区块链可拓展性问题如何解决的,区块链可扩展性问题

随着区块链技术的发展，可扩展性也成为一个重要的研究课题。区块链可扩展性问题的解决，有三个关键词：分布式账本技术（DLT）、智能合约和共识机制。

分布式账本技术（DLT）

分布式账本技术（DLT）是一种分布式数据库技术，它可以记录和存储数据，并允许参与者查看和验证数据的完整性和可靠性。DLT的一个重要特点是它可以在分布式网络中安全地存储和管理数据，而不需要一个中央机构来维护和管理。它可以用来存储和管理区块链上的交易，以及支持区块链网络的数据完整性和可靠性。

智能合约

智能合约是一种分布式的计算机程序，它可以在区块链上实现自动执行，自动执行的智能合约可以帮助用户在区块链上安全地实现交易，而无需人工干预。智能合约可以帮助用户在区块链上实现自动执行，从而提高效率，减少成本，并确保交易的安全性和可靠性。

共识机制

共识机制是一种用于确保区块链网络中的数据完整性和可靠性的技术。它可以帮助参与者确认和验证区块链上的交易，从而确保网络中的数据完整性和可靠性。共识机制可以有效地提高区块链网络的可扩展性，并保护网络中的数据安全性。

总之，分布式账本技术（DLT）、智能合约和共识机制是解决区块链可扩展性问题的三个关键技术。这些技术可以有效地提高区块链的可扩展性，并保护网络中的数据安全性。

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Ⅰ What does Xu Mingxing think are the factors that hinder the development of blockchain and how to solve them

Blockchain expert Xu Mingxing believes that "decentralization", "scalability" and The ebb and flow of "security" has always been a problem that hinders the large-scale application of blockchain. "Decentralization", "scalability" and "security" form an "impossible triangle". The pursuit of "security" and "decentralization" cannot take into account "scalability". The pursuit of "security" and "security" "Scalability" cannot take into account "decentralization", and the pursuit of "scalability" and "decentralization" cannot take into account "security". From the perspective of scalability, the throughput of current mainstream blockchain platforms is still very low. From a security perspective, malicious nodes will destroy the security and stability of the blockchain system, and the blockchain's nature based on public key cryptography may be subject to quantum computing attacks.
Xu Mingxing proposed his own solution for scalability and security, from the idea of ​​​​chain to "network", in the form of DAG, by changing the way of data organization, and by using concurrent computing to greatly improve the block chain processing speed. At the same time, sharding technology can allocate different nodes to different shards. Each node only needs to verify transactions within its own shard, and does not need to verify transactions outside the shard, thus reducing repeated calculations by nodes

Ⅱ Use the knowledge of economic life to analyze how the country should solve problems arising from the blockchain

① The country implements scientific macro-control, strengthens the supervision of the blockchain market, and rectifies and regulates the blockchain in accordance with the law Chain market order and create a good environment for the development of blockchain; formulate and implement blockchain-related industrial policies, increase financial and financial support, and achieve supply and demand docking. ② Strengthen the construction of integrity and improve the social credit system.

III Multichain vs. Ethereum – The battle is ongoing

Research conducted by GrandReview shows that the blockchain market is growing rapidly, and there are no signs of This growth will slow in the short term. When blockchain was in its infancy, it was the domain of tight-knit communities, but it has now expanded to large enterprises, investors and even local governments. But with such rapid expansion comes a new wave of challenges, especially when it comes to scalability.

Solving blockchain scalability issues

It is well known that blockchain has congestion and scalability issues. This has far-reaching consequences, resulting in slower transaction processing times and increased transaction fees, resulting in a poor user experience.

This is not a problem unique to a specific chain, but it is particularly evident in the case of Ethereum, the second-largest blockchain network after Bitcoin. This caused some developers to become so frustrated that they moved to other networks, such as Solana or Cardano, which offered higher speeds.

At the same time, most developers believe that for DeFi to continue to gainTo gain popularity and traction, and to make these solutions accessible to the masses, the solution lies in cooperation, not competition. Enter the idea of ​​a multi-chain universe.

What is Multichain?

Can multi-chain solve scalability issues? As the name suggests, a multi-chain ecosystem is a multi-chain ecosystem in which multiple blockchains are connected to each other with the ultimate goal of improving user experience, increasing efficiency, and allowing for wider adoption. But this requires effective cross-chain solutions. The good news is that some of them are already in production. Let’s look at SushiSwap and Aave adopting multi-chain.

Multi-chain adoption in SushiSwap and Aave

SushiSwap entered the multi-chain field as early as March this year and is now one of the largest multi-chain adopters, existing in 13 On-chain: including Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain, Polygon, Avalanche and Fantom.

Aave will follow suit. It has found success with its crypto lending products, which has led to many users locking up their assets.

Aave’s founder recently stated that the protocol is considering launching on a number of different networks. He also talked about expanding Aave’s lending market on Solana through EVM-compatible solutions Neon Labs, Avalanche and Optimistic Rollup solutions Arbitrum and Optimism as part of its multi-chain strategy.

Where do multi-chain aggregators come from?

Multi-chain or cross-chain aggregators determine the best way to enable transactions across blockchain ecosystems. As such, they ease the burden on existing blockchain users and remove some barriers to entry for new entrants.

An example of such an aggregator is Apeboard, which enables users to monitor their portfolios across different platforms. Apeboard supports 11 chains, including Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain, Polygon, Solana, and Terra. It's great for monitoring assets across multiple chains and tracking balances.

Also worth mentioning here is 1Inch, an exchange aggregator that scans DEXs to find the lowest cryptocurrency prices for traders. 1inch provides liquidity to 78 platforms including Ethereum, Binance Smart Chain, and Polygon.

Popular multi-asset blockchains - Orbit Chain, Polkadot and Cosmos

When talking about the multi-chain future, it is important to discuss multi-asset blockchain, which uses decentralized inter-chain communication (IBC) to store, transmit and verify the existence on the entire public blockchain information and assets. The most popular of them are Orbit Chain, Polkadot, and Cosmos.

