区块链文件存储,区块链文件系统

区块链文件存储和区块链文件系统拓展，是当今区块链技术发展的两个重要方向。今天，我们就来聊聊这两个方面的关键词：区块链数据存储、区块链文件系统和去中心化文件存储系统。

区块链数据存储是指利用区块链技术来存储数据的一种技术。它可以将数据存储在区块链上，以实现安全、可靠、可追溯的数据存储。区块链数据存储的优势在于：可以提供安全性、可靠性和可追溯性，以及可以支持去中心化的数据存储。此外，它还可以支持数据的实时共享，以及提供可靠的数据完整性保障。

区块链文件系统是一种基于区块链技术的文件系统，它可以将文件存储在区块链上，以实现安全、可靠、可追溯的文件存储。区块链文件系统可以支持多种文件类型，并可以提供可靠的数据完整性保障。此外，它还可以支持文件的实时共享，以及提供安全性、可靠性和可追溯性。

去中心化文件存储系统是一种基于区块链技术的去中心化文件存储系统，它可以将文件存储在区块链上，以实现安全、可靠、可追溯的文件存储。去中心化文件存储系统可以支持多种文件类型，并可以提供可靠的数据完整性保障。此外，它还可以支持文件的实时共享，以及提供安全性、可靠性和可追溯性，而且它还可以支持去中心化的文件存储，以及支持去中心化的文件共享。

以上就是区块链文件存储和区块链文件系统拓展的三个关键词：区块链数据存储、区块链文件系统和去中心化文件存储系统。它们分别提供了安全、可靠、可追溯的文件存储，以及可靠的数据完整性保障，支持实时共享，以及支持去中心化的文件存储和文件共享。这些关键词的出现，将为区块链技术的发展提供新的思路和方向。

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① Technical innovation of CNFS

With the popularity of words such as "blockchain", "NFT" and "metaverse", some people have fallen into desperately trying to get rich In the frenzy of the trend, other solid people are focusing on the underlying technology. At this time, distributed storage entered their field of vision. There are already some distributed storage technologies, so is there a more efficient and safer storage method? CNFS came into being.

CNFS (Container Net File System) is a distributed file system with an integrated protocol stack. It was founded by the CNFS Protocol Laboratory in 2019 with the goal of creating a more open, fast and secure Internet. . CNFS connects all computing devices to the same file system to achieve a globally unified all-powerful storage system.

"Hot" data distributed storage technology is one of the most core technologies. Hot data is a commercial high-frequency data flow requirement. Compared with ordinary cold data, hot data has higher reading and writing frequency and greater demand for bandwidth resources. Different from the append information mode, every read and write to CNFS is a new data entry. This ensures higher utilization of unit storage and better income for miners. In this way, CNFS allows storage hardware resources distributed around the world to be effectively shared. CNFS realizes the ultimate goal of sharing storage resources and allowing the value of data to be truly realized, thus opening up a golden era of national storage mining. In actual tests, high-frequency storage of hot data can bring miners several times more revenue than static data storage.

Not only that, CNFS allows NFT to better exert its permanence and sustainability. NFT has uniqueness and non-interchangeability that homogenous tokens do not have, but it also has some storage disadvantages. Since large files cannot be stored on the chain, pictures, videos and other files corresponding to NFT can only be stored off-chain, and only the hash value data of these files are stored on the blockchain.

Although WEB3.0 can use a decentralized approach to maintain information consistency. WEB3.0 interacts with information on the website in real time with information on other websites, and integrates and uses the data to achieve information synchronization, but it still does not solve the problem of on-chain storage.

CNFS can make use of "hot" data distributed storage technology with the help of WEB3.0, cloud computing, blockchain, and IT core technologies to create a fragmented and scalable distributed database. , the data is completely and permanently stored on the chain.

Having written this, some people may be thinking, what’s the use of just saving? NFT is not safe at all, even Jay Chou’s NFT can be stolen. NFT cannot develop further without solving its own security risks.Of course, CNFS has also considered the issues that everyone is considering. At the data security level, CNFS has been transformed for metadata nodes to enhance the system’s defense capabilities. At the same time, the function of traceability analysis of attack paths has been added, and the best defense has been carried out by enhancing self-protection and active attacks to isolate factors that may cause risks. It achieves absolute security on the chain while saving the data on the chain. Through CNFS's distributed storage technology and protective measures, it will be possible to achieve the accessibility and uniqueness of stored NFT data, and realize long-term distributed data storage, retrieval and docking storage transactions.

CNFS serves as The distributed network protocol stack has not stopped at its current achievements and is still exploring potential application areas, such as distributed medical care, distributed new energy, distributed Internet of Things, etc. The goal of CNFS is to activate more application scenarios, and then play a practical role in more fields.

② What kind of document is China’s Blockchain Technology and Application White Paper?

This is a research report document and does not have any legal effect, it is just a suggestion.
The founding meeting of the China Blockchain Technology and Industry Development Forum and the first developer conference were held on October 18. The meeting released the "China Blockchain Technology and Application Development White Paper".
The "White Paper" summarizes the current status and trends of blockchain development at home and abroad, analyzes the technology applications in multiple application scenarios including finance, supply chain, culture and entertainment, intelligent manufacturing, social welfare, education and employment, and points out the regional The core technology path of blockchain and the future direction and process of blockchain technology standardization. (Reprinted from China Business Network)
The scope of blockchain application is theoretically very wide, but now blockchain is still in an early stage of development. Ethereum is mainly a smart contract platform; DECENT is a distributed content publishing platform.

③ How to define blockchain and what are the application scenarios of blockchain?

Nowadays, many people think that blockchain is a universal technology that can do anything, which is somewhat different. Blockchain technology is a myth!
Regarding the definition of blockchain technology, American scholar Melanie Swann defined blockchain technology as an open, transparent and decentralized technology in her book "Blockchain: A New Economic Blueprint and Introduction" database.

Definition of Blockchain: Narrow VS Broad

As for the application scenarios of blockchain technology, it is natural to combine the differences between blockchain and other technologies. In terms of system characteristics.

Blockchain technology features include:

Blockchain is a global A database storage system that can operate in various places and coordinately is different from traditional database operations - the read and write permissions are controlled in one companyIn the hands of a company or a centralized authority (centralized characteristics), blockchain believes that anyone with the ability to set up a server can participate. Nuggets from all over the world have deployed their own servers locally and connected to the blockchain network to become a node in this distributed database storage system; once joined, the node enjoys exactly the same rights as all other nodes and obligations (decentralized, distributed characteristics).

At the same time, people who provide services on the blockchain can perform read and write operations on any node in the system. In the end, all nodes around the world will complete the process again and again according to a certain mechanism. Synchronize in sequence to achieve complete consistency of data in all nodes in the blockchain network.

At the beginning of this year, the term blockchain began to enter everyone’s lives. From national leaders to aunts who dance square dances, everyone knows this term. This term is widely known by Bit Brought by coins.

As we all know, the first few dozen bitcoins could only be exchanged for one pizza. At its peak, it was more than 20,000 US dollars each, which has skyrocketed by more than a thousand times, which has also benefited a large number of wealthy people. Currently, there are blockchain The virtual currency generated by technology is gradually entering into everyone's life, and many people have joined the ranks of currency speculation. I often hear people say that if you buy the right currency a hundred times, a bicycle will become a sports car, and one coin will turn a young model. You can imagine how many of them are involved. Attractive.

