区块链首码对接的app,区块链首码对接什么意思

区块链首码对接是指将区块链技术与其他现有技术或者系统相连接，使得其他系统可以利用区块链技术的优势。在这里，我们将拓展三个相关关键词：区块链技术、去中心化应用和跨链技术。

区块链技术是一种分布式数据库技术，它将所有参与者记录的数据存储在一个分布式的、可信的数据库中，以防止数据被篡改。它由一系列的数据块组成，每个数据块都有一个唯一的标识符，并且都是加密的，以防止被篡改。区块链技术具有去中心化、可信、安全、可追溯等特点，使其在金融、物流、政府等领域得到广泛应用。

去中心化应用是指将区块链技术应用于实际的业务场景，使其不受任何中心化组织或者个人的控制，从而实现去中心化的管理。去中心化应用有助于提高业务流程的效率，减少管理成本，提高业务的安全性和可靠性，以及提高业务的透明度和可追溯性。去中心化应用可以应用于金融、政府、物流等多个领域，可以有效改善传统业务流程中存在的问题。

跨链技术是指将不同区块链网络上的资产进行转移，以实现资产在不同区块链网络上的流通。跨链技术可以将不同的资产在不同的区块链网络上进行转移，从而构建一个可信的资产流转系统，支持资产在不同的区块链网络上的流通。跨链技术使不同的区块链网络可以实现资产的流通，从而实现资产的流动性，从而支持大规模的金融应用。

以上就是关于区块链首码对接的app，以及拓展的三个相关关键词：区块链技术、去中心化应用和跨链技术的介绍，希望能够帮助大家了解区块链技术的应用，以及如何将其应用于实际场景中。

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Ⅰ Is Shouma.com’s project real or fake?

Real
Generally, you have resources to promote it, or you are a blogger or website related to “blockchain” Director, or self-media, generally these project parties will take the initiative to find you, and those who issue you the first code are the first people to come into contact with the project.
If you don’t have promotion resources, then pay attention to those who have resources, and you will get at least a third-level invitation code.
Let’s talk about this type of project, is it reliable?
The first code itself contains the meaning of fission of the old man's head. Just imagine which project is reliable. It is not uncommon to use the reputation of blockchain in recent years to cut leek projects, such as Qubu or Huoniu Video, etc.
When the first code is hanging, we must be careful to evaluate whether the project is long-term

Ⅱ Briefly describe the role of blockchain technology in the development of modern agriculture

Simplified The role of blockchain technology in the development of modern agriculture is to make agricultural products traceable, provide crops with insurance, directly promote the docking of production and sales, make agricultural transactions more convenient, and make agricultural finance more efficient. Zaipidian

1. Make agricultural products traceable: The most common use of blockchain in food and agricultural supply chains is to improve traceability. It enables companies to quickly trace unsafe produce to its source and where it was distributed. This prevents disease, saves lives and reduces the cost of product recalls.

Ⅲ Explain blockchain in vernacular

img src=' https://p26 . toutiaoimg.com/large/39b 70000088 e 51 B3 c 258 '/

Recently, various ICO financial scams have been blocked in China, but this does not hinder the vigorous development of blockchain technology. After all, technology is innocent and can bring benefits to people. As for how to use it, it depends on people to operate it. If the operation is good, you can recommend development. If the operation is not good, it is like the major ICO projects. Find some knowledge for Internet celebrities to conduct so-called illegal fund-raising and financial fraud.

After talking for a long time, what is blockchain? When it comes to blockchain, the first thing that comes to mind for many people is Bitcoin. We need to solve a problem. Bitcoin is a blockchain, but blockchain is not Bitcoin. Simply put, blockchain is distributed ledger technology (DLT), not a token. It has many characteristics, such as decentralization, traceability, and difficulty in tampering.

(1) Blockchain is a distributed database

First of all, this is a decentralized distributed architecture system. Therefore, having only one central server or node is not called a blockchain. For example, if you go to Taobao to buy a mobile phone, you and the seller are strangers and have no basis for trust. If you give the money to the seller first, the seller may block you by not delivering the goods, and then your mobile phone money will be gone. If the seller ships first, do you pay? It is possible that you do not pay the seller after receiving the goods, and one party may lose money anyway. At this time, third-party guarantee is needed to solve the trust problem. Just like Alipay now, you give money to Alipay and the seller will deliver the goods. When you receive the goods, the seller will receive the money.

The above example is a centralized system because all guarantee work is handled by Bora, a third-party payment company. Suppose one day Alipay wants to tamper with data, neither buyers nor sellers can do anything because all authority is in the hands of one company.

At this time, a distributed database is needed. This third party is no longer Alipay, but thousands of monitors. When you buy a mobile phone on Taobao, you will shout to everyone that I am going to XXX to buy a mobile phone, and I paid XXX yuan. The other person will yell like everyone else. I collected XXX’s mobile phone bill and sent it over. In this way, everyone knows about this transaction and everyone is recording this transaction, so it is useless if one or two nodes have problems or malicious behavior, because most nodes have recorded this matter.

(B) Blockchain uses encryption technology to ensure data security

There are two important points here: 1. Crypto-enabled hash function 2. Asymmetric encryption.

If you are interested in specific concepts, you can go online, but people without basic knowledge may not be able to understand it, because these two points are too professional. In fact, if you only know the use of blockchain, you don’t need to have an in-depth understanding of it. It is also a technical concept. All you need to know is that blockchain relies on these technical points to ensure data security and is not easily tampered with. Of course, many people say that these two points can guarantee 100% non-tampering. I want to be a little conservative here. As an author who works in the security industry, I have always been skeptical about 100% security, so it may be more appropriate to call it difficult to be tampered with.

I will briefly introduce these two concepts and try to explain them clearly in plain English.

1. Cryptographic Hash Function

This is mainly used to verify the integrity of information. For example, I sent a message to the company leader saying that I was sick on Friday and needed to take a day off. At this time, a hash value will be generated based on the message I sent, such as: 123456. At this point, when the leader receives this message, a hash value is also generated. Because the content of the message I sent has not changed (it has not been tampered with), the hash value remains unchanged, still: 123456. This is if someone wants to tamper with this news and get sick on Friday and need to take a year off. At this time, the hash value will change, such as: 123489. That's when we learned our information had been tampered with.

