS platforms are Ant Blockchain BaaS platform, Tencent Cloud TBaaS, Ping An One Account BaaS platform, etc.

It mainly provides developers with applications based on blockchain technology, and provides smart contracts, information security, data services and other products based on the underlying technology. services to improve the convenience and scalability of developers developing applications at the platform layer.

Application and service vendors are responsible for the research and development of general blockchain technology and technology expansion platforms, digital currency education and storage platform construction, etc., and provide technology for the industry application layer. support.

(3) Application layer

The application layer is represented by core application components, including smart contracts, programmable assets, incentive mechanisms, member management, etc.

Refers to the end user or service provider of blockchain. The main application scenarios of blockchain now include cross-border payment, anti-counterfeiting traceability, and supply chain. Finance, trade finance, electronic bills, ABS, etc.

Service objects are divided into two categories: B-side (initial stage): blockchain + (finance, supply chain management, copyright protection, education); C-side (first to land): blockchain+ (sharing economy, pan-entertainment).

The downstream blockchain application field is the combination of blockchain technology and existing industries. Now, Many industries have begun the application era of blockchain 3.0.

(1) Blockchain + supply chain

Blockchain + supply chainRealize the whole process traceability of product information. The traceability and anti-counterfeiting system of the traditional supply chain has shortcomings such as opaque information, easy data tampering, poor security and relative closure. However, using blockchain technology and Internet of Things technology, the information on the raw material purchasing process, production process and circulation process of goods can be processed. Integration and traceability can truly realize the full-process authentic traceability across brands, channels, retailers, and consumers, down to each item and code, significantly improving user trust experience.

(2), Blockchain + Internet of Things

Build an information exchange network in the era of Internet of Everything. As the number of devices in the Internet of Things grows, the distributed nature of the blockchain provides a way for self-governance of the Internet of Things, which can help devices in the Internet of Things understand each other and understand the correlation between different devices, thereby realizing the distribution of the Internet of Things. type control.

(3), Blockchain + Medical

Ensure the safe sharing of medical data. Using blockchain technology to mathematically encrypt medical data can effectively prevent risks such as malicious modification of medical data. The medical data sharing and exchange system developed using blockchain technology uploads encrypted medical data, allowing data to be shared and circulated quickly, efficiently and securely between patients and medical institutions, effectively simplifying the management of medical data. Call process to provide data guarantee for accurate diagnosis of illness.

(4) Blockchain + Real Estate

There are many potential application scenarios of blockchain in the real estate industry. Common ones include: Real estate transactions. Pain points in the process of buying and selling property include: lack of transparency during and after the transaction, reams of paperwork, potential for fraud, errors in public records, and that’s just to name a few. Blockchain provides a way to achieve the need for paperless and fast transactions. In addition, real estate blockchain applications can help record, trace and transfer title deeds, deeds, liens, etc., and also provide a platform for financial companies, title companies and mortgage companies. Blockchain technology strives to securely preserve files while enhancing transparency and reducing costs. In addition, blockchain is also applied in the field of construction engineering, and many companies are applying this technology in the current urban renewal boom. For example, Shenzhen's Lanfang Chain has proposed a package of solutions including blockchain + urban renewal/construction engineering/real estate development based on blockchain, which comprehensively serves many fields in the real estate industry. Currently, its official website and mobile applications are online.

In addition, blockchain has already had many applications in supply chain finance, stock trading, banking, etc., so I won’t go into details here.

As one of the important contents of my country’s 14th Five-Year Plan, officials have long proposed to accelerate the development of blockchain technology and industrial innovation, and actively promote the integrated development of blockchain and economy and society.

The key to achieving the above two developments lies in the following two points:

1. Breakthrough in the core technology of blockchain technology.

Blockchain technology is currently the technology with the smallest gap between my country and Europe and the United States. Officials particularly emphasize that in this emerging field, my country must be at the forefront of theory, occupy the commanding heights of innovation, and gain new industrial advantages. It is necessary to promote collaborative research, accelerate breakthroughs in core technologies, and provide safe and controllable technical support for the development of blockchain applications.

At present, most of the blockchain technology is still in the conceptual hype stage, and many business scenarios use blockchain purely for the sake of blockchain. So far, no one in our country has been able to solve core technical dilemmas such as the ternary paradox on a global scale. Therefore, we must return to basic theories and core technologies and achieve major breakthroughs through long-term and concentrated research.

In fact, the official has put forward very high requirements for the theoretical technology and subsequent application development of blockchain technology. Do a good job in basic theoretical research on blockchain, Focusing on conquering a number of key core technologies and truly shouldering the burden of technology research and development is the key to the current development of blockchain.

2. Enhance international voice and rule-making power.

Different from previous information technologies, blockchain technology is highly scalable, or aggressive. Its rules or right to speak determine its scope of influence, because every business on the chain is Individuals or institutions must obey the rules set by the blockchain, whether at home or abroad. For example, everyone must obey the rules of Windows when using the Windows system, but Windows only stipulates the rules for information interaction for users, which is acceptable to us, while the blockchain stipulates industry governance rules. With its distributed characteristics, the governance rules of the blockchain can quickly transcend national borders and geographical restrictions.

In order to achieve the above two points, we must strengthen the construction of the talent team, establish and improve the talent training system, create various forms of high-level talent training platforms, and cultivate a A group of leading figures and a high-level innovation team.

Blockchain, as an architectural innovation technology, has a huge demand for comprehensive talents, requiring practitioners to master a variety of professional and technical knowledge involving cryptography, information science, basic mathematics, etc. To develop blockchain, we must strengthen the construction of a talent team with deep cross-integration of disciplines, and establish a talent cultivation system in a forward-looking and systematic manner from the aspects of basic research, applied research and development, and industrial integration.