Since 2008, various games applying blockchain technology have also become popular, such as development games (Network Letts Dog, 360 Block Cat), mining games (NetEase Planet, Virtual Earth, Gongxinbao), these are attracting everyone to join in the name of blockchain, and of course there are some that are really reliable, which requires everyone to identify them carefully.

Blockchain is a distributed ledger (database) that connects data blocks in an orderly manner and cryptographically ensures that it cannot be tampered with or forged. technology. In layman's terms, blockchain technology can achieve openness, transparency, non-tampering, non-forgery, and traceability of all data information in the system without the need for third-party endorsement. As an underlying protocol or technical solution, blockchain can effectively solve the problem of trust and realize the free transfer of value. It has broad prospects in the fields of digital currency, financial asset transaction settlement, digital government affairs, and certificate deposit and anti-counterfeiting data services.

Digital currency

After experiencing physical objects, precious metals, banknotes and other forms, digital currency has become the development direction of the digital economy era. Compared with physical currency, digital currency has the characteristics of easy portability and storage, low circulation cost, convenient use, easy anti-counterfeiting and management, breaking geographical restrictions, and better integration.

Bitcoin technically implements an electronic cash system in which both parties to the transaction can directly transfer funds to each other without the need for third-party transfer or arbitration. In June 2019, the Internet giant Facebook also released its cryptocurrency Libra)white paper. Whether it is Bitcoin or Libra, the underlying technology they rely on is blockchain technology.

my country began the development of central bank digital currency as early as 2014. my country's digital currency DC/EP adopts a two-tier operating system: the central bank does not directly issue digital currency to the public. Instead, the central bank redeems the digital currency to various commercial banks or other legal operating institutions, and then these institutions exchange it for public supply. its use. In early August 2019, the central bank held a video conference on work for the second half of the year. The meeting called for accelerating the pace of research and development of the national legal digital currency.

Financial asset transaction settlement

Blockchain technology naturally has financial attributes, and it is causing disruptive changes in the financial industry. In terms of payment and settlement, under the blockchain distributed ledger system, multiple market participants jointly maintain and synchronize a "general ledger" in real time. Payment, clearing, and settlement that currently take two or three days can be completed in just a few minutes. tasks, reducing the complexity and cost of cross-bank and cross-border transactions. At the same time, the underlying encryption technology of the blockchain ensures that participants cannot tamper with the ledger, ensuring that transaction records are transparent and safe. Regulators can easily track transactions on the chain and quickly locate high-risk capital flows. In terms of securities issuance transactions, traditional stock issuance has long procedures, high costs, and complex links. Blockchain technology can weaken the role of underwriting institutions and help all parties establish fast and accurate information exchange and sharing channels. Issuers handle issuance on their own through smart contracts, and regulatory authorities With unified review and verification, investors can also bypass intermediaries and conduct direct operations. In terms of digital bills and supply chain finance, blockchain technology can effectively solve the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises. It is difficult for current supply chain finance to benefit small and medium-sized enterprises in the upper reaches of the industrial chain, because they often do not have direct trade relations with core enterprises, and it is difficult for financial institutions to evaluate their credit qualifications. Based on blockchain technology, we can establish a consortium chain network covering core enterprises, upstream and downstream suppliers, financial institutions, etc. The core enterprises issue accounts receivable vouchers to their suppliers. After the bills are digitized and uploaded to the chain, they can be uploaded to the supplier Transfer between them, each level of supplier can realize the corresponding amount of financing with the digital bill certificate.

Digital Government Affairs

Blockchain can make data run and greatly streamline the service process. The distributed technology of blockchain can allow government departments to be centralized on one chain, and all service processes are delivered to smart contracts. As long as the service personnel pass the identity authentication and electronic signature in one department, the smart contracts can be automatically processed and transferred, and the subsequent steps can be completed in sequence. All approvals and signatures. Blockchain invoice is the earliest application of domestic blockchain technology. The tax department launched the "Tax Chain" platform for blockchain electronic invoices. The tax department, the issuer, and the payee join the "Tax Chain" network through unique digital identities, truly realizing "instant invoicing for transactions" and "instant reimbursement after invoicing" - in seconds Level invoicing and minute-level reimbursement accounting greatly reduce tax collection and management costs, and effectively solve problems such as data tampering, over-reporting of one ticket, and tax evasion. Poverty alleviation is blockchain technologyAnother landing application. Utilize the characteristics of openness, transparency, traceability, and non-tampering of blockchain technology to achieve transparent use, precise investment, and efficient management of poverty alleviation funds.

Evidence-based anti-counterfeiting

Blockchain can prove the existence of a file or digital content at a specific time through hash timestamps, and it is open, non-tamperable, and traceable. It provides perfect solutions for judicial forensics, identity certification, property rights protection, anti-counterfeiting and traceability, etc. In the field of intellectual property, the digital signature of blockchain technology and on-chain certificates can confirm the rights of text, pictures, audio and video, etc., and create and execute transactions through smart contracts, allowing creators to regain pricing power and preserve data formation in real time. The evidence chain covers the three major scenarios of rights confirmation, transaction and rights protection. In the field of anti-counterfeiting and traceability, blockchain technology can be widely used in various fields such as food and medicine, agricultural products, alcohol, and luxury goods through supply chain tracking.

Data services

Blockchain technology will greatly optimize existing big data applications and play a huge role in data circulation and sharing. In the future, the Internet, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things will generate massive amounts of data. The existing centralized data storage (computing model) will face huge challenges. Edge storage (computing) based on blockchain technology is expected to become a future solution. Furthermore, the non-tampering and traceability mechanism of blockchain ensures the authenticity and high quality of data, which becomes the basis for all data applications such as big data, deep learning, and artificial intelligence. Finally, blockchain can realize multi-party collaborative data calculations while protecting data privacy, and is expected to solve the problems of "data monopoly" and "data islands" and realize the value of data circulation. In response to the current blockchain development stage, in order to meet the blockchain development and application needs of general business users, many traditional cloud service providers have begun to deploy their own BaaS ("Blockchain as a Service") solutions. The combination of blockchain and cloud computing will effectively reduce enterprise blockchain deployment costs and promote the implementation of blockchain application scenarios. In the future, blockchain technology will also play an important role in many fields such as charity, insurance, energy, logistics, and the Internet of Things.

The three words "blockchain" were completely ignited during the Spring Festival that just passed, and the limelight overshadowed everything else. Some people said that this was the arrival of a new era, and the past It has become a classic, and some people say that it is all hype and is ultimately a bubble.

In fact, blockchain technology is not a new concept. It has been applied to many industries, such as electronic signatures, as early as the past two years. Recently, the third-party electronic signature platform eShanbao revealed the latest progress of blockchain applications to NewSeed.

Currently, blockchain technology is mainly used in e-signing products for certificate deposit and certificate issuance. The application scenarios include copyright protection and online signing. , web page forensics, phone recording, email storageCertificates, etc.

Take the rights protection of online works as an example. Since online rights protection generally adopts the method of collecting evidence after the fact, real-time confirmation of rights is not carried out in the process of evidence generation, so the entire confirmation process is difficult. The copyright process is time-consuming, difficult and costly to obtain evidence, and extremely difficult to prove and trace the source. It cannot meet the characteristics of rapid dissemination and large quantity of online works.

eShanbao's new intellectual property protection solution based on timestamp + blockchain starts from the user's real-name authentication and solidifies the information generated in the process in real time. Electronic data, and through the time source service synchronized with the National Time Service Center, online works are stamped with legally valid timestamps to prove that electronic files have not been tampered with in a certain period of time. Blockchain technology can establish point-to-point trust in the network, ensuring that all blockchain nodes can record complete copyright confirmation and transaction records, and can trace their origins, truly realizing anti-repudiation and anti-tampering, and realizing a kind of distribution. trust infrastructure.