2. Asymmetric encryption

It is mainly used for information encryption and authentication. It is actually two keys, one is called the public key and the other is called the private key. Public key encryption, private key decryption.

A public key is a key that everyone has. You own it, I own it. We can all encrypt with this key, but when decrypting it must be decrypted with my private key. If you don't have my private key, you can't decrypt it.

(C) The blockchain uses a consensus algorithm to reach consensus on new data.

The role of the consensus algorithm is to enable all nodes to reach a consensus on the new block. In other words, everyone must approve the new block.

For setsFor a Chinese deployment system, this is very simple, everything is controlled by the center, but in a blockchain distributed system, this is very complicated. For example, there are three nodes. A said he bought a mobile phone from XXX store and paid for it, B said he didn’t pay, and C said he didn’t pay enough. Then who do you listen to? What's more, blockchain technology is not as simple as three nodes, but a huge distributed system.

This is when a solution is needed. There is a corresponding problem in computer science called the "Byzantine Universal Problem" or "Byzantine Fault Tolerance" (BFT). This question was raised not because of Bitcoin, but because of a special background.

Early aircraft had three independent control systems. Why do we need three independent control systems? For example, in an emergency, there is a plane opposite. How to judge whether you should hide? If there is only one system, there is no choice, which is equivalent to centralized deployment. If the system breaks, you're dead. What if one of the two systems breaks? The good ones are said to hide, and the bad ones are said not to hide. The computer cannot judge the final result. Therefore, three independent systems are needed to support it, and the probability of two total failures is still very small. But this only takes into account injuries. What should I do if there is a malicious system? Is three enough? The answer is no, we need four systems to maintain consensus.

The use of blockchain is similar, because it is supported by a huge number of nodes, and each node is an independent system without interfering with each other. We can assume that the number of failed nodes and malicious nodes is limited, so it will not cause abnormal consistency of data.

Related questions and answers: What is blockchain? What is the use?

Blockchain is a new computing paradigm and distributed infrastructure that uses fast chain data structures, distributed node consensus algorithms, cryptography and smart contracts based on automated script codes to produce, verify, store and transmit data. It can also be said that blockchain is a distributed ledger technology that can provide a decentralized trust mechanism in a non-trust environment, allowing multi-party participants to conduct secure and trust-based transactions without intermediaries.

The core advantage of blockchain technology is decentralization. It can realize decentralized credit-based transactions in a distributed system where nodes do not need to trust each other by using data encryption, timestamps, distributed consensus and economic incentives. Point-to-point transactions, coordination and collaboration provide solutions to the common problems of high cost, low efficiency and insecure data storage in centralized institutions.

The fields of use of blockchain include digital currency, certificates, finance, anti-counterfeiting and traceability, privacy protection, supply chain, entertainment, etc. With the popularity of blockchain and Bitcoin, many related top domain names have been registered. It has had a relatively large impact on the domain name industry.

Related Q&A: Can you explain to me what a blockchain is in an easy-to-understand way?

Er Gazi is my friend since we were young, and we were naked in Hegou together. Later, I came to the city to study and work, and lived a life as a drifter in the north; he farmed at home and also did some small business, and now he has a son and a daughter, and his life is safe. He envied me for having "seen the world", while I envied his simple life without the pressure of a mortgage.Live, we have completely different and mutually enviable lives??

That day, Gazi came to me on WeChat and asked, "What is blockchain?" I was stunned, how could this idiot care about such an avant-garde thing? The words are coming? I pretended to be calm and prepared to talk about the technical principles bit by bit, but I could see the confused expression of that idiot through the screen of my mobile phone. How to explain "what is blockchain" to people who have a little bit of Internet concepts and technical foundation? This seems to be a very thorny problem??

The village commissary interprets the core of blockchain (picture quoted from the Internet)

The core essence of blockchain is "decentralization", and almost all operating modes of blockchain operate around the concept of "decentralization". Once you understand what "decentralization" is, you can basically explain the question "what is a blockchain?" For Erga, of course, he must perform a version that he can understand.

“I said, Gazi, are you still open that canteen at the east end of the village?” Gazi answered yes. I decided to use this canteen as an example to explain the actual use of blockchain in modern business and financial models. Scenario, so that he can better understand what blockchain is.

"Are there still many villagers who take credit now? By the end of the year, some of the accounts cannot be remembered clearly, and there are still many defaulters or those who refuse to accept their accounts?" At this point, Ergazi got emotional and kept complaining. Nowadays, people's hearts are not as old as before, and business is difficult to do!

"In the past, the operation model of your canteen was a typical centralized one. You granted credit to the villagers and allowed them to take accounts on credit. All accounting was done directly through you and our villagers. You were the center of all accounting affairs." Ergazi said I understand, let me continue.

I said: "If you fail one day, then all the accounts will become dead debts? It will be difficult to get back the IOUs written in black and white, let alone those who remember the accounts verbally, but the block The decentralization of the chain can solve this problem very well. As long as the earth still exists, the blockchain will remember that every account will exist forever." Erga became more energetic after hearing this.

The essence of blockchain is "decentralization"

"The essence of blockchain is decentralization. Once someone takes credit from you, all the neighbors in the village will help you keep accounts. Because of the accounting There are many nodes, and it is neither easy to make mistakes nor others to default on the debt, so everyone reaches a consensus. If someone maliciously fails to pay back the debt, the whole village will know his character, and no one will be willing to have financial transactions with him in the future? ?”

At this point, Gazi was obviously a little excited. It seemed that he was really worried about the credit issue. Seeing that Gazi was interested, I felt a little sense of accomplishment and continued: "Of course, the above is just an analogy. In fact, the blockchain does not really allow the villagers to get paper and pen to help you keep accounts, but through the Internet It was completed by networking with the computer."

