区块链博弈问题,区块链博弈机制是什么

区块链博弈问题是指，在分布式环境中，多个参与者之间的博弈。它是一种游戏理论，涉及分布式系统中的奖励机制，结果取决于参与者的行为。近年来，随着区块链技术的普及，区块链博弈机制也逐渐受到了关注。本文将介绍区块链博弈机制的三个关键词：激励机制、博弈模型和博弈协议。

激励机制是指在区块链博弈中，用来激励参与者提供有效服务的机制。它可以帮助参与者获得更多的收益，从而促进系统的可持续发展。激励机制可以分为两类：一是经济激励，即参与者可以通过提供有效服务获得更多的收益；二是技术激励，即参与者可以通过技术创新获得更多收益。激励机制可以帮助参与者实现利益最大化，从而促进系统的可持续发展。

博弈模型是指在区块链博弈中，用来定义参与者之间的关系和行为规则的模型。博弈模型的设计可以帮助参与者获得更多的收益，从而促进系统的可持续发展。常见的博弈模型有博弈树模型、博弈矩阵模型、博弈网络模型等。这些模型可以帮助参与者做出最优的决策，从而获得更多的收益。

博弈协议是指在区块链博弈中，用来规范参与者之间行为的协议。博弈协议可以帮助参与者实现利益最大化，从而促进系统的可持续发展。常见的博弈协议有Nash协议、Stackelberg协议、Coordination协议等。这些协议可以帮助参与者做出最优的决策，从而获得更多的收益。

以上就是区块链博弈机制的三个关键词：激励机制、博弈模型和博弈协议，它们可以帮助参与者实现利益最大化，从而促进系统的可持续发展。

❶ [Thinking about blockchain from scratch] (10) Everyone is the ecology, and the ecology is everyone

2018 is destined to be an extraordinary year for blockchain content entrepreneurship In 2017, especially in the past two months, various content platforms have emerged. In addition to Bihu, which has been in public beta, PRI, ONO, QUNQUN, Zhibi, etc. have recently been undergoing internal beta testing.

In Dayu WeChat, one platform has several partners joining the group, and they are all frantically recruiting new promotion platforms.

What is the magic power of blockchain that makes everyone so enthusiastic and popular?

Knifefish thought of a word, ecology.

1 Multiple identities, one person, one ecosystem

In any economy in the past, we generally had only one identity, the boss was the boss, the employees were employees, and the investors were investors. , the boundaries between the parties are clear and distinct.

But in the world of blockchain, identity characteristics and boundary consciousness are blurred and homogenized. We generally play multiple roles, unified into one, living in peace and harmony.

Taking Bihu as an example, Daoyu not only contributes content and is a producer, but also browses and likes other articles, and is also a consumer. At the same time, Daoyu invests his time and energy in his works on Bihu, which has a positive impact on Bihu. Ecologically speaking, he is also an investor and platform maintainer.

Therefore, from the perspective of the role and identity of the swordfish itself, the swordfish has the roles of producer, consumer, investor, etc., all of which are carried by the swordfish in a unified manner, co-prosperity and symbiosis, and become a self-contained entity.

A saury is actually an ecosystem. It is not like in the previous production relations, where the saury is just a fixed role and a link.

2 Convergence of interests, shared ecology for everyone

In the past various production relations, the interests of all parties were inconsistent. The interests between bosses and employees are inconsistent, the interests between the company and customers are inconsistent, the interests between the board of directors and management are inconsistent, and even the interests between employees are inconsistent, and so on.

Among these production relations, the most difficult thing to coordinate is the issue of interests.

People are all seeking profit. Since their interests are inconsistent with each other, it is naturally difficult to coexist.

Inconsistency of interests is the root of many problems in the company. Therefore, the resulting internal and external conflicts have caused a huge consumption of resources, and many companies have been destroyed due to this.

In such a production relationship, an organization (company) is like a fragile fishing net. Each party pulls one end and pulls it toward itself. As long as one party is too strong, it will inevitably cause an imbalance and the fishing net will break.

But in the blockchain ecosystem, no matter which party you are on, or whether you are involved in multiple parties, everyone’s interests are naturally the same. Everyone will be prosperous, and everyone will suffer losses. Everyone’s energy is positive, and they all think in their hearts. Make this ecosystem bigger and stronger.

For example, Bihu, in this ecosystem, whether it is the platform, content generators, or consumers, everyone wants to increase the value of the KEY in their hands, and they all want to contribute more to the Bihu ecosystem. Make some contribution.

This is not to say that everyone becomes noble as soon as they join the blockchain, but that everyone’s interests have converged and they all want to make money by expanding the ecosystem.

3 Complete closed loop, self-operating ecology

Self-motivating. There is no need for other external stimulus intervention. Incentives can be completed within the ecosystem. You work, OK, and the system will send you rewards (tokens). Everything is executed automatically. Tokens are generated by the system and require no additional payment.

Self-organizing. The blockchain efficiently organizes all participants in the ecosystem through smart contracts, consensus mechanisms, TOKEN, etc., forming a self-contained system without external force or external demands. All parties within the organization perform their respective duties and work together to build and maintain the ecosystem.

