区块链发展的里程碑是啥,可谓区块链发展的历程碑

比特币发布

比特币是一种分布式数字货币，它是区块链技术的里程碑式的应用。2008年，一位被称为“中本聪”的神秘人士发表了一篇论文，论文中提出了比特币的概念，并且在2009年1月3日发布了比特币的第一个版本，这也标志着比特币的诞生。比特币是首个利用区块链技术实现的去中心化数字货币，它采用共识机制，由全世界的矿工通过挖矿的方式确认交易，这也是区块链技术的一个重要应用。

智能合约发布

智能合约是一种自动执行的合同，它是区块链技术的里程碑式的应用。2013年，以太坊创始人Vitalik Buterin发表了一篇论文，提出了智能合约的概念，并在2014年7月30日发布了以太坊的第一个版本，这也标志着智能合约的诞生。智能合约是一种通过区块链技术实现的去中心化的自动执行合同，它可以帮助用户实现自动化的交易和支付，这也是区块链技术的另一个重要应用。

去中心化应用发布

去中心化应用是一种去中心化的应用程序，它是区块链技术的里程碑式的应用。2017年，去中心化应用的概念被提出，并在2018年6月发布了去中心化应用的第一个版本，这也标志着去中心化应用的诞生。去中心化应用是一种利用区块链技术实现的去中心化的应用程序，它可以帮助用户实现去中心化的数据存储和交易，这也是区块链技术的另一个重要应用。
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A. What is a milestone in the development of blockchain

1. Satoshi Nakamoto’s paper-Bitcoin White Paper

In 2008, too Under loose credit standards, a huge bubble built up in housing loans triggered a series of financial crises that started in September 2008.

On Sunday, September 14, Lehman Brothers declared bankruptcy after the U.S. Federal Reserve refused to provide A-funded support assistance, and on the same day Merrill Lynch announced that it was acquired by Bank of America. These two events marked the starting point of the financial crisis, which in turn triggered the global stock market crash and the Great Financial Recession. Many investors suffered heavy losses and made people begin to distrust the totalitarian financial system.

2. Genesis Block

2009 On January 3, 2018, the first Bitcoin block was born after the first batch of miners obtained 50 Bitcoins through mining. This also marked the official birth of the Bitcoin financial system. But interestingly, in Bitcoin Several years after the advent of blockchain, people discovered a hexadecimal string in line #1616 of Coinbase’s genesis block transaction code.

After converting this string into alphanumeric characters, you will get "sknab rof tuoliab dnoces fo knirb no rollecnahC 9002/naJ/30 semiT ehT". The reverse reading is "The Times 03/Jan/2009" Chancellor on brink of second lout for banks” is the founding date of Bitcoin and the message left by Satoshi Nakamoto in the original transaction.

3. The first Bitcoin payment – ​​PizzaDay

Laszlo Hanyecz is a Floridian and engineer working at the online retail company GoRuck, but if you are in the currency circle, you You must have heard some of his amazing deeds: Hanyecz used 10,000 Bitcoins (BTC) to buy two slices of pizza from Papa John's from netizens on May 22, 2010, which is a $25 pizza. Today, 10,000 Bitcoins are worth approximately for US$40 million.

The man named Jeremy Sturdivant (online name "Jercos") was the person who originally received 10,000 Bitcoins in exchange for two slices of pizza to Hanyecz. The importance of this transaction is that this is the first time in the history of Bitcoin that physical transactions have been carried out, proving that Bitcoin does have the function of price transfer in the real world.

4. Mt. Gox, the largest exchange hacking incident in history

On February 24, 2014, Mt. Gox was the largest Bitcoin exchange at the time. Mark Karpeles, CEO of the exchange, at the departmentLuo Gezhong announced his withdrawal from the Bitcoin Foundation, and subsequent visits to Mt. Gox will only return a blank page.

On February 28, 2014, Mt. Gox filed for bankruptcy protection with the Tokyo District Court. Data from the bankruptcy research institution "Teikoku Databank, Ltd." showed that Mt. Gox was in debt Reaching 6.5 billion yen, the revenue in 2013 was 135 million yen; Imperial Data Research Company stated in a press release that Mt. Gox subsequently discovered that 100,000 of its own Bitcoins and 750,000 user Bitcoins were stolen.

