区块链侧链分叉历史争议问题,区块链侧链分叉历史争议有哪些

区块链侧链分叉历史争议是指，在区块链网络上，由于某些原因，主链和侧链可能会出现分叉，导致两条链上的数据不同步，从而引发争议。本文将介绍三个与区块链侧链分叉历史争议相关的关键词：侧链，分叉，历史争议。

侧链是指一条独立的区块链，它与主链之间有一定的关联，但它们是独立的，可以使用不同的共识机制、不同的区块大小、不同的交易费用等。侧链的出现可以改善主链的性能，使其能够更好地处理大量交易，同时也可以提高网络安全性。

分叉是指在区块链网络上，由于某些原因，主链和侧链可能会出现分叉，导致两条链上的数据不同步。这种情况可能是由于节点之间的网络延迟，也可能是由于某些节点的恶意行为，导致网络上出现了不一致的状态。分叉可能会导致数据的丢失，从而引发争议。

历史争议是指，由于主链和侧链之间出现分叉，导致两条链上的数据不同步，从而引发的历史争议。这种争议可能会导致两条链上的数据出现不一致，从而导致交易失败，资金损失等。因此，在使用区块链侧链时，需要注意避免出现历史争议。

总之，区块链侧链分叉历史争议是指，在区块链网络上，由于某些原因，主链和侧链可能会出现分叉，导致两条链上的数据不同步，从而引发争议。本文介绍了三个与区块链侧链分叉历史争议相关的关键词：侧链、分叉、历史争议。从而可以更好地理解区块链侧链分叉历史争议的本质，从而避免出现类似的问题。
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❶ Is blockchain a scam?

Blockchain technology itself is not a scam, but it does not rule out that some people use blockchain as a cover to commit scams. Several problems exist in blockchain: 1. The problem of excessive blockchain size. With the development of blockchain, the volume of blockchain data stored by nodes will become larger and larger, and the storage and computing burden will become heavier and heavier. Taking the Bitcoin blockchain as an example, the size of its complete data currently reaches about 71GB. If a user uses the Bitcoin Core client to synchronize data, it may not be possible to complete the synchronization for three days and three nights. Moreover, the data of the blockchain The volume is still increasing, which brings a great threshold to the operation of the Bitcoin Core client. 2. The problem of blockchain data confirmation time. The current blockchain system, especially the financial blockchain system, has the problem of long data confirmation time. Taking the Bitcoin blockchain as an example, the current confirmation time of a Bitcoin transaction takes about 10 minutes. In the case of 6 confirmations, you need to wait for about 1 hour. Of course, for credit card transactions, the confirmation time is 2 to 3 days. Bitcoin has made great progress, but it is still far from the ideal state. 3. Dealing with the problem of transaction frequency The blockchain system faces the problem of too low transaction frequency. Taking the Bitcoin blockchain as an example, the average size of each transaction is about 250 bytes. If the block size is limited to 1MB, the number of transactions that can be accommodated is 4,000. Calculated based on the rate of generating one block every 10 minutes, 144 blocks can be generated every day, which can accommodate 576,000 transactions. Divided by the number of seconds per day, 86,400, the Bitcoin blockchain can process a maximum of 6.67 transactions per second. Currently, the actual daily transaction volume on the Bitcoin blockchain is close to the system bottleneck (picture). If the expansion problem is not resolved, it may cause congestion and delays in a large number of transactions. Average number of transactions in a Bitcoin block (Source: Block Yuan) In comparison, Paypal's overall transaction count in the third quarter of 2013 was 729 million, with an average of 93.75 transactions per second. Information from the official website of VISA, the world's largest payment card, shows that VisaNet achieved a processing capacity of 47,000 transactions per second in a 2013 test. Compared with several major payment networks such as Alipay, the Bitcoin blockchain is more like a newborn baby in terms of transaction processing frequency. Of course, this was also an early deliberate design by Satoshi Nakamoto. The Bitcoin block size was limited to 1MB to avoid the malicious behavior of rogue miners and have a negative impact on people. The reason why the Bitcoin blockchain payment network The reason why it has grown to be worth billions of dollars today lies in its decentralization. 4. The development of blockchain is restricted by the current system. On the one hand, the decentralized and autonomous characteristics of blockchain dilute the concept of national supervision and have an impact on the current system. For example, digital currency represented by Bitcoin not only poses a challenge to the country’s right to issue currency, but also affects the transmission effect of monetary policy, weakening the central bank’s ability to regulate the economy, leading to currencyAuthorities remain cautious about the development of digital currencies. On the other hand, regulatory authorities also lack full understanding and expectations of this new technology, and the establishment of laws and systems may lag behind, resulting in a lack of necessary institutional norms and legal protection for economic activities related to the use of blockchain, which inadvertently increases reduce the risks of market entities. 5. The integration cost of blockchain technology and existing systems is relatively high. For any innovation, existing institutions must ensure that it can not only create economic benefits, but also comply with regulatory requirements and connect with traditional infrastructure. Especially when deploying a new basic system, the cost of time, manpower, and material resources is very large, and the resistance encountered within existing traditional organizations is also not small. Of course, the existence of problems cannot hinder the development of blockchain. The proposal and in-depth research of technologies such as simple payment verification, side chain, and lightning network protocols have provided ideas for solving the above problems.

❷ What kind of technology is "blockchain"?