Self-running. All operations are completed within the system, and the maintainers of the ecosystem, whether miners, nodes, etc., do it on their own and voluntarily. No one forces it, and there is no need for external intervention.

Since the birth of Bitcoin, it has been operating safely for 9 years, and its lifespan has exceeded that of many enterprises. The most awesome thing is that Bitcoin has not established any special maintenance organization, has not hired a single employee, and has not paid 1 cent of operating expenses. This is an awesome scene that has never appeared in human history. Bitcoin’s current market value is 1,000 More than 100 million US dollars, exceeding the market value of most listed companies.

Therefore, in the blockchain ecosystem, all incentives, organizations, and operations do not require external force and can be completed within the system.

This is completely different from the previous production relations. The previous incentives, organization and operation had to rely on external forces, such as manpower, power, money, punishment, etc. outside the system.

4 Consensus co-construction, everyone is the ecosystem

Consensus is the core competitiveness of the blockchain and one of the greatest values. It is precisely because of the consensus that we come together, gather in a project, gather in the blockchain system, and form an ecosystem together.

In this system, everyone is the ecology, the ecology is everyone, and every participant is a part of the ecological co-construction. In this ecosystem, it is truly everyone for one and one for everyone.

Unlike the previous production relations, everyone is in a tense superior-subordinate relationship and competitive relationship. Everyone is in danger and wants toMaximizing self-interest is usually a zero-sum game.

In the everyone-to-people ecosystem of the blockchain, it is not that human nature has changed and everyone is no longer selfish, but that the environment has changed, the system has changed, and the ecology has changed. Individuals naturally change with the general environment and ecology.

Everyone still pursues maximization of interests, but this is based on the maximization of ecological interests and the interests of everyone's mutual prosperity.

In the governance system, the blockchain increases the cost of people doing evil, reduces the possibility of people doing evil, and at the same time increases the interests of people doing good. This decrease and increase complete the ecological innovation. , fundamentally changed the previous model of production relations.

In this way, everyone is in the game, coexisting and prospering with each other, forming a complete and upward ecology.

In such an ecosystem, no one will come out to cause trouble or cause trouble for you.

❷ The development of blockchain applications has gone through several stages

Principles of blockchain technology

By definition, blockchain is a time-based It is a traceable chain data structure that combines continuously generated information blocks in a sequential manner. It is a distributed ledger that cryptographically ensures that the data cannot be tampered with or forged.

Blockchain is an innovative application formed by combining asymmetric encryption algorithms, consensus mechanisms, distributed storage, point-to-point transmission and other related technologies in new ways. The biggest advantage and direction of blockchain technology is "decentralization". By using cryptography, consensus mechanisms, game theory and other technologies and methods, decentralized credit-based decentralization can be realized in a distributed system where network nodes do not need to trust each other. Peer-to-peer trading.

The excellent characteristics of blockchain come from its unique technical foundation. A basic blockchain must at least consist of three parts: data layer, network layer and consensus layer.

The data layer provides a unique data structure to ensure security, and uses asymmetric encryption, hash function, Merkle tree and other technologies to encrypt data to ensure data security and provide the basis for blockchain applications;

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The network layer realizes the core idea of ​​decentralization through the P2P network. In the BitTorrent network, each node is both a data receiver and a data sender.

In blockchain technology, the public key is similar to a seed. With the public key, you have an identity that can speak in the network. At present, the consensus mechanisms mainly include PoW, PoS and DPoS consensus mechanisms. If you want to attack the blockchain, you must provide greater computing power than Zhu Lian. The benefits obtained are far less than the cost of the attack. The PoW consensus mechanism competes through computing power. Ensure the security and decentralization of the system.

——For more data and analysis, please refer to the "Forward-looking Industry Research Institute" China’s Blockchain Industry Market Prospects and Investment WarStrategic Planning Analysis Report.

❸ What earth-shaking changes will blockchain bring and how will it change life?

In addition to being used in the financial industry, blockchain is also used in other fields. In fields such as law, retail, Internet of Things, and medical care, blockchain can solve trust problems, no longer rely on third parties to establish credit information sharing, and improve the operating efficiency and overall level of the entire industry. Extremely high productivity will connect all people and machines in this society into a global network, and mankind will accelerate towards an era where goods and services are almost free. Perhaps by the second half of the 21st century, capitalism will decline and areas The decentralized collaborative sharing model of the blockchain will replace it and become the new model that dominates economic life.

Blockchain is the best technical means for this new collaborative sharing model. The infrastructure of blockchain allocates global resources in a decentralized manner, making blockchain an ideal technical framework for promoting social and economic development. The operational logic of blockchain lies in its ability to optimize peer-to-peer resources, global collaboration, and the sensitivity that fosters and encourages the creation of social capital in society. Establishing various platforms for blockchain can encourage a collaborative culture to the greatest extent, which complements the original shared model and will make it the decisive economic model of the 21st century.

❹ The core of blockchain technology is

The core of blockchain technology
is the consensus algorithm. The essence of the consensus algorithm is in the
distributed network< br />Under the condition that each node does not trust each other, by providing evidence
scarce resources
, a
Nash equilibrium
game field is formed to win the trust of all parties. , quickly reach agreement between various nodes and complete tasks synchronously.