5. The advent of Ethereum

On July 30, 2015, the first Ethereum was officially launched, named Frontier. All the Ethereum promised to early investors was successfully delivered, and developers began to weave their dreams on Ethereum.

Part II—Constantinople of the third version of Ethereum Metropolis will be launched soon (currently postponed to the middle of next year). Although the current price of Ethereum is less than 10% of this year’s high, In the past three years, we have witnessed the innovations that Ethereum has brought to the world: including the Ethereum Virtual Machine, smart contracts, Dapps, permissioned shared ledgers (Permissioned Ledger), etc.

Although Ethereum is facing expansion difficulties and is still waiting for technological updates, in 17 and 18 years, many underlying public chains emerged as application platforms, that is, many competitors of Ethereum, opening up the "multiple "Chain Era". At present, there are many dApp developers who are turning to other public chains due to the limitations of Ethereum's current TPS. Some people believe that the future will be a scenario of "multiple chains in parallel, one for each chain."

B. What is the development process of blockchain applications?

The development process of blockchain can be divided into three stages. Melanie Swann, founder of the Blockchain Science Institute, in her book "Blockchain: A New Economic Blueprint and Introduction", divides the application development of blockchain into three stages: Blockchain Chains 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0.

1. Blockchain 1.0 Cryptocurrency Era (2008-2013)

In 2008, Satoshi Nakamoto first proposed the concepts of Bitcoin and blockchain. In January 2009, the first blockchain was launched. At this stage, people are paying more attention to cryptocurrency transactions, and blockchain is only the underlying technology, acting as a "public ledger".

2. Blockchain 2.0 Smart Contract Era (2014-2017)

In 2014, "Blockchain 2.0" became synonymous with decentralized blockchain databases. At this stage, people mainly focus on the application of the platform. Anyone canYou can upload and execute smart contracts on the blockchain, and you will automatically receive rewards after execution. Since this transaction process does not require any intermediary, people's privacy is greatly protected.

3. Blockchain 3.0 Large-Scale Application Era (2018-)

At this stage, people began to build a completely decentralized data network. Blockchain technology Applications are no longer limited to the economic field, but have expanded to art, law, real estate, hospitals, human resources and other fields.

C. Blockchain technology development status and prospects

Blockchain technology development status and prospects
Blockchain technology originated in 2008 under the pseudonym "China The foundational paper "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System" published by scholar Satoshi Nakamoto on the cryptography mailing group. In the past two years, the research and application of blockchain technology have shown explosive growth. It is considered to be the fifth disruptive innovation in the computing paradigm after mainframes, personal computers, the Internet, and mobile/social networks. It is also the evolution of human credit. The fourth milestone in history after blood relatives credit, precious metal credit, and central bank banknote credit. Blockchain technology is the prototype of the next generation of cloud computing. It is expected to completely reshape the form of human social activities like the Internet and realize the transformation from the current information Internet to the value Internet. Technical characteristics of blockchain