Multiple possibilities for a multi-chain future

Currently blockchain is still defined and experienced by each of its components, which means that from a user perspective, it lacks fluidity sex. Some have even compared it to the early days of the internet. Multi-chain technology will subvert this experience to the point where users may not even know which chain they are operating on. This change is critical to enabling blockchain to transition into a high-growth industry.

Multi-chain will support the adoption of blockchain in many sectors, especially finance and banking. Without this interoperability, transactions between banks using different blockchains would be extremely complex for everyone involved. But with a multi-chain approach, transferring data is not only simple, but also fast and secure.

Similarly, in supply chain management, blockchain interoperability can bring huge benefits. The properties of blockchain allow disconnected supply chain management systems to interoperate without high investment costs. Therefore, it makes sense to leverage these characteristics to transform supply chains.

Finally, an important benefit of interoperability is that different development teams that previously worked in silos can leverage each other's solutions, thereby driving innovation across the industry.

Why Ethereum may hold back multi-chains

Currently, the biggest development holding back multi-chain futures is the launch of ETH 2.0 - a network upgrade that will make the Ethereum network more scalable and security. To achieve this, Ethereum changed its consensus mechanism from Proof of Work (PoW) to Proof of Stake (PoS). The upgrade could have a significant impact on Ethereum’s price, as its lower fees and faster transactions will open the network to a larger user base.

Ethereum already allows asset transfers on L2 aggregation - an off-chain transaction aggregator within Ethereum smart contracts. Their goal is to reduce fees and congestion by increasing the blockchain’s throughput. But they also offer many solutions when it comes to asset transfers.

It is widely believed that L2 solutions played an important role in bringing Ethereum to mainstream users. It is estimated that L2 can handle 2,000-4,000 transactions per second, which is very close to Visa's processing capabilities. As Layer 1 scales with Ethereum 2.0 and Layer 2, Ethereum will take advantage of some serious economic bandwidth.

In fact, if ETH 2.0 goes into full effect, developersProbably don’t see any reason to embrace multi-chain – Ethereum will provide them with everything they need.

IV What is blockchain development and can it solve any problems_Problems about blockchain

In a narrow sense In other words, blockchain is a chain-type portable data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is cryptographically guaranteed to be an untamperable and unforgeable distributed ledger (distributed ledger). database).

Broadly speaking, blockchain technology uses block chain data structures to verify and store data, uses distributed hidden hole node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, and uses cryptography to ensure data. Security of transmission and access, a new distributed infrastructure and computing paradigm that utilizes smart contracts composed of automated script code to program and manipulate data.

Can solve the following problems for enterprises:

Evidence storage and collection

Use Renren BaaS to quickly enter business data into the chain, save it permanently, and cannot be tampered with by any person or institution.

Digital assets

No development is required. A variety of digital assets can be quickly created through the management backend, which can be used in many fields such as finance and points exchange

Anti-counterfeiting traceability< /p>

Based on Renren BaaS, create an ID for each product, which is widely used in e-commerce, food and drug safety, trade and other fields

Supply chain

Very convenient The addition of management nodes effectively improves the management and operational efficiency of the supply chain and reduces costs

IV How AI will change the blockchain

Blockchain is extremely powerful, but there are also own limitations. Some of these are technology-related, while some come from the antiquated culture inherent in financial services, but all will be affected by AI in some way:
Electricity Consumption: Mining is an extremely Difficult tasks require a lot of power and money to complete. AI has proven to be an effective means of optimizing power consumption, so similar results can also be achieved in blockchain, which may lead to a decline in investment in mining hardware.
Scalability: The blockchain is developing steadily at a pace of 1MB every 10 minutes, and the current total has reached 85GB. Satoshi Nakamoto first proposed "blockchain pruning" (such as removing unnecessary data about fully consumed transactions) as a possible solution, AI could introduce new decentralized learning systems such as federated learning, or Introduce new data sharding technology to make the system more efficient.
Security: Even if the blockchain is almost impossible to attack, the deeper layers and applications of the blockchain are not so secure (such as DAO, Mt Gox, Bitfinex, etc.). The incredible progress made in machine learning over the past 2 years makes AI an excellent ally for blockchain to ensure secure application deployment, especially given the fixed nature of the system’s architecture;
Privacy: Privacy issues with personal data raise regulatory and strategic concerns about competitive advantage. Homomorphic encryption (operating directly on encrypted data), Enigma project, and Zerocash project are all feasible solutions. This problem is closely related to the previous scalability and security issues, and the importance is the same;
Efficiency: Deloitte (one of the four largest accounting firms in the world) estimates that the total operating cost of blockchain verification and shared transactions is about $600 million per year. An intelligent system might eventually be able to calculate in real time the likelihood of a particular node being the first to perform a particular task, giving other miners the possibility of choosing to abandon their efforts targeting that particular transaction, thereby cutting down on overall costs. In addition, even if there are certain structural constraints, better efficiency and lower energy consumption may also reduce network latency, thereby making transactions faster;
Hardware: Miners (not necessarily companies but also individuals) make it difficult to Confident money is invested in specialized hardware components. Since power consumption has always been a critical issue, many solutions have been proposed and more will be introduced in the future. As long as the system becomes more efficient, some of the hardware may be converted (sometimes partially converted) to be used by neural networks (mining giant Bitmain is doing this);
Lack of talent: This is a leap of faith, But equally we are trying to automate data science itself, I don't see why we can't create virtual agents that can create new ledgers (or even influence and maintain ledgers);
Data: In the future when all our data All put on the blockchain, companies can buy directly from us and need help authorizing access, tracking data usage, and generally figuring out what’s happening to the personal information at computer speeds. That’s exactly what smart machines do. .
The Xueshuo Innovation Blockchain Technology Workstation under Lianqiao Education Online is the only approved "Blockchain Technology Professional" pilot of the "Smart Learning Workshop 2020- Xueshuo Innovation Workstation" launched by the School Planning, Construction and Development Center of the Ministry of Education of China. workstation. The professional base is based on providing students with diversified growth paths, promoting the reform of the training model integrating professional degree research, production, and research, and building an applied and compound talent training system.