At this time, Gazi was a little confused and asked: "Then everyone in the village knows what others bought from me, so who would buy from me? Privacy is gone. And you don’t have time to keep accounts here. Last year’s accounts are said to be this year’s. What if you keep delaying it?”

"Okay, Gazi, your question is on point." It seems that Gazi is not stupid at all, and he is still very shrewd in doing business. I continued to explain: "So, the recording and transmission of this information are all done through encryption. What you see is a string of numbers and English, and each account has a timestamp to record the time it occurred. , can't be relied on."

Gazi had another question: "Could it be that the people who owe the debt have a good relationship with the villagers, and they join forces to tamper with the accounting? Then it will be unclear what to say? ?”

“Gazi, that’s all you have to be careful about, haha.” I understood Gazi’s concerns and continued to explain: “The mechanism of the blockchain requires more than 51% of people to agree to tamper with a bill. Yes. There is a degree of closeness and distance between people, and it is impossible for everyone to prefer one person. If it were a computer, more than half of the computers in the entire network would need to recalculate. This project is so huge that it is almost impossible to complete?? ”

In this way, through the actual situation of the canteen and combined with some scenes in life, Gazi understood what is in the blockchain: decentralization, distributed accounting, consensus mechanism, encryption mechanism, timestamp, and Resistant to tampering.

Ergazi was silent for a moment, as if he was digesting the example I just gave him, and I don’t know how much he can understand it. Not long after, he sent me another voice message on WeChat: "What does blockchain mean? In the past, when I bought goods online and paid for them, I had to go through Jack Ma's house. If there is a blockchain, can it be done directly?" When trading with sellers, bookkeeping is very safe anyway."

"Okay, Gazi, it's really clear. Blockchain is essentially a decentralized distributed ledger data cloud. Of course, it can be understood as you understand it. "." I am very happy that Ga Zi can roughly appreciate the true charm of blockchain. Fortunately, my words have not been in vain.

What is Bitcoin? (Picture quoted from the Internet)

"Then what is Bitcoin? What does it have to do with the blockchain?" Gazi asked.

I thought about it briefly and decided to continue explaining the story of the canteen to Gazi: "In your canteen, the villagers can't keep accounts for you for free all day long. Do you have to bring something to visit during the holidays? Yes, this is the reward mechanism of the blockchain, and everyone who participates in bookkeeping may receive rewards."

"Then what are the rewards based on? There must be a rule, right?" Gazi asked very puzzled.

I explained: "Zhang San went to your store to buy a pack of cigarettes on credit, but Li Si knew about it first and kept an account for you. Then other people knew about it and started keeping accounts. Then Li Si could get A small red flower as a reward ~ This little red flower is generated by the blockchain system and has no value in itself, so you do not need to pay any cost for this little red flower??"

"Then Bitcoin can be used as money Flowers? How is it different from the banknotes we usually spend?" Gazi continued to ask.

“Bitcoin is a digital encrypted virtual currency. In principle, it has no value itself like our banknotes, but banknotes have the country as a credit guarantee.Guaranteed, therefore has value. Bitcoin is the value formed by consensus among Bitcoin network users, and it has tradable properties, so it can be used to carry value. "What is said here is a bit profound. I don't know if I can understand it.

I continued to explain: "Banknotes can be printed infinitely. If more are printed, inflation will occur. When we were young, popsicles worth 1 cent were very good. , now you can’t eat with 1 yuan. Of course, there are many factors that affect inflation. The number of Bitcoins is fixed, and there is no possibility of unlimited over-issuance. However, different people have different judgments on their value, and coupled with the influence of supply and demand and investor sentiment, their prices are always fluctuating. ”

What is the difference between Bitcoin price fluctuations and stocks?

“So is speculating in Bitcoin just like speculating in stocks? Can you understand it this way? "Gazi seems to know a lot.

"In fact, there are some similarities, but there are also big differences. "I continued Gazi's topic: "The price of stocks always fluctuates around the valuation of companies, and there is government supervision in the stock market. Bitcoin itself has no value. It is priced entirely based on supply and demand and player valuations. It grows wildly without any government supervision. Therefore, it may have higher risks and higher returns than stocks. "

In the end, Gazi revealed the real purpose of today. He asked me: "Can I invest in blockchain projects? ”

Gazi is a typical example of those who don’t go to the Three Treasures Hall for anything. Although there is a large circle of people who are involved in both blockchain and Bitcoin, in fact, what he really cares about is “blockchain project investment” Is it reliable? "When these words came out, I was extremely shocked. Now the so-called blockchain investment projects have actually reached fourth- and sixth-tier cities and small towns!

As of now, there are only three types of blockchain investments. Situation: Mining, currency speculation, so-called blockchain projects.

Mining and currency speculation are still the main lines of the blockchain (pictures quoted from the Internet)

The so-called mining means mining by purchasing mining machines, etc. Equipment, mine virtual currency, and then sell it for cash to get returns. You can install the mining machine yourself, or you can find a mining pool to host it, but the core keys to profitability are "computing power" and "power consumption" as well as Investment in equipment. With the sharp drop in the price of virtual currencies and the increase in mining difficulty, the current mining returns of many currencies are very unsatisfactory. Mining is obviously only a very small number of investors who understand technology can play successfully. I My childhood friend Gazi obviously can’t play with it.

As for “coin speculation”, I have just introduced some differences between Bitcoin and stocks in the previous section. In principle, although they are both “buy low and sell high” operations , but there is a huge difference. Ordinary investors cannot determine the value of a virtual currency itself, and the price is determined entirely by the relationship between supply and demand, which is somewhat similar to what we often call "market makers." On the other hand, the virtual currency trading market is extremely Irregularities, theft and hacker attacks often occur, and the risk factor is much greater than investing in stocks. For the safety of my friends' funds, I am one of the ten thousand people who disagrees with "coin speculation"!