Founder and CEO Jin Hongzhou believes that the application of decentralized blockchain technology has greatly improved the efficiency of data storage and certification, and The credibility of the identity of the parties reduces the cost of trust, but it cannot replace the original centralized public key encryption technology. The two should complement each other. Through the combination of the two, it can provide users with real-time and reliable Confirmation plan.

Next, e-Shanbao will also focus on building a smart contract platform based on blockchain technology. Jin Hongzhou said that data storage, Issuing certificates is only a relatively superficial application based on blockchain technology. It is the first step to implement blockchain technology, and the realization of real smart contracts is the second step. "Smart contracts cannot simply be understood as electronic contracts. They refer to a process, from the conclusion of the contract to the confirmation to the final execution." Jin Hongzhou explained.

From a technical perspective, blockchain is not a brand-new technology, but a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanisms, encryption algorithms, and smart contracts. Specifically, blockchain technology is a technical solution that collectively maintains a reliable database in a decentralized, high-trust manner.

Due to its advantages such as "decentralization", "distributed data storage", "traceability", "anti-tampering", and "openness and transparency", blockchain technology can effectively solve data problems. By establishing a trustworthy data management environment, we can prevent and avoid various data management problems such as data fraud, tampering, and loss, and promote the efficient sharing and application of data. In the process of practice and exploration, the application scope of blockchain technology continues to expand, especially in the field of public resource transactions, and continues to empower public resource transaction management services.

Promote transaction data sharing and transaction witness

Promote transaction data sharing

Currently, the data of different trading centers are not interoperable, and there are problems such as the need to repeatedly enter the subject information of different trading centers, the difficulty in verifying the off-site performance provided by bidders during the bid evaluation process, the difficulty in troubleshooting when the same person repeatedly serves as project manager, and the low cost of breach of trust by trading entities. Establishing a cross-regional subject database based on blockchain can well alleviate the above problems.

The distributed ledger feature based on the blockchain can effectively ensure the real-time or quasi-real-time sharing of data, and can reduce the repeated entry of subject information; the use of blockchain information that cannot be tampered can ensure the data flow process on the chain. The authenticity of the bidders in the regional alliance is directly obtained from the on-chain data, making it impossible to hide the fake performance. At the same time, the sharing of bidding behavior data through the blockchain provides a data basis for the development of "joint punishment of dishonest enterprises".

Blockchain-based transaction witness

"Guiding Opinions on Deepening the Integration and Sharing of Public Resource Trading Platforms" ( The State Office Letter [2019] No. 41) pointed out the need to optimize services such as witnessing, venues, information, files, and expert extraction. However, at present, public resource transaction process witnessing is mainly based on manual on-site witnessing, which has limited witnessing intensity, high occupation of human resources, and limited witnessing effect. Due to its centralized characteristics, the traditional digital witness system is prone to data tampering, and the data is easily damaged or lost during the storage and migration process, which has certain flaws in terms of security and usability.

Utilize the distributed, difficult to tamper, and traceable characteristics of the blockchain to solidify and store the data generated in each transaction link, and accurately record the data generated through time stamp technology, summary algorithm, and electronic signature technology. Time, content, data source. According to the technical characteristics of the blockchain, simple structured data can be directly saved on the blockchain. For unstructured layout files, videos, audio and other large files, the summary information and original files can be saved through the blockchain. Save via a distributed file storage service. When there are disputes or problems in a transaction, the blockchain can provide a set of credible transaction process data and clarify the responsibilities of all parties involved in the transaction. Achieve the goals of risk prevention and control in all aspects, traceability of the entire process, and improvement of all-round services.

Promote the rationalization of electronic guarantee rates

Promote financial services and corporate financing for bidding enterprises

Promote the rationalization of electronic guarantee rates

At present, electronic bidding deposit guarantee letters have certain applications in the field of bidding, solving bidding problems for bidding companies.The problem of capital occupation in terms of margin. However, because financial institutions currently do not have reliable historical bidding behavior data of bidders, they are unable to judge the default risks of different bidders. As a result, the guarantee services charged to bidders adopt fixed rates, which makes a small number of bids with high default risks The cost of personal guarantee is allocated to most bidders with low default risk, which increases the guarantee rates for most bidders to a certain extent.

At present, it is up to the bidder to choose whether to use an electronic letter of guarantee, and the rate is the main choice basis for the bidder. If the bidder performance records are shared through the blockchain and the performance risks of different bidders are analyzed, it will be Different bidders provide different guarantee rates, which not only reduces the risks of financial institutions, but also reduces the use costs of most bidders and promotes the use of bid guarantees. To a certain extent, it can also encourage bidders to abide by their promises and maintain the order of the bidding market. .

Promote financial services for bidding companies

The bidding behavior of bidders is scattered in various trading centers, and the data is simply aggregated In a centralized information system, there is a risk of data tampering (untrustworthy), and valuable bidder transaction behavior data cannot be gathered and shared safely and reliably. Through blockchain technology, bidders from multiple trading centers are gathered, and historical bidding, winning bids, defaults, violations and other behavioral records provide data support for financial institutions to evaluate the bidders' credit in the bidding sub-sector.

Solving the financing problems of successful bidders

Traditional corporate loans mainly evaluate the company's solvency: collateral, audit There are requirements for accurate financial statements and sustained profitability, but most small and medium-sized enterprises cannot provide these "proofs" at all. Difficulty and expensive financing have become problems faced by many small and medium-sized enterprises in bidding activities. Using the methods of the past will no longer work. To solve the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises, we can only rely on new technologies and new tools. With the help of the non-tamperable characteristics of blockchain, primary business data from multiple trading centers are gathered, and big data analysis technology is combined to build a portrait of a credible bidder. On the one hand, it improves the risk control level of financial institutions and taps high-quality bidding companies. On the other hand, it lowers the loan threshold for bidding companies and optimizes the service experience.

Drawing on the supply chain finance model, the bidder is a core enterprise with good credit in government departments, national enterprises and institutions, and the winning contract obtained by the winning bidder as a supplier is considered by financial institutions to be a high-quality asset. Apply for a loan from a financial institution. Under the traditional paper-based model, there is a risk of order and contract fraud and the process is cumbersome. Centralized information systems require operators to have strong authority. The distributed ledger and difficult-to-tamper characteristics of the blockchain will help solve the above problems. The contract signing between the tenderer and the bidder and the subsequent financial service links will be realized on the blockchain, which not only solves the problem of data credibility but also reduces the risk of corruption. Reduces the entire system’s dependence on a centralized authority.

Through further analysis, we found that credit sales are currently prevalent among domestic enterprises, and the upstream suppliers of the winning bidder have a large funding gap. The credit of the bidder can only be passed to the winning bidder (the winning contract cannot be split or transferred), and the upstream suppliers Business owners are unable to obtain high-quality loans from financial institutions. If the winning contract is converted into a "pass" on the chain, the "pass" can be split, and the winning bidder holding the "pass" can pay part or all of the voucher to the upstream supplier, making it discountable and financing. The "tokens" on the chain can be split and transferred from first-level suppliers to second-level (and multi-level) suppliers, thereby allowing core enterprise credit to be transferred to multi-level suppliers. The shortage of funds from suppliers due to credit sales has been solved, improving the business environment; through value transfer through the blockchain, the financing cycle has been greatly shortened; the cost of supplier loans has been reduced, which will help reduce the production costs of raw materials or intermediate products, and ultimately Increase bidders' profit margins and indirectly reduce bidders' costs.