VI Are 10 cases where blockchain has changed existing business

This article introduces the current 10 main usage scenarios of blockchain:

(1) Tracking global supply Products in the chain;

is a typical usage scenario of blockchain technology in security traceability. It can promote information tracking, query, verification and anti-counterfeiting of commodity circulation, and can significantly improve the efficiency of some links. However, the role of the blockchain can only be reflected in the chain, but it cannot cover the parts operated by people below the chain.

(2) Guarantee 3D printing quality and tracking;

(3) Create personalized and lifelong “one-stop” medical records;

Blockchain healthcare can track anyone’s complete medical history, such as medications , illnesses, injuries, and interactions across health care systems, physicians, pharmacies, andtransactions for health plans and empower patients to control their own data. Blockchain can also transfer insurance payments: smart contracts can automatically trigger insurance provisions when a clinic confirms a patient has received treatment, and prevent fraudulent or inaccurate claims. Some startups, such as the UK's Medicalchain, blockchain company Gem, MIT and other companies and universities are experimenting with this use.

(4) Simplify trade logistics;

Traditional trade involves complex import and export procedures, and all participants in the entire chain require a large number of paper documents to interact, resulting in high communication costs. Blockchain can optimize this system. Maersk and IBM have created a platform that integrates services such as liner, warehouse, freight forwarding, ports, customs, exporters, importers and trade finance banks into the trade ecosystem, on a data exchange platform running on the blockchain interoperate.

(5) Facilitate and secure customs trade;

Blockchain has been tested in many customs departments, including the United Kingdom, South Korea, Singapore, Costa Rica, Mexico, Peru and the 15-nation East African Group. In 2017, U.S. Customs developed 14 use cases for blockchain, which are currently being tested and evaluated. Blockchain will be particularly useful for the UK: when the UK leaves the EU customs union, its number of customs declarations will increase from 55 million to over 250 million (non-EU trade plus EU trade, which previously did not require customs documents), which is currently the case with UK software The program cannot fully handle it. Blockchain can help: It can trace the origins of products and help determine the origin and appropriate tariffs for goods, such as those destined to join the European Union’s tariff package. For the UK’s 28 border agencies, imported products such as food, safety and intellectual property compliance need to be analyzed, and blockchain projects can be shared securely and transparently in real time.

(6) Prevent voting fraud and protect voter identities;

Blockchain security and identity protection features can reduce fraud and encourage voters to believe their votes are anonymous,

increase turnout and make elections more immediate . Using the technology, voters can scan their thumbs with their smartphones and cast their ballots during their Election Day commute. If everyone votes via the blockchain, no one can vote twice. Voting records are inviolable, and the ID of each ballot is recorded instantly at every polling location.

(7) Launch crop insurance for farmers;

Crop insurance customized to specific farmer needs is often very expensive, and blockchain technology can reduce costs by determining trigger conditions and automating execution. For example, farmers can insure against extreme weather. If extreme weather affects a harvest, a blockchain-based insurance contract would immediately recognize this and pay the farmer’s claim.

Establishing a network of energy producers and users;

Decades ago, some companies introduced smart grids to provide intermediary services for energy producers and demanders. Now, blockchain can optimize smart grids and provide energy producers and consumers with a regional intermediary energy trading platform. TenneT and Brooklyn-based startup LO3 Energyare all trying this business.

(9) Create smart cities that can operate independently;

Blockchain can now amplify the impact of Douyou IoT on city operations. For example, Dubai has a pilot project to implement blockchain in city services. Dubai plans to use blockchain for more than 100 million annual government documents by 2020, including all visa applications, bill payments and license renewals.

(10) Automatic payment to the exporter when the goods arrive at the foreign buyer;

Blockchain changes the information asymmetry in existing international trade by allowing both parties to the transaction to access the same data and real-time digital files question. There is no need to store multiple copies of the same document across different databases for different entities. When goods arrive marked by sensors connected to the smart contract, a transfer of money from the buyer to the seller is automatically triggered.

2. Ten major problems currently faced by the blockchain industry and their analysis

2.1. Is the data on the blockchain really immutable?

Can one of the core features of blockchain, "anti-tampering", really be realized? And is "tamper-proof" really beneficial?

The report pointed out that the blockchain is not completely immutable and gave three weaknesses of the blockchain:

(2) It may be hacked, and 51% of the chain is controlled by people who want to tamper with the results.

(3) The "garbage of garbage" problem has existed for centuries. The value of a blockchain depends on the data on the chain, and data entered into the blockchain may be inaccurate or fraudulent. One solution is to use sensors instead of manually entering data.

The so-called "51% attack" is to take advantage of computing power to cancel payment transactions that have already occurred. If someone masters more than 50% of the computing power, he can find the random numbers needed to mine the block faster than others, so he actually has the absolute and effective right to decide which block. From a technical level, a 51% attack is achievable, but the cost is very high for the earliest cryptocurrencies such as BTC. They have built a huge network, which is why BTC’s network has remained stable for 10 years. reason. But with other counterfeit currencies, the risk is greater.

In addition, there is no direct benefit for the attacker to simply launch a 51% attack, and it must be linked to specific short selling and false recharge. Specifically, it is often a double spend on a certain transaction. The attacker stops attacking once. Continuous attacks are costly and will stop once successful; second, the community can issue an emergency pudding and add checkpoints to the blockchain. The community urgently agreed that the attacker’s blockchain was invalid. Therefore, there are many ways to deal with the 51% attack, and it will not be the end of the world for a blockchain.

2.2. Who owns and maintains the blockchain? And who asked about the appearance?

Responsible for problems and losses?

