区块链 徐小平,区块链产业服务办公室徐刚

区块链，一种基于分布式账本技术的新型数据库技术，是一种可以实现不可篡改、去中心化的数据存储和交易技术。它可以将数据存储在多个节点上，形成一个安全可靠的分布式数据库，可以实现安全可靠的数据交换和交易。徐小平、徐刚是区块链领域的专家，他们发掘并开发了区块链技术，为区块链产业的发展做出了重要贡献。

比特币是一种基于区块链技术的数字货币，它是一种去中心化的、不可篡改的、安全可靠的数字货币。比特币的发明者是匿名的软件开发者“中本聪”，他将区块链技术和比特币结合起来，创造了一种新型的数字货币，它可以在全球范围内实现安全可靠的数字货币交易。

以太坊是一个开源的分布式计算平台，它使用区块链技术实现去中心化的应用程序，可以实现安全可靠的数字货币交易和各种去中心化的应用程序。它是由比特币领域的专家Vitalik Buterin创造的，他将区块链技术和智能合约结合起来，创造了一种新型的去中心化的应用程序平台。

区块链产业服务办公室是一个专门从事区块链领域研究、开发和服务的国家机构，由徐小平和徐刚共同创立，旨在为区块链产业的发展提供技术支持和服务。办公室致力于推动区块链技术的应用，支持企业探索区块链技术的潜力，推动区块链技术在政府、金融、文化、教育、医疗、物流等领域的应用，为各行业发展提供技术支持。

请查看相关英文文档

Ⅰ Satoshi Nakamoto, China’s local green onion! Your uncle will always be your uncle

Recently, I saw a very funny video while browsing Weibo. The old man set up a stall to sell books.

Uncle: You were not there when I was studying blockchain! return. . . . . . return. . . . . . .

Uncle: The blockchain is just an iron chain!

The young man picked up a book about the blockchain revolution and asked: So this book is about how to make iron chains.

The uncle slapped his other hand with one hand: Let me give you a metaphor. Do you know that the blockchain revolution is about the unity of the proletariat of the world?

In this revolution, what is lost is only the iron chain, but what is gained is the whole world.

(I think you know a lot about the proletariat. After all the property has been handed over, being cut off from the leek does not mean you have no property. The chicken feathers left on the ground are just "iron chains".)< br />
Guy: Uncle, do you know what Bitcoin is?

Uncle: Bitcoin?

Guy: Uh

Uncle: Bitcoin is a special currency! Yes or no?

(There is nothing wrong with this. Digital currency can be encrypted. Isn’t it special?)

Guy: Hahahahahahahahahaha

Uncle : Let me tell you, can the paper money from the Qianlong period be spent now?

(The paper money used in the Qianlong period can be used to buy a steamed bun now. People don’t know whether it is genuine or not. It is inevitable that you will be crazy. Similarly, Bitcoin is not legal tender (legal currency), at least in China Not yet. Most people still don’t know about Bitcoin and would think paper money would be more comfortable.)

Guy: No

Uncle: But you get it at the auction Go up, one hundred thousand, two hundred thousand, it’s all there.

(The auction corresponds to the exchange, just take Bitcoin, it will rise slowly, and of course it will plummet.)

Guy: Uh

Uncle: Do you think it is valuable? Is he special?

Guy: Special Special (The guy was shocked, the two words appeared.)

Uncle: Hey, do you collect stamps?

Guy: Collect stamps Collect stamps

Uncle: Hey, this is similar to collecting stamps. It is also divided into monkey coins, first-day coins, and commemorative coins. The less these things are, the longer they last, the more valuable they are.

(The monkey coins, first-day coins, and commemorative coins in stamp collections correspond to the various coins on today’s trading platforms. However, the currency of the blockchain will increase as more people invest money in it. The faster.)

Guy: Uncle, do you have any Bitcoins?

Uncle: There were two during the founding of the People’s Republic of China. Oh, my buddy was there before liberation!

Guy: Damn, it’s worth a lot

Uncle: Creation

(Uncle, the creation you are talking about is really not creation. Genesis Bitcoin? Did I hear that correctly?)

Uncle: I dare not say anything else, but buying a building is no problem.

(Some currencies have indeed risen. Look at Bitcoin from being worthless to tens of thousands of yuan now. It is indeed possible to buy a house. Is there any currency that can buy a house with a 50% discount before? !)

Guy: Uncle, do you know what Satoshi Nakamoto is?

Uncle: What? Satoshi Nakamoto Is Nakamoto onion the local green onion in China

(Satoshi Nakamoto wanted to hit someone after hearing this)

Guy: Ah!

Uncle: I don’t understand this! Let me tell you, this stuff has similar effects to leeks. It is an aphrodisiac, but I hope you will eat less of this stuff.

Guy: Hahaha

Uncle: Don’t make a mistake, it’s a medicine with three parts poison. Let me tell you, if you plant green onions, the leeks won’t even grow!

(Friends, please be careful when entering the market, otherwise you will have to cut off your kidneys!)

Guy: Ahahaha

Uncle: I’m so energetic

Guy: Hahaha, leeks

Uncle: Really

(Yes, yes, uncle, you are right.)

Okay, this is what I posted on Weibo yesterday. I thought it was quite funny, but it’s not unreasonable.

So I have written some little knowledge, I hope it will be helpful to you!

Ⅱ What is INB?

Insight Chain is the world’s first decentralized research ecological chain based on blockchain, dedicated to solving the problem of low efficiency, high cost, and data problems in the research process. For the problems of unreality and too long data chains, we use [Research as Mining] as the starting point to realize the upstreaming of survey data, return of the value of survey data to individuals, and research on big data. The first research application on the chain has been launched: Insight, which takes the decentralized research rating of encrypted digital currency as the entry point and uses blockchain technology toProject parties, analysts, exchanges, and investors integrate to build a decentralized community research platform that integrates rating indexes, data transactions, information sharing, and interactive consultation.

III The wheel of history is rolling forward.

