很多区块链论文都是虚构的吗,很多区块链论文都是虚构的嘛

近年来，随着区块链技术的发展，越来越多的人开始关注区块链论文，但是很多区块链论文都是虚构的吗？下面，就让我们一起来探讨一下区块链论文的真实性。

区块链论文的审查：区块链论文的审查是检验它们真实性的关键手段，审查过程包括内容审查、技术审查和反馈审查等步骤，这些审查步骤可以帮助我们对论文的真实性进行评估。

发表机构：发表机构的审查也是评估区块链论文真实性的重要方式，有些发表机构有严格的审查程序，能够有效的提高论文的真实性。而有些发表机构的审查程序较为宽松，因此可能会有虚构的论文被发表出来，在选择发表机构时，应当考虑论文审查的严谨程度。

专家评论：有些论文可能会通过审查，但是其内容并不真实，因此，需要专家对论文进行评论，以检验论文的真实性。只有获得专家的认可，才能保证论文的真实性。

总之，区块链论文的真实性需要通过审查、发表机构的审查以及专家评论来确定，只有通过这些步骤，才能保证区块链论文的真实性。
请查看相关英文文档

㈠ Intensive reading of blockchain papers - Pixel: Multi-signatures for Consensus

The paper mainly proposes a multi-signature algorithm Pixel for the consensus mechanism PoS.

All PoS-based blockchains as well as allowed blockchains have a common structure where nodes run a consensus sub-protocol to reach consensus on the next block to be added to the ledger. Such consensus protocols typically require nodes to check blocking proposals and express their agreement by digitally signing acceptable proposals. When a node sees enough signatures from other nodes on a specific block, it appends them to its view of the ledger.

Since consensus protocols typically involve thousands of nodes working together to reach consensus, the efficiency of the signature scheme is crucial. Furthermore, in order for outsiders to effectively verify the validity of the chain, signatures should be compact for transmission and should be verified quickly. Multisigs have been found to be particularly useful for this task because they enable many signers to create compact and efficient verifiable signatures on public messages.

Additional knowledge: Multi-signature
is a digital signature. In digital signature applications, multiple users are sometimes required to sign and certify the same file. For example, if a statement issued by a company involves the finance department, development department, sales department, after-sales service department and other departments, and needs to be signed and approved by these departments, then these departments need to sign the statement document. A digital signature scheme that enables multiple users to sign the same file is called a multi-digital signature scheme.
Multi-signature is an upgrade of digital signatures, which makes it possible to apply blockchain-related technologies to all walks of life. In actual operation, a multi-signature address can be associated with n private keys. When operations such as transfers are required, funds can be transferred as long as m private keys are signed, where m must be less than or equal to n, that is to say m/n is less than 1, it can be 2/3, 3/5, etc., which must be determined when establishing this multi-signature address.

This article proposes the Pixel signature scheme, a pairing-based forward secure multi-signature scheme that can be used in PoS-based blockchains and can significantly save bandwidth and storage requirements. To support a total of T time periods and a committee of size N, multisig contains only two group elements, and verification requires only three pairings, one exponentiation and N -1 multiplications. Pixel signatures are almost as effective as BLS multi-signatures and also satisfy forward security. Additionally, just like in BLS multi-signatures, anyone can non-interactively aggregate individual signatures into a multi-signature.

Benefit:
To validate Pixel's design, the performance of Pixel's Rust implementation was compared with previous tree-based forward security solutions. Shows how to integrate Pixel into any PoS blockchain. Next, Pixel is evaluated on the Algorand blockchain, showing that it yields significant savings in storage, bandwidth, and block verification time. Our experimental results show that Pixel is effective as a stand-alone primitive and used in blockchains. For example, compared to a set of N = 1500 tree-based forward security signatures (for T = 232) with a 128-bit security level, a single Pixel signature that can authenticate the entire set is 2667 times smaller and can be verified 40 times faster . Pixel signing reduces the size of Algorand blocks of 1500 transactions by approximately 35% and reduces block verification time by approximately 38%.

The biggest difference compared to the traditional BLS multi-signature scheme is that BLS does not have forward security.

Compared with the tree-based forward security signature, the tree-based forward security signature can meet the security requirements, but the signature it constructs is too large and the verification speed needs to be improved. The design of this article reduces the signature size and verification time.

Supplementary knowledge: Forward security
is a security property of communication protocols in cryptography, which means that the leakage of a long-term master key will not lead to the leakage of past session keys. Forward security protects past communications from future exposure of passwords or keys. If a system has forward security, historical communications can be kept safe if the master key is compromised, even if the system is under active attack.

Build forward-secure signatures with Hierarchical Identity Based Encryption (HIBE) and add the ability to securely aggregate signatures on the same message and generate public parameters without a trusted set. To achieve:
1. Generate and update keys
2. Security against malicious key attacks
3. Invalid trust settings

For common post-attacks There are two variants:
1. Short-range variant: The adversary attempts to undermine committee members before a consensus agreement is reached. Resolution: Address short-range attacks by assuming the attack latency is longer than the running time of the consensus subprotocol.
2. Remote variant: solved by fork selection rules.
Forward secure signatures provide a clean solution to both attacks without the need for fork-choice rules or other assumptions about adversaries and clients. (Explain the advantages of forward secure signatures).

