区块链中为什么会出现两条链子,区块链中为什么会出现两条链组合

区块链是一种分布式数据库技术，它可以记录任何类型的交易，并且具有不可更改性，可以以安全可靠的方式分发和存储信息。由于其特性，区块链技术可以用来跨越组织和国家的界限，实现跨境支付、资产交易等。然而，由于区块链技术的分布式特性，它可能会出现两条链组合的情况。

共识机制：共识机制是指在区块链网络中，参与者之间共同遵守的一种规则，以确保网络的安全性和可靠性。共识机制的目的是确保网络中的所有参与者都达成一致，以确保区块链网络的安全性和可靠性。共识机制可以有很多种，比如工作量证明（Proof of Work）、权益证明（Proof of Stake）等。

分叉：分叉是指在区块链网络中，两条不同的链组合出现的情况，这种情况通常是由于网络中的参与者对某个交易的状态存在分歧而引起的。在这种情况下，网络中的参与者会分裂成两组，一组支持一个交易，另一组支持另一个交易，从而导致网络中出现两条链组合的情况。

解决方案：为了解决区块链中出现两条链组合的情况，可以采用一种叫做“拜占庭容错”的技术。拜占庭容错是一种分布式计算技术，它可以在网络中的参与者之间达成共识，从而解决分叉问题。拜占庭容错的原理是，网络中的参与者可以通过消息传递的方式来达成共识，从而避免出现两条链组合的情况。

以上就是关于区块链中为什么会出现两条链组合的原因和解决方案的介绍，可以看出，共识机制、分叉和拜占庭容错技术都是解决这个问题的关键所在。因此，要想解决区块链中出现两条链组合的问题，就必须要求网络中的参与者遵守共识机制，并采用拜占庭容错技术来达成共识，从而解决分叉问题。

⑴ Chain classification of blockchain

Two days ago, a friend asked a lot of questions about blockchain on WeChat. One of the questions was about blockchain. How to classify chains. Blockchain can currently be divided into four categories: public chain, private chain, alliance chain and side chain. Beijing Muqi Mobile Technology Co., Ltd., a professional blockchain outsourcing development company, welcomes discussions for cooperation. The following will help you understand the characteristics of these blockchain chains and how to apply them. I hope it will be helpful to you.

1. Public chain - everyone can participate

Public chain means that anyone can read it, anyone can send transactions, and transactions can be effectively confirmed A blockchain in which anyone can participate in the consensus process.

The public chain adopts the proof-of-work mechanism (POW), proof-of-stake mechanism (POS), and share authorization proof mechanism (DPOS), and combines economic rewards and encrypted digital verification. And establish a principle that the economic rewards that each person can obtain are proportional to the workload. These blockchains are often considered to be completely decentralized.

Features:

1. Open source, because the operating rules of the entire system are open and transparent, this system is an open source system; 2. Protect users from the influence of developers, in the public domain Program developers in the chain have no right to interfere with users, so the blockchain can protect users who use the programs they develop; 3. The access threshold is low and anyone with sufficient technical capabilities can access it, that is, as long as there is a computer that can connect to the Internet Computers can meet the access conditions; 4. All data is public by default, although all associated participants hide their true identities. This phenomenon is very common. They generate their own security through their public nature, where every participant can see all account balances and all their transaction activity.

Case: There are many familiar figures in the public chain: BTC, ETH, EOS, AE, ADA, etc.

2. Private chain - rights are in the hands of a few people

A private chain refers to a blockchain whose write permission is only in the hands of one organization. Read permissions are either open to the public or arbitrarily restricted. Relevant applications include database management, auditing, and even a company. Although in some cases it is desirable to have public auditability, in many cases public readability is not necessary.

Features:

1. Fast transaction speed. The transaction speed of a private chain can be faster than any other blockchain, or even close to not being a blockchain. the speed of a regular database. This is because even a small number of nodes have a high degree of trust, and each node does not need to verify a transaction. 2.Good privacy, giving better privacy protection Private chain makes the data privacy policy on that blockchain exactly the same as in another database; no need to deal with access permissions and use all the old methods, but at least, this The data is not publicly available to anyone with an internet connection. 3. Low transaction costs. Transaction costs are significantly reduced or even zero. Transactions can be carried out completely free or at least very cheaply on the private chain. If one entity controlled and processed all transactions, they would no longer need to charge fees for their work.