What kind of technology is "blockchain"

Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. The "2014-2016 Global Bitcoin Development Research Report" released by the Internet Finance Laboratory of Tsinghua University PBC School of Finance and Sina Technology mentioned that blockchain is the underlying technology and infrastructure of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database and serves as the underlying technology of Bitcoin. Blockchain is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains information about a Bitcoin network transaction and is used to verify the validity of the information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block. .
In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chain data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is cryptographically guaranteed to be non-tamperable and non-forgeable. Account book. Broadly speaking, blockchain technology uses block chain data structures to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, uses cryptography to ensure the security of data transmission and access, and utilizes automated Smart contracts are composed of scripts that program and compute data in a new decentralized infrastructure and normalize computing.
Domestic blockchain application platforms include an asset custody system based on blockchain technology jointly developed by the digital currency crowdfunding platform Biying China, China Post and IBM.

What exactly is blockchain technology and why is it so hyped

Blockchain is a decentralized, distributed ledger system participated by nodes. The data stored on it cannot be forged or tampered with, and is open to the public. Transparent, the information and value recorded by each account at any point in history can be found on the blockchain. The characteristics of the blockchain protocol provide the necessary foundation for the execution of smart contracts. The contract can be automatically executed and trusted according to established conditions without the need for audit by any centralized organization.
Blockchain technology is the underlying core of the Bitcoin system. Its essence is toCentralized ledger, when people conduct transactions through the Internet, a new transaction will be recorded on the ledger, and this ledger is a decentralized ledger, jointly maintained by everyone on the network, and people can see it at the same time Control of ongoing transactions is not in the hands of institutions or individuals. Transactions cannot be tampered with or forged, and they will be permanently stored in the ledger.
For example, the Tongxin Huzhu blockchain mutual aid platform has four major characteristics in applying blockchain technology:
Openness and transparency
Openness and transparency, once all information recorded on the blockchain is recorded, it will be very It is difficult to tamper with and cannot be hidden, and users can check it at any time.
Democratic decision-making
Bottom-up decision-making, the blockchain proposes a variety of different consensus mechanisms to help users effectively form bottom-up decisions and jointly participate in major decisions.
Accurate execution of rules
Accurate execution of rules. The smart contract technology defined on the blockchain converts all rules into public and clear codes, which can be executed accurately and accurately. Once anyone is identified Cannot intervene.
Never downtime
Never downtime, the blockchain based on the public chain is not affected by any organization or individual. As long as the incentive mechanism is effective and the Internet exists, the blockchain will exist.

What is blockchain technology and why is it so hyped?

What is blockchain? Blockchain is a decentralized shared accounting technology that allows all parties involved to establish a trusting relationship at the technical level. Blockchain can be roughly divided into two levels: one is the underlying technology of the blockchain; the other is the upper-layer application of the blockchain, that is, the transformation, optimization or innovative application based on the blockchain. Blockchain is still in its infancy. Many people have discussed with me how we can ensure both rights and privacy at the same time. Of course, we are just exploring now. We need fair content across the entire network and clear protection. This is what I can only say. So far, this is my arrangement for the future.
Blockchain concept? The idea of ​​​​blockchain is to be completely decentralized and rely on decentralized justice. In that case, theoretically the cost will drop a lot, proving that real assets and property rights can directly correspond to each other on the Internet. It has solved the problems of decentralization and asset ownership that were not solved by the first generation of Internet information. How big a role does big data play in financial innovation now? Only by registering big data can we know who it belongs to. In fact, this has always been a problem that we cannot solve now. This is not a small problem. If there is a technology in the capital market that makes the property rights of things that were originally unclear clear, that will be a big problem for us. The entire market is undergoing a huge transformation.
What is blockchain? Blockchain technology itself can solve data ownership, pricing and sharing mechanisms. This still cannot completely solve certain problems. To give a simple example when it comes to user privacy, I have a piece of data placed on a machine. A partner comes over and makes an insurance analysis of the cooperation. There is a risk here.Whether the insurance is provided or not, whether it can be handled, or whether the property rights of the laboratory should be clearly defined, and then the processing rights and data rights should be clearly stated. The common products produced by everyone are common to everyone. If we need to separate different things, how should we price them and how should we come up with them? Segmentation, in addition to the technology of blockchain and a decentralized database, talking about the above-mentioned tasks is another issue, and then there is the issue of pricing and the market mechanism. All fields have proven to recognize this rule. , so I think blockchain is a very good core technology, but it cannot cover all problems.
Introduction to Bubi Blockchain
Bubi Blockchain is mainly positioned to provide commercial-grade blockchain infrastructure services, which mainly includes building a blockchain system and building on top of the blockchain system. A support system with high expandability. On top of this support system are applications from all walks of life. Bubi focuses more on the underlying technology of the blockchain. In the past three years or so, a team of more than a dozen people has devoted almost all their energy to the research and development of the underlying technology. The reason why Bubi Blockchain chooses points has something to do with the market's promotion method. As we all know, blockchain is a technology that is very suitable for the issuance and trading of digital assets. Points are a digital asset that is naturally legal and compliant, and has a small impact because of its small amount. Therefore, it is a very suitable choice to use points as your first attempt at digital asset issuance. Issuing points based on the blockchain can indeed bring great help to the circulation and mutual exchange of points.
What is blockchain? The application of blockchain technology in the field of property transfer is only one aspect. In addition to reducing property transfer costs, blockchain technology can also be applied to various fields involving company stocks, financial derivatives, and points programs of commercial institutions. The blockchain community is currently focusing on promoting the wider application of this technology in the field of financial assets. Relatedly, various platforms that are still under development have also received very considerable investment.
Blockchain concept? Structurally or by definition, these things are very different. The U.S. dollar, or any currency, from a typical definition, is primarily used as a medium of exchange or store of value for economic activities. Within the geographical scope where a certain currency circulates, people in the region reach a consensus on the use of this currency, making it convenient for everyone to use the same currency to purchase goods or services (the function of currency as a medium of exchange). There is a responsibility to manage the currency through monetary policy in order to ensure the preservation of the value of the currency and avoid the occurrence of inflation (the store of value function of currency). In today's world, almost everyone uses some form of currency in their daily lives.
What is blockchain? Even developers within the blockchain community often easily overlook the big picture mentioned above. There are many competitive projects in the blockchain community, and they are also full of various disputes about the evolution direction of blockchain technology. Over time, some projects in the community will be successful, and others will not be so lucky. Things won't always go the way we expect, but regardless of the early stagesHow these projects in the blockchain community develop, one thing is very clear, that is, blockchain technology has brought us at least one revolutionary function: blockchain technology will greatly reduce the risk of financial property transfers. Cost, blockchain will be used to control, manage and transfer financial assets.
What is blockchain? Blockchain concept? After a certain application analysis, we return to the starting point. The definition of this blockchain technology will surely become more and more abundant with the expansion of applications, and people will discover more mysteries of blockchain technology.