"September 4th" regulationIt is illegal to issue virtual currencies on a regular basis

In fact, in my opinion, most of the so-called investment projects in the market are essentially "illegal fund-raising" and "pyramid schemes." Some so-called blockchain investment projects attract investors into the circle through various packaging and inflammatory rhetoric, and then create the illusion of profitability by building a software and hardware ecosystem of issuing new coins + mining + currency speculation, and then finally run away. Our country's laws clearly stipulate that the issuance of virtual currencies is illegal.

Illegal pyramid schemes now wear the cloak of blockchain (picture quoted from the Internet)

And how to identify some pyramid schemes under the guise of blockchain? In fact, these pyramid schemes are also so-called Ponzi schemes, what we people often call "empty gloves." These so-called "direct sales" or "marketing" activities often have no actual products to circulate, and rely more on developing "downline" to ensure top-level profits. With the rise of the concept of blockchain, this MLM model has shown an intensification trend, and it even deceives people under the banner of state support for new technologies.

When Gazi asked, “Can blockchain projects be invested in?”, I realized the seriousness of the problem. Gazi is a typical young man from a small town, and his pursuit is his wife and children. But when faced with the attraction of "wealth", people often do inappropriate things. Mining and currency speculation are simply not suitable for him, let alone blockchain investment projects that are most likely "illegal financing" or "illegal pyramid schemes"!

I quickly dialed Gazi’s phone number and carefully conducted the above analysis??

IV The Beijing Internet Court and the blockchain evidence storage system "IP360" achieved seamless integration

Recently, the IP360 platform evidence has been connected with the Beijing Internet Court litigation platform. Submitted evidence can be submitted to the Beijing Internet Court platform after providing evidence through the IP360 platform.

On the afternoon of September 25, the Dongcheng District Court of Beijing made a judgment on the case of JD.com infringing the right to network dissemination of information on the works of the Chinese Online Digital Publishing Group. In this judgment, the court adopted the IP360 forensic data evidence provided by Zhenchen Technology, confirmed the legal validity of the electronic data stored using blockchain technology, and clarified the review and judgment method for electronic evidence stored in the blockchain.

This is the first time that the Beijing Dongcheng District Court has made a judgment on an intellectual property case based on blockchain evidence, which has aroused widespread concern from the public and also laid a good foundation for the completion of the docking with the Beijing Internet Court. Base.

But nationwide, this is not the only case in which “blockchain + certificate storage” has been recognized by the court.

Subsequently, on September 7, the Supreme People's Court issued regulations on several issues in the trial of Internet courts. The regulations clearly state that “the electronic data submitted by the parties shall be collected, fixed and tamper-proof through technical means such as electronic signatures, trusted timestamps, hash value verification, and blockchain, or through technical means such as electronic signatures, trusted time stamps, hash value verification, and blockchain.If the authenticity can be proven through the electronic evidence collection and storage platform certification, the Internet Court shall confirm it. ”

With the establishment of Internet courts in Hangzhou, Beijing, Guangzhou and other places, the blockchain evidence storage system is undoubtedly the biggest highlight in the construction process of Internet courts. In a world where traditional electronic data itself is easily tampered with In this case, blockchain, as a "distributed storage technology", has the characteristics of irreversibility and non-tampering. Through blockchain smart contracts, business rules are abstracted into digital contracts, embedded in blockchain for execution, and can be verified, ensuring Every step is carried out strictly in accordance with the pre-set process, thereby ensuring the authenticity of electronic data. In the case where Chinese Online won the lawsuit against JD.com for the network dissemination rights of work information, it was conducted online through the blockchain certificate storage system "IP360" Evidence collection. It is understood that this system is an evidence storage and verification platform independently developed based on legalXchain, a judicial alliance chain under Truth Technology. Working with the Ministry of Public Security, judicial appraisal, notary offices and other institutions, the review and identification of electronic evidence can be completed online. Greatly improve litigation efficiency.

Compared with traditional litigation methods, "blockchain evidence storage" is undoubtedly a huge progress. With the continuous upgrading of blockchain technology, future litigation settlement will only be More fair and efficient.

IV What does "blockchain" mean? Briefly explain it

Answer: 1. The connotation of blockchain

Block Chain is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm.

2. Characteristics

1. Decentralization.

Blockchain technology does not rely on additional third-party management agencies or hardware facilities. There is no central control. In addition to the self-contained blockchain itself, through distributed accounting and storage, each node realizes information self-verification, transmission and Management.

2. Openness.

The foundation of blockchain technology is open source. In addition to the private information of the transaction parties being encrypted, the data of the blockchain is open to everyone. , anyone can query blockchain data and develop related applications through public interfaces, so the entire system information is highly transparent.

3. Independence.

Based on consensus specifications and protocol, the entire blockchain system does not rely on other third parties, and all nodes can automatically and securely verify and exchange data within the system without any human intervention.

4. Security.

As long as you cannot control 51% of all data nodes, you cannot arbitrarily manipulate and modify network data. This makes the blockchain itself relatively safe and avoids subjective and artificial data changes.

5. Anonymity.

Unless there are legal requirements, technically speaking, the identity information of each block node does not need to be disclosed or verified, and information transfer can be carried out anonymously.