Regarding blockchain, we can imagine a decentralized management model and technical processing method.

Let me give you an example. There are five people in your family, and they have never been able to figure out how to arrange work and handle family relationships.

So, you and your family discuss it together and simply use voting to solve the problem.

Then this way of voting to solve problems can be called the most elementary blockchain.

Decentralization solves problems.

What application scenarios can blockchain have?

In fact, many of our families and many organizations use blockchain management forms every day

However, this kind of blockchain application for organizational relationships cannot produce Economic Value.

What are the economic applications of blockchain?

The first type is used for tax deposit certificates, bank transfers, etc.

Make full use of the traceability function of the blockchain so that all records can be retrieved and queried at any time

The second type is applied to enterprise operation and management

Enterprises using blockchain management can better solve the problems of enterprise development and allow enterprises to Able to develop faster and make more money.

Summary: The application scenarios of blockchain include taxation, bank transfers, etc., and can also be applied to business operations.

The characteristics of blockchain are distributed accounting and decentralization, but the ultimate goal is to make people get along more equally. Technology is meaningful only when it serves human values, and technology that meets human value needs will develop. Therefore, blockchain is in line with human pursuit of freedom and equality, so its trend to become mainstream is unstoppable.

Currently there are many people using blockchain gimmicks.Basically they are used to issue coins. The newly launched ono is a decentralized, free and global social platform. Due to decentralization, your chat communication information is peer-to-peer and cannot be viewed by others. In other words, your every word and deed will no longer be recorded and reviewed at any time like it is now on WeChat, QQ, and Facebook, freeing you from the trouble of surveillance.

In fact, blockchain technology can be used in any field. Information that previously required third-party confirmation can be completed online and confirmed at multiple nodes, making it difficult (almost impossible) to delete.

At present, blockchain is still in its infancy, and the technology is not mature enough, but it is also a better time to enter.

Blockchain is a decentralized technology. Blockchain can be applied to all products currently covered by the Internet.

The most popular application industry at present is the financial industry.

An application that has been implemented is product traceability. Alibaba and JD.com are already using blockchain technology to fully trace the origin of some of the products they sell. Consumers can trace the origin of the purchased products. There are also many blockchain applications in the digital advertising industry. Since digital advertising traffic fraud causes losses of tens of billions of dollars every year, there are already blockchain application projects based on digital advertising, such as DCAD, which is based on blockchain. The digital advertising application of blockchain technology mainly solves the problem of traffic fraud

In the future, as the application of blockchain technology becomes more mature, it will be applied in many industries, creating a new ecosystem based on technological trust. Mode

What is blockchain

If you explain blockchain in non-technical terms, blockchain is a place where data is stored. However, the data stored in the blockchain is safe and reliable and does not need to be managed by anyone. Therefore, in the Internet, a place where data and information are exploding, having such a place will be like a magical treasure land.

What can the blockchain do?

If you ask what the blockchain can do, it is better to say what applications require the use of the blockchain. As mentioned earlier, blockchain is a safe place, so wherever data needs to be protected securely on the Internet, blockchain technology needs to be used. For example:

Because the use of blockchain technology can better protect the data of policyholders, in today’s Internet, data is value and wealth, so value protection and value transmission are the future development directions of the Internet. And blockchain technology can really do just that.

If there are any deficiencies, you are welcome to comment and correct me.

In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chained data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is cryptographically guaranteed to be non-tamperable and non-tamperable. Fake distributed ledger.

Both parties involved in the transaction do not need to know who the other party is, nor do they need a third partyFor trust endorsement, you only need to trust a common algorithm to establish mutual trust and conduct direct transactions.

Its characteristics are trustlessness and decentralization. The destruction of each node's ledger has no impact on the entire blockchain. The blockchain runs point-to-point payments without a center that may cheat, and the security is greatly improved. Improved, the entire transaction network has changed from a star structure to a point-to-point P2P structure.

In the future, blockchain will be used in many fields and will have a great impact on human life. . It can be widely used in fields ranging from digital currency to securities and financial contracts, medical care, games, artificial intelligence, smart contracts, Internet of Things, e-commerce, file storage and other fields.

1. Cloud storage

This is the statistics of current cloud storage on the Internet. In terms of volume, Google has the largest volume, which is 8,000PB. So what if we share the idle data on the Internet?

Starlight Cloud builds a blockchain data computing and storage lake through Starlight Chain, with a total storage capacity of 15,000P (approximately 15.72864 billion G) in the future. This will be more than 10 times that of Alibaba Cloud's 1500PB! It is also more than four times the size of the Taizhou Storage Center, the largest storage lake in the world after expansion.

2. Medical aspects

Using blockchain technology to save personal medical records also retains personal medical historical data, which can be used when seeing a doctor or planning for your own health in the future. Historical data can be called directly. These data are highly private, and the use of blockchain technology also helps protect patient privacy.

④ What is blockchain?

Let’s talk about some basic concepts first.

The network said that blockchain is a new usage model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanisms, and encryption algorithms. It is essentially a decentralized database, and as the underlying technology of Bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated by cryptography.

We try to translate "what is blockchain" into "human language".

The definition refers to the "decentralized database" nature of blockchain3354. This is very different from the traditional "centralized database" in storage, update and operation.

A centralized database can be thought of as having this shape:

For example, if I want to use Alipay to pay a Taobao seller, all data requests from when I make money to when he receives the money will be centrally processed by Alipay. The advantage of this data structure is that as long as Alipay is responsible for the efficient and safe operation of the system, others can unconditionally believe it without worrying; the disadvantage is that if there is a problem with Alipay, such as being hacked, the server being burned, a traitor appearing, and the company running away (Of course, the possibility of the above is extremely low), the balance details and other information in our Alipay will be confused.

Then some people think that this kind of small probability eventAny technical means can be used to avoid individual risks, and the data is not just handed over to a centralized organization. For example, everyone can store and process data.

The database structure may look like this:

This picture is a schematic structural diagram of a "distributed database". Each point is a server, they all have equal rights to record and calculate data, and information is spread point-to-point. At first glance, it seems that it can indeed resist the risk caused by the crash of a certain node, but it is also very confusing and inefficient intuitively. Who will handle my information, and who has the final say on the outcome?

At this time, the "consensus mechanism" in the definition of blockchain comes into play. The consensus mechanism mainly "stipulates" the following things: who will handle a data request when it is received (what qualifications are required); who will verify the results (to see if he has handled it well); how to prevent processors and verifiers from colluding with each other, etc.

Some people may like to be questioned when a "rule" is made. In order to form a stronger consensus, in addition to making the rules more reasonable, they must also be more attractive so that people are interested and motivated to participate in data processing. This involves the incentive mechanism of the public chain. We will start again later when we discuss the classification of blockchain and the role of digital currencies.

When we hand over a transaction to a distributed network, there is also a "psychological threshold": there are so many nodes that can process information, and I don't know any of them (unlike Alipay, if it hurts me, I can go and file a lawsuit against it). They all have my data, why should I trust them?

At this time, encryption algorithm (the last descriptive word in the definition of blockchain) comes on stage.