What is the Bitcoin blockchain technology that Microsoft is interested in?

Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database and serves as the basis for Bitcoin. underlying technology. Blockchain is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains information about a Bitcoin network transaction and is used to verify the validity of the information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block. .
The blockchain is public on the Internet and can be queried in every offline Bitcoin wallet information. The functionality of a Bitcoin wallet relies on confirmation with the blockchain, and a valid check is called a confirmation. Usually a transaction requires several confirmations before it can proceed. The lightweight Bitcoin wallet uses online confirmation, which means it does not download the blockchain data to the device storage.
Many of Bitcoin’s altcoins also use the same design, but are slightly different in proof of work and algorithm. For example, using proof of stake and SCrypt, etc.
Blockchain timestamp service and proof of existence
This concept was proposed in Satoshi Nakamoto’s white paper [1], who created the first block, the “genesis block”.
On January 3, 2009, Satoshi Nakamoto, the founder of Bitcoin, left an unchangeable sentence in the genesis block:
“The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second lout for banks (on January 3, 2009, the chancellor was on the verge of implementing a second round of bank bailout)."
It was then that the British chancellor Darling was forced to consider a second bailout of the banks. In a time of crisis, this sentence was the headline of a front-page article in The Times that day.
With the blockchain’s timestamp service and proof of existence, the time when the first blockchain was created and the events that were happening at that time are permanently retained.
The Bitcoin company BTCC launched a service "Millennium Chain" in 2015, which is a blockchain engraving service, which uses the above principles. Users can engrave text on the blockchain through this service and store it permanently.
Bitcoin, Litecoin, Ruitai Coin, and Qianjin Card are all digital currencies based on blockchain technology.

What kind of technology is blockchain?

Chongqing GoldWowo analyzed: Blockchain is actually a decentralized distributed ledger database.

How popular is blockchain technology?

Blockchain technology makes DAC possible. DAC is something that can fundamentally subvert the organizational model of human society. I believe that its impact on society will surpass the Industrial Revolution and become the most profound change that the Internet has brought to the world.

The essence of blockchain technology is a method of data storage, transmission and certification that is decentralized and contained in a distributed structure. It replaces the current Internet with data blocks (Block). The road's reliance on the central server enables all data changes or transaction projects to be recorded on a cloud system, theoretically achieving self-certification of data during data transmission.

Blockchain technology can be applied to many industries:
Art industry
Ascribe allows artists to use blockchain technology to declare ownership, Issue numberable, 100% editions of your work in digital form for any type of artwork. It even includes a marketplace where artists can buy and sell through their website without the need for any intermediary services.
Legal Industry
BitProof is the most advanced of the many document timestamp applications that have emerged in recent years, and will make traditional notarization methods a thing of the past. Compared with free versions including Blocksgin and OriginStaemp, BitProof provides more services, including one for intellectual property rights. Interestingly, BitProof recently collaborated with a San Francisco IT school to put all their students’ academic certificates on the blockchain, completely redefining how diplomas and student certificates are processed and used.
Development Industry
Colu is the first company to allow other companies to issue digital assets. They can "tokenize" various assets and have a profound impact on many people. Although the free Bitcoin wallet Counerparty also allows simple tokens to be issued and traded among other wallet holders, Colu tokens can be configured in various states and types, and can leave and return to the system. , and when storing data on the blockchain is too large, the data can be stored on the BitTorrent network.
Online Mutual Aid Industry
Tongxin Mutual Aid is the first blockchain online mutual aid platform to be implemented and applied. Technically, through blockchain and big data technology, it eliminates the shortcomings of the traditional online mutual aid model. Establish an open and transparent new online mutual aid platform.

What exactly is Aite Cat? A game, a small program or blockchain technology?

Aite Cat is a virtual pet game produced under blockchain technology. This virtual cat is similar to Network Leitz Dog, 360 PetsCats and NetEase’s planets are all the same type of blockchain virtual products. The difference between Aite Cat is that the entire cat design adopts a 3D three-dimensional effect, so that the display of cats is no longer a single picture. , making the cat movable and increasing the fun of the cat.