Blockchain has the characteristics of decentralization, time series data, collective maintenance, programmability, security and trustworthiness. Decentralization: The processes of verification, accounting, storage, maintenance and transmission of blockchain data are all based on the distributed system structure. Pure mathematical methods are used instead of central institutions to establish trust relationships between distributed nodes, thus forming a decentralized system. Centralized and trustworthy distributed system; Time series data: Blockchain uses a chain block structure with timestamps to store data, thereby adding a time dimension to the data and having strong verifiability and traceability; Collective maintenance: The blockchain system uses a specific economic incentive mechanism to ensure that all nodes in the distributed system can participate in the verification process of data blocks (such as the "mining" process of Bitcoin), and select specific nodes through a consensus algorithm. Nodes add new blocks to the blockchain; Programmable: Blockchain technology can provide a flexible script code system to support users to create advanced smart contracts, currencies or other decentralized applications; Safe and trustworthy: Blockchain technology adopts The principle of asymmetric cryptography encrypts data, and at the same time uses the powerful computing power formed by consensus algorithms such as workload proof of each node of the distributed system to resist external attacks and ensure that the blockchain data cannot be tampered with or forged, so it has a high safety. Blockchain and Bitcoin Bitcoin is the most successful blockchain application scenario so far. Blockchain technology solves the digital problem for the Bitcoin system.The double-spend problem and the Byzantine Generals problem have long been faced in the cryptocurrency field. Different from the credit endorsement mechanism of traditional central institutions (such as central banks), the Bitcoin blockchain forms software-defined credit, which marks a fundamental change from centralized national credit to decentralized algorithmic credit. In recent years, Bitcoin has relied on its first-mover advantage to form a complete ecosystem and industry chain covering issuance, circulation and financial derivatives markets. This is also the main reason why it has occupied the vast majority of the digital cryptocurrency market share for a long time. The development context and trends of blockchain
Blockchain technology is a universal underlying technology framework that can bring profound changes to various fields such as finance, economy, technology and even politics. According to the current development trend of blockchain technology, blockchain technology will experience the blockchain 1.0 model with programmable digital encryption currency system as the main feature, the blockchain 2.0 model with programmable financial system as the main feature, and the blockchain 2.0 model with programmable financial system as the main feature. The blockchain 3.0 model is characterized by a programmable society. However, the above-mentioned models are actually developing in parallel rather than in an evolutionary manner. The digital cryptocurrency system of the blockchain 1.0 model is still far from mature, and is actually farther and more difficult from its vision of global currency integration. At present, the blockchain field has shown an obvious development trend driven by technological and industrial innovation, and relevant academic research is seriously lagging behind and urgently needs to be followed up. Basic models and key technologies of blockchain
Generally speaking, a blockchain system consists of a data layer, a network layer, a consensus layer, an incentive layer, a contract layer and an application layer. Among them, the data layer encapsulates the underlying data blocks and related data encryption and timestamp technologies; the network layer includes distributed networking mechanisms, data dissemination mechanisms, and data verification mechanisms; the consensus layer mainly encapsulates various consensuses of network nodes Algorithm; the incentive layer integrates economic factors into the blockchain technology system, mainly including the issuance mechanism and distribution mechanism of economic incentives; the contract layer mainly encapsulates various scripts, algorithms and smart contracts, which is the programmable feature of the blockchain. The foundation; the application layer encapsulates various application scenarios and cases of the blockchain. In this model, the chain block structure based on timestamps, the consensus mechanism of distributed nodes, economic incentives based on consensus computing power, and flexible programmable smart contracts are the most representative innovations of blockchain technology. Application Scenarios of Blockchain Technology