❺ How to play against unexpected market trends

The biggest feature of Friday’s market is that it exceeds expectations, mainly in two areas: blockchain and real estate.

First of all, let’s talk about blockchain. The differentiation of blockchain on Friday was expected, but the degree of differentiation and the way of differentiation were beyond expectations. The back row was greatly adjusted, and Yiqiao shares exploded with many kills. There are many, but the front row is firmly sealed and does not provide an opportunity to change hands. This extreme fragmentation trend is relatively unexpected. There is not much problem with the differentiation of the blockchain sector on Friday. And as a relatively new subject, we could have been reasonably optimistic when the market leader has already reached a high level. However, there are certain problems with the differentiation method on Friday. The back row weakened beyond expectations, while the front row targets were not appropriately The exchange of hands eliminates valid differences, and the stability of the chips in the front row will be greatly tested. On Friday night, the U.S. stock blockchain will be adjusted for several days, and supervision is also intended to target it. In the short term, it is necessary to prevent the short-term extreme trend of many killings. Overall, There is a lot of uncertainty about the trend on Monday, so be cautious first. However, as a new subject, blockchain has reached a high level in the market. If there are really many kills and many appear, the front-row targets can pay attention to the sell-down, buy-in at the mid-low and counter-package.Opportunity.

Real estate, real estate has weakened from the leading trend on Thursday, but it exceeded expectations on Friday. Judging from the trend on Friday, it started from the oversold low-price real estate, Rongan Real estate took advantage of the trend and took advantage of the gap in the connecting board space to get listed on the board. However, several major industry leaders such as Vanke, Seazen Holdings, Poly, and Gemdale began to experience stagflation. The changes in real estate on Friday may be based on the arbitrage sentiment of Tahoe Group's resumption of trading on Monday. The general real estate leader resumed trading on Monday. During the suspension period, the sector's trend was strong, and there should be room for supplementary growth. However, in the short term, real estate is a trend of reaching the top, and the trend is already externally strong and medium-term. In the short term, we will first look at the adjustment. After the adjustment, we will continue to be optimistic about the major real estate leaders. , the industry-leading target with sales of more than 100 billion has the opportunity to follow the white horse trend of the band.

Except for real estate and blockchain, the rest of the market on Friday was generally weak, and Cixin began to have a continuous money loss effect. Although Guizhou Gas still hit highs, its profits fell out of the sector. Following the trend of independent monster stocks, chips, semiconductors, and 5G have all seen relatively large declines. Watson Pharmaceuticals has also peaked in the short term. Overall, there are not many bright spots on the market. The only bright spot is that the leader is still expanding. There is space, but the driving effect on the sector is no longer large. Overall, there is no good point to participate in the market.

In fact, it is very obvious on the market. From the perspective of short-term trading, the market height has indeed been achieved. The height of the leading position has exceeded expectations. However, several points that have appeared on the market have weakened and there is no way to start. For this If the market can dig out some new themes, then with the help of the height that the leader has reached, there will be emotional arbitrage opportunities in the short term. However, if some new things cannot be dug out at this position to hedge against profit-making selling pressure, the probability of short-term adjustment is relatively high. , judging from the news over the weekend, there is not much of value to spread, so the short-term speculation has encountered a bottleneck and needs to be adjusted. In addition, short-term concept stocks are weakening. Against the backdrop of 11 consecutive positive gains in the market, we can see whether funds from swing logic stocks can return.

❻ What are the existing problems of blockchain technology

1. Performance issues

Volume issues

Blockchain’s impact on data Backup requirements pose storage space challenges. Blockchain requires that after a transaction is completed, it is broadcast to the entire network, and every node in the system must back up data.

Take Bitcoin as an example. The block data since the creation block has exceeded 60GB, and the amount of blockchain data is still increasing. This will bring problems to the operation of the Bitcoin Core client. A big challenge.

Processing speed issues

The Bitcoin blockchain currently processes a maximum of 6.67 transactions per second, and a confirmation time is about 10 minutes, which can easily cause congestion delays for a large number of transactions, which may Applications with small multiple transactions and highly time-sensitive transactions will be restricted.

Although there are some overcoming methods, it is still difficult to comprehensively solve the problem of communicationEasier and more efficient methods still need to be discovered.

Energy consumption is too high

Thirdly, the computing power in the mining process does not produce additional actual social value, and also wastes a large amount of electronic resources. With the increasing popularity of currency, blockchain has gradually become a capital-intensive industry with high energy consumption.

2. Centralization problem

Inequality of nodes

First, in theory, every node in the distributed network should be treated equally , but in order to obtain rewards for mining, each node may increase its computing power to compete for hardware, resulting in node inequality and destroying the randomness of blockchain accounting rights.

Industrialized and large-scale mining has given rise to mining pools

Theoretically, if the mining pools collude to control more than 51% of the computing power for system supply, a dual Although the costs of payment far exceed the benefits in the actual process, the possibility of collusive supply cannot be denied.

