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Ⅰ Do you all know what kind of technology blockchain is?

From an overall perspective, what is blockchain technology? Here, Shi Laoshi first needs to clarify a concept. Although blockchain technology contains the word technology, it is actually an organic system composed of a series of sub-technologies in accordance with established rules. To use an inappropriate analogy, a blockchain system is like a robot that only exists on the Internet. As long as the power supply is physically uninterrupted and the necessary hardware is not destroyed, this network robot can (theoretically) exist forever like the metal robots in the automobile manufacturing industry chain and faithfully perform specific functions. What’s even more interesting is that this internet robot has its own personality and is incredibly loyal. When it is initially activated, it will accept the personality given to it by its creator. After it officially starts running, its self-personality will exclude everyone, including the manufacturer, from modifying its operating rules, and it will silently carry out its destined mission on this earth until another blockchain system is Created in its place.

Ⅱ One article to understand the Internet blockchain

One article to understand the Internet blockchain

One article to understand the Internet blockchain. To understand the blockchain, We have to study the brief history of blockchain technology development starting from the birth of the Internet, discover the motivations for blockchain, and infer the future of blockchain. Let’s understand the Internet blockchain in one article.

Understand the Internet blockchain in one article 1

The originator of blockchain is mahjong, and the earliest blockchain was invented by the Chinese! The blockchain is just like Mahjong, except that Mahjong has fewer blocks. Mahjong only has 136 blocks. The rules of Mahjong vary from place to place and can be regarded as a hard fork of Bitcoin.

As the oldest blockchain project, Mahjong has a team of four miners. The first one to dig out the 13 correct hash values ​​will get the accounting rights and rewards. It adopts the method of being willing to admit defeat and not cheating. Thousands of consensus mechanisms!

Mahjong is decentralized, everyone can be the banker, and it is completely peer-to-peer.

Mining pool = commission from the boss of the chess and card room.

It cannot be tampered with, because convincing the other three people requires too much computing power and physical strength.

A typical value Internet. The value in my pocket didn't last eight rounds before it went into their pockets.

The Chinese are basically good at playing mahjong. In terms of blockchain, they produce 70% to 80% of the world’s mining machines and have the most computing power in the world, accounting for about 77% of the computing power.

Mahjong is actually the earliest blockchain project:

1. A group of four miners. The miner who first collides with the correct hash value of 13 numbers can obtain the accounting rights. and get rewarded.

2. It cannot be tampered with. Because convincing the other three people requires too much computing power and physical strength.

3. Typical value Internet. The valuable digital goods in my pocketThe currency www.gendan5.com/digitalcurrency/btc.html ran into their pockets after eight rounds.

4. Decentralization, everyone can be a banker, it is completely peer-to-peer.

5. UTXO, unspent transaction expenses.

There is another blockchain method of credit, assuming that everyone has no cash

Let’s take a closer look. When everyone reaches a consensus, we see There is no intermediary or third party to judge C’s win, and the rewards given to C do not need to be transferred to C through a third party. They are all direct peer-to-peer transactions. This process is decentralized, and players (miners) record their own records. After recording the results of the first game, B Dahu drew thirteen pieces, and B drew Jia Dongfeng. After the record is completed, a complete block is generated, but remember, this is only the first game. In the entire blockchain , this is just one node. After the 8 rounds mentioned at the beginning, there are 8 nodes (blocks). The 8 blocks are connected together to form a complete ledger, which is the blockchain. Because everyone has one of this ledger, it is a distributed ledger. The purpose is to prevent someone from tampering with the record. At the end of the game, it is clear who wins and who loses.

Four men (A, B, C, and D) got together to play mahjong for money. None of them brought any cash, so they asked a beautiful woman (centralized) to keep a book and record who won how much money in each round. , Who lost how much? At the end of the day, everyone uses Alipay or WeChat to pay and settle the ledger. However, if this beauty made a mistake in accounting or was bribed by one of the four people in advance to make a mistake on purpose, there is no guarantee that the outcome of this game will be fair, just, and reasonable. ,dont you agree? then what should we do? If you "play mahjong", you can use "blockchain" as the game rules and adapt it as follows:

Four men (A, B, C and D) got together to play mahjong for money. No one brought any cash. B said Let the beauty she brought keep accounts. A said that none of us knew this beauty, so the four of them, A, B, C, and D, agreed that everyone would keep accounts at the same time (decentralized) on their mobile phones (blockchain nodes) for each game. ), after finally playing mahjong and paying with electronic money directly on the mobile phone, everyone checked the accounting results. The accounting results should have been the same.

Assume that the original result is the account recorded on A’s mobile phone: B owes A 10 yuan. However, the record on B's mobile phone shows that there is no debt, but the other two people (C and D) have the same accounting as A, so the settlement is still based on the majority rule. In addition, everyone has a bad impression of B's ​​integrity. Next The first time I play mahjong, I won’t take B to play with me.

Unless B bribes two people (C and D) in advance to deliberately cheat, but the cost of B bribes them is 100,000 yuan (10,000 times the default of 10 yuan), then in common sense, B only You can choose to give up because the cost of counterfeiting is too high.