Blockchain technology can not only be successfully used in the field of digital cryptocurrency, but also has a wide range of application scenarios in economic, financial and social systems. According to the current status of blockchain technology applications, this article broadly summarizes the current main applications of blockchain into six scenarios: digital currency, data storage, data authentication, financial transactions, asset management and election voting: Digital currency: Bitcoin It represents a digital currency that is essentially generated by a distributed network system, and its issuance process does not rely on a specific centralized institution. Data storage: The characteristics of blockchain such as high redundancy storage, decentralization, high security and privacy protection make it particularly suitable for storing and protecting important private data in order toAvoid large-scale data loss or leakage caused by attacks on centralized institutions or improper permission management. Data authentication: Blockchain data is time-stamped, jointly verified and recorded by consensus nodes, and cannot be tampered with or forged. These characteristics make the blockchain widely used in various data notarization and audit scenarios. For example, blockchain can permanently and securely store various licenses, registration forms, licenses, certificates, certifications and records issued by government agencies. Financial transactions: Blockchain technology has a very high degree of compatibility with financial market applications. Blockchain can spontaneously generate credit in a decentralized system and can establish a financial market without credit endorsement by a central institution, thereby realizing "financial disintermediation" to a large extent; at the same time, blockchain can be used to automate smart contracts and trustworthy transactions. The characteristics of programming can greatly reduce costs and improve efficiency. Asset management: Blockchain can realize the confirmation, authorization and real-time monitoring of tangible and intangible assets. Intangible asset management has been widely used in intellectual property protection, domain name management, points management and other fields; tangible asset management can be combined with Internet of Things technology to form "digital smart assets" to achieve distributed authorization and control based on blockchain. Election voting: Blockchain can implement applications such as political elections and corporate shareholder voting in a low-cost and efficient manner. At the same time, voting can be widely used in fields such as gambling, prediction markets, and social manufacturing. Existing issues with blockchain technology
Security threats are the most important issues faced by blockchain so far. Among them, blockchains based on the PoW consensus process mainly face the 51% attack problem, that is, nodes have the ability to successfully tamper and forge blockchain data by controlling more than 51% of the computing power of the entire network. Other issues include the potential threats of emerging computing technologies to crack asymmetric encryption mechanisms and privacy protection issues. The efficiency of blockchain is also an important factor restricting its application. Blockchain requires each node in the system to save a data backup, which is extremely difficult to store the growing mass of data. Although lightweight nodes can partially solve this problem, industrial-grade solutions suitable for larger scales still need to be developed. The Bitcoin blockchain can currently only process 7 transactions per second, and transaction confirmation time is generally 10 minutes, which greatly limits the application of blockchain in high-frequency trading scenarios in most financial systems. The PoW consensus process highly relies on the computing power contributed by the blockchain network nodes. These computing powers are mainly used to solve SHA256 hashes and random number searches. In addition, they do not produce any actual social value. Therefore, these computing powers are generally considered Resources are "wasted", and a large amount of power resources are also wasted. How to effectively pool the network computing power of distributed nodes to solve practical problems is an important issue that blockchain technology needs to solve. As a decentralized distributed system, the blockchain network will inevitably have game relationships of competition and cooperation among its nodes during the interaction process, such as the block interception attack game of the Bitcoin mining pool. The blockchain consensus process is essentially a crowdsourcing process, e.g.How to design an incentive-compatible consensus mechanism so that self-interested nodes in a decentralized system can spontaneously implement verification and accounting of block data, and increase the cost of irrational behavior within the system to suppress security attacks and threats. It is an important scientific issue to be solved in blockchain. Smart Contracts and Blockchain Technology
Smart contracts are a set of scenario-responsive programmed rules and logic. They are decentralized, trustworthy and shared program codes deployed on the blockchain. Usually, after the smart contract is signed by all parties, it is attached to the blockchain data (such as a Bitcoin transaction) in the form of program code, and is recorded in a specific block of the blockchain after being propagated through the P2P network and verified by nodes. . Smart contracts encapsulate a number of predefined states and transition rules, scenarios that trigger contract execution (such as reaching a specific time or occurrence of a specific event, etc.), response actions under specific scenarios, etc. The blockchain can monitor the status of smart contracts in real time, and activate and execute the contract by checking external data sources and confirming that specific trigger conditions are met. Smart contracts are of great significance to blockchain technology. On the one