VIHow to apply blockchain How to apply blockchain

1. Financial field:
Blockchain has potential huge applications in financial fields such as international exchange, letters of credit, equity registration and stock exchanges. value. The application of blockchain technology in the financial industry can eliminate the need for third-party intermediaries and achieve direct point-to-point connection, thereby greatly reducing costs and quickly completing transaction payments.
2. Internet of Things and Logistics Fields:
Blockchain can also be naturally combined in the Internet of Things and logistics fields. Through blockchain, logistics costs can be reduced, the production and delivery process of items can be traced, and the efficiency of supply chain management can be improved. This field is considered a promising application direction of blockchain.
3. Public service field:
Blockchain is closely related to people’s production and life in public management, energy, transportation and other fields. However, the centralized nature of these fields also brings some problems. Blockchain can be used chain to transform. The decentralized, fully distributed DNS service provided by the blockchain can realize domain name query and resolution through point-to-point data transmission services between various nodes in the network, and can be used to ensure that the operating system and firmware of an important infrastructure are not Tampered, you can monitor the status and integrity of the software, detect bad tampering, and ensure that the data transmitted by systems using IoT technology has not been tampered with.
4. Digital copyright field:
Through blockchain technology, works can be authenticated, proving the existence of text, video, audio and other works, and ensuring the authenticity and uniqueness of ownership. After the rights of the work are confirmed on the blockchain, subsequent transactions will be recorded in real time, realizing full life cycle management of digital copyright, and can also be used as a technical guarantee in judicial evidence collection. For example, MineLabs, a startup company in New York, USA, has developed a blockchain-based metadata protocol. This system called Mediachain uses the IPFS file system to realize copyright protection of digital works, mainly for copyright protection applications of digital pictures.
5. Insurance field:
In terms of insurance claims, insurance institutions are responsible for fund collection, investment, and claims settlement, and often have high management and operating costs. Through the application of smart contracts, there is no need for the policy holder to apply or the insurance company to approve it. As long as the claim settlement conditions are triggered, the insurance policy can automatically settle claims. A typical application case is LenderBot, which was launched in 2016 by the blockchain company Stratumn, Deloitte and the payment service provider Lemonway. It allows people to register for customized micro-insurance products through the chat function of Facebook Messenger, exchanging funds between individuals. High-value items are insured, and blockchain replaces the third-party role in loan contracts.
6. Public welfare field:
The data stored on the blockchain is highly reliable and cannot be tampered with, so it is naturally suitable for use in social welfare scenarios. Relevant information in the public welfare process, such as donation projects, fundraising details, fund flows, recipient feedback, etc., can be stored on the blockchain and conditionally processed.Make transparent and public announcements to facilitate social supervision.

Ⅶ What information and processes are required for exchanges on the ICO blockchain

ICO transactions are roughly divided into two parts, one is over-the-counter trading and the other is exchange trading

There are three ways to list on the exchange. The first is to vote for listing, the second is to invest in listing, and the third is to cooperate with project parties.

For exchanges, the more platform coins consumed by voting, the better; for project parties, it must be lower costs and greater user influence, the better; but for ordinary communities For users, the easier it is, the better.

What does the project party need?

The cost of project docking exchange:

The current popular Matcha exchange is generally 12-15 BTC,

Biki It is about 10 BTC with Gate exchange,

ZG exchange is 6-8 BTC,

2-5 BTC, there are many options to choose from, Leidun, ZBG , Fcoin, WBF and some other exchanges.

Fcoin, which is relatively cost-effective, is also a good choice. In the later stage, project parties can join forces with the platform to do activities, whether it is airdrops, IEO or anything else, they can be discussed.

ⅧAre all first-code projects capital disks?

No, but capital disks account for the vast majority.
(8) Blockchain first code docking extended reading:
Blockchain emerged due to the decentralized nature of the Internet. It created the concept that everyone is an equal node. As a A new industry has produced many projects. Of course, these projects are of mixed quality, which has led to the emergence of many projects that are not for the financial market but for the market.
For example, the project of Leisure Farm is a fund bank. The project side makes money by letting members watch advertisements. Now the project side treats members as cattle and horses. After registration, they become slaves of the project side. Watching advertisements every day helps the project side. Make money, this is what Mi Le restarts Pan Pai Gua Gua to achieve to the extreme.
If your investment funds collapse accidentally, don’t be overly anxious. You must understand that the most important thing at the moment is to collect evidence, including signed electronic contracts, payment receipts, and evidence of communication in daily financial management, and apply for freezing as soon as possible. Problem platform assets.
The data comes from the Internet. If there is any infringement, please contact us and delete it.

Ⅸ What is "Blockchain"

Blockchain technology is a technology that jointly maintains reliable databases through decentralization and elimination of trust. Four keywords can be used to describe blockchain technology: trust reduction, decentralization, collective maintenance and reliable database.

When we talk about the concept of "blockchain", Bitcoin is definitely a topic that will not be ignored. In recent years, Bitcoin has begun to enter the public eye, especially in 2017, which has continued to skyrocket throughout the year, making many people aware of this emerging thing.

Blockchain is actually the underlying technology of Bitcoin. Bitcoin exists because people on the Internet who don’t know each other can move and trade digital currency through the Bitcoin network. And this is driven by blockchain technology. All Bitcoin transactions are recorded on the blockchain ledger. To a certain extent, in the application of Bitcoin, the blockchain plays the role of the underlying database of the bank transaction system. Both are for "keeping accounts". Although it is not very prudent to refer to the blockchain directly as a "database", for the sake of ease of understanding, let's temporarily call it a decentralized, shared, and encrypted database. If described in professional terms, blockchain is a distributed ledger technology.

Blockchain can usually be divided into the following types:

1. Public blockchain. Anyone can access data on a public blockchain, and anyone can issue transactions waiting to be written to the blockchain. Participants in the consensus process (corresponding to miners in Bitcoin at the time) maintain the security of the database through cryptography and built-in economic incentives.

2. Collaborative blockchain. The nodes participating in the blockchain are pre-selected, and there are likely to be good network connections between the nodes. Other consensus algorithms other than proof-of-work can be used on such a blockchain. For example, a blockchain has been established among a hundred financial institutions, and it is stipulated that more than two-thirds of the institutions must agree to reach a consensus. The data on such a blockchain can be either public or shared internally by these node participants.

3. Private blockchain. The participating nodes are only individual users, and the access and use of data are subject to strict permission management. Most of the internally used blockchain technologies announced by some financial institutions recently are vague and may fall into this range.

The blockchain is a public ledger. There is no centralized hardware or management organization. Anyone can automatically verify the authenticity of the ledger and easily discover whether the ledger has been tampered with by others.

In a word, the blockchain is a public ledger that can be verified by everyone.

The concept of being verifiable by everyone is crucial to blockchain.

Bitcoin uses the blockchain to record all transactions, so anyone knows the number of Bitcoins on each account.

So, as a publicly verifiable ledger, what are some use cases for blockchain?