Suppose that even if B is secretly willing to buy out C and C at a high price of 100,000 yuan in advance while playing cards,Ding made this stupid transaction with a huge loss, but the rules of the blockchain are accounting based on time stamps. It turned out that B owed A 10 yuan at 1 p.m., that is, C and D changed it at 3 p.m. When doing accounts, time is irreversible. You can only record 3 o'clock in the afternoon, which is against the rules of the game.

In fact, in 2017 the blogger has developed a set of Mahjong coins

China’s earliest blockchain project: a group of four miners, first starting from 148 random numbers The miner who collides with the correct hash value of 14 numbers can obtain an accounting right incentive. Since distributed accounting requires the consensus of several other miners, each accounting transaction takes about ten minutes.

Understanding the Internet Blockchain in One Article 2

1. Before the birth of Bitcoin, 5 Internet technologies that will have a significant impact on the future of the blockchain

In 1969, the Internet was born in the United States. Since then, the Internet has expanded from four research institutions in the United States to the entire planet. In terms of application, it has expanded from the earliest military and scientific research to all aspects of human life. In the nearly 50 years since the birth of the Internet, five technologies have been of particularly great significance to the future development of blockchain.

1. The TCP/IP protocol born in 1974: determines the position of blockchain in the Internet technology ecosystem

In 1974, the most critical step in the development of the Internet was taken by The TCP/IP protocol, the core communication technology of the Internet jointly developed by American scientists Vinton Cerf and Robert Kahn, was officially launched.

This protocol enables the transmission of information between different computers and even different types of networks. All computers connected to the network can communicate and interact as long as they comply with this protocol.

In layman's terms, Internet data can travel tens of thousands of kilometers to reach the computer users who need it. This is mainly because the Internet world has formed a unified information dissemination mechanism. That is to say, Internet devices follow a unified law-TCP/IP protocol when disseminating information.

Understanding the TCP/IP protocol is of great significance to mastering the Internet and blockchain. After the invention of TCP/IP in 1974, the entire Internet was between the underlying hardware devices, the intermediate network protocols and the network Addresses have always been relatively stable, but an endless stream of innovative applications are emerging at the top application layer, including news, e-commerce, social networks, QQ, WeChat, and blockchain technology.

In other words, in the technical ecology of the Internet, blockchain is a new technology at the top layer of the Internet - the application layer. Its emergence, operation and development have not affected the underlying infrastructure and communication protocols of the Internet. , is still one of the many software technologies that operates according to the TCP/IP protocol.

2. Cisco router technology born in 1984: it is the imitation object of blockchain technology

In December 1984, Cisco was established in the United States. The founder was SiA couple at Stanford University, Leonard Posak, director of the Computer Center, and Sandy Lerner, director of the Business School's Computer Center, designed a networking device called a "multiprotocol router" to put communications on the Internet lines, helping data to travel accurately and quickly from one end of the Internet to the other end thousands of kilometers away.

In the entire Internet hardware layer, tens of millions of routers are busy working, directing the transmission of Internet information. An important function of Cisco routers is that each router saves a complete Internet device address table. Once something happens Changes will be synchronized to tens of millions of other routers (theoretically), ensuring that each router can calculate the shortest and fastest path.

When you see the operation process of the router, you will feel very familiar. That is the important feature of the blockchain later. The significance of understanding the router lies in the important features of the blockchain. It has been implemented on the router in 1984. For the router, even if the node device is damaged or attacked by hackers, it will not affect the transmission of the entire Internet information.

3. The B/S (C/S) architecture that was born with the World Wide Web: the opponent of the blockchain and the target of attempted subversion

The World Wide Web is referred to as the Web and is divided into Web clients and server. All updated information is only modified on the Web server. Thousands, tens of thousands, or even tens of millions of other client computers do not retain the information and only obtain the information data when accessing the server. This structure is also often referred to as the Internet B/S architecture is a centralized architecture. This architecture is also the most important architecture of the current Internet. Internet giants such as Google, Facebook, Tencent, Alibaba, and Amazon have all adopted this architecture.

Understanding the B/S architecture will be of great significance to the subsequent understanding of blockchain technology. The B/S architecture is that data is only stored in the central server, and all other computers obtain information from the server. Blockchain technology has tens of millions of computers without a center, and all data will be synchronized to all computers. This is the core of blockchain technology.

4. Peer-to-Peer Network (P2P): Blockchain The father of the chain and its technical basis

Peer-to-peer network P2P is another Internet infrastructure corresponding to C/S (B/S). Its characteristic is that multiple computers connected to each other are connected to each other. In a peer-to-peer position, there is no distinction between master and slave. A computer can be used as a server, setting shared resources for use by other computers in the network, and as a workstation.

Napster is one of the earliest P2P systems, mainly used for music resource sharing. Napster cannot be regarded as a true peer-to-peer network system. On March 14, 2000, a message was posted on the Slashdot mailing list of the underground hacker site in the United States, saying that AOL's Nullsoft department had released Gnutella, an open source Napster clone software.

In the Gnutella distributed peer-to-peer network model, each networked computer is functionally peer, serving as both a client and a server, so Gnutella is called the first true peer-to-peer network model. Network Architecture.