Copyright Statement

This article is supported by Bihu (bihu.com)

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Qiqixiaoyu (qiqixiaoyu)

Text/Huang Jiahui

Written in front: From contact with blockchain to now, I feel that blockchain The wave is unstoppable and the future is already here. The wheel of history is rolling forward. It cannot be thought about, doubted or missed! ! !

The famous investor Xu Xiaoping appealed to everyone.

Join the wave of wealth brought by the blockchain revolution and turn around quickly. Just reading a book is not enough. Please mobilize all the cells in your body and invest in the future that has arrived! I think everyone has seen the screenshot of Mr. Xu Xiaoping, a well-known angel investor who is very popular in the circle of friends. In his Zhen Fund CEO investment group, he advocated that all people join the wave of the blockchain revolution. Due to copyright issues, the image is not quoted here.

The ending is like this: "I appeal to everyone with all my wisdom not to fish in the abyss, but to rush into the waves to welcome the huge benefits that the blockchain will bring to all walks of life. Impact!"

Later, Zhang Quanling, a former famous CCTV host who I like very much and later turned into a venture investor, pointed out in a speech that the future of blockchain is here! Zhang Quanling said: Because of the birth of blockchain, all investors have been particularly anxious recently. This can be seen from the popularity of this sentence:

One day in the currency circle, ten years in the Internet.

Because in the era of strong bubble ICOs, the skyrocketing rise of Bitcoin, and the birth of various air coins, some people may be able to make money in one day that you spent ten years making in the Internet era. money arrived.

Although the Internet era is already an era that forces you to feel anxious.

We usually have two ways of dealing with such anxiety, one of which is the rationalist saying: "Completely deny it, this is a Ponzi scheme, this is a bunch of liars."

But in the past two years, my thinking mode has changed a lot.

The media must have the ability to think independently and be skeptical. Therefore, the most common words I said were "No, I don't think so" and "Yes, but", but now I think in terms of "Yes, and".

Existence is reasonable, and appearance must bebecause.

Even if a bunch of reckless people start to make this thing full of loopholes, bubbles, and even violations of laws, we must believe that this technology itself is disruptive.

If it creates a big bubble, it will force a group of more talented people to enter and slowly fill the bubble. Maybe the bubble will collapse twice in the process.

Even if it collapses, I will not gloat and say: Look, I told you so.

I would not have this attitude today.

Why believe in blockchain? Because many things in this world can be reshaped.

It is possible for the value network to be reshaped, and for the trust relationship to be reshaped. As long as I believe in the underlying logic, this thing may happen.

For example, if a company wants to get a loan from a bank today, the bank will want to check its credit. For example, companies such as Gree and Midea have thousands of suppliers. Is it possible for every supplier that does business with Gree and Midea to obtain a bank loan? uncertain.

Some suppliers clearly have orders from Midea or Gree, but due to various corporate reasons, they cannot get bank loans. In such a supply chain line, if you cannot get this part of the loan, your business will be reduced.

Why do we need a center like a bank? It's because the bank can confirm your credit.

But assume that every order I place is certified on this blockchain and cannot be changed or falsified. All businesses involved in your transaction can vouch for you. It is recorded on each node and on all distributed ledgers.

So, can Midea do its own supply chain finance? Does it have a chance to issue a "beautiful coin"?

It is not possible to issue coins, which is against the law, but you can make a IOU and borrow money between companies, thus creating something called "Midea IOU".

Is it okay for thousands of suppliers to use Midea’s white strips to communicate with each other? Does this business have motivation? Will loan costs be reduced? Is it possible that the value of the money made by the bank can find its way back into the network? possible.

This is the change in my mentality in the past two years. All new things come out in a mess, and all new things come out in tatters, but as long as you believe that they have subversive power at the bottom. Please accept it with an open mind first.

To sum it up in one sentence:

The wheels of history are rolling in, turning faster and faster, and you have to break your arms to survive. Otherwise, just jump on it and see where it rolls.

To borrow four words from Wu Xiaobo: big water and big fish.

A fish has to struggle on its own throughout its life, and at the same time, it must also consider the changes in water flow, in order to become a fish that is big because of water.

IV What is "Blockchain"

Blockchain technology is a technology that jointly maintains reliable databases through decentralization and elimination of trust. Four keywords can be used to describe blockchain technology: trust reduction, decentralization, collective maintenance and reliable database.

When we talk about the concept of "blockchain", Bitcoin is definitely a topic that will not be ignored. In recent years, Bitcoin has begun to enter the public eye, especially in 2017, which has continued to skyrocket throughout the year, making many people aware of this emerging thing.

Blockchain is actually the underlying technology of Bitcoin. Bitcoin exists because people on the Internet who don’t know each other can move and trade digital currency through the Bitcoin network. And this is driven by blockchain technology. All Bitcoin transactions are recorded on the blockchain ledger. To a certain extent, in the application of Bitcoin, the blockchain plays the role of the underlying database of the bank transaction system. Both are for "keeping accounts". Although it is not very prudent to refer to the blockchain directly as a "database", for the sake of ease of understanding, let's temporarily call it a decentralized, shared and encrypted database. If described in professional terms, blockchain is a distributed ledger technology.

Blockchain can usually be divided into the following types:

1. Public blockchain. Anyone can access data on a public blockchain, and anyone can issue transactions waiting to be written to the blockchain. Participants in the consensus process (corresponding to miners in Bitcoin at the time) maintain the security of the database through cryptography and built-in economic incentives.

2. Collaborative blockchain. The nodes participating in the blockchain are pre-selected, and there are likely to be good network connections between the nodes. Other consensus algorithms other than proof-of-work can be used on such a blockchain. For example, a blockchain has been established among a hundred financial institutions, and it is stipulated that more than two-thirds of the institutions must agree to reach a consensus. The data on such a blockchain can be either public or shared internally by these node participants.

3. Private blockchain. The participating nodes are only individual users, and the access and use of data are subject to strict permission management. Most of the internally used blockchain technologies announced by some financial institutions recently are vague and may fall into this range.