Permissioned blockchain consensus protocols (such as PBFT) are also at the core of many permissioned chains (such as Hyperledger), where only approved parties can join the network. Our signature scheme can be similarly applied to this setting to achieve forward secrecy, reduce communication bandwidth and generate compact block certificates.

Traditional Bellare-Miner model, eliminatingThe forward security signature scheme FS of the information space M consists of the following algorithms:
1. Setup
pp ←Setup(T), pp is a public parameter agreed by all parties, and Setup(T) is expressed in T Distribution settings for fixed parameters within a time period.

2. Key generation
(pk,sk1) ←Kg
The signer runs the key generation algorithm on the input maximum time period T to generate a public verification for the first time period Key pk and initial secret signing key sk1.

3. Key update
skt+1←Upd(skt) The signer uses the key update algorithm to update the secret key skt of time period t to skt + 1 of the next period. This scheme can also provide a "fast-forward" update algorithm skt0←$Upd0(skt,t0) for any t0 > t, which is more efficient than repeatedly applying Upd.

4. Signing
σ ←Sign(skt,M), when inputting the current signature key skt message m∈M, the signer uses this algorithm to calculate the signature σ.

5. Verification
b ← Vf(pk,t,M,σ) Anyone can verify the message M within the time period t under the public key pk by running the verification algorithm The signature of signature M. This algorithm returns 1 indicating that the signature is valid, otherwise it returns 0.

1. Relying on asymmetric bilinear groups to improve efficiency, our signature is located in G2×G1 instead of G2^2. This way, it is enough to give public parameters into G1 (which we can then use hash curve instantiation without trust setup) without having to generate "consistent" public parameters (hi, h0 i) = (gxi 1, gxi 2) ∈G1×G2.

2. Key generation algorithm, public key pk is smaller, and parameter settings improve security.

In addition to the algorithm of the forward secure signature scheme in Section 3, the forward secure multi-signature scheme FMS in the key verification model also has a key generation that additionally outputs the public key Proof of π.
Added Key aggregation, Signature aggregation, and Aggregate verification. It also proves its correctness and security on the premise of meeting the multi-signature function of forward security.

1. PoS is protected from subsequent damage
Subsequent damage: Post-verified nodes attack and destroy the previous consensus verification state.
Spread across many users on the same messageIn the case of many signatures (e.g. transaction blocks), Pixel can be applied to all of these blockchains to protect against follow-on attacks and potentially reduce bandwidth, storage and computational costs.

2. Pixel integration
In order to vote on block B, each member of the sub-protocol signs B using a Pixel with the current block number. Consensus is reached when we see the set of N committee members signing on the same block B, where N is some fixed threshold. Finally, we aggregate these N signatures into a single multi-signature Σ, and the pair (B, Σ) forms a so-called block certificate and append block B to the blockchain.

3. Register a public key
Every user who wants to participate in the consensus needs to register a participating signing key. Users first sample Pixel key pairs and generate corresponding PoPs. The user then issues a special transaction (signed under her consumption key), registering a new participation key. Transactions include PoP. Select the PoS validator that reached agreement in round r to check (a) the validity of the special transaction and (b) the validity of the PoP. If both checks pass, the user's account is updated with the new participation key. From this point, if checked, the user will use the Pixel login block.
That is, constantly changing its own participation key to achieve forward security.

4. Propagation and aggregation of signatures
The signatures of each committee will be propagated through the network until the signatures of N committee members are seen on the same block B. Note that Pixel supports non-interactive and incremental aggregation: the former means that signatures can be aggregated by any party after broadcast without contacting the original signer, while the latter means that we can add new signatures to a multisig to obtain new of multi-signatures. In practice, this means that the propagating node can perform intermediate aggregation on any number of committee signatures and propagate the results until a block certificate is formed. Alternatively, nodes can aggregate all signatures before writing the block to disk. That is, after receiving enough block certification votes, a node can aggregate the signatures of N committee members into a multi-signature and then write the block and certificate to disk.

5. Key update
When using Pixel in the blockchain, time corresponds to the block number or sub-step in the consensus protocol. When relating time to the block number, it means that all eligible committee members should update their pixel keys every time a new block is formed and the round number is updated.

Conduct an experimental evaluation on the Algorand project, and compare it with the Algorand project's own solution to prevent post-corruption attacks, BM-Ed25519, and the BLS multi-signature solution.

On storage space:

Save bandwidth:
Algorand uses a relay-based propagation model, where the user's nodes are connected to a network of relays (nodes with more resources). Without aggregation during propagation, the bandwidth pixel savings for relays and regular nodes come from smaller signature sizes. Each relay can serve dozens or hundreds of nodes, depending on the resources it provides.

Save verification time

㈡ Why do many people say that blockchain is a lie?

Blockchain is not a lie, it is a lie. People who use blockchain as a guise to deceive people. In fact, blockchain scams take advantage of people's lack of understanding of the technology, and then scammers rely on a variety of fancy methods to set up scams. Many people only look at the surface when making investments, and are eventually lured into the trap by high profits.

In current society, more and more people are willing to take the risk to invest in order to obtain huge returns, but not everyone can make a profit. After all, there are benefits. There are many people squatting and watching, and they will set traps for people to take the bait.

(2) Many blockchain papers are fictional. Further reading:

Notes

Blockchain is a Technology, simply put: This technology is based on new ways of data management such as cryptography. Blockchain technology has broad application prospects because of its advantages such as decentralization, non-tampering, full traceability, and traceability. Issuing coins is an act derived from blockchain technology. At present, the vast majority of blockchain applications that focus on issuing and speculating coins are suspected of illegal fund-raising.