In the past 20 years, some Internet technology giants such as Microsoft and IBM, as well as liberals, hackers, and even criminals who infringe intellectual property rights, have continued to promote the development of peer-to-peer networks. Of course, those on the Internet want to strengthen information sharing. The idealists also put a lot of enthusiasm into peer-to-peer networks. Blockchain is a software application based on a peer-to-peer network architecture. It is a benchmark application for peer-to-peer networks trying to break out from the silence of the past.

5. Hash algorithm: the key to generating Bitcoin and tokens (tokens)

The hash algorithm converts numbers of any length into fixed-length values ​​using a hash function. Algorithms, famous hash functions such as: MD4, MD5, SHS, etc. It is a member of the family of cryptographic functions defined by the American National Institute of Standards and Technology.

This family of algorithms is crucial to the functioning of the entire world. From Internet application stores, emails, anti-virus software, to browsers, etc., all of them are using secure hashing algorithms. It can determine whether Internet users have downloaded what they want, and it can also determine whether Internet users are involved in man-in-the-middle attacks or network attacks. Victim of a phishing attack.

The process of blockchain and its application to generate new coins from Bitcoin or other virtual currencies is to use the function of the hash algorithm to perform operations to obtain numbers that meet the format requirements, and then the blockchain program gives Bitcoin rewards.

Mining, including Bitcoin and tokens, is actually a small mathematical game built with a hash algorithm. However, because of the fierce competition, people all over the world used powerful servers to perform calculations in order to get the rewards first. As a result, many computers on the Internet participated in this little mathematical game, which even consumed more than 40% of the electricity in some countries.

2. The birth and technical core of blockchain

The birth of blockchain should be the most unusual and mysterious invention and technology in the history of human science, because apart from blockchain, So far, there is no major invention in the history of modern science whose inventor cannot be found.

On October 31, 2008, Bitcoin founder Satoshi Nakamoto (pseudonym) published a paper on the cryptography mailing group - "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System". In this paper, the author claims to have invented a new electronic currency system that is not controlled by governments or institutions. Blockchain technology is the basis for supporting the operation of Bitcoin.

The preprint address of the paper is at http://www.bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf. From an academic point of view, this paper is far from a qualified paper. The main body of the article is composed of 8 flow charts. and corresponding explanatory text, without defining nouns and terms, thesisThe format is also very irregular.

In January 2009, Satoshi Nakamoto released an application case of blockchain on the SourceForge website - the open source software of the Bitcoin system. After the release of the open source software, it is said that Satoshi Nakamoto mined approximately 1 million bits. Coin. A week later, Satoshi Nakamoto sent 10 Bitcoins to cryptography expert Hal Finney, which became the first transaction in Bitcoin history. With the booming development of Bitcoin, research on blockchain technology has also begun to show explosive growth.

It is indeed difficult to explain the blockchain to the public completely and clearly. We use Bitcoin as the object to introduce the technical characteristics of the blockchain as simply as possible but in depth.

1. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer network (P2P) software application

As we mentioned before, at the beginning of the 21st century, the Internet formed two major types of applications. Architecture, centralized B/S architecture and non-centered peer-to-peer (P2P) architecture. Many Internet giants such as Alibaba, Sina, Amazon, etc. all have centralized B/S architecture. Simply put, it is data Put it in a giant server, and our ordinary users can access the servers of Alibaba, Sina and other websites through mobile phones and personal computers.

Since the beginning of the 21st century, there have been many software applications for freely sharing music, videos, and paper materials. Most of them use a peer-to-peer network (P2P) architecture, that is, there is no central server, everyone's personal computer They are all servers and clients, with equal status. However, this type of application has never become popular. The main reasons are large resource consumption and intellectual copyright issues. Blockchain is a software application in this field.

2. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer network (P2P) software application that synchronizes information across the entire network

Peer-to-peer networks also have many application methods. In many cases, everyone is not required to Each computer keeps the same information. Everyone only stores the information they need, and downloads it to other computers when needed.

However, in order to support Bitcoin financial transactions, the blockchain requires that every transaction that occurs must be written into historical transaction records and change information be sent to all computers with Bitcoin programs installed. Every computer with Bitcoin software installed maintains the latest and complete Bitcoin historical transaction information.

The characteristics of blockchain's network-wide synchronization and network-wide backup are often referred to as blockchain information security, and the source cannot be changed. Although it is still not absolutely safe in practice, when the number of users is very large, it does have certain security advantages in preventing information tampering.

3. Blockchain is a peer-to-peer (P2P) software application that uses a hash algorithm to generate "tokens" to synchronize information across the entire network

Area The first application of blockchain is the famous Bitcoin. When discussing Bitcoin, a term that is often mentioned is "mining". So what exactly is mining?

The metaphor is that the blockchain program gives miners (players) 256 coins, numbered 1, 2, 3...256. Every time a Hash operation is performed, it is like tossing a coin, and 256 coins are thrown out at the same time. , if after landing, all the coins with the first 70 numbers happen to be heads. The miner can tell the blockchain program this number, and the blockchain will reward the miner with 50 Bitcoins.