The blockchain is a public ledger. There is no centralized hardware or management organization. Anyone can automatically verify the authenticity of the ledger and easily discover whether the ledger has been tampered with by others.

In a word, the blockchain is a public ledger that can be verified by everyone.

The concept of being verifiable by everyone is crucial to blockchain.

Bitcoin uses the blockchain to record all transactions, soDoes anyone know the amount of Bitcoin on each account.

So, as a publicly verifiable ledger, what are some use cases for blockchain?

In fact, there are many use cases that can be thought of. Blockchain is suitable for any data that can be recorded on a public ledger. Here are 4 examples:

1. Decentralized domain name server, namely domain currency. The domain name server is actually a ledger that records domain names.

2. Trustless public key encryption, such as https that discards unreliable certification authorities.

3. Ownership records, truthfully record the items and their corresponding owners.

4. Contracts and performance guarantees, the account book truthfully records the parties to the contract and saves the contract text.

But don’t forget that blockchain also has a very important component.

The ledger recorded using blockchain technology will always be updated. New data such as transactions, domain name inputs, records and contracts will be converted into hash values ​​of the same length by the hash algorithm and saved. However, hashing algorithms are not only not free but also very expensive.

Therefore, the ledger itself needs to have a recognition system to recognize the person who enters the block hash value.

In Bitcoin, this system is called mining and is rooted in the Bitcoin protocol. Bitcoin miners use a hash algorithm to convert transactions waiting for verification into hash values, and charge a certain amount of Bitcoin as a service fee.

Therefore, for non-monetary use cases, blockchain needs to find a way to bear the high cost of hashing algorithms.

I would like to remind everyone that my answer mainly focuses on the possible use cases of blockchain technology, and does not cover all aspects of blockchain, such as why hashing algorithms are so expensive. I'm sure you can find a lot of detailed information about Bitcoin and other blockchain applications online.

Supplement

Although blockchain technology has many advantages, there are still some less than ideal use cases. For example, there is no way to convert Bitcoin into any national currency; a ledger with billions of data entries would take up space and be impractical.

Bitcoin has shown the world that blockchain technology is feasible in principle, and people are also trying to solve these increasingly prominent problems, such as technological transformation of Bitcoin or the introduction of a completely Different blockchain technologies. I think the following two methods are worth trying: one is to split the ledger according to certain standards such as the payer address, and the other is to introduce a main blockchain to verify the sub-blockchain. Blockchain technology is ever-changing and dazzling, and it’s unknown whether someone is already making such an attempt. But Bitcoin is still the world’s first currency blockchain, what others call a cryptocurrency..

Whether in the technology circle or the financial circle, blockchain has become the hottest word, no one. Blockchain has core advantages such as decentralization and trustlessness, and can perfectly solve problems such as information asymmetry, high transaction costs, and trust of strangers in the development of the sharing economy, making "individual economy" possible. Based on this, blockchain technology is considered to be the core technology that has the greatest potential to trigger the fifth wave of disruptive revolution after steam engines, electricity, information and Internet technology.

In this context, a blockchain craze was born in society, and everyone praised it overwhelmingly. Dialectics tells us that everything has flaws, and only by seeing the pros and cons of things can we make rational decisions. Therefore, in this article, Xue Hongyan (Hong Yanweiyu), a senior researcher at Suning Financial Research Institute, focuses on pouring some cold water on the blockchain.

| What is Blockchain

Blockchain, English Blockchain, has a rather mysterious technological flavor in its name, and can be simply broken down into "data blocks" and "links". Each data block contains all the information exchange data of the system within a certain period of time, and is encrypted using cryptographic methods; the link means that each block has a link relationship with the next block, thus forming a blockchain.

It is generally believed that blockchain has two major characteristics: decentralization and trustlessness. A brief introduction is as follows:

Since each block contains all the information exchange data of the system within a specific period of time, Therefore, each block is equal, and the damage of a single block does not affect the security of the entire system, so the blockchain has decentralized characteristics.

Similarly, since each block contains all the information of the system, the authenticity of the information can be cross-verified. Only by breaking through more than 51% of the nodes can the information be tampered with. In a large enough blockchain system , the cost is extremely high, it can be considered that the information in the blockchain is true, so the blockchain has the characteristics of trustlessness.

Most people’s understanding of blockchain begins with Bitcoin. The relationship between the two is that blockchain is the underlying technology and concept, and Bitcoin is only the most popular application of blockchain at present. .

Maybe the above is not popular enough. Finally, let me summarize, what do you think the blockchain is? Is it a disruptive new technology? NO! According to Xue Hongyan (Hong Yanweiyu), a senior researcher at Suning Financial Research Institute, blockchain is not so much a new technology as it is a new ideological concept. The information encryption and other technologies included in the blockchain have been around for a long time, and it is more of a conceptual innovation. This is also the reason why the blockchain has a huge impact. New technologies will be surpassed sooner or later, ranging from one or two years to four to five years; only innovative ideas have enough energy to affect all aspects of the economy and society.

| Blockchain is expected to change the underlying rules of the financial systemThen

In applications in the financial field, blockchain will change the transaction process and record keeping methods, thereby significantly reducing transaction costs and significantly improving efficiency. It is considered to be an important player in digital currency, cross-border payment and clearing, It has a broad market environment in bill trading, securities issuance and trading, property rights transactions, customer credit reporting, anti-fraud, and anti-money laundering.

Such a good technology is naturally sought after by everyone. Like many traditional financial people, Hong Yanweiyu resisted it at first, thinking that this thing was not that great, and did not do any research specifically. Later, as the research on financial technology gradually deepened, it was discovered that blockchain was an obstacle that could not be bypassed, because whether it was robo-advisory, big data risk control or online lending, they were only technological innovations at the financial business level and risk control level. It has not penetrated the bottom layer of the financial system. What is the underlying layer of the financial system? Naturally, it is payment and settlement, transaction rules and system interaction. What the blockchain changes is precisely the underlying rules.