hand, smart contracts are the activators of the blockchain, giving flexible and programmable mechanisms and algorithms to the static underlying blockchain data, and laying the foundation for building programmable financial systems and social systems in the blockchain 2.0 and 3.0 eras. On the other hand, the automation and programmable characteristics of smart contracts enable it to encapsulate the complex behavior of each node in the distributed blockchain system and become a software agent robot in the virtual world composed of blockchain, which helps Promote the application of blockchain technology in various distributed artificial intelligence systems, allowing the construction of various decentralized applications (Decentralized applications, Dapp), decentralized autonomous organizations (Decentralized Autonomous Organization, DAO), and Decentralized Autonomous Corporation (DAC) and even Decentralized Autonomous Society (DAS) become possible. The main development trend of blockchain and smart contract technology is from automation to intelligence. The essential logic of various existing smart contracts and their applications is mostly based on "IF-THEN" type conditional response rules based on predefined scenarios, which can meet the current needs of automated transactions and data processing. Future smart contracts should have "WHAT-IF" deductions based on unknown scenarios, computational experiments, and a certain degree of autonomous decision-making functions, thereby achieving a leap from current "automated" contracts to true "smart" contracts. Blockchain-driven parallel society
In recent years, parallel societies based on CPSS (Cyber-Physical-SocialSystems) have emerged., its core and essential feature is virtual-real interaction and parallel evolution. Blockchain is one of the infrastructures for realizing CPSS parallel society. Its main contribution is to provide a set of effective decentralized data structures, interaction mechanisms and computing models for distributed social systems and distributed artificial intelligence research. And it has laid a solid data foundation and credit foundation for the realization of a parallel society. As far as the basis of data is concerned, management scientist Edward Deming once said: Everyone except God must speak with data. However, in centralized social systems, data is usually in the hands of a "few people" such as governments and large enterprises. It "speaks" for a few people, and its fairness, authority and even security may not be guaranteed. Blockchain data is stored in highly redundant distributed nodes and is in the hands of "everyone", enabling true "data democracy". In terms of the basis of credit, centralized social systems will inevitably have the characteristics of "Mertonian systems" due to their high engineering complexity and social complexity, that is, uncertainty, diversity and complexity, which are the center of social systems. Institutions and rule makers may behave dishonestly due to individual interests; blockchain technology helps realize a software-defined social system. Its basic idea is to eliminate centralized institutions and convert unpredictable behaviors into programmed codes of smart contracts. The form is deployed and solidified in the blockchain data in advance, and cannot be forged or tampered with afterwards and is executed automatically. This can, to a certain extent, transform the "Merton" social system into a "Newton" that can be fully observed, actively controlled, and accurately predicted. "Social system. The ACP (Artificial Societies, Computational Experiments and Parallel Execution) method is the only systematic and complete research framework in the field of parallel society management so far. It is the logical extension and logical extension of complexity science in the parallel social environment in the new era. Innovation. The ACP method can be naturally combined with blockchain technology to achieve blockchain-driven parallel social management. First of all, mechanisms such as blockchain's P2P networking, distributed consensus collaboration, and contribution-based economic incentives are themselves natural modeling of distributed social systems, in which each node will act as an independent and autonomous agent in the distributed system. Agent. With the improvement of the blockchain ecosystem, the consensus nodes of the blockchain and increasingly complex and autonomous smart contracts will form DAC and DAO in specific organizational forms by participating in various forms of Dapp, and ultimately form DAS, which is the ACP. artificial society. Secondly, the programmable nature of smart contracts allows the blockchain to carry out various "WHAT-IF" types of virtual experimental design, scenario deduction and result evaluation. Through this computational experiment process, optimal decisions are obtained and executed automatically or semi-automatically. Finally, the smart assets formed by the combination of blockchain and the Internet of Things make it possible to connect the real physical world and the virtual cyberspace, and can connect the virtual world of real and artificial social systems.Realize interaction and parallel coordination to achieve collaborative optimization of social management and decision-making. It is not difficult to predict that in the future, when all physical assets in the real physical world are registered as smart assets on the chain, the blockchain-driven parallel society will arrive.