What technology is the Huangbao blockchain system?

The Huangbao blockchain is a powerful decentralized loop intelligence system. The Huangchain chain is referred to as HUANG. It is the first to be used in financial services, advertising media, games and entertainment, various life applications and other fields, becoming a blockchain 3.0 The representative virtual currency of the era, Media Chain 3.0 technology has the core characteristics of being safer, more efficient, more flexible, and more open. The widespread application of its technology will surely trigger new forms and new ideas in the global media industry, which can Create convenient services and new concepts, which marks a new economic era before the public.

❸ Four major highlights in the blockchain field in 2022 | Interface Prophet⑯

There is a core proposition about the "Impossible Triangle" in the blockchain field, namely security sex, performance and decentralization. This proposition is the foundation of the evolution of blockchain technology. Whether it is Bitcoin, Ethereum, or the vigorously developed alliance chain, it is essentially a trade-off between the above three elements.

As Ethereum’s core position among blockchain developers is determined, performance has gradually become a bottleneck for its development. Therefore, in the foreseeable 2022, improvements in performance and efficiency will be a long-term and critical issues.

Based on the Ethereum ecosystem, to improve performance within the limits of the "Impossible Triangle", the current path has been clear. The first one is the Layer 1 level, that is, other public chains share the burden of Ethereum. Data pressure.

One of the major trends in 2021 is the increased use of Layer 1. The space is currently dominated by Solana, Avalanche, Terra and Binance Smart Chain, each with a growing ecosystem. The value has exceeded 10 billion US dollars.

The second type is Layer2, which is based on the Ethereum main network, but transfers settlement to the second layer network to improve efficiency. This is what Ethereum is working on, Layer 2 is often called rollups because they "aggregate" or bundle transactions together and execute them in a new environment before sending updated transaction data back to Ethereum.

As for the most critical data verification link of the blockchain, Layer2 currently has two technical solutions, one is called "Optimistic rollups" and the other is called "ZK Rollups". Both technical routes have teams developing corresponding networks and have ecological support, such as Ar that chooses "Optimistic rollups"bitrum, select dYdX for "ZK Rollups".

Between Layer1 and Layer2, there is another solution called "side chain", which is partially compatible with the Ethereum main network, but does not belong to Layer2. They are specially used to deal with the excess of Ethereum. capacity, rather than competing with Ethereum as a whole, and hosting Ethereum applications in a complementary manner.

Starting with DeFi, which currently has the most active users, according to statistics from DeFi Lama, the amount of DeFi locked on Ethereum has exceeded 100 billion US dollars, and other public chains such as BSC, Solana, and Avalanche have also Attracting nearly US$49 billion in funds, it has become a very active financial scene.

Although the data of many public chains is quite large, different chains are like data islands, and assets on different chains cannot be freely exchanged. In addition, many emerging public chains are not as developed as Ethereum and lack many foundations. Facilities such as stablecoins, NFT games, and more.

Therefore, assets on other chains need to be introduced into one's own public chain through cross-chain. Among the currently commonly used cross-chain methods, in addition to cross-chain currency withdrawals in centralized institutions such as exchange wallets , the most common ones are various decentralized cross-chain asset bridges.

For cross-chain bridges, the most important issue is how to reach consensus, which is largely related to the security of investors’ assets under custody. For now, the security of centralized exchanges Cross-chain bridges are the most convenient type of cross-chain bridge for users. However, cross-chain bridges in centralized exchanges have the problem of single points of failure. In addition, current cross-chain bridges are gradually moving towards non-custodialization. Development is to further protect the security of users’ assets.

The full name of DAO is "Decentralized Autonomous Organization", which is a management model that attempts to get rid of the traditional bureaucracy and uses blockchain technology to complete autonomous operations. organizational form.

Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs) enable global coordination of individuals using blockchain-based governance. DAOs can be used for many purposes, including managing the operations and capital of a blockchain project (MakerDAO), managing investment capital (The LAO), managing the use of game assets (YGG DAO), coordinating cultural groups (Friends With Benefits), or coordinating purchases Asset (Constitution DAO).

The number of DAOs included in the deep website has reached 187, with total assets under management exceeding US$12 billion and covering more than 1.6 million members. Although in the blockchain field, this is not a huge amount of data. but includes redInstitutions including Firgi Capital are beginning to take notice of this new term.

The market value of cryptocurrencies officially exceeded US$2 trillion in 2021 and is now at US$2.5 trillion, an increase of 175% from the beginning of the year. Along with the explosive growth of market value, financing in the encryption field has also increased rapidly. According to statistics, there were 1,529 publicly disclosed primary market financings in the encryption industry in 2021, totaling approximately US$32.6 billion, with a year-on-year growth of an exaggerated 814.2%.

However, equity financing in the crypto field is different from other fields. Under the "VIE" structure, the main exit channel for traditional VC funds is for companies to log into the secondary market for IPO. However, the blockchain field has its own new financing method ICO (banned in China). The key difference of this decentralized financing method is that users can participate in the growth of the community at an earlier stage, while under the traditional venture capital model, only logging in After the secondary market, ordinary investors have the opportunity to share the dividends of corporate growth.

In the field of encryption, first of all, the concept of "company" has been weakened. Due to the existence of "Web3" and "DAO", communities and organizations are more mentioned. Users are naturally interested in There is a sense of distrust in centralized platforms.