In fact, there are many use cases that can be thought of. Blockchain is suitable for any data that can be recorded on a public ledger. Here are 4 examples:

1. Decentralized domain name server, namely domain currency. The domain name server is actually a ledger that records domain names.

2. Trustless public key encryption, such as https that discards unreliable certification authorities.

3. Ownership records, truthfully record the items and theircorresponding everyone.

4. Contracts and performance guarantees, the account book truthfully records the parties to the contract and saves the contract text.

But don’t forget that blockchain also has a very important component.

The ledger recorded using blockchain technology will always be updated. New data such as transactions, domain name inputs, records and contracts will be converted into hash values ​​of the same length by the hash algorithm and saved. However, hashing algorithms are not only not free but also very expensive.

Therefore, the ledger itself needs to have a recognition system to recognize the person who enters the block hash value.

In Bitcoin, this system is called mining and is rooted in the Bitcoin protocol. Bitcoin miners use a hash algorithm to convert transactions waiting for verification into hash values, and charge a certain amount of Bitcoin as a service fee.

Therefore, for non-monetary use cases, blockchain needs to find a way to bear the high cost of hashing algorithms.

I would like to remind everyone that my answer mainly focuses on the possible use cases of blockchain technology, and does not cover all aspects of blockchain, such as why hashing algorithms are so expensive. I'm sure you can find a lot of detailed information about Bitcoin and other blockchain applications online.

Supplement

Although blockchain technology has many advantages, there are still some less than ideal use cases. For example, there is no way to convert Bitcoin into any national currency; a ledger with billions of data entries would take up space and be impractical.

Bitcoin has shown the world that blockchain technology is feasible in principle, and people are also trying to solve these increasingly prominent problems, such as technological transformation of Bitcoin or the introduction of a completely Different blockchain technologies. I think the following two methods are worth trying: one is to split the ledger according to certain standards such as the payer address, and the other is to introduce a main blockchain to verify the sub-blockchain. Blockchain technology is ever-changing and dazzling, and it’s unknown whether someone is already making such an attempt. But Bitcoin is still the world's first currency blockchain, what others call a cryptocurrency.

Whether in the technology circle or the financial circle, blockchain has become the hottest word, no one. Blockchain has core advantages such as decentralization and trustlessness, and can perfectly solve problems such as information asymmetry, high transaction costs, and trust of strangers in the development of the sharing economy, making "individual economy" possible. Based on this, blockchain technology is considered to be the core technology that has the greatest potential to trigger the fifth wave of disruptive revolution after steam engines, electricity, information and Internet technology.

In this context, a blockchain craze was born in society, and everyone praised it overwhelmingly. dialectics tellsWe, everything has flaws, only by seeing both sides of things can we make rational decisions. Therefore, in this article, Xue Hongyan (Hong Yanweiyu), a senior researcher at Suning Financial Research Institute, focuses on pouring some cold water on the blockchain.

| What is Blockchain

Blockchain, English Blockchain, has a rather mysterious technological flavor in its name, and can be simply broken down into "data blocks" and "links". Each data block contains all the information exchange data of the system within a certain period of time, and is encrypted using cryptographic methods; the link means that each block has a link relationship with the next block, thus forming a blockchain.

It is generally believed that blockchain has two major characteristics: decentralization and trustlessness. A brief introduction is as follows:

Since each block contains all the information exchange data of the system within a specific period of time, Therefore, each block is equal, and the damage of a single block does not affect the security of the entire system, so the blockchain has decentralized characteristics.

Similarly, since each block contains all the information of the system, the authenticity of the information can be cross-verified. Only by breaking through more than 51% of the nodes can the information be tampered with. In a large enough blockchain system , the cost is extremely high, it can be considered that the information in the blockchain is true, so the blockchain has the characteristics of trustlessness.

Most people’s understanding of blockchain begins with Bitcoin. The relationship between the two is that blockchain is the underlying technology and concept, and Bitcoin is only the most popular application of blockchain at present. .

Maybe the above is not popular enough. Finally, let me summarize, what do you think the blockchain is? Is it a disruptive new technology? NO! According to Xue Hongyan (Hong Yanweiyu), a senior researcher at Suning Financial Research Institute, blockchain is not so much a new technology as it is a new ideological concept. The information encryption and other technologies included in the blockchain have been around for a long time, and it is more of a conceptual innovation. This is also the reason why the blockchain has a huge impact. New technologies will be surpassed sooner or later, ranging from one or two years to four to five years; only innovative ideas have enough energy to affect all aspects of the economy and society.

| Blockchain is expected to change the underlying rules of the financial system

In applications in the financial field, blockchain will change the transaction process and record keeping methods, thus significantly reducing transaction costs. It has significantly improved efficiency and is considered to have a broad market environment in digital currency, cross-border payment and clearing, bill trading, securities issuance and trading, property rights transactions, customer credit reporting, anti-fraud, and anti-money laundering.

Such a good technology is naturally sought after by everyone. Like many traditional financial people, Hong Yanweiyu resisted it at first, thinking that this thing was not that great, and did not do any research specifically. Later, as the research on financial technology gradually deepened, it was discovered that blockchain was an unavoidable hurdle, because whether it was intelligent investment advisory, big data risk control orOnline lending is only a technological innovation at the financial business level and risk control level, and has not penetrated into the bottom layer of the financial system. What is the underlying layer of the financial system? Naturally, it is payment and settlement, transaction rules and system interaction. What the blockchain changes is precisely the underlying rules.

Therefore, throughout the world, financial institutions are the most active in researching blockchain. If nothing else, they are really afraid. After the decentralization and trustless features of the blockchain are fully utilized, what else will the intermediaries of financial institutions do? It is estimated that this is also the first feeling of many people who have a preliminary understanding of blockchain.

In this article, Hong Yanweiyu focuses on pouring cold water on this view.

| Subverting the financial system, blockchain still faces two mountains

Marxist dialectics tells us that everything has two sides. The more prominent the advantages, the more obvious the flaws. It’s just the perspective. Just different. The two major problems with blockchain subverting the financial system lie precisely in the two major advantages of decentralization and trustlessness.