3. Privacy and security issues

Private keys are easily stolen

First, the current blockchain uses an asymmetric key mechanism. It has high security, but the private key is stored locally and can be easily stolen by hackers.

The transparency of blockchain data can easily lead to privacy leaks

Every participant in the public chain can obtain a complete data backup, and the entire system is open and transparent. The currency protects privacy by isolating the connection between the transaction address and the holder’s true identity.

When the blockchain needs to carry more businesses, how nodes verify information and execute commands requires more consideration.

4. Upgrade and incentive issues

The number of participating nodes in the public chain is huge

Whether it is upgrading or fixing errors, the system cannot be shut down and centralized. , it may be necessary to consider relaxing the issue of decentralization.

There is a competitive game between each node

Requires the improvement of incentive compatibility mechanism, how to enable self-interested nodes in the decentralized system to spontaneously carry out block data verification And accounting work, and designing a reasonable penalty function to suppress irrational competition is another challenge faced by the blockchain.

❼ What is a single game and multiple games

From the perspective of game theory, a game only involves one-time strategic choices of both parties. In this case, both parties What needs to be considered is only one transaction cost, without considering the subsequent possible transaction costs. Therefore, the strategy selection is very "self-interested"

In the case of multiple games, both sides of the game have Multiple games are possible, which means that to a certain extent, both parties may become a contract collective. In this case, multiple games must adopt the method of "looking forward and reasoning backward.""Get the strategy analysis method to determine the initial trading strategy. A typical case is the multiple game model of "Prisoner's Dilemma".

(7) Extended reading on blockchain games:

In a single game, everyone is an opportunist. In multiple games, everyone values ​​long-term interests, and the natural system becomes very good. This is the basic logic of the Chinese-style crowdfunding game of humanity.

In our view, the core of blockchain, which is particularly popular now, is also a game system. However, this game system is based on mathematical model operations, and the essence behind it is still a set of human nature games. Therefore, Chinese-style crowdfunding and district From our point of view, the blockchain is even the same thing, but the entry route is different, both are changing production relations.

❽ Blockchain and wealth redistribution theory: wealth and value will be distributed again

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When talking about the theory of wealth redistribution, we have to talk about the current status of wealth distribution in China.

We know that the healthiest society is olive-shaped. In the middle is the huge middle class, and at both ends are There are a small number of rich people and poor people. China's current social structure is definitely not olive-shaped, nor is it a relatively stable pyramid shape, but an inverted T-shape. The bottom layer is huge, with a small proportion of wealth, and the vertical one with huge wealth It also accounts for a very small proportion. This structure is like a pillar supporting a house. It is very unstable and the risks are obvious.

To put it simply, now capital The proportion of the initial distribution of national wealth is too large, and the proportion of labor in the distribution is too small. Just imagine, if this situation cannot be improved throughout their lives, what will people do? Most people will try to join a Game - a game of wealth redistribution. For example, in the capital market, participants mobilize all resources and ingenuity for their own aspirations, and fully play the game. You come and go, gain and lose for a while, the heart beats wildly, it is really exciting. After stimulation, social wealth generally changes and secondary distribution is completed. Of course, this distribution is still seriously unbalanced: most people's wallets will deflate before a few people's wallets will bulge.

Economist Mr. Wu Jinglian once described the Chinese stock market as a casino, where activities such as bankrolling, speculation, and stock price manipulation have reached their peak. No one can tell how many wealth transfers and redistributions have been achieved. GEM On the day of its establishment, 13 billionaires were created. The Bank of Beijing created 78 multi-millionaires on the first day it was listed. The Bank of Nanjing also created 66 millionaires on the first day it was listed. The Bank of Ningbo created 7 billionaires. Senior executives. Who created this? Of course it is thousands of miserable small businesses.

Another example is real estate speculation. Real estate has long become a "sharp tool" for redistributing wealth. Knowledgeable people We have seen this at least ten years ago. The residential attribute of real estate has been repeatedly weakened, while the investment attribute has been over-strengthened, becoming a way to redistribute wealth. BecauseHouse prices are rising too fast, making the rich who own capital and real estate even richer, and the poor getting poorer. This is the current state of real estate. Since the investment attribute of real estate has gained the upper hand and even begun to dominate, speculation has been following it all the time. Since then, the problems of real estate have become more and more serious. Although the government frequently introduces various policies for macro-control, the resources that the government can use to redistribute wealth are very limited. Sometimes it can only demolish the east wall to make up for the west wall, leaving little room for maneuver.

In 2017, there was a topic about artificial intelligence and wealth redistribution. Specifically, if artificial intelligence is applied, can the gap between rich and poor be solved? At a related summit in Geneva, experts and scholars , policymakers and humanitarians engaged in intense discussions. The answer is simply unrealistic. First of all, it is ridiculous to encourage institutions or large companies to develop artificial intelligence systems that benefit the public. After all, everyone needs to face a question: Where is the money?