Case: The Linux Foundation, R3CEV Corda platform, and Gem Health network’s Hyperledger project are either developing or using private chains.

3. Alliance chain - partial decentralization

The degree of openness and decentralization of the alliance chain is limited. The participants are screened out in advance or designated directly. The read permission of the database may be public, or it may be limited to the participants of the system like the write permission.

Features:

1. Low transaction costs, transactions only need to be verified by a few trusted high-computing nodes without the need for confirmation by the entire network; 2. Nodes Easy to connect, if something goes wrong, the consortium chain can be quickly repaired through manual intervention, and allows the use of consensus algorithms to reduce block times, thereby completing transactions faster; 3. Flexible, if necessary, run a private blockchain community or Companies can easily modify the rules of this blockchain, revert transactions, modify balances, etc.

Case: Ripple has established an alliance chain for international remittances between Japan and South Korea and inter-bank remittances in Japan. At the same time, Xunlei Link, which has been popular for a while, is also a semi-open alliance chain.

4. Side chain - extended protocol

Strictly speaking, "side chain" is not a blockchain itself, but can be understood as an extension of the blockchain. Protocol. The early "side chain" was to solve the limitations of Bitcoin blockchain technology. Side chains are like pathways that connect different blockchains to each other to achieve the expansion of the blockchain. Side chains Completely independent of the Bitcoin blockchain, but the two ledgers can "interoperate" and interact.

Features:

1. Independence, side chain The advantage of the architecture is that the code and data are independent, which does not increase the burden on the main chain and avoid excessive data expansion. The side chain has an independent blockchain, an independent trustee or witness, and an independent node network, that is, a The blocks generated by the side chain will only be broadcast among all nodes where the side chain is installed. 2. Flexibility. All blockchain parameters of the side chain can be customized, such as block intervals and block rewards. ,Advanced users can also modify the consensus algorithm, including where transaction fees go.

Case: LSK, RDN, ARDR and other currencies use side chain technology.

For the entire digital currency field, this year may still be a competition for the underlying public chain projects. The reason is that the current public chain as the infrastructure of the blockchain still has obvious shortcomings and cannot be realized yet. Truly safe, reliable and efficient. This also obviously restricts the development of the entire blockchain industry.

⑵ Why does the blockchain fork and what happens when the fork occurs?

There may be many reasons for the formation of a fork in the blockchain.

When two nodes dig mines at almost the same time and release blocks at the same time, a temporary fork (state fork) occurs.

Essentially, there are differences of opinion on the current status of the Bitcoin blockchain.

When a forking attack is artificially launched, it is a deliberate fork. Another type of fork is when the Bitcoin protocol changes and the software needs to be upgraded. In a distributed system, it is not guaranteed that all nodes will upgrade the software at the same time. If some nodes are not upgraded, it will lead to protocol fork. Depending on the content of the protocol modifications, forks can be divided into hard forks and soft forks;

The Bitcoin protocol adds new protocols and expands new functions. Older nodes that have not upgraded their software will not recognize these modifications and will consider these features to be illegal. This is a disagreement over the content of the Bitcoin protocol, resulting in a fork called a hard fork. At this time, new nodes will always mine along the chain generated by the new node, and old nodes will always mine along the old node chain. Since the computing power of the new node is strong enough, two chains are formed that are always extending and parallel. . As long as these old nodes are never updated, the old chain will continue, which shows that this fork is persistent.

After the hard fork appeared, it became two parallel chains, which caused the community to split. Some people in the community think that the following chains are the most up-and-coming, and the currencies on each chain are independent. A major event in the history of Ethereum is the hard fork event. Ethereum is called ETH, but the ETH we see now is no longer the original ETH. Ethereum is in historyA hard fork occurred on the other chain called ETC. In fact, ETC is the original protocol designed by Ethereum, and ETH is the protocol chain that was rolled back after hackers attacked the previous smart contract THE DAO on ETH (the Ether coins stolen by hackers were rolled back using a hard fork. to another smart contract and then returned to the true owner).

At the beginning of the fork, a lot of trouble arose due to the mutual influence of the two chain forks. For example: there is a transfer B->C on the ETH chain, and someone plays it back on the ETC chain and transfers the currency page on the ETC chain to C (C receives two amounts of money). Later, a chainID was added to each of the two chains to distinguish the two chains, so that the two chains were truly separated.