Since the blockchain is a decentralized user community, who will maintain it? Shouldn’t it require human adjustment and maintenance just like a website?

For permissioned chains, such as alliance chains and private chains, there is no need for incentives such as tokens to motivate people to manage, there is a manager who manages the entire network. due to networkThere are fewer users in the network and the coordination cost is relatively low. However, such networks are susceptible to security challenges, and as the number of network users increases, coordination costs will increase.

For consortium chains and private chains, since they are still very centralized organizations, the verification nodes are identified by the organization itself, so the management model is not very different from traditional centralized institutions. However, for public chains, there is no leader who coordinates the entire network system, and only relies on token incentives to coordinate different interest groups, which undoubtedly increases the instability of the entire ecosystem. At present, the development of the blockchain industry is in a very early stage. In addition to the relatively mature decentralized governance of BTC, in the governance of public chains such as ETH and EOS, the founder development team plays a very core role and is the "rules" of the public chain. "Maker", although the entire ecosystem has achieved partial decentralization, the founders still play a pivotal role in the direction of strategic development. Therefore, the author believes that the decentralization of blockchain can only be an ultimate goal that is constantly approaching. From the birth of the project to its maturity, its degree of decentralization should continue to increase, as shown in the figure below. In the early stages of project development, the founder and his development team play an absolute guiding role in the entire ecosystem. As the project ecosystem matures and the number of participants continues to increase, the original development team should gradually weaken its guiding role. The entire network maintenance needs to be decided jointly by all developers and users in the ecosystem. As for the final network problems, they can only be borne by all participants.

Figure: Schematic diagram of the relationship between the degree of centralization and development stages of blockchain projects

2.3. Are smart contracts really smart?

The second reason why smart contracts are not yet that smart is that their entries can be manipulated by evil actors, such as contracting parties or miners who add transaction records to the blockchain's ledger of past transactions. One study showed that 3.4% of ETH smart contracts are vulnerable to hackers.

Smart contracts can indeed optimize many intermediate programs, but judging from current industry practice, they are far from being called smart. A qualified smart contract should include all possible scenarios. Because the core essence of smart contracts is "to make the most just ruling even in the darkest environment."

The difference between Ethereum and Bitcoin is that Ethereum is Turing complete, and more types of contracts with more complex terms can be implemented through this platform. Of course, the cost of this is that the complex contract content makes it becomes more difficult to analyze. Typically, complexity is directly proportional to the probability of a vulnerability; the higher the complexity, the greater the probability of a vulnerability.

As for the concept "code is law" proposed by Ethereum, however, the code has attracted hacker attacks due to its own vulnerabilities, so it is not enough to form the authority of "law". Therefore, it needs the trust and endorsement of the government, lawyers, courts and other intermediary institutions. Compared with coordination, the current contract seems too rough.

2.4． Is there identity theft on the blockchain?

3% of social media accounts are fake, so can fake accounts be created on the blockchain? Identities on the blockchain willWas it stolen?

Blockchain can create a personal database for users whose data cannot be tampered with, but how to meet the user's "tampering" needs? This may be a paradox in the development of blockchain technology. Regarding user needs, we may need to start from the perspective of on-chain standards and authority management.

2.5． Can blockchains be connected to each other?

One blockchain records the data of an entity or user in one way, while another blockchain records the same data of the same entity or user in another way. In a fragmented system, multiple account books are not connected to each other, which will form a world of "operational islands", or "data islands". Users need to register for multiple systems at the same time to conduct transactions with different people for different purposes.

In view of the value transfer needs of different chains, cross-chain technology is the key, which can effectively connect different alliance chains or private chains, and promote the outward expansion and connection of blockchains. The current mainstream cross-chain technologies include Notary schemes, Sidechains/relays, Hash-locking, Distributed private key control, etc.

2.6． How does the blockchain connect to off-chain databases?

If one party's data and documents are off-chain, and the other party's data and documents are on-chain, can the two parties interact? In the company's database, can half of the company's data on the blockchain interact with the other half of the data?

These challenges are well known and are being addressed. For example, the same queries and analysis can be run in on-chain and off-chain databases. The risk is that data brought from on-chain to off-chain is no longer immutable, and researchers recognize that data security and aggregating, transforming and optimizing on-chain and off-chain data sets are significant challenges.

2.7． Can blockchain facilitate money laundering?

Money laundering is a huge global problem, amounting to 1-2 trillion US dollars, accounting for approximately 2% - 5% of the total global GDP. Banks and authorities are fighting back, spending about $8 billion a year to combat corruption. Banks around the world require KYC verification.

Due to the anonymous nature of the blockchain, especially the emergence of anonymous coins, BTC has been criticized by many people as a tool for money laundering. However, the anonymity of BTC is only anonymity on the chain. The interaction between people and the chain, and the interaction between BTC and legal currency will leave traces. It is not as "lawless" as many media have promoted. Each BTC transaction requires the transfer of a corresponding address, and the transaction records of the address can be queried. In addition, the exchange of BTC and legal currency is conducted off-chain and cannot escape supervision. If the actual identity of any party in the transaction is exposed, it will be difficult for all participants in the transaction to escape recourse.

2.8． Will the blockchain consume all the energy in the world?

BTC has amazing energy needs. It takes Ireland one year to operate Bitcoin.energy consumption. Because BTC’s POW consensus mechanism requires miners to mine for transaction verification. There are concerns that as the network increases and the value of BTC rises, energy demand will grow rapidly. In fact, miners themselves have incentives to prevent this from happening, and the scalability of the blockchain is limited by availability, energy costs, and the miners' own financial resources. The current alternative is the POS consensus mechanism. The POS mechanism selects validators based on the number of currency holders.

In fact, it can be seen that except for the early batch of cryptocurrencies headed by BTC, most current blockchain projects have taken into account the disadvantages of POW and are constantly innovating consensus mechanisms to avoid excessive consumption of energy. Therefore, blockchain is not enough to cause such a huge consumption of energy.