Therefore, throughout the world, financial institutions are the most active in researching blockchain. If nothing else, they are really afraid. After the decentralization and trustless features of the blockchain are fully utilized, what else will the intermediaries of financial institutions do? It is estimated that this is also the first feeling of many people who have a preliminary understanding of blockchain.

In this article, Hong Yanweiyu focuses on pouring cold water on this view.

| Subverting the financial system, blockchain still faces two mountains

Marxist dialectics tells us that everything has two sides. The more prominent the advantages, the more obvious the flaws. It’s just the perspective. Just different. The two major problems with blockchain subverting the financial system lie precisely in the two major advantages of decentralization and trustlessness.

First, let’s talk about decentralization. First, we need to clarify a truth. Does centralization necessarily mean low efficiency? Of course not. Within a specific scope, the concentration of resources brought about by centralization can greatly improve efficiency. This is also the reason why human beings evolve from individuals to villages to tribes and then to countries in the process of evolution. Take UnionPay as an example. UnionPay is the clearing and settlement center for the domestic banking industry. After UnionPay is established, each bank only needs to connect with UnionPay to realize transactions with all banks. If it is decentralized, without UnionPay, each bank will need to When communicating with all counterparties, which one is more efficient? Therefore, there is no need to beat centralization to death with a stick. The decentralization feature of blockchain is destined to only play a role in specific fields (that is, fields that are not suitable for centralization). How can it subvert everything?

Furthermore, it is a matter of trust. There is nothing wrong with detrusting itself, but the technical logic behind it is deeply flawed. Blockchain relies on universal accounting to achieve trustlessness, that is, all transaction information is retained in each block for system cross-verification to identify authenticity. Here comes the problem. Each block retains all transaction information. This is no problem on a small blockchain. However, as more and more information is added, it will inevitably lead to explosive growth of transaction information, which will also bring aboutThe cost of information storage has risen sharply. At the same time, the greater the amount of information, the longer cross-validation takes and the lower the efficiency. Therefore, the blockchain solves the trust problem, but it brings about rising costs and declining efficiency.

Nothing in the world is perfect, and the same is true for blockchain.

As a conclusion, Hongyanweiyu wants to clarify that blockchain, as a conceptual innovation, does have great value and can also have a disruptive impact in specific fields. However, the current one-sided thinking about blockchain is problematic. Eastern wisdom tells us that "the most brilliant and the golden mean", in the face of anything, it is wisest to maintain the golden mean.

(Text/Xue Hongyan, senior researcher at Suning Financial Research Institute; WeChat public account: Hongyan Weiyu)

As early as a few years ago, the word "mining" came with Bitcoin is well known for its popularity. Many people know about Bitcoin first and then the blockchain, and they even don’t know about the blockchain yet. By definition, blockchain is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains information about a Bitcoin network transaction, which is used to verify the validity (anti-counterfeiting) and generation of its information. Next block.

I am not a computer technology expert. The following introduction to blockchain comes from reading and comments from expert friends and is for reference only.

If you want to use one word to explain blockchain, it is: distributed accounting.

To understand what this word means, you need to first understand that traditional accounting has a center. For example, in a bank, when you withdraw money from a bank deposit or lend money to others through the bank, the bank is the center. All these transactions are based on the bank's credit. What if the bank cheats? Or is it more serious, is the country cheating? The Kuomintang's indiscriminate issuance of gold yuan coupons at the end of its rule in mainland China, as well as the hyperinflation in Weimar Germany and Zimbabwe, which made the currency less valuable than toilet paper, are very famous examples.

Golden Yuan Coupons

This is the problem that blockchain is aimed at. They believe that decentralized accounting is non-modifiable and non-repudiable. How to achieve decentralized accounting? The basic idea is that all users store all transaction records, and through mathematical methods, it becomes very difficult to illegally modify the ledger. In this way, the reliability of the ledger is guaranteed.

Specifically, all users exhaustively enumerate random number variables, and the first user to obtain a specific required hash function value (Hash) will have the right to record this round of transactions and obtain the corresponding Bitcoins award. It is transmitted in the form of data blocks, and the data blocks are connected into a chain by appending at the end, so it is called a block chain.

After listening to the introduction, you may find this idea very interesting.But it's not as exciting or revolutionary as advertised. Your feeling is right. In fact, the basic logic of blockchain has some unavoidable problems.

For example, the current size of the complete Bitcoin public ledger has exceeded 150 G, and is rapidly increasing at a rate of tens of G per year - just to support 5 million users and 30 million transactions per year. If its processing volume is one day comparable to that of Alipay, the size of the Bitcoin ledger will increase by more than 500 terabytes per year. This is equivalent to backing up the Alipay server's storage data on all users' personal computers. Do you think this is a good idea?

For another example, in the traditional banking system, if you lose your password, it is no big deal. Just report it to the system in time, and your wealth will not disappear. But in the blockchain system, if you lose your password, it will be a huge trouble, and your currency will not be recovered. Not happy? Is it surprising?

Blockchain is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithms. The so-called consensus mechanism is a mathematical algorithm to establish trust and obtain rights and interests between different nodes in the blockchain system

In layman’s terms, it is to play mahjong. Four people can take turns to be the banker, and each other can shoot four people. They all have their own ledger records, but if you want to modify the ledger, you must have more than 50% of the modification rights, so the cost of cheating on the ledger is very high.

In the future, blockchain will be used more in finance to combat money laundering and fraud, because all information can be traced, and in culture it can be used for copyright protection, etc.

< /p>

I have seen a lot of people’s explanations of blockchain in official terms, and some may not even be clear to the person explaining it. I will explain blockchain in vernacular below to ensure that everyone can read it. Gotta understand.

What is blockchain? Let me give an analogy. In 50 years, you can buy an electric fan from the supermarket. This electric fan will automatically help you mine coins while using the electric fan. When you use the electric fan, you can automatically mine coins. When the fan breaks down, you can use the mined coins to repair the electric fan. Of course, you can also use the mined coins to buy a new electric fan. Many people think wrongly! Wouldn’t the profits of merchants be less? Let me tell you about a certain brand. When the products of this brand are sold to you, the products themselves may even be sold to you at a loss. However, once the number of users becomes large and the users become more sticky, they can be paid through membership fees or service fees. Such small fees or other ways to make profits. Just like this, mined coins can be purchased and repaired. In this way, although the merchant's profit may be reduced, the merchant has gained more users and greater user stickiness. By this time, it only takes a minute for the merchant to make money.