In fact, the advent of all new technologies is related to Adoption is accompanied by a redistribution of wealth, which will create another kind of inequality, which will make users of old technologies excluded by technology. At the same time, mastering new technologies also requires certain learning capabilities and the ability to acquire human capital. So those who are initially less capable often do not benefit from new technology but suffer from it. For example, a recent piece of news said that JD.com has begun to use drones for delivery, which will save a lot of labor costs. The question is, what will happen to the labor costs that will be saved? Will there be unemployment? Of course we are not opposed to new technologies, but any technology cannot be too cold and should have humanistic care.

We have repeatedly said that just like Chairman Mao led us to divide the land from landlords, the blockchain will lead us to take back the wealth that originally belongs to us, that is, data assets, and help us own them in the future. The most valuable thing in the economic world - data. In the future, everyone will have a brand-new right that no one can infringe upon, called "data investment right." That is to say, in the future we will use personal data to participate in future economic activities and obtain everything we gain in the process. The right to distribute the income generated. This is where blockchain makes the most sense.

❾ How to interpret blockchain in the simplest way

Everyone hears the word blockchain every day recently, so what is blockchain? Explanations such as "distributed, difficult to tamper, and consistent storage" are too technical and dry. Let me give you some popular science here: Blockchain is mainly designed to solve the trust problem between individuals who do not trust each other.

To give a popular example: It is said that Lao Li and Lao Wang live in the same village. Lao Li is a little short of money recently and wants to borrow some money from Lao Wang. As for Lao Wang, he was worried about what would happen if he defaulted on the loan after borrowing money from Lao Li, so he called in the "highly respected" village chief. But thinking about it, the village chief couldn't be trusted either. The village chief had even stolen other people's sweet potatoes in the past! what to do?

The blockchain method is: Lao Wang borrowed 1,000After giving 1,000 yuan to Lao Li, he then used a loudspeaker to shout in the village, "I, Lao Wang, borrowed 1,000 yuan from Lao Li today. Everyone should quickly record it." So everyone in the village recorded it in their own account books. Keep it carefully. This is good, Lao Li can't rely on him anymore. Even if there are dishonest people in the village, there are still many good people. Lao Li can't find everyone in the village to secretly erase his loan records. In this way, the blockchain solved the trust problem of borrowing money between Lao Wang and Lao Li, who did not trust each other.

Before the emergence of blockchain, how did we solve the problem of trust between individuals who did not trust each other? It's simple, just find a "witness" who is "highly respected" and trusted by both parties, such as the village chief in the story, such as Alipay between the buyer and seller, such as the notary office, etc. However, it is possible that such "witnesses" may not always be honest, so the blockchain simply allows everyone to act as a witness.

Lao Wang is relieved, but Lao Li has a headache! Lao Li has to wait until everyone in the village has recorded the money before he can get the money lent to him. There is no uncle or aunt in the family who is slower. Therefore, there is still a certain distance between blockchain and application, and efficiency issues need to be significantly improved.

Recall how you usually trade with others: you can choose a beautiful dress in a physical store, confirm that the other party’s clothes are of good quality, and the other party confirms that your money is real money. , then we will pay and receive the goods face to face.

What if we are thousands of miles apart and neither know nor trust each other but still want to trade? Then there needs to be a third party that we all trust, which is the so-called consensus mechanism. For example: you can complete the transaction through a third-party witness guarantee on Taobao. The money is first given to Alipay - Alipay collects the payment and lets the seller deliver the goods - the seller delivers the goods - you confirm receipt - Alipay then gives the money to the seller.

However, what if this centralized organization does evil, and Dad Ma tears up the account books and refuses to admit that you gave the money, or joins forces with the seller to defraud you of money?

Or maybe the government lends you 1 million, and finally pays you back by issuing extra currency. The 1 million shrinks to 10,000, and you bear the loss of inflation. What should you do? ?

Is there a third party that is not controlled by any government or organization, can complete arbitration in an open and transparent manner, has records that will not be tampered with, and has no risk of running away?

Don’t worry, our protagonist blockchain technology solves this problem - the transactions between you can be witnessed by everyone in this blockchain system, and everyone’s small ledger will be recorded Your deal. If B denies receiving money from A, or if A says that he borrowed 300 yuan, passers-by A, B, B, and D will question him. How exactly is it done?

1) The system issues a small account book to everyone, allowing everyone toEveryone has the right to keep accounts, which we call distributed accounting.

2) In order to encourage everyone to help others keep accounts, the system code is set to reward tokens such as Bitcoin to the keepers. In order to prevent a group of people from being blocked in keeping accounts, the tokens are also set to There are only a limited number of A, B, C and D who need to be calculated through the mechanism specified by the system. Only the fastest and best calculation can obtain the right to keep accounts. After recording, it is broadcast to everyone through the system. Everyone copies the same ledger. This is obtained through calculation. The reward process is called mining, and passers-by A, B, C and D who keep accounts are the miners.

3) One day, A, who originally recorded the transaction, Game Over, but the ledger still exists in other people's ledgers. Neither A nor B can deny it. We have written in code how to arbitrate and distribute, without the need for banks, governments, enterprises and other centralized organizations to serve as third-party witnesses (decentralization), and the direct point-to-point (P2P) transaction method is called decentralization.

4) The system packages multiple transactions into blocks and links them in chronological order to become the final ledger that everyone has. This is the blockchain technology

In fact, the block chain The simple understanding of blockchain as a ledger is only the simplest interpretation. If each of its characteristics is separated, it can be applied in many fields.