Blockchain technology is still in its early stages of development, and its application is also difficult to implement. If you rely solely on a white paper to claim that there is an application, it is an act of deception in itself.

㈢ After reading this article, you will have a thorough understanding of the blockchain

In this article, all the content I introduced is based on the blockchain in today’s world. The fact that the blockchain field has already happened is not some imagination or opinions about the blockchain. I think that as long as you read this article carefully, you will easily have a basic and accurate understanding of blockchain.

The main content of understanding blockchain in just ten minutes is divided into four sections. 21 topics and 4 sections are:

The first national blockchain strategy.

Second, Bitcoin and its literal representation involve four topics.

Third, blockchain and its technical logic involve 13 topics.

Fourth, blockchain empowers the economy and society, involving three topics.

Let’s first look at the first part of the blockchain national strategy, the first part of the blockchain country. Everyone knows that we humans have experienced six information revolutions. Seven or eight years ago, the first information revolution created primitive language, social tacit understanding, and the second information revolution saw the emergence of writing. The third information revolution in feudal society invented papermaking and printing, and the fourth information revolution in the late 19th century invented radio.

In the fifth information revolution of the 20th century, television appeared again, and now in the sixth information revolution, computers and the Internet have appeared. The emergence of computers and the Internet has given rise to the rapid development of various new technologies. Especially in 2020, the digital economy has experienced epoch-making development.

Why do you say that? The characteristics of high bandwidth, low latency and large connections in the 5G era have enabled the implementation of the four major technologies of ABCD.

What are the four major ABCD technologies

The a here refers to Artificial Intelligence, which is artificial intelligence technology.

B refers to Blockchain, blockchain technology.

C refers to cloud computing cloud computing technology

D refers to big data technology.

The word blockchain is now completely popular all over the country. On October 25, 2019, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China announced the development of blockchain technology. The current situation has been collectively studied, so the requirement of this meeting is to use blockchain technology as the core technology.

As an important breakthrough for independent innovation, it is necessary to accelerate the innovative development of blockchain technology and industry. On April 20, 2020, the National Development and Reform Commission officially included blockchain into new infrastructure. Blockchain, why do you think it is so awesome? Let us say that blockchain is not an extension of the Internet, it is a subversion of the Internet. In the future, many, many technologies will grow on this blockchain and realize blockchainization.

So, how can we accurately learn and understand the blockchain?

We found that among the four major technologies of ABCD, only the block is naturally built-in It's financial. Therefore, we must learn and understand blockchain from the IT perspective and the financial perspective, and even learn and understand blockchain from the level of national governance. If you only study and understand blockchain from an IT perspective, it is impossible to understand this.Technology has a huge influence and influence. Then, your understanding of this will be biased, and you may even be dissatisfied with blockchain technology. In addition, in the process of learning about blockchain, you should also pay attention to the fact that it has many new terms, so you need to concentrate on understanding it step by step.

Let’s first understand blockchain from a financial perspective.

Bitcoin and its birth performance

To understand the blockchain, it involves Bitcoin, and what about the birth of Bitcoin? , and it is inseparable from the evolution of currency. We know that currency is a special commodity that is separated from commodities and serves as a fixed general equivalent. In fact, we humans have used a lot of currencies, including physical currency, weighing currency, paper money, accounting currency, etc. As for accounting currency, it includes electronic currency and digital currency. Electronic currency itself is not a currency. It is just used to represent the same amount of currency. It is a token.

Then the total amount of his tokens will not increase due to the increase of electronic currency. Alipay, WeChat, payment, and online banking are typical electronic currencies. As for digital currency, it is itself a legal currency. The total amount of this fiat currency will increase with the increase of digital currencies. We know that when it comes to physical currency, we humans have actually chosen many things as general equivalents.

Weighing currencies are some heavy metals. Later, people chose gold among the heavy metals. Why choose gold? Because gold has the characteristics of rarity, divisibility, and the most stable chemical properties. What needs to be noted here is gold. It is not issued by any country. It is provided by nature. of. Your country's total amount is as much as nature provides. Therefore, the country does not need to provide credit guarantees for the value of gold.

However, as for gold, it has some flaws in its use, and it is difficult to carry when you go out again, so there are descendants. Paper money appeared in the Northern Song Dynasty. At that time, paper money was not currency in the current sense. The currency at that time was still gold, but we used paper money to represent gold. We called it the gold standard. The gold standard is the gold standard, which is a monetary system with gold as the standard currency. The core essence of the gold standard is that how much currency a country issues should be decided based on how much gold your country has. It does not mean you can issue as much currency as you want.

At that time, the Great Depression of the United States reached January 10, 1934. On this day, the newly elected President of the United States made a very important decision to abandon the gold standard and issue $3 billion.Think about it, abandoning the gold standard, in theory, means that he can issue as much currency as he wants. Even if there is no gold in the treasury, he can issue banknotes as long as he wants to. Then someone will ask, if you issue so many words, can you still exchange them for gold of equal value?

Look at the banknotes at this time, they have been separated from gold, and national credit has emerged. , this, we call it currency guaranteed by national credit. Now, when mainstream countries issue currency, they also issue it with national credit as a guarantee.