From the perspective of software programs, Bitcoin mining is a mathematical game built using the hash SHA256 function. The blockchain first stipulates a winning mode in this small game: a 256-bit hash number is given, but the last 70 bits of the hash number are all 0, and then the player (miner) continuously enters various numbers. Give the hash SHA256 function and see if you can use this function to get a number with 70 zeros. If you find one, the blockchain program will reward the player with 50 Bitcoins. Actual mining and rewards are more complex, but the above example expresses the core process of mining and obtaining Bitcoin.

When Bitcoin was born in 2009, each bounty was 50 Bitcoins. Ten minutes after its birth, the first batch of 50 Bitcoins was generated, and the total currency amount at this time was 50. Subsequently, Bitcoin increased at a rate of about 50 every 10 minutes. When the total amount reaches 10.5 million (50% of 21 million), the bounty is halved to 25. When the total amount reaches 15.75 million (new output is 5.25 million, which is 50% of 1050), the bounty is further halved to 12.5. According to the design of the Bitcoin program, the total number of Bitcoins is 21 million.

From the above introduction, Bitcoin can be seen as a guessing game based on a peer-to-peer network architecture. The Bitcoin information rewarded for each correct guess will be transmitted to all players and recorded. into each player's history database.

4. Smart contracts, tokens, ICOs and blockchain basic platforms generated by blockchain technology due to the rise of Bitcoin

From the above introduction, Bitcoin technology It is not a new technology falling from the sky, but a clever combination of various original Internet technologies, such as peer-to-peer network architecture, network-wide synchronization of routing, and network security encryption technology. It can be regarded as a combination of innovative algorithm games. .

Because Bitcoin can be exchanged for legal currency, purchased in kind, and made huge profits through appreciation, the whole world is not calm. With the attitude that if you can do it, I can do it, many people have created their own imitation Bitcoin software applications. At the same time, taking advantage of the difficulty for the government to regulate peer-to-peer networks, various altcoins exploded together with Bitcoin. There have been many incidents of fraud and absconding, which have gradually attracted the attention of governments around the world.

Blockchain basic platform: It is still quite technically difficult to create currency using the blockchain technology framework. At this time, basic technology platforms such as Ethereum, the blockchain basic platform, have emerged, making it convenient for ordinary people. Create a "Bitcoin"-like software program, show off your talents, and invite people to join the game to mine coins., speculate on coins, and gain benefits from it.

Pass or token: If each "Bitcoin" or "Altcoin" uses a hash algorithm to create a guessing game and generates its own "currency", this "currency" is collectively referred to as " "Certificate" or "Token".

ICO: Since Bitcoin and Ethereum have been exchanged with the legal currencies of various countries, when other new virtual currencies are issued, only Bitcoin and Ethereum are allowed to purchase the new issued coins. This process of issuing coins It’s called ICO. The emergence of ICO has amplified the transaction volume of Bitcoin and Ethereum. At the same time, many ICO projects are completely based on nihilistic projects, resulting in a large number of frequent fraud cases. This further deepens society’s negative understanding of virtual currencies generated by blockchain.

Smart contract: It can be seen as a software function on the blockchain. It is a program that assists various virtual currency transactions on the blockchain. The specific function is like the fund custody of Alipay on Taobao. When a user receives goods and confirms them on Alipay, the funds are automatically paid to the buyer and owner. Smart contracts also assume this intermediary payment function in blockchain applications such as Bitcoin.

3. The historical status and future prospects of blockchain technology in the Internet

1. Where does blockchain stand in Internet technology? It is a new software and architecture at the top level.

We mentioned in the previous introduction to TCP/IP that blockchain, like browsers, QQ, WeChat, online game software, mobile APPs, etc., is a software form of the top layer of the Internet - the application layer. . Its operation still relies on the TCP/IP architecture system to transmit data. But unlike most application layer software, it does not adopt the central software architecture of C/S (B/S). Instead, an unusual peer-to-peer network architecture is adopted. From this point of view, blockchain cannot subvert the Internet infrastructure.

2. Who does blockchain want to subvert? Want to subvert the B/S (C/S) structure of the World Wide Web.

It attempts to subvert the B/S, C/S structure of the World Wide Web, which was born in 1989. Said before. Since 1989, European physicist Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web and gave up applying for a patent. In the past nearly 30 years, companies including Google, Amazon, Facebook, Alibaba, Internet, Tencent and other companies have used the B/S (C/S) structure of the World Wide Web to grow into Internet giants.

In their headquarters, a powerful central server cluster was established to store massive amounts of data. Hundreds of millions of users obtained the data they needed from the giant servers. This also led to the emergence of cloud computing, and then the Internet giants Open up your unused central server resources to further absorb data from enterprises, governments, and individuals. Centralized Internet giants have an increasing influence on the world, countries, and Internet users.

The goal of blockchain is to try to reduce the influence of Internet giants by distributing data to every Internet user's computer, thusIt can be seen that the real opponent of blockchain and what it wants to subvert is the B/S (C/S) structure born in 1990. But whether it can be subverted depends on its technical advantages and bottlenecks.

3. Technical flaws of blockchain: dilemmas caused by the pursuit of complete equality and freedom

The technical flaws of blockchain first come from its peer-to-peer network architecture. For example For example, Taobao currently has a B/S structure, and massive data is stored in the Taobao server cluster computer room. Hundreds of millions of consumers access the Taobao server website through their browsers to obtain the latest information and historical information.