Now the traditional financial industry, securities firms, and investment institutions are rushing to enter the Internet of Things, games, storage, copyright, anti-counterfeiting, credit reporting, payment, prediction markets (gambling, etc.), communities and many other fields. The exploration and application of blockchain has already begun.

The Internet allows everything to be connected. Can blockchain make everything connected trustworthy?

Let me explain the blockchain using the natural stones of heaven and earth:

All science, philosophy, morality... heaven and earth are included. Every thing and every culture is related to the Taoism of heaven and earth.

Blockchain naturally cannot escape the fate of heaven and earth: that is, smooth, random, infinite, and impermanent.

It is this strange stone, and the overall data movement on its surface. First, the whole is intangible. Second, the lines and points adhere to a pattern: the path of impermanence. That is to say, every line and every point they pursue is not a closed goal or a limited purpose. I can understand it better when I say this: when a painter paints a chicken, it has a purpose and an ending, while strange rocks, when created by nature, have no ending. Therefore, the phase is not closed, and the line and point data are not terminated. The technology of block connection is this way of destiny. Impermanence is invisible and has no end. (No centralization means formlessness, no closed form, no closed structure, no closed mind... just like "stone" to do things).

mountainsDongqufu Confucius Lingshi Museum

Hello everyone, I am Pippi. I will use a few life examples to explain to you what blockchain is?

A decentralized, tamper-proof, distributed storage data block linking system that uses encrypted information as the link address is called blockchain

This thing is originally There are many high-tech composite products that cannot be simplified. No matter how simple it is, it takes a long paragraph, and it may not be clear.

The strict definition of blockchain refers to the design based on cryptography technology. Consensus mechanism, a distributed database technology in which multiple nodes in a peer-to-peer network jointly maintain a continuously growing, chained list ledger constructed of timestamps and ordered record data blocks. This technical solution allows any number of nodes participating in the system to calculate and record all information exchange data in the system over a period of time into a data block (block) through cryptographic algorithms, and generate the fingerprint of the data block for linking ( chain) and check the next data block, all participating nodes in the system jointly determine whether the record is true.

Blockchain is a general term for technical solutions similar to NoSQL (non-relational database). It is not a specific technology. Blockchain technology can be implemented through many programming languages ​​and architectures. . There are also many ways to implement blockchain. Common ones currently include POW (Proof of Work), POS (Proof of Stake), DPOS (Delegate Proof of Stake), etc.

The concept of blockchain was first proposed in the paper "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System" by the author who calls himself Satoshi Nakamoto (Satoshi Nakamoto) individual (or group). Therefore, Bitcoin can be regarded as the first application of blockchain in the field of financial payments.

[Popular explanation]

No matter how big the system or how small the website, there is usually a database behind it. So who will maintain this database? Under normal circumstances, whoever is responsible for operating the network or system will maintain it. If it is a WeChat database, it must be maintained by Tencent's team, and Taobao's database must be maintained by Alibaba's team. Everyone must think that this approach is natural, but this is not the case with blockchain technology.

If we imagine the database as a ledger: Alipay, for example, is a typical ledger, and any change in data is an accounting type. We can think of database maintenance as a very simple accounting method. The same is true in the world of blockchain. Everyone in the blockchain system has the opportunity to participate in accounting. The system will select within a period of time, maybe within ten seconds, or maybe ten minutes, to select the person with the fastest and best accounting during this period. This person will do the accounting, and he will combine the changes in the database during this period with Changes in the ledger are recorded in a block. We can imagine this block as a page of paper. After confirming that the record is correct, the system will link (chain) the data fingerprint of the past ledger to this paper, and then This piece of paper is sent to everyone else in the entire system. Then the cycle starts over and the system looks for the next person who can do the accounting quickly and well, and everyone else in the system gets a copy of the entire ledger. This also means that everyone in this system has exactly the same ledger. This technology is called blockchain technology, also known as distributed ledger technology.

Since everyone (computer) has exactly the same ledger, and everyone (computer) has exactly the same rights, there will be no problem due to a single person (computer) losing contact or going down. The entire system collapses. Since there are exactly the same ledgers, it means that all data is open and transparent, and everyone can see the digital changes in each account. Its very interesting feature is that the data in it cannot be tampered with. Because the system will automatically compare, it will consider the account books with the largest number of the same number as the real account books, and the small number of account books with different numbers as others are false account books. In this case, it makes no sense for anyone to tamper with their own ledger, because unless you can tamper with most of the nodes in the entire system. If the entire system has only five or ten nodes, it may be easy to do, but if there are tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands of nodes, and they are distributed in any corner of the Internet, unless someone can control most of the computers in the world , otherwise it would be unlikely to tamper with such a large blockchain.

[Elements]

Combined with the definition of blockchain, we believe that it must have the following four elements to be called a public blockchain technology. If it only has the first three points elements, which we will consider as private blockchain technology (private chain).