Blockchain technology is an important part of the future digital economy and has rich advantages for all walks of life. Although we have entered the 3.0 era, the vertical application of blockchain in various industries has just begun.

What do you think of the future of blockchain?

7. What are the core blockchain technologies of blockchain technology?

What is the hottest Internet topic at the moment? You don’t need to explain it to the editor to know that it is the blockchain technology. Blockchain technology, but many friends have only heard of this technology and do not have much in-depth understanding of it. So what are the blockchain technologies? Below we will bring you an introduction to the core technology of blockchain for your reference.
What are the core elements of blockchain technology?
Blockchain technology can be a public ledger (visible by anyone) or a permissioned network (visible only by those authorized), which solves supply chain challenges , because it is an immutable record that is shared among network participants and updated in real time.
Blockchain technology----data layer: designing the data structure of the ledger
Core technology 1. Block + chain:
Technically speaking, block is a data structure that records transactions. Reflects the flow of funds for a transaction. The blocks of transactions that have been reached in the system are connected together to form a main chain, and all nodes participating in the calculation record the main chain or part of the main chain.
Each block consists of a block header and a block body. The block body is only responsible for recording all transaction information in the previous period, mainly including the number of transactions and transaction details; the block header encapsulates the current version number, previous A block address, timestamp (recording the time when the block was generated, accurate to seconds), random number (recording the value of decrypting the answer to the math question related to the block), target hash value of the current block, and Merkle number Root value and other information. From a structural point of view, most functions of the blockchain are implemented by the block header.
Core technology 2. Hash function:
The hash function can convert data of any length into a set of fixed-length codes through the Hash algorithm. The principle is based on a cryptographic one-way hash function. This kind of function is easy to verify, but difficult to crack. Usually, the industry uses y=hash(x) to represent it. This hash function implements operations on x to calculate a hash value y.
Commonly used hash algorithms include MD5, SHA-1, SHA-256, SHA-384 and SHA-512, etc. Taking the SHA256 algorithm as an example, inputting any string of data into SHA256 will result in a 256-bit Hash value (hash value). Its characteristics: the same data input will get the same result. As long as the input data changes slightly (for example, a 1 becomes a 0), a completely different result will be obtained, and the result cannot be predicted in advance. Forward calculation (calculated from dataIts corresponding Hash value) is very easy. Reverse calculation (cracking) is extremely difficult and is considered impossible under current technological conditions.
Core technology 3. Merkle tree:
Merkle tree is a hash binary tree, which can be used to quickly verify the integrity of large-scale data. In the blockchain network, the Merkle tree is used to summarize all transaction information in a block, and ultimately generates a unified hash value of all transaction information in the block. Any change in transaction information in the block will cause Merkle tree changes.
Core technology 4. Asymmetric encryption algorithm:
Asymmetric encryption algorithm is a key secret method that requires two keys: public key and private key. The public key and the private key are a pair. If the public key is used to encrypt the data, only the corresponding private key can be used to decrypt it, thereby obtaining the corresponding data value; if the private key is used to sign the data, then only the corresponding public key can be used to sign the data. In order to verify the signature, the sender of the verification information is the holder of the private key.
Because encryption and decryption use two different keys, this algorithm is called an asymmetric encryption algorithm, while symmetric encryption uses the same key in the encryption and decryption processes.
Blockchain technology----network layer: realize the decentralization of accounting nodes
Core technology 5. P2P network:
P2P network (peer-to-peer network), also known as point-to-point technology, is no Central server, Internet system that relies on user groups to exchange information. Unlike a centralized network system with a central server, each client in a peer-to-peer network acts as both a node and a server. Domestic Xunlei software uses P2P technology. The P2P network has the characteristics of decentralization and robustness.
Blockchain technology----Consensus layer: allocate the task load of accounting nodes
Core technology 6. Consensus mechanism:
Consensus mechanism is how to reach consensus among all accounting nodes to identify The validity of a record is both a means of identification and a means of preventing tampering. There are currently four main types of consensus mechanisms: PoW, PoS, DPoS and distributed consensus algorithms.