First, let’s talk about decentralization. First, we need to clarify a truth. Does centralization necessarily mean low efficiency? Of course not. Within a specific scope, the concentration of resources brought about by centralization can greatly improve efficiency. This is also the reason why human beings evolve from individuals to villages to tribes and then to countries in the process of evolution. Take UnionPay as an example. UnionPay is the clearing and settlement center for the domestic banking industry. After UnionPay is established, each bank only needs to connect with UnionPay to realize transactions with all banks. If it is decentralized, without UnionPay, each bank will need to When communicating with all counterparties, which one is more efficient? Therefore, there is no need to beat centralization to death with a stick. The decentralization feature of blockchain is destined to only play a role in specific fields (that is, fields that are not suitable for centralization). How can it subvert everything?

Furthermore, it is a matter of trust. There is nothing wrong with detrusting itself, but the technical logic behind it is deeply flawed. Blockchain relies on universal accounting to achieve trustlessness, that is, all transaction information is retained in each block for system cross-verification to identify authenticity. Here comes the problem. Each block retains all transaction information. There is no problem on a small blockchain. However, as more and more information is added, it will inevitably lead to an explosive growth of transaction information and will also bring information. Dramatic increase in storage costs. At the same time, the greater the amount of information, the longer cross-validation takes and the lower the efficiency. Therefore, the blockchain solves the trust problem, but it brings about rising costs and declining efficiency.

Nothing in the world is perfect, and the same is true for blockchain.

As a conclusion, Hongyanweiyu wants to clarify that blockchain, as a conceptual innovation, does have great value and can also have a disruptive impact in specific fields. However, the current one-sided thinking about blockchain is problematic. Eastern wisdom tells us that "the most brilliant and the golden mean", in the face of anything, it is wisest to maintain the golden mean.

(Text/Xue Hongyan, senior researcher at Suning Financial Research Institute; WeChat public account: Hong Yan Weiyu)

As early as a few years ago, the word "mining" became widely known with the popularity of Bitcoin. Many people first knew about Bitcoin and then about blockchain, and they even don’t know about blockchain yet. By definition, blockchain is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains information about a Bitcoin network transaction, which is used to verify the validity (anti-counterfeiting) and generation of its information. Next block.

I am not a computer technology expert. The following introduction to blockchain comes from reading and comments from expert friends and is for reference only.

If you want to use one word to explain blockchain, it is: distributed accounting.

To understand what this word means, you need to first understand that traditional accounting has a center. For example, in a bank, when you withdraw money from a bank deposit or lend money to others through the bank, the bank is the center. All these transactions are based on the bank's credit. What if the bank cheats? Or is it more serious, is the country cheating? The Kuomintang's indiscriminate issuance of gold yuan coupons at the end of its rule in mainland China, as well as the hyperinflation in Weimar Germany and Zimbabwe, which made the currency less valuable than toilet paper, are very famous examples.

Golden Yuan Coupons

This is the problem that blockchain is aimed at. They believe that decentralized accounting is non-modifiable and non-repudiable. How to achieve decentralized accounting? The basic idea is that all users store all transaction records, and through mathematical methods, it becomes very difficult to illegally modify the ledger. In this way, the reliability of the ledger is guaranteed.

Specifically, all users exhaustively enumerate random number variables, and the first user to obtain a specific required hash function value (Hash) will have the right to record this round of transactions and obtain the corresponding Bitcoins award. It is transmitted in the form of data blocks, and the data blocks are connected into a chain by appending at the end, so it is called a block chain.

After listening to the introduction, you may feel that this idea is interesting, but it is not as exciting or revolutionary as advertised. Your feeling is right. In fact, the basic logic of blockchain has some unavoidable problems.

For example, the current size of the complete Bitcoin public ledger has exceeded 150 G, and is rapidly increasing at a rate of tens of G per year - just to support 5 million users and 30 million transactions per year. If its processing volume is one day comparable to that of Alipay, the size of the Bitcoin ledger will increase by more than 500 terabytes per year. This is equivalent to backing up the Alipay server's storage data on all users' personal computers. Do you think this is a good idea?

For another example, in the traditional banking system, ifIt’s not a big deal if you lose your password. Just report it to the system in time and your wealth will not disappear. But in the blockchain system, if you lose your password, it will be a huge trouble, and your currency will not be recovered. Not happy? Is it surprising?

Blockchain is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithms. The so-called consensus mechanism is a mathematical algorithm that establishes trust and obtains rights and interests between different nodes in the blockchain system

In layman’s terms, it is playing mahjong. Four people can take turns to be the banker, and each other can shoot four people. They all have their own ledger records, but if you want to modify the ledger, you must have more than 50% of the modification rights, so the cost of cheating on the ledger is very high.

In the future, blockchain will be used more in finance to combat money laundering and fraud, because all information can be traced, and in culture it can be used for copyright protection, etc.

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I have seen a lot of people’s explanations of blockchain in official terms, and some may not even be clear to the person explaining it. I will explain blockchain in vernacular below to ensure that everyone can read it. Gotta understand.

What is blockchain? Let me give an analogy. In 50 years, you can buy an electric fan from the supermarket. This electric fan will automatically help you mine coins while using the electric fan. When you use the electric fan, you can automatically mine coins. When the fan breaks down, you can use the mined coins to repair the electric fan. Of course, you can also use the mined coins to buy a new electric fan. Many people think wrongly! Wouldn’t the profits of merchants be less? Let me tell you about a certain brand. When the products of this brand are sold to you, the products themselves may even be sold to you at a loss. However, once the number of users becomes large and the users become more sticky, they can be paid through membership fees or service fees. Such small fees or other ways to make profits. Just like this, the mined coins can be purchased and repaired. Although the merchant's profit may be reduced, the merchant has gained more users and greater user stickiness. By this time, it only takes a minute for the merchant to make money.

And the electric fan you bought is equivalent to winding it up for you. What is winding up? If you put your electric fan on the street now, and 10 people come to snatch it, you have no way to prove that the ownership of this electric fan is yours. Once you put it on the chain, it is equivalent to being tied to you. Once it’s settled, you can prove it.