If blockchain technology is used, hundreds of millions of people will retain a complete Taobao database on their personal computers or mobile phones. Every time a transaction occurs, it will be synchronized to hundreds of millions of other users. This is completely unachievable in reality. The amount of data transferred and stored is too large. It is equivalent to setting up and running hundreds of millions of Taobao websites at the same time.

Therefore, blockchain cannot be applied to projects with large amounts of data, and even smaller website projects will have difficulty using blockchain. By 2018, Bitcoin had been running for nearly 10 years, and the accumulated transaction data had brought the entire system to collapse.

So the blockchain has adopted many alternative methods, such as establishing relay nodes and lightning nodes. These two concepts can also make people confused. In layman’s terms, the blockchain will ask it for The subversive object B/S structure has been studied, and a data server center has been established to become the relay node of the blockchain, which can also be accessed with a browser-like terminal. This is the lightning node of the blockchain.

This change can alleviate the technical shortcomings of the blockchain, but it does make the blockchain what it opposes, centralization. It can be seen that pure blockchain technology has major flaws due to its technical characteristics and cannot be widely used like the World Wide Web. If the technology is upgraded and some parts adopt a B/S (C/S) structure, the blockchain will become centralized. The information node no longer maintains the dream when it was born.

4. Looking at the future prospects of blockchain from the Internet brain model

We know that the Internet generally refers to the Internet that connects computer networks around the world. On this basis The development of a global Internet network covering the whole world is called the Internet, which is a network structure that is interconnected.

Since the birth of the Internet in 1969, humans have innovated in the Internet field from different directions, and there is no unified plan to build the Internet into a structure. When the wheel of time reaches 2017, with the advent of artificial intelligence, With the vigorous development of science and technology such as the Internet of Things, big data, cloud computing, robots, virtual reality, and the industrial Internet, when humans look up to see the giant systems they have created, the model and architecture of the Internet brain have become increasingly clear.

Through nearly 20 years of development, relying on the B/S and C/S structures of the World Wide Web, Tencent QQ, WeChat, Facebook, Weibo, and Twitter Amazon have developed structures similar to neuron networks. Internet equipment specialIt is a personal computer, and the mobile phone uses the software on the device to map personal data and functional space on the giant's central server, adding friends to communicate with each other, and transmitting information. Internet giants continue to optimize the software versions of hundreds of millions of terminals through software upgrades in central server clusters. In the neurological system, this is a standard central nervous system structure.

The birth of the blockchain provides another neuron model. Instead of uniformly managing neurons in the centralized services of giants, each terminal, including personal computers and personal mobile phones, becomes an independent neuron node. , retaining an independent data space and synchronizing mutual information. In the neurological system, this is a distributed neural structure with no center and multiple neural nodes.

Interestingly, these two different types of neural structures appear in the development of the nervous system. In lower organisms, blockchain-like neural structures have appeared. There are multiple ganglia with the same functions, all of which can command body activities and reactions. However, as organisms evolve, these ganglia gradually merge. When they evolve into higher In biology, the central nervous system appeared, which contains a large number of neurons that interact with each other.

4. Judgment on the future status of blockchain in the Internet

1. Understanding of Bitcoin: a guessing game based on peer-to-peer network architecture (P2P), Through clever financial and public opinion operations, it has become a "world currency" that is not subject to government supervision.

2. Understanding of blockchain: a peer-to-peer (P2P) software application that uses a hash algorithm to generate "tokens" to synchronize information across the entire network.

3. Blockchain has specific uses, such as large-scale election voting, large-scale gambling, financial transactions that circumvent government financial supervision, etc. It still has irreplaceable uses.

4. In more cases, blockchain technology will rely on the B/S and C/S structures of the Internet to achieve functional expansion, but overall it is still a supplement to the existing technology of the Internet. Most of the application scenarios currently envisaged by blockchain can be implemented using B/S and C/S structures, with higher efficiency and more mature technology.

5. Whether from the perspective of information transmission efficiency and resource consumption, or from the evolution of the nervous system, blockchain cannot become the mainstream architecture of the Internet, let alone a subversive and revolutionary leader of the future Internet.

6. Of course, Internet giants developed with B/S and C/S structures also have their problems, but these can be gradually solved through commercial and political methods in the future.

Ⅲ BlueFocus and Blockchain Data Foundation cooperate to explore marketing blockchain applications

Recently, Blockchain DATA Foundation and BlueFocus reached a strategic Cooperation, the two parties will work together to build the marketing blockchain laboratory of BlueFocus Kunlun Hall Research Institute. The two parties will carry out data anti-fraud research on the DATA project in the field of digital marketing.technology implementation cooperation, and will also jointly explore the broad application prospects of blockchain technology in the field of advertising and marketing.

BlueFocus was founded in 1996 and listed on the GEM in 2010. In addition to having branches in major domestic regions, BlueFocus also has an international business network in North America, Europe and other countries and regions in the Asia-Pacific. Asia's largest marketing communications company. In the context of the era of big data and social media, BlueFocus continues to increase data genes and technology genes through business innovation and investment and mergers and acquisitions, and achieves the integration of content, creative services and product technology capabilities, forming new core competitiveness. In 2017, BlueFocus achieved total revenue of 15.2 billion yuan, of which data technology business revenue accounted for nearly 90%. More than 20% of the ideas have been completed by independently developed intelligent service robots, and the intelligent management service platform has taken shape.