1. Point-to-point peer-to-peer network (peer-to-peer power, physical point-to-point connection)

2. Verifiable data structure (verifiable PKC system, non-tamperable database)

3. Distributed consensus mechanism (solve the Byzantine generals problem and double payment)

4. Nash equilibrium game design (cooperation is an evolutionarily stable strategy)
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[Characteristics]

Combined with the definition of blockchain, blockchain will realize four main characteristics: decentralized (Decentralized), trustless (Trustless), collectively maintained (Collectively maintained), reliable database (Reliable Database). And the four characteristics will lead to two other characteristics: open source (Open Source) and privacy protection (Anonymity). If a system does not possess these characteristics, it will not be considered an application based on blockchain technology.

Decentralized: The entire network has no centralized hardware or management organization. The rights and obligations between any nodes are equal, and the damage or loss of any node will not affect it. operation of the entire system. Therefore, the blockchain system can also be considered to have excellent robustness.

Trustless: Each node participating in the entire system does not need to trust each other for data exchange. The operating rules of the entire system are open and transparent, and all data contents are also public. , therefore within the rule range and time range specified by the system, nodes cannot and cannot deceive other nodes.

Collectively maintain: The data blocks in the system are jointly maintained by all nodes with maintenance functions in the entire system, and these nodes with maintenance functions can be participated by anyone.

Reliable Database: The entire system will be divided into databases so that each participating node can obtain a copy of the complete database. Unless more than 51% of the nodes in the entire system can be controlled at the same time, modifications to the database on a single node are invalid and cannot affect the data content on other nodes. Therefore, the more nodes and stronger computing power participating in the system, the higher the data security in the system.

Open Source: Since the operating rules of the entire system must be open and transparent, for the program, the entire system must be open source.

Privacy protection (Anonymity): Since nodes do not need to trust each other, there is no need to disclose their identities between nodes. The privacy of each participating node in the system is protected. protected.

[One of the meanings of blockchain: Solving the Byzantine Generals Problem]

The core problem solved by blockchain is not "digital currency", but information asymmetry and inconsistency. Under a certain environment, how to establish a "trust" ecological system that satisfies the occurrence and development of economic activities. This problem is called the "Byzantine Generals Problem", also known as "Byzantine Fault Tolerance" or the "Two Armies Problem". This is a difficult problem faced when information machines interact in a distributed system, that is, any point in the entire network No nodes can be trustedWhen communicating with the other party, how can we create a consensus basis for secure information exchange without worrying about data tampering. Blockchain uses an algorithmic proof mechanism to ensure the security of the entire network. With it, all nodes in the entire system can automatically and securely exchange data in a trustless environment. For more introduction, please see "Bitcoin and the Byzantine Generals Problem".

[The second meaning of blockchain: realizing cross-border value transfer]

At the beginning of the birth of the Internet, the earliest core problem to be solved was information production and transmission. We can transfer information through the Internet It can be quickly generated and copied to every corner of the world with a network, but it still cannot solve the value transfer and credit transfer. The so-called value transfer here refers to a method that everyone in the network can recognize and confirm, accurately transferring a certain part of the value from a certain address to another address, and it must be ensured that when the value is transferred, the original address is reduced The transferred portion, while the new address increases the value transferred. The value mentioned here can be a monetary asset, or some kind of physical asset or virtual asset (including securities, financial derivatives, etc.). The results of this operation must be recognized by all participating parties, and the results cannot be manipulated by any one party.

There are also various financial systems in the current Internet, and there are also many payment systems provided by government banks or third parties, but they still rely on centralized solutions. The so-called centralized solution is to put all value transfer calculations on a central server (cluster) through the endorsement of a certain company or government credit. Although all calculations are automatically completed by the program, this centralization must be trusted. person or institution. In fact, through centralized credit endorsement, credit can only be limited to certain institutions, regions or countries. It can be seen from this that the fundamental problem that must be solved is credit. Therefore, the core issue of value transfer is transnational credit consensus.

In such a complicated global system, it is difficult to establish a global credit consensus system out of thin air. Due to the different political, economic and cultural conditions of each country, it is difficult for two countries to It is almost impossible for enterprises and governments to completely trust each other. This means that whether it is endorsed by the credit of individuals or corporate governments, even if the value exchange between countries can be completed, there will be huge time and economic costs. But in the long history of mankind, no matter how different the religion, politics and culture of each country are, the only thing that can reach consensus is mathematics (basic science). Therefore, it is no exaggeration to say that mathematics (algorithms) is the greatest common denominator of global civilization and the basis for the greatest consensus among human beings around the world. If we use mathematical algorithms (programs) as endorsement, all rules are based on an open and transparent mathematical algorithm (program), which can allow all people with different political and cultural backgrounds to gain consensus.

[Future Development]

The Internet will make global interactions closer and closer, accompanied by a huge trust gap. Currently, the existing mainstream database technology architecture is private and centralized. On this architecture, the problems of value transfer and mutual trust can never be solved. Therefore, blockchain technology may become the next generation database architecture. Through decentralized technology, it will be possible to complete the huge progress of mathematical (algorithm) endorsement and global mutual trust on the basis of big data.