What are the benefits? The advantage is that it can regulate the economy. When the economy is not doing well, a little more hair can drive economic development. The increase or decrease in this variable will cause a chain reaction of the entire economic aggregate. This is the multiplier effect in economics. Once a country masters this thing, some countries will be fascinated by it. But if it is not well controlled, it will lead to national credit bankruptcy. As a result, many people began to reflect. This reflection is, when issuing currency, is it better to use national credit as a guarantee, or is it better to stick to the gold standard based on the total amount of gold. This question involves the birth of Bitcoin

㈣ Blockchain Graduation Project Proposal

Background of the project research:

With the development of modern technology and information At this stage of industrial development, the fourth industrial revolution is beginning to take shape. The world is about to enter a technological era with new technologies such as the Internet and artificial intelligence as the core. At the same time, blockchain technology has emerged as the times require and has become an important factor for many international governments and industries. Hot topics of concern. Blockchain technology has been regarded as the core technology with the greatest potential to trigger the fifth round of disruptive revolution after steam engines, electricity, information and Internet technology. In the past 10 years, with the strong support of the government and policies, the development situation of my country's philanthropy has been relatively optimistic. However, as the scale of charity continues to develop and expand, my country's public welfare undertakings have gradually revealed some shortcomings. The biggest problems existing in traditional public welfare undertakings are insufficient credibility, imperfect internal management of charitable organizations, and high costs. However, many Internet public welfare service companies are currently actively using the new technology of blockchain to solve this problem. Blockchain technology has the characteristics of decentralization, information traceability and non-tampering, openness and transparency, and smart contracts. It can make up for the shortcomings of traditional public welfare undertakings such as opaque information and low management efficiency. Blockchain technology will enter public welfare undertakings and will Bring new development opportunities to the charity industry.

The main content of the research: This topic mainly includes the following three aspects:

[if !supportLists] 1. [endif] Combination of blockchain technology and public welfare Problems that arise and solved.

[if !supportLists]2. [endif] Create a public welfare query webpage based on blockchain technology

[if !supportLists] 3. [endif] Application issues and explanations of this query system

Topic Purpose of the study:

As the scale of my country’s public welfare continues to develop and expand, our shortcomings have also been exposed, including lack of credibility and lack of management of charitable organizations. The use of blockchain technology can solve these problems. The effect of the problem. This technology will track and store data and behaviors throughout the donation process, realize the complete disclosure of the public welfare chain, enable donors to effectively supervise, avoid shortcomings such as low efficiency and clear fund flows, control risks for public welfare projects, and improve Credibility and transparency of public welfare projects promote the development and progress of public welfare projects and enhance trust between people. According to the attributes and characteristics of the blockchain system, public welfare enterprises can implement full-cycle tracking, evidence storage and auditing of data and behaviors in the public welfare process, so that all parties involved in public welfare projects can conduct full-process tracking and effective supervision of the project, avoiding Due to the shortcomings of artificially reducing efficiency in public welfare, it provides a rational method for public welfare projects to control risks and judge effects, improve the transparency of public welfare undertakings, and promote the development of public welfare.

Significance of the project research: This project intends to develop an open and transparent system for tracking public welfare donations based on blockchain technology and combined with the actual development of public welfare undertakings in my country. Through in-depth analysis of blockchain technology and charity business, we found that blockchain technology has natural advantages in solving the problem of public welfare transparency. Blockchain technology can be understood as a distributed accounting method that can record all transaction information and ensure that it cannot be tampered with. This determines that wherever justice, fairness, and integrity are required, blockchain has great technology. Room to play. At the same time, the addition of smart contracts directly solves the business problem of earmarked funds.

Eventually, trust between citizens will be enhanced, donation channels will be accelerated, and the development of social donations will be promoted

2. Literature review (current status and development of relevant research at home and abroad Trend)

[if !supportLists] (1) [endif] Current status of foreign blockchain-related industries

China and Europe are gradually occupying the world in blockchain industry policies, and the EU is The European Blockchain Observation Forum has been established in February 2018. Its main responsibilities include: policy determination, industry-university-research linkage, cross-border BaaS

(Blockchain as a Service) service construction, standard open source formulation, etc. Invest 5 million euros in Horizon2020 as a blockchain research and development fund (Before December 19, 2018), it is expected that investment in blockchain will reach 340 million euros within three years (2018-2020). In the United States, due to different policies among states, although blockchain is still a craze among American start-ups, the promotion of industrial policy has been slow. The Middle East, led by Di Pai, is leading the trend of blockchain. The government is taking the lead and enterprises are cooperating to explore new technology applications of blockchain. Japan and South Korea are also relatively active in the Asia-Pacific region. Japan is dominated by NTT and the government provides support. South Korea uses finance as an entry point to explore blockchain applications. Isism is also a constant threat to all areas of Chinese society. A comprehensive review of the development status of new media culture in major foreign developed countries, summarizing experiences, and drawing lessons have certain implications for the development of new media culture in China.

[if !supportLists] (2) [endif] Current status of domestic new media research

The State Council of China issued the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan for National Informatization", Blockchain New technologies such as big data, artificial intelligence, and machine deep learning have become the focus of the country’s layout. The People's Bank of China issued the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan for the Development of Information Technology in China's Financial Industry", which clearly proposed to actively promote research on the application of new technologies such as blockchain and artificial intelligence, and organize pilot projects for national digital currencies. In October 2017, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology released the "White Paper on China's Blockchain Technology and Application Development", which is the first official guidance document for blockchain.