In the blockchain network, the data requests we send will be encrypted according to cryptographic principles into a string of characters that the recipient cannot understand at all. Behind this encryption method is the support of a hash algorithm.

Hash algorithms can quickly convert any type of data into hash values. This change is one-way irreversible, deterministic, random, and anti-collision. Because of these characteristics, the person handling my data request could record the information for me, but they had no idea who I was or what I was doing.

So far, the working principle of the decentralized network has been introduced. But we seem to have overlooked one detail. The previous diagram is a net. Where are the pulleys and chains? Why do we call it blockchain?

To understand this matter, we need to clarify a few knowledge points first:

The previous picture is actually a "macro" database perspective, showing the basic rules and processes of the blockchain system for processing information. . And specifically at the "micro" data log level, we will find that the ledger is packaged, compressed, stored in blocks, and strung together in chronological order to form a "chain structure", like this:

Figure Each ring in can be regarded as a building block, and many links are linked together to form a blockchain. Blocks store data, unlike ordinary data storage: on a blockchain, the data in a later block contains the data in the previous block.

In order to academically explain the fields of each part of the data in the block, we tried to use a book toMetaphor of what is a blockchain data structure.

Usually, when we read a book, we read the first page, then the second and third pages. The spine is a physical existence that fixes the order of each page. Even if the book is scattered, the order of each numbered page can be determined.

Inside the blockchain, each block is marked with a page number, the second page contains the content of the first page, the third page contains the content of the first and second pages. The tenth page contains the previous Nine pages of content.

It is such a nested chain that can be traced back to the original data.

This brings up an important attribute of blockchain: traceability.

When the data in the blockchain needs to be updated, that is when new blocks are generated in sequence, the "consensus algorithm" comes into play again. This algorithm stipulates that a new block can only be formed if it is recognized by more than 51% of the nodes in the entire network. To put it bluntly, it is a matter of voting, and it can be elected if more than half of the people agree. This makes the data on the blockchain difficult to tamper with. If I were to force a change, there would be too many people to bribe and the cost would be too high to be worth it.

This is what people often call the "non-tamperable" feature of blockchain.

Another reason why blockchain gives people a sense of trust is because of "smart contracts."

Smart contracts are commitment agreements defined and automatically executed by computer programs. It is a set of transaction rules executed by code, similar to the current automatic repayment function of credit cards. If you turn on this function, you don’t have to worry about anything. The bank will automatically deduct the money you owe when it is due.

When your friend borrows money from you but doesn't remember to pay it back, or makes excuses not to pay it back, smart contracts can prevent breach of contract. Once the terms in the contract are triggered, such as when it is time to pay back the money, or there is a limit in his account, the code will automatically execute, and the money he owes you will be automatically transferred back whether he wants it or not.

Let’s briefly summarize. Blockchain technology is mainly decentralized, difficult to tamper with, and traceable, which represents more security and trustlessness. But it also brings new problems: redundancy and inefficiency, which requires many nodes to agree with the rules and actively participate.

This concludes the "drying" section. Next, let’s talk about unofficial history and the official history of blockchain.

A new technology is often used to serve a certain task.

Or goals. So where was blockchain first used, and who came up with it first?

Let's go back to 2008.

On September 21, Wall Street investment banks collapsed one after another, and the Federal Reserve announced that it would convert the only two remaining investment banks (Goldman Sachs Group and Morgan Stanley) into commercial banks; it hoped to survive the financial crisis by absorbing savings. On October 3, the Bush administration signed a $700 billion financial rescue package.

Twenty-eight days later, on November 1, 2008, a new post appeared in a cryptography mailing group: "I am developing a new electronic currency system that is completely peer-to-peer and does not require a third party. Third-party trust institution." The text of the post is an article titled "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System" paper, signed by Satoshi Nakamoto.

The paper explains the design of this peer-to-peer electronic cash system with a more rigorous logic. It first discusses the problem that financial institutions are subject to "trust based" (based on credit), and then explains step by step how to achieve "no third-party agency" , and cleverly solved the technical problems left by the predecessors.

Two months later, Satoshi Nakamoto released the first version of the open source Bitcoin client and mined 50 Bitcoins for the first time. The block that generated the first batch of Bitcoins is called the "Genesis block". The genesis block was compiled into block 0 and was not uploaded to the chain. It took Satoshi Nakamoto 6 days to mine this block. This also sparked discussion in the bitcointalk forum. Bitcoin "believers" thought of the Bible, "God created the heavens and the earth in six days, and then rested on the seventh day."

Although concepts such as decentralized, token, and economy did not appear in the paper, Satoshi Nakamoto explained in detail the role of blocks and chains in the network. working principle. So, there is Block Chain.

This paper later became the "Bible" of the "Bit Cult", technology became the cornerstone of faith, and developer documentation became the "Code of Hammurabi".

After that, Bitcoin realized the first real-life payment by exchanging pizza, WikiLeaks, whose account was blocked by the US government, miraculously survived by relying on Bitcoin, Satoshi Nakamoto's "decentralization" and retirement, and the appearance of the real and the fake A series of legends such as and refutation of rumors, combined with the expectations, imagination and speculation of later generations, became "Bible stories".

There are also people who are not satisfied with the world described in the "Old Testament" and start new sects, write the doctrines into white papers, and tell the story of their faith in the ten years after Bitcoin. Just like the writing of the 66 books of the Bible spanned 1,500 years, and after 2,000 years of interpretation, Christianity has divided into 33,000 branches.

CoinMarketCap shows that there are more than 4,900 types of digital currencies, and the overall digital currency market size is nearly 140 million yuan. Bitcoin still leads the entire digital currency market with a market share of 66%, and the recent price has been hovering around US$7,200 per coin.

So many currencies have different functions and are divided into different categories: digital currencies represented by Bitcoin are positioned as "digital gold" and have certain value storage and hedging characteristics; Ethereum The digital currency represented by USDT and Libra has become the "operational fuel" in its network system; the stable currency represented by USDT and Libra has good payment properties due to its low volatility; the digital currency issued by the central bank represented by DCEP will definitely To a certain extent, it replaces M0, allowing commercial institutions and ordinary people to receive and pay without delay when they are out of cash and disconnected from the Internet.

It can be seen that after 10 years of development of blockchain technology, the first and largest application is digital currency.

NumberDigital currency has also become an attractive reward for participants to maintain the public chain.

So besides digital currency, where else can blockchain technology be used?

Let us recall what the essence of blockchain is—a decentralized database, and its corresponding characteristics: traceability, publicity, anonymity, and tamper-proofing. In theory, you can try to use blockchain to transform traditional scenarios that use centralized databases to see if they are suitable.

Next, let’s talk about several industries and scenarios where blockchain has been successfully implemented:

Blockchain can prove the existence of a certain file or digital content at a specific time through hash timestamps, providing judicial authentication, Identity proof, property rights protection, anti-counterfeiting traceability, etc. provide perfect solutions

In the field of anti-counterfeiting traceability, blockchain technology can be widely used in various fields such as food and medicine, agricultural products, alcohol, and luxury goods through supply chain tracking.

Give two examples.

Blockchain can allow government data to be run, greatly streamlining service processes

The distributed technology of blockchain can allow government departments to be centralized on one chain, and all service processes are delivered to smart contracts, and the workers only need to be in one department Through identity authentication and electronic signature, smart contracts can be automatically processed and transferred, and all subsequent approvals and signatures can be completed in sequence.