The most popular project in the crypto community in the past two weeks is called "OpenDao", which is a project that imitates the leading NFT trading platform "OpenSea". The reason why this project is so popular is that crypto players are interested in "OpenSea" is dissatisfied. "OpenSea" has recently reported that it is conducting a new round of financing and is preparing for an IPO. However, NFT enthusiasts do not want “OpenSea” to become a monopoly platform like the current Internet giants, so “OpenDao” adopts the concept of decentralization and issues airdrops to all “OpenSea” users.

And at the end of 2021, there was a debate in the encryption community about "Web3", including Tesla Chairman Elon Musk and former Twitter executive Jack Dorsey pointing to contradictions during the debate I have learned about venture capital institutions in crypto finance and believe that VCs have gained too much profit.

In 2021, an investment institution in the form of "DAO" also emerged. This kind of organization includes investors who are very influential in the community and are deeply involved in the technology field. They incubate The project performance even exceeds the results of some traditional VCs.

❹ Why does the blockchain fork?

Forks are the core of the blockchain experience, similar to system upgrades. To “fork” a chain is essentially to make changes to the software that runs the blockchain. Depending on the situation, there are many issues caused by forks, some of which can quickly reach consensus, while others are extremely controversial. In a centralized system, software upgrades are extremely simple and only require iterative updates such as patches or compatibility of certain functions. And decentralized systemsIn , upgrading is far from simple and easy. It requires reaching a consensus among all nodes or transaction parties on the chain. When making some major functional improvements, they are often opposed by some people in the community. Once more than 2/3 of the people disagree, then they have to choose other ways to create their own protocols and branch blockchains, so Bifurcation will occur. In Bitcoin, this is implemented in the form of Bitcoin software (also called the Bitcoin protocol), which determines the rules for everyone, including block size, rewards for miners, etc. If everyone uses Bitcoin, they must agree to this agreement. Similar to the laws of the country, everyone must obey them. However, it is not just Bitcoin, but also other encrypted digital currencies. As a software project, there is always room for improvement. Therefore, technical updates and development are basically moving forward. Bitcoin developers update software by (Bitcoin protocol) to solve problems or enhance functionality. Simply put, as long as there are differences of opinion, protocol improvements (new additions, upgrades), etc. in the blockchain network, forks may occur. In fact, it is not difficult to understand when talking about forks. Taking Bitcoin as an example, Bitcoin forks can be divided into two major categories: Bitcoin protocol and storage transaction system. The Bitcoin protocol is completely open source. If you want to create your own branch blockchain, you must first copy the Bitcoin software source code, and then make appropriate modifications according to your own needs. Finally, the specified block number is used to start the Bitcoin fork and take effect, which is actually equivalent to the timing instructions in the centralized system program. For example, it can be specified that the fork will take effect when the block number reaches 10000. When the instruction transmitted by the block number is sent to the community, it will be divided into two parts. One part supports the original protocol and the other part supports the fork protocol. Then each part will add new ones again. blocks to the chain they support.

❺ Which one has more potential, the main chain or the side chain, in blockchain technology?

The main chain is the premise and foundation for the existence of the side chain.
Sidechains are altcoins that are nailed to the Bitcoin blockchain and issued with Bitcoin as a guarantee. For example, if I send 1,000 bitcoins to a certain block, which is the starting block of side chain A, there will be 1,000 side chain bitcoins available for circulation on side chain A. But the 1,000 Bitcoins on the main chain are locked in that block at the same time, and no one can use them. When in the future, for example, 100 coins on side chain A want to be exchanged for Bitcoin, a special transaction is made and sent back to the main chain, then 100 Bitcoins will be released from the 1,000 locked coins. It can be used freely
This way, because it does not increase the total amount of currency, it will not cause inflation problems (altcoins are inflationary in the cryptocurrency world, so there is very little support from stored-value users). An initial idea was probably that each country would use a side chain to issue an altcoin backed by Bitcoin for domestic circulation, while Bitcoin would be used for settlement between countries. But this idea leads to unnecessary duplication and complexity.
Now, many itemsMost projects use Bitcoin as the main chain to develop other projects, because the blockchain is open source and relatively reliable. Of course, you can also recreate a chain, such as DECENT.

❻ Thoughts on POW, POS, and how to avoid forks

POW is the proof-of-work consensus mechanism, that is, the entire absentee node calculates mathematical problems, and is the first to use the proof-of-work consensus mechanism His project is Bitcoin. Bitcoin is currently the most successful blockchain project in the world. From its birth in 2008 to now, the system has basically not encountered major incidents, which shows that its system still has unique advantages. Otherwise, how would it be able to survive? A system can continue to operate for such a long time without a centralized company or individual. Let’s take a look at what advantages it has:

In the Bitcoin network system, the entire system All transaction records are written into the chain by miners through hash collision. The hash collision process is the process of the entire network competing for accounting rights. Whoever has a smart mind will crack this in the system first. difficult problem, thereby obtaining the accounting rights, and then announce it to the entire network. After being confirmed by 6 nodes, the block is written into the system's big budget. If someone wants to tamper with his own data, he has to do it as quickly as possible. Time modifies all block data formed before, because the hash of each block is calculated from the previous hash, so if you want to tamper with the data, it not only requires powerful computing power and a short time to complete, but if the time If it is too slow, if it takes more than 10 minutes, the next block will be formed, and it will be more difficult to tamper with. Therefore, it is very difficult for hackers to attack the entire network, so this is why the Bitcoin system asks this question.