Governments across the country, especially in coastal areas, have established blockchain experimental sites and research institutes. At present, the governments of Shenzhen, Hangzhou, Guangzhou, Guiyang and other places are actively establishing blockchain development zones and providing special support policies. China Guangzhou officially released 10 Guangzhou blockchain strategies in December 2017 to create a blockchain enterprise technology innovation zone in Huangpu District and Development Zone. In March 2018, the Shenzhen Municipal Economic, Trade and Information Commission issued the "Notice of the Municipal Economic, Trade and Information Commission on Organizing and Implementing the Second Batch of Support Plan for the New Generation Information Technology and Information Security Transformation of Shenzhen's Strategic Emerging Industries in 2018". The district Blockchain is on the list of support directions. This is the fifth local government in China to introduce support policies for blockchain after Guangzhou, Guiyang, and Gehangzhou.

(3) Current status of blockchain in the open source field

Hyperledger

Hyperledger is developed by the Linux Foundation The open source project to promote blockchain digital technology and transaction verification, launched in 2015, has attracted many companies including IBM, Intel, Fujitsu, UPS, Cisco, Huawei, Redhat, Oracle, Samsung, Tencent Cloud, Internet Finance, etc.There are currently more than 200 member units participating, and Bran Behlendorf, founder of the Aache Foundation, serves as the executive director of the ledger project.

The goal of the Hyperledger project is to allow members to work together to build an open platform to meet user cases from many different industries and simplify business processes. Process Ledger has multiple blockchain platform projects, including the Fabric project contributed by BIM, the Sawtooth project contributed by Intel, and Iroha, Burrow, Indy, etc.

The development status of blockchain in the field of standards

ITU-T

ITU-T (International Telecommunication Union Standardization Organization) from 2016 to 2017 At the beginning of the year, SG16 (Study Group), SG17 and SG20 respectively launched research on the overall needs and security of distributed ledgers to attract applications in the Internet of Things. Established three focus groups (Focus Group on Distributed Ledger (FG DLT), Focus Group on Data Processing and Management (FG DPM), and Focus Group on Fiat Digital Currency (FG DFC)), focusing on blockchain and distributed ledger respectively. Technology application and service research, establishing a trustworthy Internet of Things and smart city data management framework based on blockchain, and carrying out standardization work on blockchain applications based on digital currency. Huawei serves as the chairman of the Architecture Group of the Focus Group on Distributed Ledger (FG DLT) and the Blockchain Group of the Focus Group on Data Processing and Management (FGDPM).

Two committees of CCSA (China Communications Standards Association) have established subgroups and projects respectively:

CCSA TC10 (Internet of Things Technical Working Committee) Established in October 2017, the Internet of Things Blockchain Subgroup: Responsible for the application research and standardization of blockchain technology in the Internet of Things and its covered areas such as smart cities, Internet of Vehicles, edge computing, Internet of Things big data, Internet of Things industry applications, logistics and intelligent manufacturing, and is led by China China Unicom technical experts serve as team leaders, and Huawei technical experts serve as deputy team leaders.

The Blockchain and Big Data Working Group under CCSA TC1 (Internet and Application Technology Working Committee) completed two blockchain industry standards: "Blockchain: Part 1 Overall Technical Requirements for Blockchain ” and “Blockchain: Part 2 Evaluation Indicators and Evaluation Methods”, in which Huawei actively participated.

JPEG

During the 78th JPEG Conference in February 2018, the JPEG Committee organized a special session on blockchain and distributed ledger technology and their impact on the JPEG standard. Meeting. Considering the potential impact of technologies such as blockchain and distributed ledgers on the future of multimedia, the Commission decidedEstablish an ad hoc group to explore use cases and standardization needs related to blockchain technology in a multimedia environment, focusing on standardization work for images and multimedia applications.

IETF

The "Decentralized Internet Infrastructure ProposedRG

(Research Group) was established at the IETF99 meeting in June 2017, planning to study the blockchain architecture. and corresponding standards. In 2018, IETF will likely pay more attention to the implementation and development of blockchain interconnection standards on blockchain.



3. Proposed research methods (programs, technical routes, etc.) and feasibility studies

This topic mainly studies the application of blockchain technology to charitable donations. Research methods adopted:

1. Use literature methods to collect relevant theories, use information retrieval, screening and other methods to collect literature materials and related theories, understand the current situation of blockchain technology, and master blockchain decentralization technology.
< br /> 2. Use a method that combines theory and practice to combine the technology with public welfare. Complete the improvement of the system.

3. Use the method of comparative analysis to learn from two domestic and foreign Discuss the current development status of new media operations, as well as existing problems in the development of new media operation models in my country, and look forward to the development prospects of this technology field.

Feasibility demonstration:

1. Technical feasibility, the research goals involved in this topic, already have considerable theoretical foundations at home and abroad. Through literature survey, we can learn about actual, reliable and useful information data, and the actual requirements are not difficult.

2. Economic feasibility. The research on this topic can be accessed through the Internet and libraries. It is convenient and feasible and does not require a lot of economic consumption. Therefore, from an economic point of view, it is completely feasible.

3. Operational feasibility. This topic requires the combination of blockchain technology and public welfare, especially the tracing of applications in these aspects. A comprehensive analysis of the system of the graduation project on this topic can be achieved through the review of existing literature. Study and study the existing information documents, use the data you collected, organize and analyze, apply what you have learned, and complete this project completely. From the perspective of operability, it is completely feasible.