D. What is the significance of blockchain technology services

There are three meanings:
1. Help enterprises solve business pain points more efficiently and deal with complex businesses more calmly. and tracking market changes more quickly.
2. The two iconic milestones in the development of blockchain technology, the release of Bitcoin and Ethereum/Fabric projects, have brought its decentralized, secure and tamper-proof attributes into the public eye, enabling the solution of many business problems. From impossible to possible. So why is it an enterprise-level blockchain?
3. In recent years, we have made a detailed technical comparison of the mainstream blockchain technology platforms on the market and found that there are still many problems in the application of these platforms in enterprises. Only enterprise-level blockchain can cope with such massive amounts of data. data, carrying complex business systems. The enterprise-level blockchain cloud service platform Renren is building is precisely to solve these problems and help enterprises achieve out-of-the-box use through one-stop integration, continuous delivery, data visualization and support for multiple bottom layers.

E. What stages has the blockchain developed?

The blockchain has developed in five stages
1. Germination stage: The real germination stage of the blockchain was in 2007 By 2009, a Japanese-American with the pseudonym Satoshi Nakamoto first published a new fantasy report on electronic currency on a cryptography discussion group in 2008 under a different name. Since then, Bitcoin has been born. As early as 2007, Satoshi Nakamoto began to explore a series of new technologies with the intention of creating a new currency. The Bitcoin white paper was released on October 31, 2008, and the Bitcoin system officially began operation on January 3, 2009.
The main technologies supporting the Bitcoin system include hash functions, distributed ledgers, blockchain, and asymmetric encryption; it can be seen that these technologies build the initial version of the blockchain, which can also be said to be a blockchain It is the underlying technology of Bitcoin. In the three years from 2007 to 2009, Bitcoin was in the experimental stage with the participation of a very small number of people, and real commercial activities had not really begun.
2. "Geek" niche stage: The "Geek" here refers to people who are enthusiastic about Internet technology and who regard technological innovation as their fashion and life. The first Bitcoin exchange appeared on February 6, 2010. On May 22 of the same year, someone bought 2 burgers with 10,000 Bitcoins. On July 17 of the same year, the exchange Mt. Gox was established. This marks As Bitcoin officially flows into the market. Despite this, the only people who can truly understand and enter the market to participate in Bitcoin buying and selling are geeks who are passionate about Internet technology. They discuss Bitcoin technology on the forum, mine Bitcoins on their computers, and then buy and sell Bitcoins on Mt. Gox. Now these geeks have becomeBillionaire.
3. Market brewing stage: At the beginning of 2013, the price of Bitcoin was US$13. However, on March 18 of the same year, the Cyprus government closed banks and the stock market due to the financial crisis, causing the price of Bitcoin to soar. In April, the highest price rose to US$266. . On August 20 of the same year, the German government confirmed the currency status of Bitcoin. On October 14, the Chinese Internet announced the opening of a Bitcoin payment channel. In November, the U.S. Senate hearing also clarified the legality of Bitcoin. On November 19, the price of Bitcoin It rose to $1,242, forming a new high. Despite this, the foundation for blockchain to enter the mainstream social economy is not yet available, and the surge in Bitcoin prices is only due to overly optimistic expectations. The containment of China's banking system, the collapse of Mt.Gox and other events caused the price of Bitcoin to continue to fall. In early 2015, the price of Bitcoin had fallen below 200 US dollars. From 2013 to early 2015, the public began to understand Bitcoin and blockchain.
4. Blockchain mainstream period: Britain left the EU on June 23, 2016, North Korea’s fifth nuclear test in September, Trump’s election in November and other events. The uncertainty of the world’s mainstream economy has led to risk aversion. Functional Bitcoin began to recover. The market demand was large and the increase in transaction volume caused the price of Bitcoin to soar from a maximum of 400 US dollars in 2016 to 20,000 US dollars in 2017. The wealth-making effect of Bitcoin and the transaction overflow caused by the congestion of the Bitcoin network It has led to the explosion of other series of virtual currencies, and various blockchain applications have also exploded. There have been many blockchain assets that are a hundred times, even a thousand times, or ten thousand times, triggering a crazy pursuit around the world, and then Chicago The launch of Bitcoin futures trading on the commodity exchange marks Bitcoin’s official entry into the mainstream investment product series, and Bitcoin and blockchain have completely entered the global spotlight.
5. Industrial implementation stage: After the market frenzy in 2017, virtual currency and blockchain made adjustments in terms of market, supervision, and cognition in 2018, returning to rationality. Many blockchain projects that imitate blockchain technology in 2017 will gradually die out as the market cools down, and projects with real practical blockchain applications will initially be implemented. 2018 is not only the first year of blockchain, but also a blockchain gold rush period. After the big waves wash away the sand, what remains is relatively good gold.
From the perspective of the history of blockchain development, blockchain technology is not yet mature and is currently in the growth stage. Specific practical applications of blockchain are only used in the financial field. To apply blockchain to other industries, there is still need for There is a journey to go, but the blockchain trend should be grasped. There are advantages and disadvantages in actively learning the new field of blockchain.

F. In the development process of blockchain, which statement is correct

Does the questioner want to ask "What is the development process of blockchain"? The three processes are blind. The emergence of blockchain technology will have revolutionary significance in history and open a new era of value Internet. Li Zhan has mainly gone through three processes since the blockchain was first published. Number of blockchainsThere is the stage of Zihuo cracking empty coins, the stage of smart contracts, and the stage of value services. Blockchain technology will be widely used in all walks of life.