PoW (Proof of Work, proof of work): PoW mechanism, which is like Bitcoin’s mining mechanism, miners package existing transactions that have not been recorded by the network into a block, and then continue to traverse and try to find a random number , so that the hash value of the new block plus the random number meets certain difficulty conditions. Finding a random number that meets the conditions is equivalent to determining the latest block of the blockchain, and is also equivalent to obtaining the current round of accounting rights of the blockchain. Miners broadcast blocks that meet the mining difficulty conditions in the Yuanfu network. After verifying that the block meets the mining difficulty conditions and that the transaction data in the block meets the protocol specifications, other nodes in the entire network will each Blocks are linked to their own version of the blockchain, thereby forming a network-wide consensus on the current network state.
PoS (ProofofStake, Proof of Stake): PoS mechanism, requirementsA distributed consensus mechanism in which nodes provide proof of a certain number of tokens to compete for blockchain accounting rights. If you rely solely on the token balance to determine the bookkeeper, you will inevitably make the rich win, which will lead to the centralization of bookkeeping rights and reduce the fairness of the consensus. Therefore, different PoS mechanisms use different methods to increase the amount of money based on the proof of equity. The randomness of accounting rights avoids centralization. For example, in the PeerCoin PoS mechanism, the Bitcoin with the longest chain age has a greater chance of obtaining accounting rights. NXT and Blackcoin use a formula to predict the next accounting node. The more tokens you own, the greater the probability of being selected as an accounting node. In the future, Ethereum will also switch from the current PoW mechanism to a PoS mechanism. Judging from the information currently available, Ethereum's PoS mechanism will use nodes to place bets on the next block. The winner of the bet will receive an additional Ethereum currency award. Those who do not win will be deducted Ether coins to reach consensus on the next block.
DPoS (DelegatedProof-Of-Stake, share authorization certificate): DPoS is easy to understand and is similar to the modern corporate board of directors system. The DPoS mechanism adopted by BitShares is that shareholders vote to select a certain number of witnesses. Each witness has two seconds of authority to generate blocks in order. If the witness cannot generate a block within the given time slice, The block generation authority is given to the witness corresponding to the next time slice. Shareholders can replace these witnesses at any time by voting. This design of DPoS makes the generation of blocks faster and more energy-saving.
Distributed Consistency Algorithm: Distributed Consistency Algorithm is based on traditional distributed consistency technology. Among them are Byzantine fault-tolerant algorithms that solve the Byzantine Generals problem, such as PBFT (Byzantine fault-tolerant algorithm). In addition, distributed consensus algorithms (Pasox, Raft) that solve non-Byzantine problems are not explained in this article. This type of algorithm is currently a commonly used consensus mechanism in alliance chain and private chain scenarios.
Taken together, POW is suitable for public chains. If you build a private chain, it is more suitable to use POS because there is no trust problem in verification nodes; and because there are untrustworthy local nodes in the alliance chain, it is more suitable to use DPOS.
Blockchain technology----Incentive layer: Develop a "salary system" for accounting nodes
Core technology 7. Issuance mechanism and incentive mechanism:
Take Bitcoin as an example. Bitcoins are initially rewarded by the system to miners who create new blocks, and this reward is halved approximately every four years. At the beginning, miners were rewarded with 50 Bitcoins for each new block recorded, and this reward is halved approximately every four years. By analogy, by around AD 2140, newly created blocks will no longer receive rewards from the system. By then, the total number of Bitcoins will be approximately 21 million. This is the total number of Bitcoins, so it will not increase indefinitely.
Another source of incentives is transaction fees. When there are no system rewards for newly created blocks, the miners' income will change from system rewards to transaction fees. For example, you are transferringWhen accounting, you can specify 1% of it as a handling fee to be paid to the miner who recorded the block. If the output value of a transaction is less than the input value, the difference is the transaction fee, which will be added to the incentive for that block. As long as a given amount of electronic currency has entered circulation, the incentive mechanism can gradually be converted to rely entirely on transaction fees, so there is no need to issue new currency.
Blockchain technology----contract layer: giving the ledger programmable features
Core technology 8. Smart contract:
Smart contract is a set of programmed rules and logic that respond to scenarios. Implemented by decentralized, trusted shared script code deployed on the blockchain. Normally, after the smart contract is signed by all parties, it is attached to the blockchain data in the form of program code, and is recorded in a specific block of the blockchain after being propagated through the P2P network and verified by nodes. Smart contracts encapsulate a number of predefined states and transition rules, scenarios that trigger contract execution, response actions under specific scenarios, etc. The blockchain can monitor the status of smart contracts in real time, and activate and execute the contract by checking external data sources and confirming that specific trigger conditions are met.
The above is what blockchain technologies the editor has brought to you? All content of the introduction to the core technology of blockchain.