4. Expected results (or expected results)

1. Through research on data, clarify the relevant concepts of blockchain technology, skillfully use dapps, and create web pages.

2. Through distributed applications, creating a system that allows the public to quickly browse and understand the public welfare process will increase convenience for the further development of my country's public welfare undertakings.

3. I hope that I can continue to learn and make progress from the process of writing this paper. Being able to master the relevant knowledge of blockchain will be helpful to your future career.

㈤ Nine out of ten blockchains are scams

Ponzi scheme is the name for defrauding investment funds in the financial industry. It is the ancestor of the Pyramid scheme. Many The illegal Chuanqiao Group used this trick to amass money. This type of scam was "invented" by a speculator named Charles Ponzi. The Ponzi scheme in our country is called "removing the east wall to pay for the west wall" or "borrowing chickens to lay eggs". To put it bluntly, it is to use the money of new investors to pay loan interest and short-term profits to old investors in order to create the illusion of making money and thereby obtain a large amount of investment funds.

The assets on the blockchain have just entered the stage of explosion, lack of reasonable management and control, and market management is still in its infancy, so it is the most likely place for Ponzi schemes to appear. If 10% of financial products in the traditional world are Ponzi schemes, then the blockchain world has gone backwards, and now 90% are Ponzi schemes!

In fact, blockchain always has this One potential handles things, so there is no need for intermediary services, so many intermediary costs will be reduced. The blockchain solves a problem of trust in blockchain technology. For example, the payment wallet we are using now is all a Centralized.

When you are not a professional and your risk-taking ability is not high, then you are definitely not suitable for today’s blockchain venture capital circle. Because the proportion of Ponzi schemes is too high, 9 out of 10 are scammers (although the elite team does not feel that they are scammers, in fact they have engaged in deception).

However, we also need to be more objective. Although 90% of the market is Ponzi scheme, many people did make a fortune last year by investing in blockchain, such as Bitcoin and Ethereum. , NEO have all risen a lot, and even some gas coins and "MLM coins" have made money.

There are very few people who really make big money by owning blockchain assets. The chance of winning is the same as buying a lottery ticket. Don’t be deceived by the illusion!

㈥ Why are there so many "scams" in the currency circle that relies on blockchain technology?

Behind any investment with an unusually high return rate, there may be a hidden meaning of "you want to His interest, but he wants your principal" type of scam.

On July 4, 2018, a recording of Li Xiaolai, known as "China's richest man in Bitcoin", was exposed, causing an earthquake in the currency circle. In the nearly hour-long recording, Li Xiaolai made sharp comments on many big players in the currency circle, and also gave "step-by-step" instructions on how to cut off the leeks of retail investors.

Although my country has rectified and banned ICOs according to law in September last year, it is not uncommon for project parties to avoid legal supervision through foreign registration and underground ICO models. This requires regulatory authorities to increase their efforts in governance, establish sound industry standards, and promote the good development of the blockchain industry.

For investors, on the one hand, they must keep their eyes open and not blindly follow the temptation of so-called "Internet celebrities". If you really believe Li Xiaolai’s remarks denying value investing and advocating speculation, then you are playing into his trap and will eventually become a leek that can be harvested by others. On the other hand, you need to invest rationally. Behind any investment with an abnormally high return rate, there may be a scam like "you want his interest, but he wants your principal".

Content source ifeng.com

㈦ Is blockchain a lie?

"Blockchain" is an important concept in the new era. In essence, It is a centralized database and the underlying technology such as digital currency. According to our popular explanation, the "blockchain" can be regarded as a ledger, and each bill is a block. However, this ledger is centralized, and it can be said that no company or team has jurisdiction over it. "Blockchain" technology is a unique informatization that is centralized and cannot cross-change information. Now in daily life, this technology has been applied to a series of applications such as electronic invoices and payment codes.
In today's life, many people use this guise to commit fraud. Direct sales disks, capital disks, technology disks and other names are used to lure people to make money and then run away. As a result, many people have lost their funds and have nowhere to defend their rights. In the end, I can only say that "blockchain" is a lie. There is no right or wrong in technology, it’s the people who are wrong.
With the progress of the times and the progress of society, the initial application of any technology will be subject to various positive and negative doubts. However, with the relative application and maturity of technology, coupled with the improvement of technology, various aspects around people have formed. This application will continue to improve, and I believe that these doubts will slowly dissipate in the near future.
The following is a summary of some blockchain scams that are often around you!
Trap 1: Blockchain is about issuing coins to make money
Trap 2: Conducting virtual currency transactions, promising low investment and high returns
Trap 3: Decentralization can solve all problems
Trap 4: With the extension of the blockchain, you can make money with a mining machine
Trap 5: Transactions on WeChat and Alipay to buy and sell virtual currencies
In short, the methods of scammers are also advancing with the times. Through our "eyes of wisdom", we can improve and enhance our adaptability, discover and alert ourselves, and prevent being deceived. Investors must be wary of various deceptive methods that offer low investment and high returns.

㈧ Re-understanding the blockchain: Enlightenments brought by more than 1,550 application cases

Author: Ran Wei

(This article is excerpted from "2021 Global Area Blockchain Application Market Report")

When weWhen talking about blockchain, anyone who knows something about blockchain can express their opinions to a greater or lesser extent on related topics. For example: from the perspective of technical system, blockchain is a new application of computer technology such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm; from the perspective of functional attributes, blockchain is decentralized, non-tamperable, and full-process. Features such as leaving traces, traceability, collective maintenance, openness and transparency.