Because the system needs to spend a lot of computing power to calculate the hash function in order to maintain this public ledger, only a small number of nodes can obtain the accounting rights at a certain time. For the absentee who has not obtained the right to bookkeeping, the electricity he has spent before is basically in vain. Therefore, the biggest problem with the workload proof is that it will waste a lot of computing power. The support behind the computing power is our electric energy.

In our Coin Elite Business School group, if we issue a Token called Elite Coin for trading and circulation within the group, our internal transactions will form a ledger, and everyone will have to spend a lot of money to maintain this ledger. time to maintain. For example, if Taotao and I have a transaction, if there are 15 absentees in our group to compete for the accounting rights, and As a result, Alei wins the accounting rights. After Alei records it, it will be broadcast to the entire network. , saying that I had finished recording the accounts, and then 6 of the 14 absentees went to confirm whether Ali's account records were true. Only after the verification passed, the bills recorded by Ali could be merged into the big ledger of our Coin Elite Business School. In fact, when you look back at this process, it not only wastes a lot of your time, but also takes a long time from packaging to confirmation. If our Coin Elite has more and more students in the future, including hundreds of thousands, then what happens every day There were tens of thousands of transactions.How much manpower and time will this take?

That is, the more coins you own, the greater the probability of having accounting rights. The more you have here, the more there are two dimensions. One is the time period of holding the coins, and the second is holding the tokens. The quantity, so the currency here refers to the age of the currency, that is, the number of days the currency is held. For example
Uncle Yuan from the Coin Elite Business School holds 1,000 Elite Coins for a holding period of 30 days, then his coin age is 1,000 30 = 30,000, that is, each coin generates one coin age every day, and every The block currency age will be cleared to 0. If every 365 currency ages are cleared, the interest of 0.05 elite coins will be obtained from the block. Then Uncle Yuan opens a block, and the interest he will receive is [" 1000*30》X5%】/365=4.1 elite coins. From the above, we can know that its advantage is that it eliminates the waste of resources caused by competitive accounting and shortens the time to reach consensus to a certain extent. Its shortcoming is that it is easy to form a polarization between the rich and the poor. People who have money are getting more and more money. Another problem is that there is no professionalization. People with rights and interests may not want to participate in bookkeeping.

Regarding the treatment of points There is currently no correct answer as to which consensus mechanism is effective. First, let’s analyze the reason why Bitcoin forked because its capacity is small. Each block is only 2M, which is equivalent to our urban roads having only two lanes. , with the rapid development of society, there are more and more cars, and two lanes can no longer meet our requirements, so four lanes or special lanes have appeared, namely bicycle lanes, car lanes, and bus lanes. This is what we call the side chain mechanism. However, this technology has not yet achieved obvious success and progress. Another solution is lightning network technology. Lightning network technology is a block system where small transactions are processed in a unified manner at the end. , just like playing mahjong on the mahjong table of our classmates from the Coin Elite Business School, it is troublesome to settle every time, so A Lei came up with a way. In the first game, A Lei lost 200 elite coins to Wen Tao, and in the second game, A Lei lost 200 elite coins to Wen Tao. In the second game, Wen Tao lost 200 elite coins to Wei Gang. In the third game, Wei Gang lost 200 elite coins to Dongcheng. After three games, Alei said, "I want to go home and do my homework, so I won't play any more." To start settling the accounts, A Lei directly gave Dongcheng 200 Elite Coins. It was OK. Isn’t it quick? This is just an ideal example I gave. Transactions in the blockchain are not that simple, so the Lightning Network is still in the exploratory period so far. Not yet the best solution.

Why is it still forked? There are many reasons for this. I think 90% of them are human reasons, which have nothing to do with solving the problem of Bitcoin transaction speed. Many people forked just to make some money. After the fork, many illegitimate children no longer have their parents to care for them, so I I don’t like forked coins.

❼ What is blockchain and how to evaluate blockchain

First of all, don’t think too advanced about blockchain ,heIt is a database storage system that is distributed around the world and can operate collaboratively. It is different from traditional database operations where read and write permissions are in the hands of a company or a centralized authority (centralized characteristics). Blockchain believes that anyone with the ability to set up Anyone on the server node can participate. Nuggets from all over the world have deployed their own nodes locally and connected to the blockchain network to become a node in this distributed database storage system; once joined, the node enjoys exactly the same rights as all other nodes and obligations (decentralized, distributed characteristics). At the same time, people who provide services on the blockchain can perform read and write operations on any node in the system. Finally, all nodes around the world will complete synchronization one after another according to a certain mechanism, thereby achieving The data of all nodes in the blockchain network are completely consistent.

Blockchain itself is a technology, therefore, it cannot be a scam. Just like the "p2p" finance that has become popular in recent years, how many scammers are disguised as P2P concepts and illegally absorb Public funds, defrauding people of their hard-earned money? But is "P2P" guilty? It is just a person-to-person model of Internet finance. It not only creates profits, but also lifts thousands of people out of poverty, achieving a win-win situation for both those who are helping the poor and those who are being helped. Bihui Digital Currency Trading Platform

The existence of problems cannot hinder the development of the blockchain. The proposal and in-depth research of technologies such as simple payment verification, side chains, and lightning network protocols are already part of the blockchain The chain actually solves the problem.