8. Blockchain technology development status and prospects

Blockchain technology development status and prospects
Blockchain technology originated in 2008 under the pseudonym "China The foundational paper "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System" published by scholar Satoshi Nakamoto on the cryptography mailing group. In the past two years, the research and application of blockchain technology have shown explosive growth. It is considered to be the fifth disruptive innovation in the computing paradigm after mainframes, personal computers, the Internet, and mobile/social networks. It is also the evolution of human credit. The fourth milestone in history after blood relatives credit, precious metal credit, and central bank banknote credit. Blockchain technology is the prototype of the next generation of cloud computing. It is expected to completely reshape the form of human social activities like the Internet and realize the transformation from the current information Internet to the value Internet. Technical characteristics of blockchain

Blockchain has the characteristics of decentralization, time series data, collective maintenance, programmability, security and trustworthiness. Decentralization: The processes of verification, accounting, storage, maintenance and transmission of blockchain data are all based on the distributed system structure. Pure mathematical methods are used instead of central institutions to establish trust relationships between distributed nodes, thus forming a decentralized system. Centralized and trustworthy distributed system; Time series data: Blockchain uses a chain block structure with timestamps to store data, thereby adding a time dimension to the data and having strong verifiability and traceability; Collective maintenance: The blockchain system uses a specific economic incentive mechanism to ensure that all nodes in the distributed system can participate in the verification process of data blocks (such as the "mining" process of Bitcoin), and select specific nodes through a consensus algorithm. The node will new blockAdd to the blockchain; Programmable: Blockchain technology can provide a flexible script code system to support users to create advanced smart contracts, currencies or other decentralized applications; Safe and trustworthy: Blockchain technology uses asymmetric cryptography The principle is to encrypt data, and at the same time use the powerful computing power formed by consensus algorithms such as workload proof of each node of the distributed system to resist external attacks and ensure that the blockchain data cannot be tampered with or forged, so it has high security. Blockchain and Bitcoin Bitcoin is by far the most successful blockchain application scenario. Blockchain technology has solved the double payment problem and Byzantine Generals problem that the Bitcoin system has long faced in the field of digital cryptocurrency. Different from the credit endorsement mechanism of traditional central institutions (such as central banks), the Bitcoin blockchain forms software-defined credit, which marks a fundamental change from centralized national credit to decentralized algorithmic credit. In recent years, Bitcoin has relied on its first-mover advantage to form a complete ecosystem and industry chain covering issuance, circulation and financial derivatives markets. This is also the main reason why it has occupied the vast majority of the digital cryptocurrency market share for a long time. The development context and trends of blockchain
Blockchain technology is a universal underlying technology framework that can bring profound changes to various fields such as finance, economy, technology and even politics. According to the current development trend of blockchain technology, blockchain technology will experience the blockchain 1.0 model with programmable digital encryption currency system as the main feature, the blockchain 2.0 model with programmable financial system as the main feature, and the blockchain 2.0 model with programmable financial system as the main feature. The blockchain 3.0 model is characterized by a programmable society. However, the above-mentioned models are actually developing in parallel rather than in an evolutionary manner. The digital cryptocurrency system of the blockchain 1.0 model is still far from mature, and is actually farther and more difficult from its vision of global currency integration. At present, the blockchain field has shown an obvious development trend driven by technological and industrial innovation, and relevant academic research is seriously lagging behind and urgently needs to be followed up. Basic models and key technologies of blockchain
Generally speaking, a blockchain system consists of a data layer, a network layer, a consensus layer, an incentive layer, a contract layer and an application layer. Among them, the data layer encapsulates the underlying data blocks and related data encryption and timestamp technologies; the network layer includes distributed networking mechanisms, data dissemination mechanisms, and data verification mechanisms; the consensus layer mainly encapsulates various consensuses of network nodes Algorithm; the incentive layer integrates economic factors into the blockchain technology system, mainly including the issuance mechanism and distribution mechanism of economic incentives; the contract layer mainly encapsulates various scripts, algorithms and smart contracts, and is the programmable feature of the blockchain. The foundation; the application layer encapsulates various application scenarios and cases of the blockchain. In this model, the chain block structure based on timestamps, the consensus mechanism of distributed nodes, economic incentives based on consensus computing power, and flexible programmable smart contracts are the most representative innovations of blockchain technology. Application scenarios of blockchain technology
Blockchain technology can not only be successfully used in the field of digital cryptocurrency, but also has a wide range of application scenarios in economic, financial and social systems. According to the current status of blockchain technology applications, this article broadly summarizes the current main applications of blockchain into six scenarios: digital currency, data storage, data authentication, financial transactions, asset management and election voting: Digital currency: Bitcoin It represents a digital currency that is essentially generated by a distributed network system, and its issuance process does not rely on a specific centralized institution. Data storage: The characteristics of blockchain such as high redundant storage, decentralization, high security and privacy protection make it particularly suitable for storing and protecting important private data to avoid attacks caused by centralized institutions or improper permission management. Massive data loss or breach. Data authentication: Blockchain data is time-stamped, jointly verified and recorded by consensus nodes, and cannot be tampered with or forged. These characteristics make the blockchain widely used in various data notarization and audit scenarios. For example, blockchain can permanently and securely store various licenses, registration forms, licenses, certificates, certifications and records issued by government agencies. Financial transactions: Blockchain technology has a very high degree of compatibility with financial market applications. Blockchain can spontaneously generate credit in a decentralized system and can establish a financial market without the credit endorsement of a central institution, thereby realizing "financial disintermediation" to a large extent; at the same time, it can use blockchain to automate smart contracts and trustworthy transactions. The characteristics of programming can greatly reduce costs and improve efficiency. Asset management: Blockchain can realize the confirmation, authorization and real-time monitoring of tangible and intangible assets. Intangible asset management has been widely used in intellectual property protection, domain name management, points management and other fields; tangible asset management can be combined with Internet of Things technology to form "digital smart assets" to achieve distributed authorization and control based on blockchain. Election voting: Blockchain can implement applications such as political elections and corporate shareholder voting in a low-cost and efficient manner. At the same time, voting can be widely used in fields such as gambling, prediction markets, and social manufacturing. Existing issues with blockchain technology