2.9. Will blockchain take our jobs?

Regarding blockchain, if people can trade directly with each other, what impact will blockchain have on intermediaries such as banks and lawyers? Blockchain is unlikely to be a job killer; it will, like any technology, change the nature of work by changing companies’ business and revenue models.

When artificial intelligence becomes popular, people will continue to ask questions like this. On the one hand, we enjoy the convenience that technology brings to us, but on the other hand, we are worried that technology will replace us. The biggest challenge of blockchain is not the technology itself, but changing the traditional profit distribution model. Blockchain technology can remove certain intermediary links, break the monopoly of many resources by centralized institutions, and thus change the interest pattern. This is also the most revolutionary point of blockchain.

2.10. Is the United States lagging behind in the development of the blockchain industry?

Globally, the blockchain industry in the United States is still in its infancy. Deloitte surveyed 1,053 executives in financial services, healthcare, technology industries, telecommunications, manufacturing and other industries in 2018. According to the survey, only 14% of American respondents believe that blockchain is used in their production, compared with 49% in China, 48% in Mexico, 40% in the United Kingdom, and 36% in Canada. Plans are also lagging: 41% of U.S. companies plan to invest $1 million or more in blockchain, compared with 85% in China, 74% in Canada, 72% in the United Kingdom, and 65% in Mexico.

According to the "Blockchain China-U.S. Development White Paper" released by Silicon Valley Insight, North America is comparable to Asia in terms of the number of ICOs. In terms of financing amount, North America is far ahead with 7.85 billion. Therefore, the United States, as a major country in North America, is not lagging behind at all. On the contrary, it is still leading in many aspects.

《Harnessing Blockchain for American Business and Prosperity》

http://forex.hexun.com/2018-06-17/193222543.html

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Introduction to Tianjige: Tianjige (LD Research) was established on July 2, 2018. It is a company dedicated to exploring the unknown of science and technology, taking human development as the driving force, and taking "BASE Research for Solving Real Problems" Research Institute for the purpose.

This article comes from Babbitt

Related questions and answers: What are the uses of blockchain technology in the business field?

What are the uses of blockchain technology in the business field?

In recent years, due to the virtual digital With currency speculation booming, blockchain, as its underlying technology, has also begun to receive widespread attention. Blockchain has the characteristics of decentralization, trustlessness, collective maintenance, and reliable storage. It is currently widely used in the field of virtual currency.

Since the birth of Bitcoin, more than 1,600 virtual currencies have appeared in the world, and a huge industrial chain ecosystem has been formed around the generation, storage, and trading of virtual currencies. But overall, the industry is still in its infancy and is still far away from the real value use area. The core of the blockchain economy lies in the reconstruction of business logic and organizational forms, so it is necessary to obtain practical examples in multiple industries to demonstrate its value. This article will explore the business models used by blockchain in various industries from the perspective of combining blockchain with industry needs.

First of all, the core of blockchain is to solve the problem of credit:

Credit is the foundation of all commercial activities and finance. The United States has implemented trusted identification since 2011, while China has implemented a real-name system to achieve supervised information dissemination. The significance of blockchain is that it has established decentralized trust from a technical level for the first time and realized a completely distributed credit system.

Secondly, blockchain solves the problem of value exchange:

Traditional networks can achieve point-to-point transmission of information, but cannot achieve point-to-point transmission of value. Because information is allowed to be copied, and value must be authentic and unique, it is necessary to rely on a centralized organization to achieve value transfer. Blockchain perfectly solves this problem and provides a method to realize point-to-point transfer of value. During the value transfer process, accounting is realized by the network without relying on a centralized institution. Therefore, blockchain is expected to become the infrastructure for building new finance and the cornerstone of the future value Internet.

The use of blockchain

There are currently two main modes of blockchain use:

1) Native blockchain use: directly based on decentralized blockchain technology to realize value Transmission and transaction use, such as digital currency;

2) "Blockchain +" model: combine traditional scenarios with the underlying protocol of the blockchain to improve efficiency and reduce costs. It is expected that the use of blockchain in various industries will be dominated by the second model.

Blockchain has five core attributes, namely: transaction attributes (value attributes), certificate attributes, trust attributes, intelligence attributes, and traceability attributes. The above core attributes are combined with the needs of the industry to solve the industry's pain points and become the commercial application of blockchain in various industries.model.

Blockchain + Bank

1. Cross-border payment

Cross-border payment is a pain point that has long plagued the banking industry. Traditional cross-border payment methods include two major categories: one is online payment, including electronic account payment and international credit card payment, which is suitable for small retail amounts; the other is the bank remittance model, which is suitable for large-amount transactions; both have payment cycles Long, high fees, low transaction transparency and other issues. Especially in recent years, with the rise of cross-border e-commerce, convenient, fast, safe and low-cost cross-border payment has become an urgent need for the industry.

The role of blockchain:

The characteristics of blockchain are deintermediation and open and transparent transactions. There is no third-party payment institution to join, which shortens the payment cycle, reduces fees, and increases transaction transparency. For example, in December 2017, China Merchants Bank teamed up with Wing Lung Bank and Wing Lung Shenzhen Branch to successfully implement cross-border RMB remittances between the three parties using blockchain technology. Its clearing process is safe, efficient and fast, greatly improving customer experience.

2. Supply chain finance

The pain points in this field are the long financing cycle and high costs. Centered on the core enterprise system of the supply chain, it is difficult for third-party credit enhancement institutions to authenticate the authenticity of various relevant vouchers in the supply chain, resulting in long manual review times and high financing costs.