As a specific distributed access data technology, blockchain technology uses multiple nodes participating in calculations in the network to jointly participate in the calculation and recording of data, and mutually verify the validity of their information. (anti-counterfeiting). From this point of view, blockchain technology is also a specific database technology. The Internet has just entered the era of big data, but from the current point of view, big data is still in a very basic stage. But when it enters the blockchain database stage, it will enter the big data era of real strong trust endorsement. All data here has acquired indestructible quality, and no one has the ability or need to question it.

Perhaps we are now at a major turning point - the early stages of a major transition that is almost as profound as the changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution. Not only are new technologies exponential, digital and combined, progress and changes, but more surprises may be ahead of us. In the next 24 months, the planet will grow more computing power and record more data than it has in all of history combined. In the past 24 months, this value increase may have exceeded 1,000 times. This digital data information is growing faster than Moore's Law. Blockchain technology will not only be used in the field of financial payments, but will expand to all current applications, such as decentralized Weibo, WeChat, search, renting, and even taxi-hailing software may appear. Because blockchain will allow humans to collaborate on a large scale in a trustless manner without geographical restrictions.

Blockchain is a technology based on which many applications have been produced, including all industry businesses related to data and information. Bitcoin is one of the most well-known applications. The popular explanation of blockchain is that if you buy a lipstick online, you first find the product you like and place an order with the seller. You first give the money to the intermediary platform. After the seller ships the goods and the buyer confirms receipt, the intermediary platform then transfers the money. Transfer it to the seller, because of the trust issue, both buyers and sellers rely on the intermediate platform, and the blockchain, as a decentralized distributed ledger database, focuses on removing this intermediate platform while solving the trust issue at the same time. In the blockchain, everyone has their own ledger to record everything that happens. If a seller takes money but does not deliver the goods during the transaction, this record will exist permanently and cannot be modified, and there is no need to interact with each other. To exchange information, the blockchain world will choose to record the same time node.The person's ledger that records the fastest and best quality is copied, sent and concatenated, and finally the thicker and thicker they are stacked to form a block.

When everyone talks about virtual currencies, they often cannot do without the concept of blockchain. So what is the magic of blockchain?

Blockchain is an underlying technology, essentially a decentralized distributed ledger database. It sounds very high-end and out of reach, but it is actually very easy to understand.

For example, if you want to buy something on Taobao, the first thing you usually have to do is to open Taobao, find the product you want, place an order and pay the money to Taobao, which is the transaction intermediary. Taobao will pay the seller after receiving the goods and confirming receipt. This was originally just a transaction between me and the seller, but it has an additional "center", namely Taobao.

During the transaction process, this "center" has unlimited power and can even modify the bill at will. Therefore, the “center” often needs a strong backend to endorse it.

So, a man named Satoshi Nakamoto wanted to get rid of this center with infinite power. He wanted to create a decentralized system in which everyone is the center and everyone is the center. Have the authority to keep accounts. So, he created Bitcoin.

In the Bitcoin system, everyone has a small ledger to record every transaction that occurs. A transaction is only valid after being confirmed by a majority of people. If the seller doesn't deliver the goods, everyone's little ledger will record it, leaving him nowhere to escape.

At this time, you may have questions. Since it is just a public ledger, why is it called a blockchain? This involves the issue of consensus. The blockchain system is a system composed of many "centers". The entire blockchain belongs to all individuals participating in accounting. At this time, new problems arise. A system must be in order to survive in the long term. If the bookkeeper can act recklessly regardless of the cost, it may happen that he originally just bought a mobile phone, but received a Tesla instead.

So, Satoshi Nakamoto invented a consensus method called PoW. This method increases the cost of bookkeeping for bookkeepers and prevents them from doing evil easily. PoW uses cryptography to require bookkeepers to compete for computing power to obtain accounting rights. The first bookkeeper to calculate the result can obtain the accounting rights of a block packaged from several transactions. At the same time, you will receive certain tokens as rewards. This is what we commonly call "mining".

Now that the bookkeeper has recorded a block containing several transactions, the system needs to be organized and sorted. It is impossible to have countless blocks distributed in the system in an orderly manner. So it is necessary to link all the blocks end to end in chronological order. At this time, the blockchain was born.. The core of blockchain is technology.

❿ Can blockchain technology solve the problem of information asymmetry? If so, will it involve a large number of intermediaries and trade associations?

One of the theoretical foundations of blockchain is game theory. Question The information asymmetry problem mentioned by the Lord often occurs in the actual scenario between the upstream and downstream of the supply chain. The upstream hopes to sell more expensively, while the downstream hopes to buy cheaper. This will lead to a game between upstream and downstream.

The other is the competitive game between peers, such as two suppliers, and a very important means of competition in this game is through the collection of first-hand information. Through information asymmetry, we can grasp the market trend and obtain higher economic profits.

Blockchain technology can achieve transparent sharing of information between parties and guarantee trust. Therefore, the problem of information asymmetry can be completely solved through blockchain technology.

As for whether intermediaries will be completely eliminated? In my opinion, this is not achievable in the short term. However, judging from the development trend of blockchain technology and future prospects, the share of dealers as intermediaries will definitely be gradually reduced and will be abandoned by the times.

The above are some of my personal views and opinions.