❽ Hard Technology: The 4-year battle over international standards for the Internet of Things, Blockchain and Digital Currency is finalized

Everyone is rolling around on the Internet Over the years, Keke has more or less experienced the historical cycle of "the waves behind the Yangtze River push the waves ahead, and the waves in front die on the beach."

Every once in a while, there will be an overwhelming number of industry players, analysts and media, desperately hyping topics that may seem illusory, but are absolutely guaranteed to be closely linked to business speculation, among other things, like Grid computing, blade servers, cloud computing, Internet of Things, machine learning, fog computing, edge computing at the beginning of this century, and blockchain, which has become popular due to the crazy hype of digital currency recently, are all key points that you must be familiar with. After the word inexplicably occupied a large amount of media space, it was unknowingly submerged by more sensational technical marketing terms. "It's over before it even begins." Only in search engines such as Google, historical traces are left for future generations to look up to. .

To put it bluntly, everything remains the same. The development trajectory of modern information science is limited by a single computing container. After all, it has its limits. It cannot be separated from the distributed computing and many dazzling technologies that support huge services. Marketing terms, looking back in hindsight, are just a part of a blind man's approximation, a processed compound deliberately packaged by human beings' stupidity and greed.

"Internet of Things (IoT)" and "Blockchain (Blockchain)" have been in the history ofWith a firm foothold on the stage, almost no one dares to deny that "Internet of Everything" and "Decentralization" will form the basis of "NewInter". However, due to many factors, the application level of these two technologies has not reached the level of the world. Initial expectations. But when the two are combined into one, it will open up another brand-new application field, enough to change human life and the future.

The Internet of Things has been popular for so many years, but its large-scale promotion seems to be standing still

The craze of the Internet of Things is not a matter of just a few years, but it has never been widely seen around you and me. This factor is very complex, and it has both "technical threshold" and "business model" aspects. It has prevented us from seeing the IoT world described in science fiction.

What is the technical threshold?

The Internet of Things is nothing more than deploying a large number of intelligent terminal devices, but the data collected by these terminals will ultimately serve human beings. This has triggered doubts about the mutual trust between people and devices: How can humans trust the devices? , how can the device trust humans, and how can the device and the device confirm with each other that the data is correct and will not be tampered with.

If the data transmission and exchange of the Internet of Things goes into chaos, many lives will be lost. I believe no one wants the Internet of Things devices in their home to be hacked and messed with by hackers and "suicided". For example, It’s a ridiculous scene to sleep with all the windows closed at night, all household appliances, bathroom gas stove and water heater turned on to maximum to kill you alive.

Why do we need a business model?

Next, after obtaining data through the Internet of Things, for example, what is the current temperature in my home, and how are the crops in the farmland growing now, from data collection, data distribution, and data conversion into meaningful information, all the way to multiple subjects Sharing information among others involves "ownership", "rights of use", and "distribution of value", and derives a series of "credit" and "value" issues.

It is one thing to collect a lot of data. How do you make this data generate corresponding value and have the credit foundation, business model and ecosystem to promote its operation? That is another. Something happened. Isn’t it true that over the past few years, there haven’t been enough “IoT platforms” that have been put out there but have been ignored for a long time?

The absurdity of today’s digital currency

Fortunately, the blockchain is the best answer to kicking away these two stones blocking the road, ensuring the credibility and security of the data, and giving the data value. It is transformed into a denominated digital token (Token), so that the huge data produced by the Internet of Things in the actual application process becomes the credit basis of this token, instead of just wasting the earth's resources and wasting huge "mining" electricity. , and apart from the exchange between digital currencies, there are no "commodities" that can be purchased, which completely violates the original intention of "reducing transaction costs" in the nature of currency. This is really the biggest absurdity of digital currency.

Many technical nerds tend to sneer at "business" and hold a dismissive and disdainful attitude. But please think about it. Today, the Japanese anime and manga industry and fan products are so popular around the world. What are the reasons behind it?What supports its development is definitely not the otakus who stay at home, but the "commercialization" that adds fuel to the fire. The prosperity of all industries in the world can also be traced. It is really difficult to understand such a simple truth. Disaster.

4 Development Stages of Blockchain Technology

Now when talking about blockchain, most people only think of Bitcoin and Ethereum, but blockchain is not that simple. Although there are different opinions, generally speaking It can be defined as the following 4 stages of development.

Blockchain 1.0: Bitcoin not very friendly to polar bears. Blockchain 2.0: Ethereum’s smart contracts. Blockchain 3.0: Realize the integration and interoperability between refining and refining, and then conduct cross-refining contracts. Blockchain 4.0: Create an Internet of Things blockchain. Digital assets come from data in the physical world. Blockchain establishes mutual trust at the bottom of the Internet of Things and fills the trust mechanism for information use. On the one hand, we establish the Internet of Things ecosystem, and on the other hand, we establish business models and economic models. Create a trustworthy IoT blockchain ecosystem. Successful products will never advance by relying on technology alone

After integrating blockchain, will the development of the Internet of Things be smooth sailing? Of course not. Any successfully promoted products and applications in the world never rely solely on "technology" to achieve success.

If there had been no OSI seven-layer model thirty years ago, the Internet would not have evolved so rapidly. Without a "framework", which is the so-called international technical standard, everyone is "diversified and small in quantity", and there is no economy of scale. No matter how many new startups there are, they will die heroically. After all, the Internet of Things covers the information exchange needs of the entire world. Without an alliance or ecosystem, everyone will be working alone and unable to pool resources. Real implementation and application will only make the esoteric technology stagnant in the wild imagination.