If restrictions are added to the BTC protocol so that original legal transactions are illegal in new transactions, a soft fork will form.

After most nodes have been updated, the old nodes recognize the blocks mined by the new nodes, so they publish the blocks they mined, but the new nodes do not recognize the blocks mined by the old nodes. , and continue mining along the blocks released by the last new node. When the new node has most of the computing power, the new chain will become longer and longer, so the blocks dug and released by the old node have been abandoned and cannot be Obtaining block rewards will eventually force old nodes to upgrade their software, allowing all nodes to recognize the new protocol and upgrade it. It can be seen that as long as more than half of the computing power nodes in the system update the software, such forks will not become permanent. P2SH in Bitcoin Script was added through the soft fork method.



I didn’t find much information on this part, but in most consensus protocols we assume that more than half of the computing power is needed;
< br /> In theory, if you master more than 50% of the computing power, you will have the absolute advantage of obtaining accounting rights, you can generate blocks faster, and you will also have the right to tamper with blockchain data. Therefore, when more than half of the computing power, that is, 51%, is honest and reliable, it can ensure that the entire blockchain operates legally and orderly.

But why choose more than half of the computing power instead of more than half of the users? Anyone can join the Bitcoin system, and creating an account is extremely simple. You only need to generate a public and private key pair locally. Only when transferring money (transaction) can the Bitcoin system know the existence of the account. In this way, a hacker can use a computer to specifically generate a large number of public and private key pairs.If a large number of public and private key pairs are generated, exceeding half of the number in the system, a dominant position can be obtained (Sibyl attack). Therefore, the Bitcoin system cleverly uses computing power as the basis for voting.

⑶ Hard fork in the blockchain, what does Ethereum Classic mean?

A brief history of Ethereum Classic (ETC)

Ethereum Classic began with a misfortune event.

In May 2016, the Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO) held a token sale with the goal of establishing a blockchain-based venture to fund future decentralization within the Ethereum ecosystem Applications (DApps).

Basically, a DAO is a complex smart contract that operates in a decentralized manner – computer code that automatically executes tasks between multiple parties when conditions are met.

Despite its ambitious goals and successful token sale, the DAO's code contained a major vulnerability that allowed attackers to steal ETH from decentralized organizations.

An attacker exploited this vulnerability to trigger the infamous DAO hacking incident in June 2016, maliciously stealing approximately $50 million worth of ETH.

There is no doubt that the DAO hacking incident shocked the Ethereum community and caused the price of ETH to fall from US$20 to US$13.

After the DAO hack, the Ethereum community had to choose from three options.

Do nothing and try to withstand the consequences of the attack;

Initiate a soft fork and recover funds;

Deploy a hard fork to recover the loss of ETH.

Both soft forks and hard forks are major network upgrades. However, a soft fork allows non-upgraded users and upgraded users to communicate with each other, while a hard fork is not backwards compatible with previous versions.

As developers realized that deploying a soft fork would expose the network to distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks, the Ethereum community decided to launch a hard fork to recover funds lost in the DAO hack.

Although this plan is supported by the majority of people, a small group of people in the Ethereum community are opposed. They believe that "code is law" and the blockchain network should be immutable. .

The failure of both parties to agree on a solution eventually led to the split of the Ethereum blockchain.

Those trying to recover their lost ETH opted for a hard fork, starting the Ethereum (ETH) blockchain we know today, while another group stayed with the original Ethereum Classic ( ETC) chain.

What problems does Ethereum Classic solve?

Ethereum Classic (ETC) is a blockchain platform that allows developers to deploy smart contracts and DApps.

Although this function is different from Ethereum (ETH) functions the same, but the ETC blockchain has two main differences.

First of all, the Ethereum Classic community opposes tampering with distributed ledgers and supports the view that "blockchain networks cannot and should not be modified."

Secondly, although there is no hard upper limit on the total supply of ETH, Ethereum Classic adopts a constant supply monetary policy, allowing the creation of up to 230 million ETC.

As a plus, Ethereum Classic launched the Atlantis hard fork last year to increase interactivity with Ethereum and improve the privacy protection of transactions through zk-SNARKS.

Recommended trading platforms for Ethereum Classic: Huobi, OKEX, AAX, etc.