The role of blockchain:

Blockchain introduces consensus mechanism, existence proof, non-tampering, traceability and other characteristics into supply chain finance, and does not require third-party credit enhancement agencies to authenticate various relevant credentials in the supply chain. authenticity, thereby reducing financing costs and shortening the financing cycle. For example, in April 2017, the listed company Yijian and IBM China Research jointly launched the blockchain supply chain financial service system "Yijian Block". The system focuses on pharmaceutical scenarios and currently has more than 30 pharmaceutical distribution companies. Successfully registered in the "Yijian Block", as of the end of July, the number of transactions had been close to 8,000, and the total investment amount exceeded 100 million yuan.

3. Digital Bills

The pain point of the digital bill industry lies in the long-term problems of "false bills" and "one vote selling many", which have brought risks to the bill financing business of the banking industry.

The role of blockchain:

The existence proof and non-tampering characteristics of blockchain effectively solve the problem of false digital bills; at the same time, blockchain solves the double-spend problem and avoids "one vote". Sell ​​more". For example, Shenzhen Blockchain Financial Services Co., Ltd. issues ticket chain products to provide ticket financing services based on blockchain to solve the ticket financing needs of small, medium and micro enterprises. Cooperative banks include Ganzhou Bank, Guiyang Bank, Suzhou Bank, Shizuishan Bank, Langfang Bank, Wuhai Bank, Jilin Jiutai Rural Commercial Bank, Yaodu Rural Commercial Bank, Shenzhen Rural Industry Bank, Weifang Bank, Zhongyuan Bank, etc. In addition, Zheshang Bank, JD Finance, Hang Seng Electronics, HNA, etc. are also verifying blockchain digital bill services.

Blockchain + Securities

1. Asset Securitization

Asset securitization uses future income as a guarantee to obtain current financing. The pain points in this field are: there are many participants, many operating links, low transaction transparency, and insufficient information.Symmetry, the authenticity of the underlying assets cannot be guaranteed.

The role of blockchain:

Blockchain introduces attributes such as existence proof, non-tamperability, and consensus mechanism for asset securitization. It can monitor the true situation of assets in real time and solve the problem of the underlying issues of institutions in the transaction chain. Asset trust issues. Various assets such as equity, bonds, bills, income certificates, warehouse receipts, etc. can be integrated into the blockchain and become digital assets on the chain, improving asset circulation efficiency and reducing costs. For example, in May 2017, Internet Finance and partners including Baiqian Leasing and Huaneng Trust jointly issued an asset securitization ABS project supported by blockchain technology, with an issuance scale of 424 million yuan.

Blockchain + Insurance

1. Insurance Business

The insurance industry has problems such as information asymmetry and lack of trust between customers and insurance institutions: it is difficult for users to choose insurance products that suit them, while insurance institutions Face the risk of insurance fraud.

The role of blockchain:

The decentralized, open, transparent, and traceable characteristics of blockchain establish a good communication channel between insurance institutions and users; insurance subject information is managed uniformly on the blockchain , cannot be tampered with, helping insurance institutions avoid the risk of insurance fraud; at the same time, smart contracts can improve work efficiency and reduce costs. For example, French insurance giant AXA is using the Ethereum public blockchain to provide automated flight delay compensation for air travelers. If the flight is delayed for more than 2 hours, the "smart contract" insurance product will automatically pay claims to passengers.

2. Credit information management

The pain point in this field is that credit information agencies have limited data collection channels and a lack of data sharing, which makes it difficult to accurately characterize the credit status of individuals or institutions; in addition, there are also problems in how to guarantee the data collection process. User privacy issues.

The role of blockchain:

Blockchain has the characteristics of trustlessness, consensus, and non-tampering. At the technical level, it ensures that limited and controllable credit data sharing can be achieved on the basis of effectively protecting user privacy. And verification. For example, Ping An's blockchain credit reporting business is now online. In addition, domestic startups such as Shanghai Juzhen, LinkEye, Bubi Blockchain, etc. are also exploring joint credit reporting and safe certificate storage.

As a basic technology, blockchain has great use value in many industries with distributed processing, peer-to-peer transactions, and rapid establishment of trust relationships. Its core is to solve the problem of credit and realize Point-to-point delivery of value. Therefore, it is considered to be the cornerstone of the future value Internet.

The core of the blockchain business model is to use the innovative attributes introduced by the blockchain and combine it with traditional industry uses to realize the reconstruction of business logic in order to create new usage scenarios, or improve efficiency and reduce costs.

It is expected that the use of blockchain will first start in the pan-financial field that has high requirements for credit, efficiency, and security: the financial industry pays more attention to efficiency and security, and blockchain has a high degree of matching with its pain points, and can be used for Systematically solve trust issues, efficiency issues, default risks, etc. that exist in all aspects of financial services; the "transaction" of blockchainIt is easier to generate value in the financial industry due to its attributes such as "easy, certificate-depositing and traceability". At the same time, the financial industry has a huge market space, and small progress can bring huge benefits.

Blockchain will also extend to all areas of social life. : Blockchain solves the problems of management, transaction, and transfer of digital assets, so it will play an important role in the wave of asset digitization, such as supply chain management, data services, asset management, public services, Internet of Things, etc., and is being used in various fields Gradually implemented, "Blockchain +" is becoming a reality.

Ⅶ Layer 2 Protocol

The Layer 2 protocol refers to the auxiliary framework or auxiliary framework built on the existing blockchain system. Protocols. The main goal of these protocols is to solve the transaction speed and scaling difficulties faced by major cryptocurrency networks.

For example, Bitcoin and Ethereum are still unable to process thousands of transactions per second (TPS), which Certainly not conducive to their long-term growth. Higher throughput is needed before these networks can be effectively adopted and used more widely.

In this context, the term "Layer 2" refers to Various solutions proposed to the problem of blockchain scalability. The two main examples of layer 2 solutions are the Bitcoin Lightning Network and Ethereum Plasma. Although they have their own working mechanisms and peculiarities, both Solutions are working hard to provide higher throughput for blockchain systems.