Without a frame, it is like a house without blueprints. If you only have bricks and cement, you still cannot build a stable high-rise building from the ground.

Four years of international specifications war

After more than four years of specifications war, the ISO/IEC30141 "IoT Reference Architecture" (IoT Reference Architecture) promoted by China and assisted by Germany and Sweden at the end of 2017, Passed the international standard draft voting (DIS), and officially put China's "six-domain model (six-domainml)" national standard GB/T33474-2016 on the wave of IoT blockchain. The six-domain model plays a role similar to the OSI seven-layer architecture thirty years ago, and its importance to the future of the Internet of Things is self-evident.

How did this "international standard" take shape? How did the United States, Japan, and South Korea desperately block China's proposal? How many "international wars" are hidden behind the private wrestling and power struggle between big powers? It's scary, don't ask.

Is there already a corresponding implementation?

The project was launched in May 2017 and passed the blockchain technology test of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China in October.Chain (Six-Domain Chain)" is the world's first implementation of ISO/IEC30141. The foundation is set up in Singapore, and its digital token SDA (Six-Domain Asset) opened for trading on January 8, 2018.

The "six-domain model" defined by ISO/IEC30141 and the "six-domain chain" created by SDChain, the former is a methodology for integrating the Internet of Things with all walks of life, and the latter provides a more robust decentralized public chain. The bottom layer, and establish practical applications and communities.

As for the "magical coincidence" between the initiator of the SDChain project and the editor-in-chief of the ISO/IEC30141 specification, please pray to the gods of Google yourself, and it is inconvenient to write about it here.

Does the consensus algorithm of the Internet of Things really require a blockchain?

This is a highly controversial topic, especially after the "blockless decentralized ledger" IOTA has attracted everyone's attention, the advantages and disadvantages between blockchain and DAG (Directed Acyclic Graph, directed acyclic graph) have always been It is constantly being watched and commented upon by everyone.

From a financial point of view, compared with blockchain, DAG is not subject to block size and proof of work (POW), is free of transaction fees, and can save bandwidth and power consumption. In theory, DAG It has stronger scale scalability, but there are also concerns about double payment confirmation and the lack of "consensus" in the traditional sense. The canceled transaction fees are also regarded as an important link in the practical field to improve the security of the blockchain. Therefore, These characteristics may limit its scope of application. The lessons of history have proved that if there are already academic disputes, there will only be more problems in practical applications. These will need time to prove.

In addition, due to the negative influence of the unhealthy trend of currency speculation, public opinion these days has been distorted into "whoever looks more popular, whose digital currency price is higher, which technology must be more advanced", but The focus is on ecology, not currency. The consensus algorithm should be determined by the application scenario. Whether it can be "mined" is even less valuable. It does not contribute to mankind at all.

The Internet of Things is in the darkness before dawn

From the time when the concept of the Internet of Things was proposed, to when blockchain became popular due to Bitcoin, blockchain has gradually shown its potential to solve the chronic problems of the Internet of Things, until The advent of international standards provides an overall architectural framework that can be followed, which is enough to help all walks of life truly clarify what the Internet of Things is. In this way, it took nearly two decades.

Looking further, from the OSI model thirty years ago to today's six-domain model, these thirty years have been an era of transformation from "communication automation" to "execution automation". , things will automatically communicate with each other and exchange what they need. How will we manage the "one trillion" connected devices we can expect? How to improve your life? How to create wealth? This is the biggest challenge of our time.

Companies that have entered the Internet of Things industry at this moment and have the ability to provide perfect solutions willHave the opportunity to become a future technology giant. You may be lucky enough to witness the Internet of Things changing our lives and the birth of new technological hegemony. It is worth waiting and watching as we step out of the darkness and prepare to welcome the dawn.

❾ How to explain blockchain in a popular way

“Blockchain technology is considered to be the next generation of disruptive core technology after steam engines, electricity, and the Internet. If the steam engine unleashes People's productivity, electricity solves people's basic living needs, and the Internet has completely changed the way information is transmitted. Then the blockchain, as a machine that builds trust, will likely completely change the way value is transmitted in the entire human society."

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I have just come into contact with the blockchain. There are too many basic knowledge that need to be understood and known. Don’t worry, today I will popularize this knowledge for you. Today, let’s first take a look at what public chains, private chains, alliance chains, and side chains are.

❿ The difference between the main chain and the side chain in the blockchain

Usually blockchains, especially public chains, have mainnets and testnets. The main network is a trusted blockchain network recognized by the blockchain community, and its transaction information is recognized by all members. Valid blocks will be appended to the main network's block ledger after consensus on the blockchain network.
Many people don’t understand what sidechains are. This concept comes from the Bitcoin community and was proposed in December 2013. There are some questions about whether its birth is due to Bitcoin itself or the mechanism of a certain blockchain. But if you modify it directly on the Bitcoin protocol or chain, it is easy to make mistakes. And because Bitcoin blocks are constantly being operated, if something goes wrong, the amount of funds involved will be huge, and this is not allowed.
Sidechains actually do not refer to a specific blockchain, but all blockchains that comply with the sidechain protocol. This term is relative to the main chain of Bitcoin.
For more information browse what are sidechains