Blockchain invoices are the earliest use of blockchain technology in China. The tax department launched the "Tax Chain" platform for blockchain electronic invoices. The tax department, the issuer, and the payee join the "Tax Chain" network through unique digital identities, truly realizing "instant invoicing for transactions" and "instant reimbursement after invoicing" - in seconds Level invoicing and minute-level reimbursement accounting greatly reduce tax collection and management costs, and effectively solve problems such as data tampering, over-reporting of one ticket, and tax evasion.

Poverty alleviation is another practical application of blockchain technology. Utilize the characteristics of openness, transparency, traceability, and non-tampering of blockchain technology to achieve transparent use, precise investment, and efficient management of poverty alleviation funds.

Give two examples as well.

The eID network identity operation agency guided by the Third Research Institute of the Ministry of Public Security is jointly developing a "digital identity chain" with Gongyilian, which will be issued to Chinese citizens based on the citizen's identity number as the root and cryptographic algorithm. Since it was put into operation, the eID digital identity system has served the full life cycle management of 100 million eIDs, effectively alleviating the problems of personal identity information being fraudulently used, abused and privacy leaked.

Odaily Planet Daily compiled 5 identity chain projects registered with the Cyberspace Administration of China

Blockchain technology naturally has financial attributes

In terms of payment and settlement, under the blockchain distributed ledger system, there are many markets Participants jointly maintain and synchronize a "general ledger" in real time. In just a few minutes, they can complete payment, clearing, and settlement tasks that currently take two or three days to complete, reducing the complexity and cost of cross-bank and cross-border transactions. At the same time, the underlying encryption technology of the blockchain ensures that participants cannot tamper with the ledger, ensuring that transaction records are transparent and safe. Regulators can easily track transactions on the chain and quickly locate high-risk capital flows.

In terms of securities issuance transactions, traditional stock issuance processes are long and costly., complex links, blockchain technology can weaken the role of underwriting institutions and help all parties establish a fast and accurate information exchange and sharing channel. The issuer handles the issuance on its own through smart contracts, and the regulatory authorities conduct unified review and verification. Investors can also bypass intermediaries. Direct operation.

In terms of digital bills and supply chain finance, blockchain technology can effectively solve the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises. It is difficult for current supply chain finance to benefit small and medium-sized enterprises in the upper reaches of the industrial chain, because they often do not have direct trade relations with core enterprises, and it is difficult for financial institutions to evaluate their credit qualifications. Based on blockchain technology, we can establish a consortium chain network covering core enterprises, upstream and downstream suppliers, financial institutions, etc. The core enterprises issue accounts receivable vouchers to their suppliers. After the bills are digitized and uploaded to the chain, they can be uploaded to the supplier Transfer between them, each level of supplier can realize the corresponding amount of financing with the digital bill certificate.

Give me an example.

The China Enterprise Cloud Chain, jointly launched by ICBC, Postal Savings Bank of China, 11 central enterprises, etc., has covered 48,000 companies since its establishment in 2017, with the amount of rights confirmed on the chain reaching 100 billion yuan, and factoring financing of 57 billion yuan. , cumulative transactions reached 300 billion yuan. After receiving the loan application, financial institutions can verify the authenticity of the contract on the chain and whether the contract has been verified multiple times (multiple loans); the smart contract automatically clears and settles, reducing costs and increasing efficiency; at the same time, the accounts payable of core enterprises can have The corresponding vouchers will be split by the first-level suppliers and handed over to the second- and third-level suppliers in the chain to help them with financing; core enterprises can also use this to understand whether the entire chain is operating normally and avoid emergencies. Redemption pressure.

Blockchain technology will greatly optimize the existing use of big data and play a huge role in data circulation and sharing

The aforementioned areas are areas that we are relatively familiar with. As more new technologies develop, blockchain may be able to be combined with them and play a role in unexpected cross-fields and new scenarios that are currently unforeseen.

In the future, the Internet, artificial intelligence, and the Internet of Things will generate massive amounts of data. The existing centralized data storage (computing model) will face huge challenges. Edge storage (computing) based on blockchain technology is expected to become a future solution. Furthermore, the non-tampering and traceability mechanism of blockchain ensures the authenticity and high quality of data, which becomes the basis for the use of all data such as big data, deep learning, and artificial intelligence.

Finally, blockchain can realize multi-party collaborative data calculations while protecting data privacy, and is expected to solve the problems of "data monopoly" and "data islands" and realize the value of data circulation.

In response to the current blockchain development stage, in order to meet the blockchain development and use needs of general business users, many traditional cloud service providers have begun to deploy their own BaaS ("Blockchain as a Service") solutions. The combination of blockchain and cloud computing will effectively reduce enterprise blockchain deployment costs and promote the implementation of blockchain usage scenarios. In the future, blockchain technology will also play an important role in many fields such as charity, insurance, energy, logistics, and the Internet of Things.

During this experiment from traditional technology to blockchain, we found thatWhen certain scenarios have stronger demands for traceability, tamper-proofing, and decentralization, and the weaknesses of blockchain (such as performance) are not high, such areas are quite suitable for combining blockchain.

At the same time, in the process of blockchain evolution, it has also developed from a highly decentralized public chain accessible to everyone to a consortium chain with different permissions and maintained by multiple centers. Balances the advantages and disadvantages of the two systems.

Typical examples of alliance chains include: FISCO BCOS jointly developed by WeBank and the Golden Alliance Open Source Working Group, Fabric, a major contribution from IBM, and Ant Alliance Chain led by Ant Blockchain, etc.

These trustless systems represent more secure data authentication and storage mechanisms, where data is effectively authenticated and protected. Businesses or individuals can exchange or enter into contracts digitally, where these contracts are embedded in code and stored in transparent, shared databases where they cannot be deleted, tampered with, or revised.

It is boldly predicted that in the future, contracts, audits, tasks, and payments will all be digitized with unique and secure signatures. Digital signatures will be permanently identified, authenticated, legalized, and stored, and cannot be tampered with. There is no need for an intermediary to guarantee each of your transactions. You can conduct transactions without knowing the basic information of the other party. While improving information security, it effectively reduces transaction costs and improves transaction efficiency.

Generally speaking, there has been a lot of progress in the implementation of blockchain compared to two years ago.

Many improvements are at the bottom of the system, and users cannot directly see that blockchain is used, but they have actually benefited from it; some applications are still in pilot mode, and users have not yet been able to experience it. In the future, blockchain is expected to be used on a large scale and become one of the Internet infrastructure.

I hope that after reading this, you have a general understanding of what blockchain is and what blockchain can do.

Related Q&A: What is blockchain

Blockchain is actually equivalent to a disintermediated database, which is composed of a series of data blocks. Each of its data blocks contains information about a Bitcoin network transaction, which is used to verify the validity of the information and generate the next block.

In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chain data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is cryptographically guaranteed to be non-tamperable and non-forgeable. distributed ledger.

In a broad sense, blockchain is actually a distributed infrastructure and computing method, which is used to ensure the security of data transmission and access.

Blockchain infrastructure:

Blockchain is composed of six infrastructures: data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer and usage layer.

⑤ What is blockchain and what is big data

1. Blockchain: It is a new application of computer technology such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithm. model. The so-called consensus mechanism is to establish trust and obtain rights between different nodes in the blockchain system.Beneficial mathematical algorithms.

Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. The currency jointly released the "2014-2016 Global Bitcoin" by the Internet Finance Laboratory of Tsinghua University PBC School of Finance and Sina Technology. "Coin Development Research Report" mentioned that blockchain is the underlying technology and infrastructure of Bitcoin [2]. It is essentially a decentralized database and serves as the underlying technology of Bitcoin. The blockchain is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains information about a Bitcoin network transaction and is used to verify the validity of the information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block.

2. Big data: refers to a collection of data that cannot be captured, managed and processed within a certain time range using conventional software tools. It requires new processing models to have stronger capabilities. Massive, high-growth and diversified information assets with decision-making power, insight discovery and process optimization capabilities.

⑥ How to store blockchain transaction information

Blockchain is a large distributed ledger. Detailed data must be stored on the longest chain through hashing. To verify the data, only the data verified by most nodes can be saved on the longest chain. The latest data can be synchronized between nodes, while achieving distributed storage of data, which is not easy to be tampered with. Each transaction corresponds to a timestamp, and the status of each transaction can be queried based on the timestamp, which is traceability.

⑦ What is the concept of blockchain

Literally understood, blockchain includes two concepts: block and chain. The blockchain itself is composed of blocks, and the network built by linking different nodes together is the blockchain. The main function of the blockchain is to store information. Any information that needs to be saved can be written to the blockchain or read from it.

Each block stores: some valid record or transaction; information involving the block; links to the previous block and the next block through the hash of each block - which can be considered a block The unique code of the fingerprint.

Each block therefore has a specific and immovable position within the chain, as each block contains information from the hash of the previous block. The entire chain is stored in every network node that makes up the blockchain, so an exact copy of the chain is stored among all network participants.

Uses

Essentially, blockchain can be used to store any type of information that must remain intact and be more secure than going through a middleman. , decentralized and cheaper ways remain available. Additionally, since the stored information is encrypted, its confidentiality is guaranteed as only those with the encryption key can access it.

Using blockchain in healthcare. For example, health records can be consolidated and stored on the blockchain. This means that every patient’s medical history is secure and available to every authorized doctor, regardless of the patient’s treatmentHow about a wellness center. Even the pharmaceutical industry could use this technology to authenticate medicines and prevent counterfeiting.

Blockchain is also very useful for managing digital assets and documents. The problem with digitization so far has been that everything is easily copied, but Blockchain allows you to record purchases, deeds, documents or any other type of online asset without it being counterfeited.

⑧ Blockchain information summary on April 23 (2)

[5:51][RPC provider ANKR handles 6 billion blockchain data requests every day] Golden Finance According to reports, Ankr has added three more blockchain networks to its rapidly growing list of Web3 products and services, making it the leader in RPC node infrastructure handling 6 billion requests per day. Ankr, the fastest growing decentralized provider in Web3, has added three remote procedure calls (RPCs), allowing developers to access Harmony, Moonbeam, and Gnosis. There are 15 RPC clients so far, making Ankr the leader in RPC node infrastructure. Ankr now serves 6 billion requests for blockchain data every day.
Harmony, Moonbeam and Gnosis will now join Solana, Fantom, Ethereum, NEAR, Celo, Avalanche, Arbitrum, Polygon, BSC, IoTeX and Nervos, all integrated into the Ankr suite. (martechseries)

[6:04] [Morgan Stanley is studying the use of Bitcoin to price houses] Golden Finance reported that Bitcoin Magazine tweeted that banking giant Morgan Stanley is studying the use of Bitcoin to price houses. Price your home.

[6:20] [Shiba Inu developers issue scam warning] Golden Finance reported that Kaal Dhairya, one of the main developers of Shiba Inu, in a recent blog post responded to scams trying to defraud Shiba Inu. issue a warning. Dhairya discovered a contract designed to emit malicious events, obfuscating information about the actual sender and recipient. In this way, cryptocurrencies can be associated with well-known wallets. Developers say this technique can be used both for clever marketing and to deceive potential victims. Fraudsters often abuse the ERC20 approval feature to steal funds from other users with fake tokens. Dhairya urges Shiba Inu users to follow official announcements to avoid falling victim to suspected scams. (u.today)

[6:43] [Nike launches the first NFT based on EthereumSneakers] Golden Finance reports that sneaker and apparel giant Nike has released its first digital virtual world sneakers, RTFKT x Nike Dunk Genesis CryptoKicks based on Ethereum NFT, and equipped with a Skin Vial NFT that can change the style. Sneaker NFTs have begun to be resold on the secondary market, with prices starting at around 5 ETH (over $14,800) on the OpenSea platform at press time.
In December 2019, Nike received a patent for CryptoKicks, a blockchain-powered system in which digital assets can be paired with physical products. The sneaker giant acquired NFT company RTFKT in December. Studios.

[6:48] [SkyBridge Capital launches Bitcoin mining fund and has raised more than US$7 million] Golden Finance reported that according to a document submitted to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), SkyBridge Capital, an investment company founded by financier and former Trump aide Anthony Scaramucci, launched the Bitcoin mining fund "SkyBridge BTC Mining" with a first sale date of April 19, 2022 and has raised US$7,037,749 so far. According to the fund’s website, the hedge fund has invested in several listed mining companies through its First Trust SkyBridge Crypto Instry and Digital Economy ETF, SkyBridge Digital Innovation, and its investment portfolio includes Core Scientific (CORZ), Bitfarms (BITF), Marathon Digital (MARA), Iris Energy (IREN), Riot Blockchain (RIOT), Hut 8 Mining (HUT), Cipher Mining (CIFR), CleanSpark (CLSK) and TeraWulf (WULF).

[6:51] [Crypto derivatives exchange Injective Pro launches the first perpetual contract based on BAYC NFT floor price] Golden Finance reported that crypto derivatives exchange Injective Pro announced that it has launched a perpetual contract based on Bored Ape Yacht Club (BAYC) NFT floor price perpetual contract to make NFT exposure more accessible to ordinary investors. Bored Ape Yacht ClubThe b (BAYC) series was launched in 2021 with 10,000 unique NFTs. As of April 2022, the floor price has exceeded 120 ETH (approximately US$370,000), which has resulted in some interested retail users possibly being unable to purchase. The new perpetual contract aims to lower the barrier to entry for such projects by enabling retail users to trade against the floor price of a collection of NFTs, and without the need to actually take custody of the NFT itself, users will be able to execute specific NFT projects for $1. Long or short position.

[6:52] [Injective Pro launches the first perpetual contract based on BAYC NFT floor price] Golden Finance reported that crypto derivatives exchange Injective Pro announced that it has launched a perpetual contract based on Bored Ape Yacht Club (BAYC ) NFT floor price perpetual contract to make NFT exposure more accessible to ordinary investors. The Bored Ape Yacht Club (BAYC) series was launched in 2021 with 10,000 unique NFTs. As of April 2022, the floor price has exceeded 120 ETH (approximately $370,000), which has resulted in some interested retail users potentially being unable to purchase. The new perpetual contract aims to lower the barrier to entry for such projects by enabling retail users to trade against the floor price of a collection of NFTs, and without the need to actually take custody of the NFT itself, users will be able to execute specific NFT projects for $1. Long or short position.