Therefore, the essence of blockchain is to help make people’s lives more convenient. It is equivalent to upgrading on the basis of the Internet, making it safer and more convenient. This is blockchain! It's that simple.

The security of the blockchain is reflected in its irreversibility and the data cannot be tampered with. We all know that in today’s society, any data canIt can be overcome by modification by hackers, but the data in the blockchain cannot be changed. Once generated, it cannot be modified unless all users in the blockchain agree to modify the data, but this is impossible to happen.

At present, the blockchain is still very immature, just like the Internet bubble burst in 2000. When the bubble bursts, a truly valuable blockchain Internet will be hatched. company.

The wheel of history will not go backwards. Many people are unwilling to accept blockchain. Just like telling you that you can shop online 20 years ago, this is the same ridiculous thing. Time will eventually prove it. .

1. The main function of blockchain is to store information. Any information that needs to be saved can be written to the blockchain and read from it, so it is a database.

2. Anyone can set up a server, join the blockchain network and become a node. In the world of blockchain, there is no central node. Every node is equal and stores the entire database. You can write/read data to any node, because all nodes will eventually be synchronized to ensure that the blockchain is consistent.

3. Everyone works on the same blockchain, everyone publicly shares the current state of the blockchain, everyone agrees on the rules for new data submission and tampering with the blockchain is prohibited. It is difficult to operate in terms of computing power.

If we assume that the database is a ledger, reading and writing the database is an accounting behavior:

Anyone can verify this public ledger, but there is no single The user can control it. Participants in the blockchain system will jointly maintain the update of the ledger: it can only be modified according to strict rules and consensus, and there is a very exquisite design behind this.

(1) Accounting, the system will find the person with the fastest and best accounting within a period of time, let this person do the accounting, and then broadcast the information on this page of the account book to everyone else on the entire network. node, which is equivalent to changing the database record; (consensus mechanism, cryptography)

(2) Verification, other valid nodes in the entire network check the correctness of the block accounting, and stamp the time Stamp to confirm that the block is legal; (timestamp, mathematics)

(3) Form a single chain, that is, compete for the next block after the previous legal block; (smart contract, encryption technology)

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(4) Storage, the account book is stored in blocks. As transactions increase, new data blocks will be appended to the existing chain to form a chain structure; (distributed structure, information technology) < /p>

(5) Backup, every participating trader is a node of the block network, and each node has a complete backup of the public account book, which is a distributed ledger.

Features

1. The blockchain has no administrator and is completely centerless. It is precisely because it cannot be managed that the blockchain cannot be controlled. Without an administrator, everyone can write data into it. In order to ensure the trustworthiness of the data: the technology of blockchain makes it impossible to tamper with the data once it is written.

2. Close to zero trust cost.

The cycle time required for Internet companies to build their credit is extremely long. For example, Taobao often takes several years to build its credit. In the blockchain, everyone trusts the code, algorithm and rules, so the cost of trust is extremely low.

3. The marginal cost of constructing and trading assets approaches zero.

If traditional assets are to be used for trading, they need to rely heavily on third parties, such as investment banks, banks, securities firms, etc., for packaging and endorsement, and the fees and thresholds are extremely high. With blockchain, these will not be a problem, and the cost is extremely low.

The value transfer attribute of the blockchain also naturally solves the payment problem, and has the genes to support global payments.

Blockchain, simply put, is the underlying technology that supports ICO (virtual currency). The popular Bitcoin is an application of ICO. In other words, the connotation of blockchain is richer, and its main features are:

1. Blockchain is equivalent to digital trust. Both parties to the transaction can independently enter into digital contracts, and companies providing blockchain services are equivalent to Digital trust company;

2. The purpose and characteristics of blockchain are "3 de-intermediaries" - de-intermediation, de-currency, de-sovereignty; yes

3. Bitcoin is An application of blockchain, Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency, and all blockchains apply digital encryption technology;

4. The "3 Go" feature is targeted at the financial industry, and only when high frequency is required Blockchain is only needed in the financial field of transactions;

5. Large platforms with a user base are more suitable for applying blockchain, and small companies’ participation is of little value, so Zuckerberg’s 2018 New Year’s wish includes To study digital cryptocurrency. Kodak also launched a digital currency, sending its stock price soaring.

Furthermore, when it comes to Bitcoin, it can be cashed out and exchanged into the currencies of most countries. Users can use Bitcoin to purchase some virtual items, and they can also use Bitcoin to purchase real-life items. In this sense, Bitcoin is similar to the world's currency, close to gold.

Peter Thiel, co-founder of PayPal and an early investor in Facebook, believes that Bitcoin is "undervalued" by people and compares it to gold. He said: "If one day Bitcoin becomes the online equivalent of gold, then it will have room for appreciation."

But on January 3, the "People's Daily" published an article saying, "Whether it is from The increase is still seen from the value of the currency itself. The price of Bitcoin existsBubble, this is a problem that needs no discussion. "Data shows that in the past 2017, Bitcoin experienced skyrocketing gains and losses: within a year, the price skyrocketed about 20 times, and fell by more than 40% in one day.

Indeed, Bitcoin has risks. However, blockchain with richer connotations obviously still has greater room for development.

Last night, screenshots of Xu Xiaoping, founder of ZhenFund, encouraged to embrace the blockchain revolution in an internal group were posted online. In In his view, the blockchain revolution has indeed arrived. “I strongly encourage everyone internally to embrace the blockchain revolution and learn blockchain technology. This is my understanding after long-term observation and thinking. I feel responsible. Tell our entrepreneurs. I don’t want my views on blockchain to be misunderstood as my views on ICOs. ”

However, in the context of Internet companies and investment institutions collectively entering the market, the government will definitely take measures.

Recently, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has expressed concerns about this and shelved the proposal of two American companies to launch a Bitcoin exchange-traded fund (ETF).

In fact, this is a matter of time. Because of the blockchain The "3 go" characteristics are inherently contradictory to government centralization.