Security threats are the most important issues faced by blockchain so far. Among them, blockchains based on the PoW consensus process mainly face the 51% attack problem, that is, nodes have the ability to successfully tamper and forge blockchain data by controlling more than 51% of the computing power of the entire network. Other issues include the potential threats of emerging computing technologies to crack asymmetric encryption mechanisms and privacy protection issues. The efficiency of blockchain is also an important factor restricting its application. Blockchain requires each node in the system to save a data backup, which is extremely difficult to store the growing mass of data. Although lightweight nodes can partially solve this problem, industrial-grade solutions suitable for larger scales still need to be developed. The Bitcoin blockchain can currently only process 7 transactions per second, and transaction confirmation time is generally 10 minutes, which greatly limits the application of blockchain in high-frequency trading scenarios in most financial systems. The PoW consensus process highly relies on the computing power contributed by the blockchain network nodes.These computing power are mainly used to solve SHA256 hashing and random number searches. Apart from this, they do not produce any actual social value. Therefore, in a general sense, these computing power resources are considered to be "wasted", and at the same time, they are also wasted. There are plenty of power resources. How to effectively pool the network computing power of distributed nodes to solve practical problems is an important issue that blockchain technology needs to solve. As a decentralized distributed system, the blockchain network will inevitably have game relationships of competition and cooperation between its nodes during the interaction process, such as the block interception attack game of the Bitcoin mining pool. The blockchain consensus process is essentially a crowdsourcing process. How to design an incentive-compatible consensus mechanism so that self-interested nodes in a decentralized system can spontaneously implement the verification and accounting of block data, and improve the efficiency of non-profit organizations within the system. The cost of rational behavior to suppress security attacks and threats is an important scientific issue to be solved in blockchain. Smart Contracts and Blockchain Technology
Smart contracts are a set of scenario-responsive programmed rules and logic. They are decentralized, trustworthy and shared program codes deployed on the blockchain. Usually, after the smart contract is signed by all parties, it is attached to the blockchain data (such as a Bitcoin transaction) in the form of program code, and is recorded in a specific block of the blockchain after being propagated through the P2P network and verified by nodes. . Smart contracts encapsulate a number of predefined states and transition rules, scenarios that trigger contract execution (such as reaching a specific time or occurrence of a specific event, etc.), response actions under specific scenarios, etc. The blockchain can monitor the status of smart contracts in real time, and activate and execute the contract by checking external data sources and confirming that specific trigger conditions are met. Smart contracts are of great significance to blockchain technology. On the one hand, smart contracts are the activators of the blockchain, giving flexible and programmable mechanisms and algorithms to the static underlying blockchain data, and laying the foundation for building programmable financial systems and social systems in the blockchain 2.0 and 3.0 eras. On the other hand, the automation and programmable characteristics of smart contracts enable it to encapsulate the complex behavior of each node in the distributed blockchain system and become a software agent robot in the virtual world composed of blockchain, which helps Promote the application of blockchain technology in various distributed artificial intelligence systems, allowing the construction of various decentralized applications (Decentralized applications, Dapp), decentralized autonomous organizations (Decentralized Autonomous Organization, DAO), and Decentralized Autonomous Corporation (DAC) and even Decentralized Autonomous Society (DAS) become possible. The main development trend of blockchain and smart contract technology is from automation to intelligence.The essential logic of various existing smart contracts and their applications is mostly based on "IF-THEN" type conditional response rules based on predefined scenarios, which can meet the current needs of automated transactions and data processing. Future smart contracts should have "WHAT-IF" deductions based on unknown scenarios, computational experiments, and a certain degree of autonomous decision-making functions, thereby achieving a leap from current "automated" contracts to true "smart" contracts. Blockchain-driven parallel society
In recent years, a parallel society based on CPSS (Cyber-Physical-SocialSystems) has emerged. Its core and essential feature is virtual-real interaction and parallel evolution. Blockchain is one of the infrastructures for realizing CPSS parallel society. Its main contribution is to provide a set of effective decentralized data structures, interaction mechanisms and computing models for distributed social systems and distributed artificial intelligence research. And it has laid a solid data foundation and credit foundation for the realization of a parallel society. As far as the basis of data is concerned, management scientist Edward Deming once said: Everyone except God must speak with data. However, in a centralized social system, data is usually in the hands of a "few people" such as governments and large enterprises. It "speaks" for a few people, and its fairness, authority and even security may not be guaranteed. Blockchain data is stored in highly redundant distributed nodes and is in the hands of "everyone", enabling true "data democracy". In terms of the basis of credit, centralized social systems will inevitably have the characteristics of "Mertonian systems" due to their high engineering complexity and social complexity, that is, uncertainty, diversity and complexity, which are the center of social systems. Institutions and rule makers may behave dishonestly due to individual interests; blockchain technology helps realize a software-defined social system. Its basic idea is to eliminate centralized institutions and convert unpredictable behaviors into programmed codes of smart contracts. The form is deployed and solidified in the blockchain data in advance, and cannot be forged or tampered with afterwards and is executed automatically. This can, to a certain extent, transform the "Merton" social system into a "Newton" that can be fully observed, actively controlled, and accurately predicted. "Social system. The ACP (Artificial Societies, Computational Experiments and Parallel Execution) method is the only systematic and complete research framework in the field of parallel society management so far. It is the logical extension and logical extension of complexity science in the parallel social environment in the new era. Innovation. The ACP method can be naturally combined with blockchain technology to achieve blockchain-driven parallel social management. First of all, mechanisms such as blockchain's P2P networking, distributed consensus collaboration, and contribution-based economic incentives are themselves natural modeling of distributed social systems, in which each node will act as an independent and autonomous agent in the distributed system. Agent. With the blockchain ecosystemWith the improvement of the system, the consensus nodes of the blockchain and increasingly complex and autonomous smart contracts will form DAC and DAO of specific organizational forms by participating in various forms of Dapp, and ultimately form DAS, the artificial society in ACP. Secondly, the programmable nature of smart contracts allows the blockchain to carry out various "WHAT-IF" types of virtual experimental design, scenario deduction and result evaluation. Through this computational experiment process, optimal decisions are obtained and executed automatically or semi-automatically. Finally, the smart assets formed by the combination of blockchain and the Internet of Things make it possible to connect the real physical world and virtual cyberspace, and can achieve collaborative optimization of social management and decision-making through virtual-real interaction and parallel tuning of real and artificial social systems. It is not difficult to predict that in the future, when all physical assets in the real physical world are registered as smart assets on the chain, the blockchain-driven parallel society will arrive.