The DATA project is a decentralized terminal data credit protocol based on blockchain and driven by AI technology and P2P mobile storage architecture. The DATA project is committed to using blockchain technology to solve serious problems in the global digital ecosystem such as data fraud, low cooperation efficiency caused by lack of trust, waste of ecological resources, and uneven value distribution. Through terminal-level data trustworthiness assessment, the DATA project hopes to solve the problems of data traceability, confirmation of incentives, and quality control.

In March of this year, BlueFocus and Lakala Group jointly established the Kunlun Hall Big Data Research Institute, which consists of four major laboratories: cloud computing, artificial intelligence algorithms, service robots, and blockchain applications. And set up a research center in Silicon Zen Valley. BlueFocus hopes to integrate various forces to build a smart operation platform. In the future, it will rely on big data construction capabilities to realize the output transformation and in-depth application of scientific research results, provide a powerful engine for the intelligent development of the entire marketing system, and ultimately empower customers with smart operations. Ability to achieve business model innovation.

The two parties will carry out the following cooperation on the implementation of the DATA project and the exploration of blockchain technology in the field of digital marketing:

On the one hand, based on the accumulation of marketing communication services over more than 20 years , BlueFocus has a deep understanding and strong demand for digital marketing effect monitoring. BlueFocus will try to use the Data Authentication Protocol and other related technologies provided by the DATA project within the system to build the underlying blockchain infrastructure for terminal data quality monitoring and traffic fraud prevention. For example, its mobile intelligent marketing integration service company Domob focuses on mobile brand advertising, performance advertising and APP distribution, and has a one-stop programmatic advertising platform. By combining DATA, Domob can not only further improve its traffic anti-fraud system (Anti-fraud System), optimize service processes and improve marketing efficiency, but also become a DATA ecological certification node works with ecological partners to jointly manage the ecosystem.

On the other hand, the two parties will combine the actual needs of BlueFocus and its subsidiaries in the marketing field to explore more application scenarios of blockchain technology, and will be jointly organized by the Blockchain Data Foundation (Blockchain DATA Foundation) leads the research of the institute’s blockchain laboratory in the field of marketing. Through core mechanisms such as blockchain-based consensus engines and smart contracts, the two parties will conduct research on marketing alliance chain research and development, intelligent marketing, settlement and payment, and data privacy security. By combining AI and big data technologies, we jointly improve digital marketing efficiency and create more value for customers and ecological partners.

In this cooperation, BlueFocus will also join the Global Data Trust Alliance as a strategic partner to jointly build a true, mutually trusting and efficient global data ecosystem. The Global Data Trust Alliance is an alliance initiated by the Blockchain DATA Foundation with the goal of establishing a true and mutually trusting data ecosystem. Currently, the American marketing data monitoring and analysis company Kochava, XCHNG Global Zone Blockchain digital marketing platform and global mobile monetization optimization platform Yomob are both members of the alliance. At the same time, Kunlun Hall Marketing Blockchain Laboratory will also work together with members of the Global Data Trust Alliance to explore potential vertical application scenarios that blockchain technology can really empower in solving data trust.

IV Blockchain --- Distributed Finance (DeFi)

DeFi is the abbreviation of decentralized finance, usually referring to digital assets based on Ethereum and financial smart contracts, protocols, and distributed applications (DApps).

Simply put, DeFi is to move traditional finance to the blockchain network, but compared with traditional finance, it achieves decentralization through the blockchain, which means removing the role of the middleman, thus Reduces the huge costs caused by intermediate links.

What DeFi ultimately wants to achieve is the tokenization of assets, replacing traditional centralized financial institutions with smart contract functionality, allowing users to enjoy financial services at a lower cost, and improving the operation of the entire financial system. efficiency and reduce operating costs. At the same time, we will create a borderless financial system that is open to the world to create a new decentralized system that is open, transparent, and secure, so that everyone can trade freely.

FollowWith the rapid development of blockchain, the application scenarios of DeFi are also constantly enriched, and the financial industry is one of the most promising industries.

Similar to a bank, users can deposit money and earn interest from other users who borrow their assets. However, in this case, the assets are digital and smart contracts connect lenders to borrowers, enforcing the terms of the loan and distributing interest. This all happens without trusting each other or a middleman bank. And, thanks to the transparency provided by blockchain, by cutting out middlemen, lenders can earn higher returns and gain a clearer understanding of risks.

Decentralized exchange, referred to as DEX, DEX is a cryptocurrency exchange that uses smart contracts to implement trading rules, execute transactions and securely handle funds when necessary. When trading with a DEX, there is no centralized exchange operator, no registration required, and no identity verification or withdrawal fees.

DEX can use the order book for transactions. For example, if you want to exchange 10 A for 15 B, then I will write it down. Then a while later another person came and said I wanted to exchange 15 B's for 10 A's. I said great, it was a perfect match. So, I generated a transaction on the chain to exchange your coins. At this time, the exchange rate is actually used as a reference for both parties to the transaction - it is recommended that you use this exchange rate to easily find a match. In this way, the decentralized exchange only matches the needs of both parties and puts them on the chain, and there is no problem of smart contracts reading off-chain exchange rate information.