And the electric fan you bought is equivalent to givingYou have gone up the chain. What does it mean to go up the chain? If you put your electric fan on the street and 10 people come to grab it, you have no way to prove that the ownership of the fan is yours. Once you put it on the chain, it is equivalent to being tied to you. Once it’s settled, you can prove it.

Therefore, the essence of blockchain is to help make people’s lives more convenient. It is equivalent to upgrading on the basis of the Internet, making it safer and more convenient. This is blockchain! It's that simple.

The security of the blockchain is reflected in its irreversibility and the data cannot be tampered with. We all know that in today's society, any data can be modified and conquered by hackers, but the data in the blockchain cannot be changed. Once generated, it cannot be modified unless all users in the blockchain work together. Agree to modify the data, but this is unlikely to happen.

At present, the blockchain is still very immature, just like the Internet bubble burst in 2000. When the bubble bursts, a truly valuable blockchain Internet will be hatched. company.

The wheel of history will not go backwards. Many people are unwilling to accept blockchain. Just like telling you that you can shop online 20 years ago, this is the same ridiculous thing. Time will eventually prove it. .

1. The main function of blockchain is to store information. Any information that needs to be saved can be written to the blockchain and read from it, so it is a database.

2. Anyone can set up a server, join the blockchain network and become a node. In the world of blockchain, there is no central node. Every node is equal and stores the entire database. You can write/read data to any node, because all nodes will eventually be synchronized to ensure that the blockchain is consistent.

3. Everyone works on the same blockchain, everyone publicly shares the current state of the blockchain, everyone agrees on the rules for new data submission and tampering with the blockchain is prohibited. It is difficult to operate in terms of computing power.

If we assume that the database is a ledger, reading and writing the database is an accounting behavior:

Anyone can verify this public ledger, but there is no single The user can control it. Participants in the blockchain system will jointly maintain the update of the ledger: it can only be modified according to strict rules and consensus, and there is a very exquisite design behind this.

(1) Accounting, the system will find the person with the fastest and best accounting within a period of time, let this person do the accounting, and then broadcast the information on this page of the account book to everyone else on the entire network. nodes, which is equivalent to changing database records; (consensus mechanism, cryptography)

(2) Verification, verification by other valid nodes in the entire networkThe correctness of the accounting of the block, and stamped with a timestamp to confirm that the block is legal; (timestamp, mathematics)

(3) Forming a single chain, that is, competing after the previous legal block A block; (smart contract, encryption technology)

(4) Storage, the account book is stored in blocks. As transactions increase, new data blocks will be appended to the existing chain to form Chain structure; (distributed structure, information technology)

(5) Backup, every participating trader is a node of the block network, and each node has a complete backup of the public account book, and It is a distributed ledger.

Features

1. The blockchain has no administrator and is completely centerless. It is precisely because it cannot be managed that the blockchain cannot be controlled. Without an administrator, everyone can write data into it. In order to ensure the trustworthiness of the data: the technology of blockchain makes it impossible to tamper with the data once it is written.

2. Close to zero trust cost.

The cycle time required for Internet companies to build their credit is extremely long. For example, Taobao often takes several years to build its credit. In the blockchain, everyone trusts the code, algorithm and rules, so the cost of trust is extremely low.

3. The marginal cost of constructing and trading assets approaches zero.

If traditional assets are to be used for trading, they need to rely heavily on third parties, such as investment banks, banks, securities firms, etc., for packaging and endorsement, and the fees and thresholds are extremely high. With blockchain, these will not be a problem, and the cost is extremely low.

The value transfer attribute of the blockchain also naturally solves the payment problem, and has the genes to support global payments.

Blockchain, simply put, is the underlying technology that supports ICO (virtual currency). The popular Bitcoin is an application of ICO. In other words, the connotation of blockchain is richer, and its main features are:

1. Blockchain is equivalent to digital trust. Both parties to the transaction can independently enter into digital contracts, and companies providing blockchain services are equivalent to Digital trust company;

2. The purpose and characteristics of blockchain are "3 de-intermediaries" - de-intermediation, de-currency, de-sovereignty; yes

3. Bitcoin is An application of blockchain, Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency, and all blockchains apply digital encryption technology;

4. The "3 Go" feature is targeted at the financial industry, and only when high frequency is required Blockchain is only needed in the financial field of transactions;

5. Large platforms with a user base are more suitable for applying blockchain, and small companies’ participation is of little value, so Zuckerberg’s 2018 New Year’s wish includes To study digital cryptocurrency. Kodak also launched a digital currency, sending its stock price soaring.

In addition, talking about Bitcoin, it can be used to exchangeNow, it can be exchanged into the currencies of most countries. Users can use Bitcoin to purchase some virtual items, and they can also use Bitcoin to purchase real-life items. In this sense, Bitcoin is similar to the world's currency, close to gold.

Peter Thiel, co-founder of PayPal and an early investor in Facebook, believes that Bitcoin is "undervalued" by people and compares it to gold. He said: "If one day Bitcoin becomes the online equivalent of gold, then it will have room for appreciation."

But on January 3, the "People's Daily" published an article saying, "Whether it is from The increase can still be seen from the value of the currency itself. There is a bubble in the price of Bitcoin. This is an issue that needs no discussion." Data show that in the past 2017, Bitcoin has skyrocketed and plummeted: within a year, the price skyrocketed by about 20 times, and in one day It fell more than 40% within the period.

Indeed, Bitcoin has risks. However, blockchain with richer connotations obviously still has greater room for development.