9. What is blockchain and what role does blockchain play

What is blockchain? What changes will it bring to your future life?

Blockchain is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithms.

Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database. As the underlying technology of Bitcoin, it is a series of related cryptographic methods. Each data block contains a batch of Bitcoin network transaction information, which is used to verify the validity of the information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block.

In the original English version of the Bitcoin white paper, the word blockchain does not actually appear, but chain of blocks is used. In the earliest Chinese translation of the Bitcoin white paper, chain of blocks was translated into blockchain. This is the earliest time when the Chinese word "blockchain" appeared.

The Cyberspace Administration of China issued the "Blockchain Information Service Management Regulations" on January 10, 2019, which will come into effect on February 15, 2019.

In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chain data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is cryptographically guaranteed to be non-tamperable and non-tamperable. Unforgeable distributed ledger.

Broadly speaking, blockchain technology uses block chain data structures to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, and uses cryptography to ensure data transmission and Access security, a new distributed infrastructure and computing method that uses smart contracts composed of automated script codes to program and operate data.

In fact, to understand it very simply and vividly, we can imagine that everything in life is realized in digital form.Nowadays, everything about food, clothing, housing, transportation, medical treatment, education, etc. is based on the Internet and can be easily handled at home. No matter where you go to do business or make transactions, you can complete it with your mobile phone. With the continuous development, everything we do can be done online. Easily complete, specific volume work, production, planting, etc. Of course, no one can accurately predict what the rise of 5g will bring, but it will definitely bring about earth-shaking changes in life and social form!

Blockchain was born from Satoshi Nakamoto’s Bitcoin. Since 2009, various Bitcoin-like digital currencies have appeared, all based on public blockchains.

The current situation of digital currencies is that a hundred flowers are blooming. Here are some common ones: bitcoin, litecoin, dogecoin, OKcoinetc. In addition to currency applications, there are also various derivative applications, such as NXT, SIA, and BitShares. , MaidSafe, Ripple, Ethereum and many more.

On January 20, 2016, the People’s Bank of China Digital Currency Seminar announced that it had achieved phased results in digital currency research. The meeting affirmed the value of digital currency in reducing the issuance of traditional currency and stated that the central bank is exploring the issuance of digital currency.

Some areas where blockchain can be used can be:

▪ Smart contracts

▪ Securities trading

▪ E-commerce

▪ Internet of Things

▪ Social communication

▪ File storage

▪ Proof of existence

▪ Identity verification

▪ Equity crowdfunding

The development of the blockchain can be compared to the development of the Internet itself. In the future, there will be an Internet called finance-internet, and this thing is based on blockchain, its precursor is bitcoin, that is, traditional finance starts from private chains and industry chains (local area network), and the bitcoin series starts from public chains (wide area network), both expressing the same The concept of digital assets (Digital Asset) eventually converges to an intermediate equilibrium point.

The core advantages of the blockchain architecture include:

Any node can create a transaction, and after a period of confirmation, it can reasonably confirm whether the transaction is Effectively, blockchain canEffectively prevent problems from happening on both sides. The cost of trying to rewrite or modify transaction records is very high. Blockchain implements two types of records: transactions and blocks. Transactions are the actual data stored on the blockchain, while blocks are records confirming when and in what order certain transactions became part of the blockchain database. Transactions are created by participants using the system in the normal course (in the case of cryptocurrencies, a transaction is created by Bob sending tokens to Alice), while blocks are created by what we call Units of miners are responsible for creation.

So in conclusion, this is undoubtedly a new technology that changes life. In the future, the production activities of the entire society will be carried out with blockchain as the underlying logic, and many things will be within our reach. , coupled with the integration of artificial intelligence and big data, we can easily handle things that seem to be cumbersome now, such as some securities market transactions and intelligent matching of financial management activities.

To put it simply, blockchain is a network computing center that integrates people, property, machines, and goods, and packages it into a whole; putting it on an infrastructure to run the network computing center .

Now the author’s imagination is not big enough to imagine what the future world will be like. I am looking forward to it!

I know a thing or two about this issue. Let’s get to know this mysterious thing - blockchain.

Blockchain is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithms. Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database. As the underlying technology of Bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each The data block contains information about a batch of Bitcoin network transactions, which is used to verify the validity of the information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block

The more popular it is, the more fake it is to keep the real. First of all, we must first figure out what the real blockchain technology is.

As an example, take buying fruits online.

The process of purchasing fruits online is as follows:

Using blockchain technology and decentralization, the process of purchasing fruits is as follows:

Summary:

1. We found that the original transaction process is: buyers and sellers make transactions, and all key processes are dealing with the payment platform. The advantage of this is that if there is a problem in any link, both sellers and buyers can seek help through the platform and let the platform arbitrate. But the platform has major bugs or is hacked., resulting in the loss of all transfer records within a period of time, and how to deal with the loss is a troublesome matter.

2. The transaction process using blockchain technology is: everyone’s ledger has exactly the same transaction record. Even if Alipay’s ledger server is broken, the seller’s ledger still exists, and the buyer’s ledger still exists. Still exists. Once this transaction occurs, the traces will never be erased.

This is the core of the blockchain, which is the four words "accounting + accounting".

The development and maturity of blockchain technology cannot be separated from the foundation and foreshadowing of the above new generation of Internet technology. Blockchain is not only a technology, but also provides a service model and solution. , which has played an extremely important role in promoting the further development of the Internet industry.

1. Blockchain + Finance

2. Blockchain + Supply Chain Management

3. Blockchain + Intelligent Manufacturing

4. Blockchain + Public Services

5. Blockchain + Education and Employment

6. Blockchain + Culture and Entertainment

7. Blockchain + payment

8. Blockchain + invoice {Already enabled in Shenzhen}

Traceability and non-tamperability of blockchain , perfectly combined with the inherent nature and needs of the financial industry, which makes the application of blockchain in the field of financial services the most in-depth and relatively mature field so far. Blockchain technology has broad application prospects. The future technological competition will also be a blockchain competition.