This method has many flaws. No matter how user-friendly this DEX is, its efficiency must be very poor compared to centralized exchanges. First of all, it is difficult to find a match when currency prices fluctuate. Secondly, it is definitely difficult to find a match for small currencies. Then there should be no transaction delays. Small. But compared to central exchanges, it still has the only advantage-reliability.

DEX can also use AMM (automatic market maker) transactions, which calculate the exchange rate according to its own supply and demand relationship to ensure that the coins in your hand will not be shorted by others at a low price. The simplest way is to always ensure that the number of your A coins and B coins is a fixed value. In this way, even if you sell short, the loss will be limited, and the market will always adjust the price to an appropriate level - because anyway, if the exchange rate is low If the exchange rate is high, some people will buy it, and if the exchange rate is high, some people will sell it.

Through this simple method, a market can be obtained that can automatically adjust according to supply and demand without obtaining exchange rate information from outside the chain. certainly, the weakness of this thing is also obvious - if the initial exchange rate is not close to the market exchange rate, you will suffer a lot of losses. Moreover, there are “gratuitous losses” in AMM.

Stablecoins are tokens designed to maintain a specific value, often pegged to fiat currencies such as the U.S. dollar.

For example, DAI is a stablecoin pegged to the U.S. dollar and collateralized by digital assets on the Ethereum (ETH) chain. Its issuance is realized through a lending smart contract: everyone can mortgage a certain amount of ETH (Ethereum) in exchange for DAI anchored 1:1 with the US dollar. Here, DAI takes the form of over-collateralization. For each DAI, $1.50 of Ethereum is locked in the MakerDAO smart contract as collateral.

If you pledge Ether worth $150, you can only get $100 worth of DAI. Then, it is written in this smart contract that if you return the $100 DAI within a certain period of time and pay part of the interest, then you can get back your mortgaged Ethereum.

But there is a problem here - the price of Ethereum will change. Moreover, the price changes of virtual currencies are quite drastic. What if Ethereum plummets? Then Ethereum, which was originally worth 150 US dollars, may instantly be less than 100 US dollars. At this time, the mortgaged assets are not as much as the assets I loaned out, and the price of DAI can no longer be anchored to the US dollar, because everyone can see: DAI is not It’s worth so much money.

How to solve this problem? The role of over-collateralization is revealed - no matter how much the price of Ethereum fluctuates, it will still take some time to fall from $150 to $100. And this gives room for asset liquidation: First of all, we stipulate that the collateral must not be less than 150% of the loan, that is, it does not matter if Ethereum rises, but once it falls, you must immediately cover your position to 150%, otherwise your collateral Smart contracts that will enter liquidation.

Used to install DeFi virtual assets, which can be used for transfers, etc.

The asset management tool (also called the Kanban) is a wallet scanning service that allows you to view wallet details and history.

The three most important asset management tools are Debank, Zerion and Zapper.

Generally speaking, there will be many mining opportunities in the market, which is also an opportunity for everyone to manage finances and make money. At this time, a robot that does asset management or provides financial services will come forward and say, I am here to help you make money. As long as you give me the money, I will go to the market to find money-making opportunities. Help you make money.

YFI is one of the most important financial management tools.

Robots in the blockchain world are all managed in a decentralized manner, that is to say, there is no clear definition of who they belong to. In this case, if the robot malfunctions, who should we hold responsible? What should be done? Who is responsible for the losses? In this case, an insurance robot is needed, which is specifically designed to insure other robots.

Robots in the blockchain world are decentralized, open and transparent, and execute automatically. How should these robots be upgraded and maintained? How to ensure the decentralization of robots?

Generally, many people negotiate around the same robot and vote to decide how to let the robot upgrade and provide services. The DAO robot is a robot that helps these people and robots form a decentralized governance relationship.

A robot that specializes in providing an asset price. For example, when the little C robot just gave an example receives a Bitcoin, it needs to know how much a Bitcoin is worth. Otherwise, there is no way to calculate how much loan should be given to Xiao Ming. At this time, the oracle robot will run to Little C, enter a price, and tell Little C that Bitcoin is now worth $10,000.

Ethereum is a blockchain network that maintains a shared ledger of digital value. Almost all DeFi applications (called smart contracts or Dapps) are built on the Ethereum blockchain, consisting of In place of a central authority, the network’s participants control the issuance of the network’s native cryptocurrency, ether (ETH), in a decentralized manner.

DeFi ranking published by defipulse, which tracks the real-time value locked in global DeFi smart contracts.

MakerDAO is the undoubted leader in the DeFi field, MakerDAO is to DeFi what Bitmain is to the mining industry.

Founded in 2014, MakerDAO is an automated mortgage loan platform on Ethereum and is also the provider of the stable currency Dai. MakerDAO is a decentralized derivative financial system built on Ethereum. It adopts a dual-currency model, one is the stable currency Dai, and the other is the equity token and management token MKR. Dai was launched on the mainnet in December 2017. Through the dual-currency mechanism, MakerDAO enables the entire decentralized pledge loan system to operate.