Last night, screenshots of Xu Xiaoping, founder of ZhenFund, encouraging the embrace of the blockchain revolution in an internal group were posted online. In his view, the blockchain revolution has indeed arrived. “I strongly encourage everyone internally to embrace the blockchain revolution and learn blockchain technology. This is my understanding after long-term observation and thinking. I feel the responsibility to tell our entrepreneurs. I don’t want my understanding of blockchain The views have been misunderstood as views on ICO."

However, in the context of the collective entry of Internet companies and investment institutions, the government will definitely take measures.

Recently, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has expressed concerns about this and shelved the proposal of two U.S. companies to launch a Bitcoin exchange-traded fund (ETF).

In fact, this is only a matter of time. Because the "three-go" feature of blockchain is inherently contradictory to government centralization.

IV What should the phenomenon and application of blockchain look like

1. The revolution of blockchain

Until Bitcoin In the seventh year after its emergence, its underlying core technology, blockchain, began to become known to people. With the wealth effect caused by Bitcoin’s multi-million-fold increase, blockchain is becoming more and more popular. Its value is widely recognized and it is generally considered to be the core technology leading the fourth industrial revolution.

In 2018, Xu Xiaoping, a well-known angel investor, raised his arms and shouted: "The blockchain revolution has arrived! We must embrace this revolution!" With one stone, it caused thousands of waves, and soon the official blockchain learning book was launched online , official media interpreted that a wave of entrepreneurship and recruitment are coming one after another. In 2019, blockchain was officially designated as “an important breakthrough for independent innovation in core technology.”

Under this situation, blockchain has become an out-and-out "new outlet", and blockchain applications have becomeas keywords. It has significant advantages in optimizing business processes and building trustworthy systems. How can we use these advantages of blockchain technology to empower the real economy?

Not only blockchain project parties are trying, but also Chinese Internet giants represented by BAT, financial systems and mobile operators represented by China Merchants Bank, Bank of China, and Ping An Insurance, etc. They are all actively carrying out "blockchain+", and it is also in full swing overseas. Facebook, Goldman Sachs, JPMorgan Chase, etc. are all actively promoting it.

2. Blockchain+

On August 10, 2018, Tencent issued the first blockchain electronic invoice. As of July 3, 2020, invoices were issued Volume reaches 25 million. Blockchain electronic invoices have the advantages of simple invoicing, on-demand supply, low cost, high efficiency, and anti-counterfeiting. Tencent Blockchain quickly occupied the market with first-mover advantages in blockchain + government affairs and blockchain + taxation.

Ant Financial, owned by Alibaba, began to deploy blockchain as early as 2015. So far, Ant Blockchain has open alliance chain, BaaS platform and other products covering dozens of application scenarios. It has reached on-chain cooperation with many well-known global companies such as Intel, Jingdezhen Porcelain, and Bayer. The Internet also entered the blockchain very early and launched blockchain games, blockchain certificate storage and other services. Currently, the number of certificates stored on the chain has exceeded 100 million.

In 2019, the scale of China's blockchain industry alone reached 1.2 billion yuan. Data from the research institution Research and Markets shows that the output value of blockchain technology in the telecommunications field will surge from 4.66 million US dollars in 2018 to 2023. 993.8 billion US dollars in the year. Against this background, 2020 will usher in multiple policy benefits.

1. Officials have included blockchain into the scope of new infrastructure and new technology infrastructure;

2. Hunan released the "Three-Year Action Plan for the Development of the Blockchain Industry in Hunan Province" ( 2020-2022)";

3. Guangzhou launched the "Implementation Opinions of Guangzhou on Promoting the Innovation and Development of the Blockchain Industry (2020-2022)";

4. Beijing issued the "Beijing Blockchain Innovation and Development Action Plan (2020-2022)";

5. Jiangxi launched a blockchain service hall online;

6. Wuhan A special event for the transformation of blockchain technology scientific and technological achievements will be held;

7. The Chongqing Smart Expo Blockchain Application Innovation Competition plans to invest a huge amount of 50 million yuan as investment incentives.

However, although the implementation and empowerment of blockchain in finance, government affairs, public welfare, games, agriculture, manufacturing, medical care, copyright and other physical fields have been remarkable, it is still difficult to fight againstIt has also played a positive role in the COVID-19 epidemic.

However, due to the influence of the general environment, more funds, resources, and attention have been attracted to the direction of blockchain empowering the real economy, but the core native applications of blockchain have been ignored.

3. Blockchain native applications

The Internet has opened an era of information explosion, and blockchain will bring a future where value flows freely. In today's global economic and financial system, affected by many factors such as ideology, cultural systems, business models, and technological levels, the cost of value transfer is high and the efficiency is low, especially in cross-border payment scenarios.

In the future blockchain era, value transfer will be like information transfer: global, instant, free, and equally enjoyed by everyone. All offline assets such as stocks, securities, identities, and real estate can be freely converted on the chain.

Moreover, the impact of blockchain technology has far exceeded the technical category itself. It is also an idea. The soul of blockchain lies in consensus. In the era of blockchain, truly powerful vitality will be born in community consensus and application implementation, and community and consensus will become the main body and soul of the industry.

In a community with consensus, individual energy and value will be fully stimulated, offsetting the fission effect of traditional centralization, breaking the original solid underlying structure, and reshaping new business and social values.

Therefore, blockchain native applications should be based on community and consensus, give individuals a path to realize their value, and be able to maximize the application ecosystem that stimulates individual energy and creativity, ultimately breaking monopoly and forming Decentralized free value exchange network.

Individual energy and value are multi-dimensional and highly subjective. These blockchain model designs obviously cannot fully stimulate individual energy, and are even far from it.

Native applications that truly conform to the spirit of blockchain should be grand and comprehensive in application model design, taking into account all online and offline value-creating behaviors of individuals for personalized use by individuals. , each individual’s areas of expertise are different.

Borrowing from the Pareto optimal solution theory, each individual's energy can be maximized to maximize the energy of the whole, and only then can the original centralized business model be broken and a free flow of global individuals be formed. A peer-to-peer value transmission network builds a new decentralized business infrastructure, changes the value creation and delivery model, and reshapes the values ​​of the entire society.