It is important to understand blockchain, which is important to see through various pseudo-blockchain scams.

If someone uses a bunch of professional terms to explain blockchain, it will be difficult for you to understand, and they may not really understand it themselves.

Therefore, we first establish a psychological line of defense. Anyone who sells you concepts and uses a lot of unfamiliar technical terms may be a liar. Be very careful!

To understand blockchain, you must know what the core appeal of blockchain is. What do you think you are most worried about in today's highly developed Internet world?

Privacy, yes, privacy. How to protect privacy? You may be monitored at any time, and any of your personal information may be stolen at any time. If personal privacy is not absolutely protected, the Internet will become another pyramid of power. Who is standing on top of the pyramid? He is the smartest technical master, a platform provider, and an information regulator. You and I may be the people at the bottom of this pyramid.

The people who originally invented the blockchain had serious concerns about being completely swallowed up by the Internet, and tried to create an absolutelySecure encryption technology locks up personal privacy. This technology completely subverts traditional encryption technology. In fact, rather than locking up privacy, it is better to tear it into pieces and then distribute the pieces to different people for private keeping. Unless everyone agrees to take the pieces and piece together the complete code, the truth cannot be recreated. This is the first mechanism of blockchain, which is decentralization.

But decentralization alone is not enough. It is also necessary to make those who steal password fragments have nowhere to hide, so that every action of the thief can be recorded indelibly and posted everywhere on the Internet. Diffuse and make it public. This is the second mechanism of the blockchain, the non-anonymous mechanism. Do you think, who snoops into privacy is not sneaky?

In summary, the blockchain is to hide privacy in a decentralized manner, record any actions that reproduce this privacy, and make it public. Seeing this, you may want to applaud the blockchain. Don't worry, how can there be such a good thing in the world? Is there any utopia that is absolutely safe? If blockchain can be realized in an absolute sense, will the existence of the government still be meaningful? Yes, blockchain was originally the embodiment of anarchy. Its ultimate meaning is destined to never be realized. Its survival may have to rely on power, and it is destined to become another beautifully packaged lie and a pretense to deceive others. In this sense, the government must also specify a framework for the development of the blockchain, reconstruct the value of the blockchain, and drive out the anti-government and anti-national attempts contained in the blockchain. Some blockchain technologies can be used in concrete applications, but decentralization must not be promoted. In short, we must remain highly vigilant about blockchain. Beauty often hides its sting. Absolutely ideal recipes often turn out to be poison. The person who says he can absolutely protect your privacy and financial security is the real voyeur and vampire.

Perhaps the best way for us to protect privacy is not to have any privacy, to live a completely open life, either to live like a sun or to live like a god of wine.

Viewpoint: 1. The concept of blockchain originated from the technical attributes of Bitcoin (distributed data storage and accounting, decentralization, inability to tamper with transaction records, point-to-point information transmission, sharing mechanism...), but Later, some people continued to extend and expand the concept to many commercial fields to facilitate capital speculation. 2. Blockchain in reality (the current blockchain on the market is very confusing), the hype concept is mostly used to make money in the stock market, and there is still a lack of regulatory loopholes. , legal and regulatory issues, etc., and even money laundering (the actual operation of blockchain products is one thing, the capital operation behind it is another). At present, the computer systems around the world cannot meet the characteristics of blockchain attributes. Technical requirements (such as distributed data storage and accounting, decentralization...), network bandwidth, storage technology and computer computing systems cannot meet transaction operation requirements (it is easy to use computer technology to make your network clogged or unable to complete distribution) formal data storage or transactions may be interrupted or delayed at any timeRisks arising from waiting for practical application. In addition, as far as the current global computer system is concerned, it is easy to crack the underlying program of the blockchain (this is a fatal flaw in the current global computers, 0 and 1 binary logic, and if the reverse blockchain is used The pattern operation algorithm is very easy to crack the blockchain. This inverse operation mode can also completely tamper with all transaction records. If a real quantum computer comes on the market in the future, it can directly break all blockchain computer systems in seconds. Bitcoin mining is huge. 3. Most of the current blockchains on the global market are basically capital speculation concepts to make money.

Blockchain has been mentioned for several years. I heard about a blockchain at the beginning of last year. The boss said that 2018 was the best year for the development of blockchain. After this year, foreign development fell behind. What is blockchain? In terms of impact, it is like pig intestines, each section connected to the other. Together. The purpose of blockchain is to connect these blocks together and fix them, using computer and Internet encryption technology to prevent secrets from being leaked to the outside world. This technology cannot be explained to non-professionals through professional terms. Generally speaking, it cannot be understood. I understand. I can only use metaphors to explain. Let me give you two examples:

1. Four people, A, B, C and D, play mahjong in a mahjong parlor for money. They use chips for each game and settle the bill at once when they break up. Lost 1,500 yuan, B lost 300 yuan, C won 200, and D won 1,600. As a result, A only had 1,000 yuan, and everyone else cleared it up, but A still owed D 400 yuan. In this matter, only these four Everyone knows that these four people are one block. There is no basis for what you say, and you will not write an IOU for this kind of thing. What will happen if A does not pay back the money in the future? Except for the four people A, B, C and D, no one else knows about this. If A wants to default on his debt and says he doesn’t owe money at all, only three people, B, B, and D, will know that A is defaulting on his debt, and it’s hard for others to judge whether A owes money and refuses to pay it back. Therefore, the value of blockchain needs to expand the scope of participation. If these four people When we were playing mahjong, there were more than a dozen friends watching. Isn’t the cost of defaulting on the account high? This is a part of real life. What about extending to the Internet? Then there are endless possibilities and more scenarios.< br />
2. Suppose four people, A, B, C and D, are doing business in a business group of 500 people. This group of 500 people is a large area. Once, A asked B for goods worth 10,000 yuan. , but did not send money to B in time, A said at that time that he would send money to B within 3 days. Everyone in the group knows this. If A does not send money to B within 3 days, then the other 498 business partners in the group As we all know, if A refuses to repay the debt, his reputation in this business circle will be affected. This is a block.