Dai is anchored 1:1 to the US dollar. Like other stablecoins, Dai also experiences price fluctuations. Unlike other stablecoins, Dai obtains value through over-collateralized encrypted digital currencies. Centralized stablecoins such as USDT, TrueUSD and GUSD have 1 USD of fiat currency as reserves behind every 1 USD of tokens issued, while 1 Dai is backed by more than 1 USD of digital assets as reserves.

Unlike USDT, TrueUSD, etc., Dai’s operating mechanism is open and transparent, which is also one of Dai’s advantages. Not only is Dai itself transparent, but the value fluctuation and quantity of Ethereum, the collateral used in exchange for Dai, are also transparent and publicly visible.

The Compound protocol creates a loan platform without an intermediary, where the borrower obtains benefits and the lender pays interest. (First Class Note: Usually we call the party who deposits tokens into the lending pool a borrower, and the party who borrows tokens from the lending pool is called a lender.)

Compound’s new ERC-20 token is referred to as cToken. , making it easier for users to perform lending operations. For example, cDAI and DAI exchange is supported, and DAI holders can lend tokens to cDAI users. Not all wallets support exchange, but in Eidoo wallet, users can easily exchange cDAI for DAI, thus lending DAI in exchange for interest. Today, Compound supports a total of 8 cTokens, with total locked assets equivalent to approximately US$200 million: cDAI, cETH, cUSDC, cBAT, cWBTC, cSAI, cREP, and cZRX.

Borrowers can withdraw tokens from Compound at any time, and interest is calculated automatically and instantly. If you withdraw coins through a non-custodial wallet like Eidoo, no intermediary is needed (because Ethereum’s decentralized protocol can do it).

Lenders must lock the tokens as collateral and obtain 50-75% of the credit, depending on the strength of the underlying assets.

The Compound protocol also has 10% interest as a reserve, and the remaining 90% interest goes to the borrower. No fees, no protocol tokens. The credit market based on Ethereum forms a truly decentralized liquidity pool to issue and obtain loans in an unintermediary, autonomous and fast way.

Synthetix is ​​a synthetic asset issuance protocol based on Ethereum. Synthetix currently supports the issuance of synthetic assets including fiat currencies, cryptocurrencies, and commodities. Among them, the main legal currencies are the US dollar (sUSD), the euro (sEUR), and the Japanese yen (sJPY), but currently sUSD is the main currency. In terms of cryptocurrencies, there are Bitcoin (sBTC) and Ethereum (sETH). In addition, there are also inverse cryptoassets, such as iBTC. When the price of BTC falls, the price of iBTC rises, thereby making a profit. In terms of commodities, gold (sXAU) and silver (sXAG) are currently the main commodities.

Transactions on Synthetix are conducted in a decentralized manner and do not require the existence of counterparties, and there is no need to worry about liquidity and slippage issues. Trades on its exchange are executed through smart contracts and are trades on smart contracts rather than order book trades. Each of these has its own unique trading experience and some advantages.

Synthetix, like other asset issuance protocols, also requires asset mortgage before issuance. For example, the MakerDAO protocol needs to mortgage ETH to generate dai. Synthetix is ​​similar, but it stakes its native token SNX. Users can issue synthetic assets simply by locking a certain amount of SNX in their smart contracts. Among them, its pledge rate is very high, which is 750% of its issued assets. Only when it reaches the target threshold of 750% can it have the opportunity to obtain rewards for transaction fees and new SNX tokens.

TVL is the total locked value of each DeFi protocol, the higher the better.

Dex is the trading volume, the higher the better.

The number of active addresses represents the number of DeFi users on Ethereum, the more, the better.

The lower the handling fee, the better.

As an infrastructure, Ethereum’s market value can be very high, but when it comes to its ratio to DeFi’s market value, the lower the market value of Ethereum, the better, and the higher it is, the better it is. The more mature.

Reference link:
https://zhuanlan.hu.com/p/206910261
https://zhuanlan.hu.com/p/366412971
https://zhuanlan.hu.com/p/377856331
https://www.hu .com/question/324838085/answer/1526607416

If there is something wrong, please point it out, thank you~

Ⅳ Who is Jasmine, the blockchain expert?

Jasmine , a female expert standing at the forefront of the calm blockchain

VI Coin-speculating robot_Can the coin-speculating robot really make money

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Ⅶ What is blockchain and what is big data

1. Blockchain: it is distributed New application models of computer technologies such as data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanisms, and encryption algorithms. The so-called consensus mechanism is a mathematical algorithm that establishes trust and obtains rights and interests between different nodes in the blockchain system.

Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. The currency jointly released the "2014-2016 Global Bitcoin" by the Internet Finance Laboratory of Tsinghua University PBC School of Finance and Sina Technology. "Coin Development Research Report" mentioned that blockchain is the underlying technology and infrastructure of Bitcoin [2]. It is essentially a decentralized database and serves as the underlying technology of Bitcoin. The blockchain is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains information about a Bitcoin network transaction and is used to verify the validity of the information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block.

2. Big data: refers to a collection of data that cannot be captured, managed and processed within a certain time range using conventional software tools. It requires new processing models to have stronger capabilities. Massive, high-growth and diversified information assets with decision-making power, insight discovery and process optimization capabilities.