G. The three stages of blockchain development are

The three stages of blockchain: The development of blockchain is generally divided into three stages, which are called zones. Blockchain 1.0 stage, Blockchain 2.0 stage and Blockchain 3.0 stage. Blockchain involves many scientific and technical issues such as mathematics, cryptography, Internet and computer programming.
Extended information:
1. Concept definition: What is blockchain? From a technological perspective and an application perspective, to put it simply, blockchain is a distributed shared ledger and database, which has the characteristics of decentralization, non-tampering, full traces, traceability, collective maintenance, openness and transparency, etc. . These characteristics ensure the "honesty" and "transparency" of the blockchain and lay the foundation for creating trust in the blockchain. The rich application scenarios of blockchain are basically based on the ability of blockchain to solve the problem of information asymmetry and achieve collaborative trust and consistent action among multiple subjects.
2. Blockchain is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithms. Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database. As the underlying technology of Bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each The data block contains information about a batch of Bitcoin network transactions and is used to verify the validity of the information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block.
3. In the original English version of the Bitcoin white paper, the word blockchain does not actually appear, but chain of blocks is used. In the earliest Chinese translation of the Bitcoin white paper, chain of blocks was translated into blockchain. This is the earliest time when the Chinese word "blockchain" appeared. The Cyberspace Administration of China issued the "Blockchain Information Service Management Regulations" on January 10, 2019, which will come into effect on February 15, 2019. As an important breakthrough for independent innovation of core technologies, the security risk issues of blockchain are regarded as a major shortcoming that currently restricts the healthy development of the industry. Frequent security incidents have sounded the alarm for the industry. To embrace blockchain, we need to accelerate the exploration and establishment of a security system that adapts to the blockchain technology mechanism.

H. What can be called a milestone in the development of blockchain

Smart contracts.

Smart contracts are based on these trustworthy and non-tamperable data, which can automatically execute some predefined rules and terms, allowing trusted transactions without a third party, and these transactions can be tracked And irreversible. The concept of smart contracts was first proposed by Nick Szabo in 1995. The purpose of smart contracts is to provide a method of security that is superior to traditional contracts and to reduce other transaction costs associated with contracts.

(8) Milestones in the development of blockchain 3 points Extended reading

The digital form means that the contract has to be written in computer-readable code. This is necessary because as long as the parties reach an agreement, the rights and obligations established by the smart contract are executed by a computer or computer network.

Further explanation:

(1) Reaching an agreement

When the participants of a smart contract reach an agreement, the answer depends on the specific smart contract implementation. Generally speaking, a contract is discovered when a party commits to its execution by installing the contract on the contract hosting platform.

(2) Contract execution

The true meaning of "execution" also depends on implementation. Generally speaking, implementation means active implementation through technical means.

(3) Computer-readable code

In addition, the specific "digital form" required for the contract depends very much on the protocol the parties agree to use.

I. The development of blockchain applications has gone through several stages

Principles of blockchain technology

By definition, blockchain is a Time sequence is a traceable chain data structure that combines continuously generated information blocks in a sequential manner. It is a distributed ledger that cryptographically ensures that data cannot be tampered with or forged.

Blockchain is an innovative application formed by combining asymmetric encryption algorithms, consensus mechanisms, distributed storage, point-to-point transmission and other related technologies in new ways. The biggest advantage and direction of blockchain technology is "decentralization". By using cryptography, consensus mechanisms, game theory and other technologies and methods, decentralized credit-based decentralization can be realized in a distributed system where network nodes do not need to trust each other. Peer-to-peer trading.

The excellent characteristics of blockchain come from its unique technical foundation. A basic blockchain must at least consist of three parts: data layer, network layer and consensus layer.

The data layer provides a unique data structure to ensure security, and uses asymmetric encryption, hash function, Merkle tree and other technologies to encrypt data to ensure data security and provide the basis for blockchain applications;

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The network layer realizes the core idea of ​​decentralization through the P2P network. In the BitTorrent network, each node is both a data receiver and a data sender.

In blockchain technology, the public key is similar to a seed. With the public key, you have an identity that can speak in the network. At present, the consensus mechanisms mainly include PoW, PoS and DPoS consensus mechanisms. If you want to attack the blockchain, you must provide greater computing power than Zhu Lian. The benefits obtained are far less than the cost of the attack. The PoW consensus mechanism competes through computing power. Ensure the security and decentralization of the system.

——For more data and analysis, please refer to the "Forward-looking Industry Research Institute" China Blockchain Industry Market Prospects and Investment Strategic Planning Analysis Report".