⑷ What are side chains and main chains in blockchain

Main chain: that is, an officially launched, independent blockchain network. It can be said that the entity that stores data in the blockchain is generally considered to be the main chain network itself. For example, BTC mainnet, ETH mainnet and EOS mainnet are all main chains.

Sidechain: First of all, the essence of the sidechain protocol is a cross-blockchain solution. Simply put, this solution allows data information to be transferred between two blockchains. Sidechains were originally proposed to enable the transfer of Bitcoin and other digital assets between multiple blockchains.

In layman’s terms, side chains are like pathways that connect different blockchains to each other to achieve the expansion of the blockchain. The side chain is completely independent of the main chain, but the two ledgers can "interoperate" and achieve interaction.

Sidechain protocol - Sidechain protocol refers to (taking Bitcoin as an example): it allows Bitcoin to be safely transferred from the Bitcoin main chain to other blockchains, and from other blockchains A protocol for securely returning to the Bitcoin main chain. The same goes for exchanging Bitcoin for Ethereum or other blockchains. So, why do we need side chains, or what are the benefits of side chains?

The functions that the main chain lacks are provided by the side chain.

For example, the Bitcoin network does not have the function of smart contracts, but this function can be realized through side chains.

If the operation efficiency of the main chain is low, some functions of the main chain can be transferred to the side chain for implementation.

For example, the transfer speed of the main chain is very slow and there is no way to meet daily payment needs. We can develop the Lightning Network as a side chain to meet daily payment needs. Also due to low performance, Ethereum cannot support large-scale commercial-level DAPPs (decentralized applications), which can be achieved through side-chain development.

If you put aside the technical rigor, you can use another simpler way to understand side chains. All networks that provide support or services for the original main network can be called side chains. No need to Care about whether this side chain uses blockchain technology. For example:

Third-party payment network (Alipay/WeChat),You can think of the bank network as the main chain, and third-party payment as a side chain.

Cryptocurrency trading considers free networks such as Bitcoin and other virtual currencies as the main chain, and the exchange can be regarded as a side chain.

RSK and Loom are separately developed side chains for the Bitcoin and Ethereum main chains respectively.

In the first application, the main chain and side chain are centralized

In the second application, the main chain is decentralized and the side chain is Centralized

The third application, the main chain is decentralized, and the side chain is also decentralized. With the deepening of blockchain technology, we can see human value exchange activities , will slowly transition from the first application to the third application.

The Xueshuo Innovation Blockchain Technology Workstation under Lianqiao Education Online is a school planning and construction development project of the Ministry of Education of China. The "Smart Learning Workshop 2020-Master's Degree Innovation Workstation" launched by the center is the only approved "blockchain technology professional" pilot workstation. The professional position is based on providing students with diversified growth paths, promoting the reform of the training model integrating professional degree research, production, and research, and building an applied and compound talent training system.

⑸ Fang Gang said: Several misunderstandings about the blockchain

On August 2, 2017, viaBTC dug out the first block larger than 1M in history. Bitcoin split into two chains: BTC and BCC. In essence, BCC is a new currency due to the implementation of UAHF, which is also in line with Satoshi Nakamoto's original intention.
BCC is a network fork of Bitcoin
In fact, BCC is a network fork of Bitcoin, which is an incorrect interpretation. The Bitcoin network itself operates stably and there is no fork at all. BCC is internationally defined as a new currency that appears by copying the Bitcoin blockchain and changing certain codes. Not only that, BCC does not meet the definition of a Bitcoin network fork, because BTC and BCC are two completely different chains.
The entire Bitcoin network information failed to be synchronized on one chain, and two (multiple) identical Bitcoin blockchain networks appeared. Both networks have a large number of miners mining, and in two different Transactions that occur on the network cannot be synchronized with each other, resulting in two parallel chains with exactly the same difficulty. This is called a fork.
The problem of developer centralization
Bitcoin once had a three-year expansion dispute due to the problem of developer centralization, which made the Bitcoin community restless. As the twin brother of Bitcoin, BCC also faces this problem. The community is worried that the history of Bitcoin’s expansion dispute will repeat itself on BCC in the future. The community mistakenly believes that the only team responsible for the BCC development team is Bitcoin ABC. The single development team will inevitably lead to the problem of developer centralization.
But in fact, B.C.C currently has four development teams, namely Bitcoin XT, Bitcoin Classic, Bitcoin Unlimited, and Bitcoin ABC. They are all competitors in the Bitcoin expansion plan, and have now developed compatible versions of BCC.
These four development teams basically include the teams that support large blocks in the Bitcoin expansion debate. Not only that, this can also ensure competition between development teams, and is also expected to attract more development teams to join. into their ranks.
BCC is controlled by an organization
ViaBTC founded by Yang Haipo is the first trading platform in the world to launch BCC, and he is also the first person to mine BCC. The first block was mined by ViaBTC. The community is worried that BCC is controlled by a centralized block and has become a political tool for some people.
But in fact, BCC is the product of Bitcoin’s three-year expansion battle. It is a decentralized digital currency supported by a huge community of big block supporters. It is Bitcoin’s Altcoins. Segregated verification has been removed, the block size limit of 1M has been removed, and the on-chain expansion route has been adhered to.