#BTC[超话]# #digital currency# #OUyiOKEx#

Ⅵ What does Xue Manzi think of blockchain investment

< p>Xue Manzi "defies" Xu Xiaoping: I am not as excited as him about blockchain investment.

Don’t buy counterfeit coins worth a few cents.Don't be afraid of projects that you don't understand and only look at a few buzzy words to fool your attention. Don't be afraid of projects that don't have reliable entrepreneurial experience and a reliable entrepreneurial team. Don't be afraid of projects that don't have the endorsement of reliable investors. Nowadays, there are too many projects. People are not really using blockchain technology to change the industry and create industry value. Most people come here for the hope of getting rich suddenly. This makes me very worried!

If this industry has such a high possibility of annihilation, why bother investing in the blockchain industry? Despite the huge uncertainties and risks, this blockchain Industry represents the future. As investors, our mission is to use our own capital to promote the great development of an industry and enjoy investment returns at the same time.

The first generation of the Internet revolutionized social functions and searches between people, and the second generation of blockchain technology will completely subvert the way human transactions are conducted. Decentralized and distributed blockchain technology will completely change the existing currency transaction model, and its contribution to the future of mankind will definitely exceed that of the Internet back then. It can be said that the future of the blockchain industry is very bright, but the road will be extremely tortuous and the challenges will be unprecedented. Let me say the important thing three times: the market is risky, so be cautious when investing! When investing in blockchain, you must be sentimental and insist on value investing. You must be knowledgeable and able to identify the team. Otherwise, don’t lose the money you have worked hard to save.

Finally, the hot industry will die. There are hot spots every year. Most of them are cannon fodder. Don’t get carried away. Most projects will fail. We look forward to the national regulatory authorities through sandboxes, licenses, legislation, and transactions. The guidance and other measures help small and medium-sized investors filter out junk projects to stabilize the market and help the healthy development of blockchain technology from the financial market level. This is my opinion on blockchain investment.

Ⅶ Can you introduce some books about Bitcoin and blockchain?

1. "Bitcoin White Paper: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System", written by Satoshi Nakamoto. Read this white paper first before considering other content.
2 "Fortran95 Programming", the author is Peng Guolun.
3 "Introduction to Fortran 77 and 90/95 Programming", the author is Ding Zejun.
4. "Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines, Society and Economy"
5. "Inevitability", written by Kevin Kelly, mentioned 12 inevitable trends in the next 20 years.
6. "Mastering Bitcoin", this book will provide you with the necessary knowledge and guide you into the world of Bitcoin.
7. "Blockchain Revolution" tells how the underlying technology of Bitcoin changes money, business and the world. The authors are Don Tapscott and Alex Tapscott
8 ."Blockchain New Economic Blueprint and Introduction", author Melanie Swann
9. "Blockchain: Quantum Wealth Concept", author Han Feng/Zhang Xiaomei
10. "The Logic of Finance" ", the author is Chen Zhiwu. The work starts from the cultural and institutional genes of wealth in an in-depth and simple way, thereby telling readers about the financialWhat is the logic of integration?
Relevant books include "Principles of Economics", "Blockchain: Technology-driven Finance", "Blockchain Revolution: How Bitcoin's underlying technology changes currency, business and the world", "Blockchain Technology Guide", "Illustration Area" Blockchain" "How Blockchain Will Redefine the World" "Digital Currency: Bitcoin Data Reporting and Operation Guide" "Blockchain: From Digital Currency to Credit Society" "Intelligent Era" etc. To be honest, blockchain As a hot resource, there are quite a few. The main thing is judgment (whether it is valuable) and action (enter early).
I also recommend a blockchain-related APP called Golden Finance and a public account called Quanke Online. The article is rich in information;

Ⅷ Blockchain is popular...but what is blockchain?

Blockchain is popular...but what is blockchain
What is blockchain?
On the Internet, the definition of blockchain is:
Blockchain is a new application model of computer technology such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm. It is essentially a decentralized database and serves as the underlying technology of Bitcoin. The blockchain is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains information about a Bitcoin network transaction and is used to verify the validity of the information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block.
…What? Please speak human words, thank you!

Blockchain is essentially a decentralized database, this sentence is the key point. Let’s first talk about what decentralization is.
To give an example that is familiar to all of us, Xiao Wang wants to borrow a sum of money from Xiao Zhou, but what should he do if Xiao Wang refuses to repay the loan? At this time, the bank man came out and people completed the process of borrowing money through the bank. The bank here acts as a central credit intermediary. Just like when you go to Taobao to buy things, Taobao also acts as a central intermediary platform. Decentralization means completing transactions directly without going through a bank, but without a credit center, how to ensure the security of transactions?
At this time, Xiao Wang thought of a way. He shouted directly in the crowd: Xiao Wang borrowed 500 yuan from Xiao Zhou. So everyone in the crowd who heard it, Zhang San, Li Si, Wang Wu, and Zhao Liu, all said: I heard it, Xiao Wang borrowed 500 yuan from Xiao Zhou. And write this sentence in his personal account book. Each account book is connected according to the rules. It is impossible for Xiao Wang to default on the account.
In the end, the generally recognized ledger will only increase, not decrease. Subsequent passers-by will continue to record accounts from the recognized ledger.

The picture comes from Zhihu user-Wang Le-LaiW3n
In general, the blockchain is a distributed public ledger, and anyone can verify this public ledger. But no single user can control it. Participants in the blockchain system will jointly maintain the update of the ledger: it can only be carried out according to strict rules and consensus.Modification, there is a very sophisticated design behind this.

Many people equate blockchain with Bitcoin, but it is not. Blockchain technology is the underlying technology of Bitcoin. Without the operation and management of any centralized organization, Bitcoin has been operating very stably for many years without any problems. Therefore, some people have noticed its underlying technology and regarded Bitcoin technology as the underlying technology. Extract it abstractly and call it blockchain technology, or distributed ledger technology.
Bitcoin is just a successful application of blockchain technology. In addition, many people equate ICO and blockchain, which is also wrong. Blockchain is just a technology, and ICO is a project completed through this technology.