Looking back at the history of blockchain, there is no way around Bitcoin. On January 3, 2009, the Bitcoin genesis block with serial number 0 was born. A few days later, on January 9, 2009, Bitcoin block number 1 was born. When two blocks are connected, the blockchain is "born."

The inventor of Bitcoin, whose pseudonym is "Satoshi Nakamoto", may find it difficult to imagine: In the past 12 years, with Bitcoin as the center, a huge "cryptocurrency family" has spread all over the world. The financial market set off a "big wave" that continues to this day. During this period, innovation and risks related to cryptocurrency are intertwined, progress and bubbles coexist, and pursuit and criticism coexist, and it drives government departments of various countries to continuously improve the monetary and financial systems, social governance and supervision systems.

At the same time, the blockchain that accompanies Bitcoin is also evolving rapidly, and has long gone beyond the scope of "Bitcoin's underlying technology" and has been applied to every corner of social and economic development.

So, what mechanism does blockchain work through? What are its advantages compared to traditional technologies and models? What is its application effect? In the "2021 Global Blockchain Application Market Report" jointly released by Capital Lab and Yuanwang Think Tank, we tried to provide a certain basis for the above issues through research on more than 1,550 application cases around the world in 2020 and the first quarter of 2021. Empirical answers. At the same time, based on the study of these cases, we can establish a new understanding of blockchain: blockchain is trust, blockchain is sharing, blockchain is transaction, blockchain is substitution, and blockchain is efficiency.

In the Bitcoin creation paper "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Currency System", "Satoshi Nakamoto" repeatedly emphasized that Bitcoin has the characteristics of not relying on a "trusted third party". That is the characteristic of “decentralization”.

On the other hand, the underlying technology of Bitcoin, the blockchain, is precisely designed for "trust." In other words, reshaping "trust" in the digital age is the most basic function of the blockchain, but this trust has been transformed from trust between people and legal entities to trust between machines and machines. Trust between blocks and between nodes. Interestingly, the subsequent “smart contract” function has further strengthened this trust through its integration with the blockchain.

Identity encoding and authentication are the first steps to achieve the above-mentioned trust mechanism.First, the Decentralized Identity (DID) system is the core. With DID applications, everyone from individuals to organizations to IoT devices, from physical items to virtual products, can be given digital "identities" and achieve trusted interactions. It is precisely because of this that blockchain-based certificate storage, empowerment, verification, circulation, and transactions can be realized, and only then can blockchain be implemented in various industries.

Application cases from around the world show that new trust mechanisms provide new rules and motivation for social and economic operations:

l China is comprehensively promoting blockchain electronic certificates Applications such as "one fish, one code", "one fruit, one code", "one tea, one code" and other applications are driving the global Anti-counterfeiting traceability of agricultural products and upgrading of food safety systems;

l Through the combination of blockchain, big data and artificial intelligence, the credit "portrait" of an enterprise is more accurate and can be obtained faster and more accurately. Lower-cost financing services;

l Public welfare organizations have put charity funds "on the chain" to form a more transparent and standardized public welfare tracking and management system;

l Relevant cities in China have launched a blockchain-based gas cylinder product traceability management system, and the credibility of the source of gas cylinder file information and the level of gas cylinder safety management have been greatly improved;

l Germany is developing its distributed energy resources Assets establishes a digital registration system based on identity authentication to promote the development and trading of renewable energy and cope with the arrival of the digital energy era...

Among the three types of blockchains (public chain, alliance chain, private chain), alliance chain has been the most widely used. In addition to considerations of technical performance, operational efficiency, operability, expected results, etc., this is mainly because all parties in the alliance already have a certain foundation of trust. This also shows from another perspective that in blockchain applications beyond cryptocurrencies such as Bitcoin, "multi-centralization" rather than complete "decentralization" is a more realistic option.

In addition, it is undeniable that unlike the proof-of-work mechanism that Bitcoin “mining” relies on, the blockchain cannot completely ensure the integrity of the on-chain data from the source in the actual application process. Authenticity. In other words, a certain alliance member or node may provide false data intentionally or unintentionally. However, with the help of blockchain's non-tampering, traceability, multi-party consensus and other characteristics, the alliance can identify counterfeiting behavior and impose corresponding punishments, such as "kicking" the counterfeiting members from the node. Therefore, in a sense, blockchain-based trust largely establishes alliance members’ awe for the authenticity of data and deters data fraud.