⑹ What kind of storm will happen when cross-chain meets public chain: GOCLab joins PalletOne node

Why is the performance of big news so mediocre?

Two days ago, the GoC Lab node has officially joined the PalletOne palette main network (palletone.info) for operation.

Many people have not noticed that in addition to GOC Lab becoming a node of PallerOne, PalletOne has also become a node of GOC.

The two have become each other's nodes, which means that the two projects have achieved in-depth cooperation and symbiosis and mutual prosperity.

Little White Rabbit thought this was a big piece of news, but after looking through the public accounts of PalletOne and GOC, as well as related articles about Lichang, he found that everyone’s reaction was dull! As for PalletOne, the public account routinely released an announcement that GOC Lab has joined the PalletOne palette mainnet super node. Some site owners in the Lichang circle released the news. The GOC's performance was even more mediocre. The public account did not mention this matter at all. In Lichang, we only saw Mr. Song forwarding PalletOne's public account article!

I don’t know if this matter is really too small, so everyone acted indifferently and didn’t feel much, so naturally it couldn’t cause any waves. But Little White Rabbit felt that this should be a big event, even enough to be written intoImportant milestone events in the blockchain development process.

A cross-chain that focuses on realizing the blockchain Internet, and a public chain that focuses on solving public chain governance issues, can’t they create dazzling sparks? Will the relationship between cross-chain and public chain lead to qualitative changes?

Once a qualitative change occurs, both PalletOne and GOC will become epoch-making entities in the development of blockchain.

So what qualitative changes will occur when PalletOne encounters GOC? Come and explore your imagination with Little White Rabbit!

About GOC and GOC LAB

GOC, the full name of Governance of Consensus, is a public chain that creates the best governance practices in the world. It is a public chain-level project initiated by a group of senior industry practitioners and enthusiasts who want to promote the development of the blockchain governance model and is distributed in the community. In the spirit of Satoshi Nakamoto consensus, the project is completely initiated by community volunteers through voluntary contributions. It does not do any fundraising. It is completely open and can be used by all blockchain enthusiasts to explore a new blockchain governance model. platform.

GoC Lab is a community focused on the exploration and innovative practice of blockchain governance models. Its vision is to provide governance models, methods, technologies, and talents for the industry based on community collaboration. Best practices and continuous output.

GOC is a public chain and GOC Lab is a community. What is the relationship between the two?

GOC Lab is the founding team of GOC and promotes the development of GOC projects. When the team joins PalletOne, to a large extent, the GOC public chain joins the PalletOne ecosystem.

About the depth of cooperation between PalletOne and GOC

PalletOne is an IP protocol dedicated to building blockchain and creating a blockchain world, achieving decoupling of blockchain applications from the underlying layer , the value benchmarking and exchange of each blockchain token. In other words, PalletOne wants to link all public chains and become a bridge between blockchains. So, is GOC the first public chain to be linked? The cross-chain function of PalletOne is reflected through the link with GOC - the bridge!

If the two chains are not just superficial cooperation and mutual benefit, GOC and PalletOne are mutually ecological, but are linked through cross-chains and become a whole, does it prove that PalletOnHas the underlying protocol taken an important step?

If this is the case, the ecology between the two chains will not only become nodes to promote each other's development, but also a new form of interconnected blockchain. The free transmission, interaction and transfer of data and value can be achieved between each other.