Specifically, the Lightning Network is based on state channels, which basically perform blockchain operations and report them to the master. Additional channels to the chain. State channels are primarily used as payment channels. On the other hand, the Plasma framework consists of sidechains, which are essentially small blockchains arranged in a tree-like structure.

Updated from In a broad sense, Layer 2 protocols create a secondary framework in which blockchain transactions and processes can occur independently of Layer 1 (the main chain). For this reason, these technologies can also be called “off-chain” ” Scaling solution.

One of the main advantages of using an off-chain solution is that the main chain does not require any structural changes since the second layer is added as an additional layer. Therefore, Layer 2 The solution has the potential to achieve high throughput without sacrificing network security.

In other words, most of the work to be performed by the main chain can be offloaded to the second layer. So while the main chain The chain (layer 1) provides security, but the second layer provides high throughput, capable of executing hundreds or even thousands of transactions per second.

VIII. The third generation blockchain will make up for the remaining limitations of Ethereum. Defi vulnerability under.

Although many people may have only recently discovered it, blockchain technology has been around long enough to evolve from first-generation protocols to second-generation protocols and now to its third generation protocol.

The first generation of blockchain began with Bitcoin, an alternative to the hegemony of centralized financial services. It laid the foundation for a decentralized financial ecosystem, but the Bitcoin network offers limited functionality, requires enormous computing power to run, and suffers from a severe lack of interoperability.

This led to the emergence of Ethereum in 2015, marking the dawn of second-generation blockchain protocols. As Vitalik Buterin introduced smart contract functionality on the blockchain, it triggered a paradigm shift that allowed cryptocurrencies to transition from financial instruments to more practical purposes.

Ethereum opens the door to decentralized finance (defi) by enabling "conditional transfer" of data and value on the chain. Since then, Ethereum has been growing like crazy, solidifying itself as the go-to platform for launching dapps, NFTs, and defi protocols.

Developers and adopters embraced Ethereum and started generating their own ERC20 tokens, so many social media platforms started talking about "flippening" - the terms in which ETH would exceed the market cap of BTC.

However, despite its success, problems soon became apparent on the Ethereum blockchain. As new projects enter the Ethereum ecosystem in large numbers, the network begins to face scalability issues. Gas fees skyrocketed and limited transaction throughput became a daily problem.

Ethereum creator Vitalik Buterin has also expressed his doubts about Ethereum's ability to scale, saying:

While the proposed Ethereum 2.0 upgrade promises to address the issues that currently make the Ethereum network Overshadowed by the problem, but things didn't go as planned. The first phase of ETH 2.0, initially slated for a 2019 launch, begins in December 2020. There are still two phases left, and a full launch before 2022 is highly unlikely.

Therefore, it is not an exaggeration to claim that the network still has a long way to go before realizing its core vision of becoming the world's "decentralized computer."

Despite the innovations brought by Bitcoin and Ethereum, these chains are plagued by their own scalability and efficiency issues. At the same time, both networks require significant computing resources to run. All of this results in a perpetual cycle of painfully slow throughput and exorbitant costs.

Many local 2-level extension solutions have been developedsolutions to overcome the inherent problems of Bitcoin and Ethereum, each solution has achieved varying degrees of success. Layer 2 solutions solve interoperability and scalability issues to a certain extent, but core issues related to consensus mechanisms and mining have yet to be resolved.

This is where the third generation of blockchain comes in. While some third-generation protocols complement existing blockchain networks, others are entirely new blockchains with a wide range of features and functionality. From multi-layer architecture to innovative consensus mechanisms, third-generation blockchain protocols are not only fully capable of solving emerging scalability issues, but are also highly interoperable, fast and cost-effective.

It is undeniable that the defi craze happened because of Ethereum, and Ethereum still dominates the defi market. However, with the emergence of newly defined projects based on third-generation blockchain protocols, Ethereum’s authority will undoubtedly be challenged.

As defi continues to expand its market, the next "Defi boom" is likely to come from emerging industries that are more agile and focused than early blockchain network innovations. That said, as the crypto world lays the groundwork for the “next big flip,” promising projects are lining up for newer blockchain technology.

In terms of market dominance, Cardano, Solana, and Polkadot lead the way. Each platform offers a range of capabilities, which is why a consortium of new projects is lining up to start building their ideas on these platforms.

For example, Cardano’s stablecoin and defi hub Ardana enables Cardano to expand into the defi space. The platform and its constituent protocols were designed from a defined macro perspective to provide users with the functionality they need to help maintain all types of decentralized economies on the Cardano chain. It will serve as a financial foundation layer to support Cardano’s decentralized economy by employing a protocol model with historically proven composability, capital efficiency, and stability.

Ardana will soon launch dUSD as part of its strategic roadmap. This verifiable, on-chain mortgage-backed stablecoin will help users put their ADA and other supported assets to use. The platform will also launch its AMM dex (decentralized exchange) Danaswap for stable multi-asset pools. According to the Ardana team, Danaswap will offer capital-efficient swaps while targeting minimal slippage and enable liquidity providers to take advantage of low-risk yield opportunities.

Another ambitious initiative is Acala, a Defi liquidity center that leverages the built-in capabilities of the third-generation blockchain protocol Polkadot. Currently, almost all stablecoins are built on the Ethereum network, limiting adoption and use. Acala hopes to change this reality by leveraging Polkadot’s speed, cross-chain interoperability, and cost efficiencies to provide a defi hub with built-in liquidity and ready-made decentralized finance applications.

Likewise, Acala claims to settle transactions at a fraction of what other networks require, establishing a numerical advantage in the defi race. The platform will support small gas fees that are minimally affected by transaction complexity through Polkadot’s weight-based fee model. Additionally, Acala will introduce an “algorithmic risk adjustment” feature that will automatically modify the risk parameters of its lending protocols, including interest rates and collateral ratios.

Finally, in the ongoing battle for defi market share, Atani, the all-in-one crypto trading platform built on the Solana blockchain network, is another heavyweight contender to monitor. The platform offers free crypto trading tools and partners with top exchanges such as Kucoin, Binance, Okex, Bitfinex, Poloniex, etc. to provide users with lower trading fees.