Later, A wants to do business with C, and C asks A for The goods, A said, you pay a 5,000 yuan deposit first, and the goods will be shipped immediately. C paid 5,000 yuan to A, but as a result, A has not shipped the goods. Everyone in the group knows this, and this is another block. Two If two blocks are connected together, everyone will doubt A’s credibility. How many times will Mr. A do this? Will Mr. A continue to play in the future?? This is the value of blockchain.

Blockchain may seem complicated, but it is not complicated at all; it may seem simple, but it is actually very difficult to operate. The blocks are too small and meaningless. If a block wants to grow bigger, privacy and business secrets will be involved. For example, it is inconvenient to talk about falling in love in a large group; for example, it is inconvenient to discuss it publicly in the group (block) beforehand when working together to do big business. However, there are still occasions when blockchain technology is used, such as poverty alleviation work, disaster relief fund management, etc. It is exposed to the sun and everyone knows it and supervises each other. I’ve given these two examples. Do you understand them at all?

[The most core and easy-to-understand introduction to blockchain]

1. How does blockchain create trust? We use "1", "2", and "3" to summarize the characteristics of the blockchain:

- "1" summarizes the blockchain: a trusted distributed database;
>
- "2" core properties: distributed, non-tamperable;

- "3" key mechanisms: cryptography principles, data storage structure, consensus mechanism.

The "distributed" and "non-tamperable" properties ensure the "honesty" and "transparency" of the blockchain, which is the basis for the blockchain to create trust.

2. In terms of industry, it is expected that the financial industry will be dominated by the financial industry in the next 3-5 years, gradually radiating to other real industries, more realistic scenarios will be accelerated, and the industry will develop from "1 to N" to Including entertainment, product traceability, credit reporting, etc.

In the future, in addition to using technologies such as side chains, lightning networks, and cross-chains, blockchain will also need to be deeply integrated with emerging information technologies such as 5G, artificial intelligence, big data, and the Internet of Things to enhance the Technical performance and off-chain data quality and reduce resource waste.

3. Smart contracts may be the most revolutionary application on the blockchain. If smart contracts are widely used on the blockchain, the economic division of labor will be further refined in the Internet era. Network nodes around the world will directly connect demand and production, and broader social collaboration will be realized.

If the above vision is realized, the combination of blockchain technology and industry is expected to usher in an explosive moment "from 1 to N". Its explosion may not be linear but non-linear. Blockchain Only then can the chain be upgraded from a "trust machine" to an important "engine" leading the industry wave.

Decentralization. Prevent cheating. It used to be that one person kept accounts and could make changes. Now there are 50 people. Each person records an entry and everyone has a record in the account book. Can you make changes to all 50? All 50 ledgers are valid unless they are all changed. So it's very useful.

I saw many people answering that ordinary people cannot understand intuitively.Let me explain simply and clearly, blockchain is decentralized. When something happens, everyone writes it down and has their own password, which cannot be tampered with.

Even if a hacker wants to change it, he has to do it one by one, which will tire him out. In fact, it is impossible, at least for now.

Blockchain is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithms.

Blockchain originated from Bitcoin and is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database. As the underlying technology of Bitcoin, it is a series of cryptographic methods. The associated data blocks are generated. Each data block contains a batch of Bitcoin network transaction information, which is used to verify the validity of its information and generate the next block.

Blockchain has potentially huge application value in financial fields such as international exchange, letters of credit, equity registration and stock exchanges. The application of blockchain technology in the financial industry can eliminate the need for third-party intermediaries and achieve direct point-to-point connection, thereby greatly reducing costs and quickly completing transaction payments.

After reading so many expert advices, I am still confused. I only remember that someone used this so-called "blockchain" to do pyramid schemes in the past...

10. Which countries are currently leading in blockchain in the world?

The countries that are currently leading in blockchain in the world include the following:

1. United States: United States It is one of the largest blockchain markets in the world, with many blockchain start-ups and technology giants. At the same time, the U.S. government is also promoting the application of blockchain technology. For example, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has approved the first securities trading platform based on blockchain technology.

2. Singapore: Singapore is one of the leaders in the blockchain field in Asia, with a number of leading blockchain companies and research institutions. The Singapore government is also actively promoting the application of blockchain technology. For example, the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) has launched multiple blockchain projects, including blockchain-based payment systems and digital identity verification systems.

3. Switzerland: Switzerland is one of the leaders in the European blockchain field and has many blockchain start-ups and research institutions. The Swiss government is also actively promoting the application of blockchain technology. For example, the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB) has launched an electronic ticketing system based on blockchain.

4. Japan: Japan is one of the important countries in the blockchain field in Asia, with many blockchain start-ups and technology giants. The Japanese government is also actively promoting the application of blockchain technology. For example, the Japan Financial Services Agency has approved the first digital currency exchange based on blockchain technology.

5. South Korea: South Korea is one of the important countries in the blockchain field in Asia, with manyMany blockchain start-ups and technology giants. The Korean government is also actively promoting the application of blockchain technology. For example, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism of South Korea has launched a real estate registration system based on blockchain technology.