GOC public link is connected to PalletOne to achieve cross-chain connection

PalletOne’s cross-chain technology mainly achieves compatibility between chains through smart contracts and solves scalability , user-friendliness, interoperability and other issues. Then, as a public chain, GOC can easily achieve docking by calling smart contracts. In this case, PalletOne has realized the function of opening up the link with GOC.

The connection of the two chains means that each other’s data can be shared, and the value will be utilized even more! First of all, it should be reflected in the convenience brought by ecological interconnection. Through the GOC public chain, you can access PalletOne applications, and vice versa. In other words, developers only need to develop applications on either chain, and both chains can be used conveniently and simply, and users can operate them no matter where they enter from. The benefits of this are obvious. From the project side, user traffic can be shared and development costs can be saved. From the user's perspective, users can easily enjoy the convenience brought by interoperability and find the applications they need no matter which interface they enter. This is the real blockchain Internet!

This is the basis for large-scale commercial applications of blockchain. If GOC and PalletOne achieve interconnection, then the current bottleneck of blockchain: the problem of being unable to implement large-scale applications will be easily solved, and the development of blockchain will usher in a new explosive point.

Application of GOC pass on PalletOne

In the design of PalletOne, the free use scenario of the pass is one of the important means to achieve cross-chain. This design breaks through the single use model of native tokens. As long as the miners accept it, users can use or issue any token. GOC and PalletOne are interconnected, and the token GOC can be freely used on PalletOne, which greatly expands the usage scenarios of GOC. For PalletOne, users who hold GOC will also become PalletOne users. The interoperability of tokens is the key to truly connecting the two chains. The free use of the application ecology on the two chains is based on the free use of tokens. Otherwise, there will be no interoperability and user-friendliness. Ecological development will also be greatly restricted. Only when all joints are free and smooth is true interconnection.

Conclusion

If PalletOne does realize the cross-chain function and docking with GOC, then the blockchain "IP protocol" will have taken the first step to success and realize the real value utilization of the blockchain, so that The Internet of Value deserves its name. The blockchain will also enter an epoch-making development milestone: the blockchain network will be officially connected, value and data will be interconnected, and applications will be implemented on a large scale.

The blockchain era will truly begin!

No matter how deep the current cooperation between PalletOne and GOC is, whether the connection between public chains has been achieved, as a cooperation between public chains, the cooperation between the two chains itself is already of great significance. Meaningful things!

⑺ Why does Bitcoin need to fork?

In the discussion of blockchain and digital currencies such as Bitcoin, we often hear the word "fork", so what exactly is it? Is it a fork? What impact will bifurcation have?

Blockchain

Before talking about forks, let’s popularize a little knowledge about blockchain. This will make it easier for us to understand what forks are (if you are familiar with blockchain I have no idea at all. You are welcome to read my previous articles, which are all popular words to help you understand what blockchain is).

Blockchain, as the name suggests, is a chain composed of blocks. Of course, this chain is just a metaphor. To put it bluntly, data blocks are connected in an orderly manner. In Bitcoin, Bitcoin transaction records are stored in blocks. The size of the block and the space occupied by the transaction records determine how many transaction records can be stored in a block. These transaction records are packaged into blocks, and then the blocks are connected one by one to form a blockchain.

Why fork

We know that Bitcoin software, like other software, needs regular updates and modifications to make it better. So a new version will appear, but since not everyone downloads the new version, some miners will run the old version, and some will run the new version. Once the old and new versions are incompatible, the blockchain will Will split. Because there may be differences between the version of the block and the old version of the block, they cannot be connected to the same blockchain, so there will be two chains, or even multiple chains, which is a fork.

Soft fork

Soft fork means that when the new consensus rules are released, nodes that have not been upgraded will produce illegal zones because they do not know the new consensus rules. block, a temporary fork will occur. This fork will be gradually repaired as the node is upgraded.

Hard fork

A hard fork refers to a permanent divergence in the blockchain. After the new consensus rules are released, some nodes that have not been upgraded cannot verify the upgraded nodes. For blocks produced, a hard fork usually occurs. Therefore, in the field of digital currency, hard forks often lead to the emergence of new currencies. For example, EtherThe hard fork of ETH led to the emergence of ETH.

Original text: What is a fork? What is a Bitcoin fork?

⑻ Why does the blockchain fork?