Atani recently launched a new dex aggregator on Solana to provide order routing capabilities while providing add-ons such as portfolio tracking, price alerts, technical analysis, and more. With this aggregator and the embedded nature of Solana, Atani’s plan is to reduce friction between the decentralized defi ecosystem and provide liquidity from cexs (centralized exchanges) and dexs to the Solana ecosystem while ensuring multi-chain support .

When it comes to tapping into defi’s true potential, we haven’t really scratched the surface yet. Web 3.0 is evolving and the global village is getting smaller. At the same time, defi services are revolutionary for the world’s unbanked and underbanked, who need more room to expand just as existing protocols push network capacity limits.

From an unbiased perspective, Polkadot, Cardano, Solana, and several other third-generation blockchain platforms provide much-needed solutions to the scalability and interoperability that hinder traditional chains. They are faster, more secure, more cost-effective and low on resource consumption, positioning them as an all-in-one solution that can broadly benefit the entire cryptocurrency industry. With the debut of Ethereum 2.0 still a long way off, third-generation blockchain protocols are already here to do the heavy lifting and take defi to the next level.

Which network do you think will win the defi race? Let us know in the comments section below.

#热 Discussion Blockchain # #digital currency # #BTC[超话]#

Ⅸ How did the currency circle know about hacker attacks for the first time?

Since the advent of cryptocurrency Since then, it has been constantly attacked by hackers, which has continued to cause concerns among investors. Just in February this year, the Japanese digital currency exchange Coincheck had five billion US dollars worth of cryptocurrency stolen; 4 In March, the AMO blockchain was attacked by hackers on the first day it went online. Here is some advice from the currency circle: How does the blockchain respond to hacker attacks?

How does the blockchain respond to hacker attacks? ?

Faced with the successive attacks from hackers, some exchanges appeared panicked, while others immediately took measures to fight back against the hackers' attacks. The most typical example is that Ethereum chose to hard fork the blockchain to get back all the Ethereum coins, effectively solving this problem.

At that time, The DAO established a crowdfunding platform based on Ethereum smart contracts, but hackers transferred Ethereum with a market value of US$50 million. Subsequently, in order to restore investor assets, the Ethereum community voted to change the Ethereum code. Therefore, Ethereum performed a hard fork at block 1,920,000, rolling back all Ethereum coins (including those owned by hackers).

Seeing this, some people may ask: What is a hard fork?

Let’s first understand why a fork occurs, mainly because of a new After the block is mined, the blockchain system will generate a new protocol, which is incompatible with the old protocol. A hard fork means that the new protocol will no longer allow the old protocol to continue to work. Just like Ethereum, the protocol was changed to get the funds back, so a hard fork occurred.

There are precedents, and Ethereum (ETH) and Ethereum Classic (ETC) are typical cases of hard forks. It can be seen that the blockchain can effectively ensure the security of user data and personal assets through hard forks, and respond to hacker attacks.

In addition, in addition to fighting back hacker attacks through hard forks, some exchanges have also proposed other solutions, such as blockchain scalability solutions, multi-signature technology, etc.

Blockchain scalability solution

Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin proposed a blockchain scalability solution called Plasma Cash that can help transactions Resist hacker attacks. At the same time, he said: Users can exit the program through Plasma at any time during the transaction process and withdraw cash.

Therefore, even if hackers use Plasma Cash for transactions, user assets will not be lost, and even crypto exchanges may use this technology to resist hacker attacks.

Multi-signature technology

Hackers have disclosed thatCoincheck did not even take some basic security measures when it was attacked. The stolen cryptocurrency is stored in an Internet-connected wallet, while the funds are stored in the hardware. This makes people worry about the wallet. How can you access your wallet more securely?

Someone A solution was proposed: multisig technology can be combined to achieve multi-signature resistance, just like multiple keys are needed to open a home. Multi-signature means that multiple keys are needed to perform a task, which can make it more difficult for hackers to obtain funds.

The above is about how the blockchain responds to hacker attacks. However, the security of the above solutions still needs to be improved. These will be further answered as the technology is updated. We will wait and see for a perfect solution.

How does the X VS public chain solve the classic "impossible triangle" problem in the blockchain field?

First, the PoS+PoD hybrid consensus mechanism of the exclusive gaming community greatly improves the public chain network efficiency and consistency.
Second, community autonomy, all decisions are decided by voting by community members. Under the hybrid consensus mechanism, both PoS gold players and PoD technology players have higher rates of return and voice, which effectively avoids the impact of centralized computing power and centralized financial resources on the entire game ecology, thereby reducing the risk of forks . If a node wants to propose a fork for a certain protocol or standard, all nodes need to participate in voting. If the PoD+PoS weighted value of the voting result exceeds 50%, the system defaults to the chain with the higher weighted value as a valid chain, and all nodes will vote. Migrate to new chain mining at the time specified in the results.
Third, because game players have requirements for the performance and bandwidth of hardware devices, the VS public chain sets the node players participating in accounting into two categories: full nodes and light nodes. Players can manually switch between full nodes and light nodes. Generally, the light node mode is used during the game to give the game more hardware support, and the full node mode is activated after the game is over and during the idle period.
Fourth, all transaction permissions in the game come from the players. Only after the players authorize them through the exclusive secret key can the game assets be circulated. At the same time, all transaction data are encrypted using the modern cryptography technology ECC (elliptic encryption algorithm) to ensure the security of blockchain information.
Fifth, as a vertical public chain in the gaming field, VS will first complete an overall solution for decentralized game production, virtual asset issuance and token economic operation. Including game engines, developer environments, standard SDKs, etc., this reduces the difficulty and threshold for game developers to enter blockchain game development from various environments, which greatly reduces the workload and cost of the game development team, and also makes VS public The scalability of the chain becomes extremely high.