[6:59] [Privacy blockchain Findora launches Ethereum-based test network "Yellow Submarine"] News on April 23, Findora, a public blockchain focused on decentralized financial privacy Announced the launch of the Ethereum-based test network "Yellow Submarine" in cooperation with Project Columbus DAO. Yellow Submarine is named after the classic Beatles song and aims to provide a one-stop privacy protocol that allows users to manage and secure transactions across multiple blockchains. Ethereum-based token. Yellow Submarine combines Findora's native chain with an Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) extension called the Findora Smart Chain, using a zero-knowledge proof mechanism that allows certain details to be kept secret during the transaction while still proving that the transaction has occurred and is legal. The Findora roadmap shows upcoming features include a decentralized privacy-preserving vault, a private marketplace, NFTs and private DAO fundraising, with Yellow Submarine’s mainnet launching later this year.

[7:17] [Golden Morning News | List of important overnight developments on April 23] 21:00-7:00 Keywords: SkyBridge, U.S. Treasury, Yellen, Infura, Polygon
1. SkyBridge Capital launched a Bitcoin mining fund and has raised more than 7 million US dollars;
2. U.S. Treasury The Ministry of Finance sanctioned three more Ethereum addresses related to the $600 million Ronin attack;
3. Stripe announced that it will use the Polygon network to trial encrypted payments on Twitter;
4. U.S. Treasury Secretary Yellen and the British Chancellor of the Exchequer Sunak discusses digital assets and the world’s lowest tax rate;
5. Coinbase CEO: Apple’s encryption rules highlight “potential antitrust issues”;
6. Lending platform Celsius: CEL token faces “ Regulatory risk";
7. Uniswap Labs has blocked certain crypto wallet addresses from its front end;
8. Infura: Multiple API endpoints such as ETH1, Palm and others are down, and the team is fixing them;
9. Polygon launches the "Supernet" chain and will invest US$100 million to fund the network application''

[7:45] [The total transaction volume of the CryptoPunks series NFT exceeded US$1.6 billion] Golden Financial News, According to NFTGo.io data, the total transaction volume of the CryptoPunks series of NFTs reached US$1.67 billion, ranking first in the total transaction volume of all NFT projects; its 24-hour transaction volume was US$3.1904 million. As of press time, the current floor price of this series of NFTs is 59 ETH, an increase of 1.76%.

[7:59] [Data: In the past week, 1.7 million NFT assets were added to the Ethereum network] Golden Finance reported that NFTScan data showed that in the past week, 1.7356 million NFT assets were added to the Ethereum network Assets, with an average of 247,900 NFT assets newly minted every day.

[8:13] [Infura: The API endpoint downtime problem has been resolved and all services have returned to normal] News on April 23, 16:27 UTC time on April 22 (Beijing time on April 23 At 0:27 on the same day), the status update on the official website of Ethereum infrastructure provider Infura shows that the outage problem of API endpoints such as ETH1, Palm, and Optimism has been resolved, and all service functions have returned to normal operation.
According to reports last night, Infura service failure caused ETH1, Palm, Optimism, Polygon, Filecoin and Arbitrum API endpoints to go down, and Ethereum gas fee fell to 18 gwei for a short time..

[8:13] [Infura: The API endpoint downtime problem has been resolved and all services have returned to normal] News on April 23, 16:27 UTC time on April 22 (Beijing time on April 23 At 0:27 on the same day), the status update on the official website of Ethereum infrastructure provider Infura shows that the outage problem of API endpoints such as ETH1, Palm, and Optimism has been resolved, and all service functions have returned to normal operation.
As previously reported, Infura service failure caused the ETH1, Palm, Optimism, Polygon, Filecoin and Arbitrum API endpoints to go down, and the Ethereum gas fee fell to 18 gwei for a short period of time.

[8:22] [Move to Earn applied STEPN to create 4,439 new shoes in the past 24 hours] According to news on April 23, according to data on the Dune chain, Move to Earn applied STEPN to create new shoes in the past 24 hours. 4439 shoes were cast. According to previous news, on April 19, STEPN launched the v0.6.3 version update, and the new version supports BNBChain.

[8:48] [Chain game project Mobox announced the destruction of approximately 56,346,300 MBOX] Golden Financial News, BSC chain game project Mobox tweeted that 56,346,357.86 MBOX have been destroyed, worth approximately 145 million BUSD .

[8:50] [Chain game project Mobox announced the destruction of approximately 56,346,300 MBOX] Golden Financial News, on April 23, BSC chain game project Mobox tweeted that 56,346,357.86 MBOX had been destroyed. Valued at approximately 145 million BUSD.

[9:30] [OpenSea’s trading volume in the past 30 days was US$3.42 billion] Golden Financial News, according to Dune Analytics data, yesterday’s OpenSea trading volume was US$170.5 million, and its trading volume in the past 30 days was US$170.5 million. 3.42 billion US dollars, with 451,767 active users in the past 30 days.

[9:32] [OpenSea’s trading volume in the past 30 days was US$3.42 billion] Golden Financial News, according to Dune Analytics data, yesterday’s OpenSea trading volume was US$170.5 million, and the cumulative trading volume in the past 30 days It was US$3.42 billion, with 451,767 active users in the past 30 days.

⑨ What is blockchain + instant messaging?

One of the characteristics of blockchain is to achieve irreversibility through distributed ledger technology, while using various technologies, such as ring signatures, zero Knowledge proof, etc. to achieve anonymity and protectionPrivacy etc. Social networks are monopolized by Facebook, and instant messaging is monopolized by centralized products such as WhatsApp. They bring unparalleled communication convenience to users, greatly improve the frequency and efficiency of communication between people, and bring convenience to billions of people around the world.

Through blockchain, communication services can organize the operation of communication services without using the model of a central enterprise. If blockchain is to have a real impact on real life in the future, it cannot rely solely on concepts and hype, but There must be products that are truly implemented. What is a truly implemented product is a product that can meet the needs of users. If existing centralized products can meet the needs of users well, then decentralized products will not have enough substitution effects and will not be truly practical.

The blockchain protocol layer mainly includes four aspects: network programming, distributed algorithms, encrypted signatures, and data storage technology.
Network programming ability is the main consideration when choosing a programming language, because distributed algorithms are basically business logic implementations and can be done in any language. Among them, the encryption signature technology is direct and simple to use, and the database technology is also mainly at the use level. Only the implementation of point-to-point network and concurrent processing are the difficulties in development. Therefore, people particularly prefer languages ​​that have strong network programming capabilities and simple concurrency processing.

Users receive an initial number of tokens for free. Some of its practical usage scenarios:
1. Encrypted video chat: If multinational users want to have a video chat, encrypted video chat can only be achieved if both parties hold a certain amount of SKM.
2. Encrypted transmission of large-capacity files: The file transferred from one user to another user exceeds the size limit, and the transmitter must hold a certain token to achieve encrypted transmission.
3. Conversation information storage: Conversation records can be saved as long as both parties agree, and both parties need to hold a certain amount of tokens.
4. Re-transmission reminder: If a user sends a file to another user, but he does not want the other user to share it, the user can use a certain token to be notified when the file is transferred again. remind.
5. Secret key unlock file: One user transfers the secret key file to another, and only the other party is allowed to view it. The sending user can use the token to allow the other party to receive fragmented files. The file can only be unlocked by obtaining the secret key from the sender.

The Xueshuo Innovation Blockchain Technology Workstation under Lianqiao Education Online is the only “blockchain technology workstation” approved by the “Smart Learning Workshop 2020- Xueshuo Innovation Workstation” launched by the School Planning and Construction Development Center of the Ministry of Education of China. "Technical Professional" pilot workstation. The professional base is based on providing students with diversified growth paths, promoting the reform of the training model integrating professional degree research, production, and research, and building an applied and compound talent training system.