Blockchain forks are actually caused by the upgrade of the blockchain system. Each upgrade may be accompanied by the consensus rules of the blockchain. Changes will cause nodes in the entire network that have upgraded systems and nodes that have not upgraded systems to operate under different rules, so a fork occurs. For example, when a new version of the App we use appears, some people upgrade it and some people do not. Both versions can be used at the same time.

⑼ What is a fork of the Bitcoin blockchain?

Forks are distinguished from ordinary upgrades. Ordinary upgrades do not affect the protocol consensus before and after the upgrade, and generally do not Requires the participation of community consensus or computing power consensus. Forks are divided into soft forks and hard forks based on the modifications to the protocol.

Existing definitions:

[Lightning Definition] Hard fork refers to the Bitcoin block format or transaction format (this is the widely circulated "consensus" (should be When part of the protocol consensus)) changes, non-upgraded nodes refuse to verify the blocks produced by the upgraded nodes, but the upgraded nodes can verify the blocks produced by the non-upgraded nodes, and then everyone continues the chain they think is correct. , so it is divided into two chains.

A permanent divergence in the the block chain, commonly occurs when non-upgraded nodes can't validate blocks created by upgraded nodes that follow newer consensus rules.

【Lightning Definition 】Soft fork means that when the data structure of Bitcoin transactions (this is the widely circulated "consensus" (should be a partial protocol consensus)) changes, non-upgraded nodes can verify the blocks produced by upgraded nodes. And nodes that have been upgraded can also verify blocks produced by nodes that have not been upgraded.

A temporary fork in the block chain which commonly occurs when miners using non-upgraded nodes violate a new consensus rule their nodes don't know about.

I don't think I can say Which definition is correct or wrong? The specific definition can be summarized by yourself based on the difference between the two that has reached consensus in the community. There is no need for authority to specify.

Hard scoreFork: There is no forward compatibility, the previous version will no longer be usable and a forced upgrade is required.

Soft fork: It has good compatibility. At least some functions of the previous version are available and does not need to be upgraded.

Hard fork: There will be two forked chains at the blockchain level, one original chain and one forked new chain.

Soft fork: There is no forked chain at the blockchain level, just blocks that make up the chain, including new blocks and old blocks.

Hard fork: Everyone needs to agree to the fork upgrade at a certain point in time. Those who disagree will enter the original chain.

Soft fork: For a long period of time, it is allowed not to upgrade, but to continue to use the original version to generate old blocks and coexist with new blocks

⑽ Why does the blockchain Forks

Forks are the core of the blockchain experience, similar to system upgrades. To “fork” a chain is essentially to make changes to the software that runs the blockchain. Depending on the situation, there are many issues caused by forks, some of which can quickly reach consensus, while others are extremely controversial. In a centralized system, software upgrades are extremely simple and only require iterative updates such as patches or compatibility of certain functions. In a decentralized system, upgrading is far from simple and easy. It requires reaching a consensus among the nodes or transaction parties on the chain. When making some major functional improvements, they are often opposed by some people in the community. Once more than 2/3 of the people disagree, then they have to choose other ways to create their own protocols and branch blockchains, so Bifurcation will occur. In Bitcoin, this is implemented in the form of Bitcoin software (also called the Bitcoin protocol), which determines the rules for everyone, including block size, rewards for miners, etc. If everyone uses Bitcoin, they must agree to this agreement. Similar to the laws of the country, everyone must obey them. However, it is not just Bitcoin, but also other encrypted digital currencies. As a software project, there is always room for improvement. Therefore, technical updates and development are basically moving forward. Bitcoin developers update software by (Bitcoin protocol) to solve problems or enhance functionality. Simply put, as long as there are differences of opinion, protocol improvements (new additions, upgrades), etc. in the blockchain network, forks may occur. In fact, it is not difficult to understand when talking about forks. Taking Bitcoin as an example, Bitcoin forks can be divided into two major categories: Bitcoin protocol and storage transaction system. The Bitcoin protocol is completely open source. If you want to create your own branch blockchain, you must first copy the Bitcoin software source code, and then make appropriate modifications according to your own needs. Finally, the specified block number is used to start the Bitcoin fork and take effect, which is actually equivalent to the timing instructions in the centralized system program. For example, it can be stipulated that the fork will take effect when the block number reaches 10000. When the instruction transmitted by the block number is sent to the community, it will be divided into two parts, one part supports the original protocol, and the other part supports the fork protocol, and then eachEach part will again add new blocks to the chain they support.