How popular is blockchain
In fact, blockchain, as the underlying architecture of Bitcoin, has long been known to people. Why has it become popular again just two weeks after 2018? This has to be mentioned. It’s the famous investor Xu Xiaoping.
Xu Xiaoping’s earlier words in an internal WeChat group encouraging the embrace of the blockchain revolution went viral:
“This is a great technological revolution in which those who follow it will prosper and those who go against it will perish. Subversion will be more rapid and thorough than the Internet and mobile Internet."

After concluding this speech, he warned not to spread the word. Of course, word got out, and what followed was continued discussion about blockchain.
For a time, the stock prices of listed companies that were related to "blockchain" began to rise sharply.
Even Kodak, which was already "dying" before, "sit up in shock" - after announcing its entry into the blockchain field and launching the virtual currency "Kodak Coin", Kodak's stock price soared by about 120%. The Hong Kong stock market even had a piece of news that made people laugh or cry: a company called "Pingshan Tea" announced that it would change its name to Blockchain Group. Against the background of the hype around the A-share blockchain concept, it actually rose by 23%.

From professional investors to aunts, blockchain has become an “Internet celebrity” supported by capital and even talked about on the street. The network index of blockchain is also soaring.

Is it worth the investment?
So is "blockchain" worth investing in? Let’s take a look at the statements of the “big guys”:
Facebook founder Zuckerberg: Will explore the application of encryption technology and virtual cryptocurrency in Facebook.
Xu Xiaoping, founder of ZhenFund: all in blockchain, recommends that entrepreneurs should understand blockchain, understand ICO, and enter the blockchain era while focusing on their own business. Don’t have any doubts or hesitation about blockchain, and immediately mobilize all employees to embrace blockchain.
JPMorgan Chase Chairman and CEO Jamie Dimon: Bitcoin is a fraud, but he appreciates the blockchain technology behind it. Blockchain is a technology, a great technology. We will use blockchain, and blockchain will help in many ways.
Warren Buffett (According to media reports): Digital currencies are almost certain to end in tragedy, and I will never hold any digital currencies myself. But in what form the tragedy appears, I don’t know. Bitcoin is an "out-and-out bubble" because we cannot measure what price Bitcoin should have. This asset cannot create value, so it has no meaning at all and is a bubble.
Soros: US$100 million invested in OVERSTOCK, a blockchain-based equity exchange.
The legends about blockchain all reflect the ultimate human dream of getting rich overnight: someone bought hundreds of thousands of Bitcoins, forgot his password, and was greeted by tens of billions of assets, not knowing what tomorrow will bring. Whichever comes first.
But don’t forget that blockchain is just a technology. Technology is neutral, but it is human nature that determines the direction and outcome of technology. At present, blockchain technology is still in its infancy, and many projects have not yet been implemented. Like an infant in swaddling clothes, it cannot withstand unrealistic pursuit or stick killing, nor can it withstand various unproven hype and labels.
The worst consequence is: if you only think about buying coins to make money, you will end up being cut like a leek.

Ⅸ Taking advantage of “blockchain + games”, Chengdu Super Dream launches the world’s first blockchain mobile game this month!

In recent days, the landscape of the Internet era is about to undergo earth-shaking changes at any time. Xunlei, Renren, Tianya and even NetEase Linekong have all entered the blockchain and introduced its core technology. , issuing its own tokens, or simply adding the words "blockchain" to its name can make the company's stock soar overnight.

At the end of January 2018, Super Dream Games will be the first to launch two blockchain mobile games for global distribution, namely "Chain Tai Clone Life" and "Chain Pokemon". Acting and raising cute pets have become the main gameplay. Blockchain technology is used to make every character and pet in the game become the private property of the player, and can be freely bought and sold for profit. But more importantly, pets can be combined to fight and the characters can survive. All business contents can bring in the traffic of ordinary players, achieving a closed-loop model in which RMB players and digital currency players participate together.

In the gaming industry, CryptoKitties, which once achieved a transaction volume of 110 million in a single month, has become popular in the eyes of many people. In the era of blockchain 1.0, various similar game plans were immediately derived. Make a profit while it's hot, but soon, problems such as single products, shoddy manufacturing, and low entertainment value will all surface. The once-popular CryptoKitties, CryptoDogs, CryptoRabbits and other products will eventually be eliminated from the market.

Where is the way out for blockchain games? How can blockchain technology be most effectively combined? How is Super Dream’s blockchain mobile game different this time?

Super Dream has taken the lead in opening up the blockchain 2.0 era. The mobile game model is the first to abandon the fixed model of previous blockchain games.For the first time in China and even the world, it will combine RMB players with digital currency players. The breakthrough will be to complement the entertainment of the game itself with decentralized technology, allowing users to not only make money in the currency circle, but also use it more Ordinary players can also get involved and experience the extraordinary fun brought by the game itself!

The famous investor Xu Xiaoping has solemnly stated a few days ago that when any new technology wave arrives, it will be accompanied by a certain degree of fanaticism and bubbles, but in the end, those who ultimately win are those who provide real In technology and products, people and companies create value that can be used by humans. In the past, we once said that the current situation is "cement plus a mouse", but there is only a mouse without cement, that is, no company with actual value has ever succeeded. Now with the advent of the blockchain era, it has become "cement plus a chain", and there is only "cement plus a chain". Companies that lack "chain" but lack "cement" will also repeat the mistakes of those failed companies during the Internet bubble. The foundation of business is still the embodiment of actual value.

Therefore, in this best and worst golden age, we are blindly building things casually, perfunctory with users and the market, in order to only label them as games, and deceive people under the banner of being uncontrollable and having eternal value. Enter. It's like a series of gambling games, but apart from the current carnival, there is no meaning left at all. What Super Dream wants to pursue is to seize the global market with down-to-earth strength and strength, so that every user participant can experience the true charm brought by the technological revolution.

The future is here, if you don’t play it, you will lose. In January 2018, the Super Dream blockchain game was officially launched, so stay tuned.