If you say "letter"Ren" is the foundation of blockchain applications, and data sharing is the core of blockchain applications. Without data sharing, there will be no cooperation, and the implementation of blockchain applications will be out of the question.

l Country The pilot of the "Cross-border Financial Blockchain Service Platform" of the Administration of Foreign Exchange has been fully launched, promoting the development of foreign trade export business through the exchange of information between foreign exchange bureaus, taxation, banks and enterprise-related market entities;

l The "Insurance/Claims Alliance Chain" jointly established by 11 insurance companies in Taiwan has been put into operation, and each company has achieved "single application and common documents" on this platform;

l Contour, TradeLens and other areas Through data collaboration among enterprises, financial institutions, shipping companies, terminals, customs and other institutions, the blockchain platform is reshaping the global supply chain and providing impetus for the digital transformation of international trade...

l In China, through data collaboration among various government departments, we have achieved "one data, one source, one source for multiple uses, one network for all services, and all processes online";

l Through the "Judicial Chain" platform, all types of electronic Evidence can be seamlessly connected with judicial institutions such as notarization, arbitration, judicial appraisal, and courts, which improves the efficiency of the judicial system while reducing costs;

l "Cross-domain trial auxiliary matters for grassroots courts across the country" "Collaboration mechanism" can realize "cross-domain service and cross-domain evidence collection" between courts in different regions, effectively improving the efficiency of trial auxiliary matters and trial quality and efficiency, and reducing judicial operation costs...

l China's "Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Combination Port" project was officially launched, which can support the interconnection and interoperability of trade parties among the five major customs jurisdictions of the Greater Bay Area, becoming the first in the Greater Bay Area to connect ports, customs, logistics, enterprises, An interconnected and shared blockchain network for the entire process of finance and other trade;

l Japan's KDDI Telecom, Hitachi, Kansai Electric Power, Sekisui Construction and other large enterprises have established the blockchain alliance NEXCHAIN ​​to form a cross-border industry's real estate information sharing and management model, and promote cross-industry innovation;

l French Renault Group completed the test of its blockchain project "XCEED" for use in parts suppliers and automobile manufacturers share compliance information with each other and simplify compliance certification...

Although the above application cases in finance, government affairs and various industries are only a few typical cases, they are enough to illustrate: On the one hand, data sharing It is an inherent requirement of blockchain application. In terms of specific implementation, everything must start from breaking "data islands" and "information asymmetry"; on the other hand, the application practice of blockchain in turn promotes cross-level and cross-level Departmental, cross-industry, cross-regional, cross-border data sharing and unprecedented cooperation.

It can also be seen from the above cases that transparency based on blockchainWith characteristics such as clarity, security, and trustworthiness, data sharing allows cooperation that originally seemed impossible to be achieved and leads to more open innovation results; data sharing can effectively improve the efficiency of business systems, financial systems, and social governance systems. Operational efficiency; various organizations promote their own organizational changes and process changes while sharing and cooperating with external organizations.

Based on trust and sharing, "transaction" is the most intuitive and deepest manifestation of the value of blockchain applications. Currently, blockchain is opening a new chapter in the transformation of transaction models in various industries around the world.

From a functional architecture point of view, blockchain-based transactions are by no means just a change in the transaction process, but integrate the unique functions of the blockchain, which are the key to anti-counterfeiting traceability, supply and demand docking, and warehousing. Integrated integration of blockchain applications such as logistics, payment/settlement, supply chain financing, insurance, and network security.

In terms of application form, blockchain-based transactions transcend the traditional concept of product or service transactions and represent the realization of the value of a wider range of data in circulation.

From the perspective of application scenarios, transactions based on blockchain involve the upgrading of the physical industry, the digital advancement of the financial industry, and the innovative application of the "token economy".

In the physical industry, take the application of agricultural blockchain as an example: on the one hand, supply chain traceability based on blockchain has become an important barrier to food safety; but on the other hand, for growers or For farmers, the supply chain traceability function is far from enough. How to help them expand the sales of agricultural products and obtain more income as much as possible is the "hard truth" for blockchain technology to continue to promote agricultural development. In other industries, the same applies.

Against the above background, new trading platforms in the global physical industry continue to emerge:

l The Indian government uses blockchain platforms to help farmers in remote areas sell agricultural products to reduce the While eliminating intermediate fees, obtain higher income;

l The Swiss company Cerealia builds a blockchain-based agricultural product trading and financing platform to promote the export of agricultural products in emerging market countries around the world;

l The world's largest independent refined sugar producer, Al Khaleej Sugar Company of the United Arab Emirates, launched DigitalSugar.io, a blockchain-based sugar product trading platform, to realize spot-based international raw sugar trading;

l Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, has launched an international timber electronic trading platform based on blockchain, which will manage the entire timber transaction process on the chain, and will provide the timber market with full industry chain services such as cloud warehouse supervision, logistics, finance, and insurance;
< br /> l Shandong Province launched the Shandong Internet Traditional Chinese Medicine Trading Platform, which will realize quality control, trading, payment, settlement and supervision through blockchain and other technologies.Online integrated services;

l Weitang Town, Xiangcheng District, Suzhou has launched a blockchain-based pearl online trading platform, which will store the core parameters and test reports of pearls on the chain, and will also add supply chain Management, trade finance, smart contracts, payment settlement, incentive mechanism and other functions;

l Honeywell launched GoDirect Trade, an online trading platform for new and second-hand aircraft parts, to provide large manufacturers with Applying blockchain to parts trading and circulation provides a valuable reference….

In the financial industry, blockchain is promoting the digital advancement of financial transaction business in aspects such as securities trading, asset securitization, trade financing, and cross-border settlement:

l The Australian National Stock Exchange has launched ClearPay, a digital securities trading platform based on distributed ledger technology, which can provide multi-currency, real-time DVP settlement on the same day and will replace the original exchange settlement system;

l Switzerland The company Finka has launched a related securitization token investment platform based on livestock from organic pastures in Bolivia to promote the development of the local livestock industry;

l The American company Securitize has established a Japanese real estate investment platform based on digital securities , aiming to revitalize idle real estate in rural Japan and enhance the vitality of the rural economy;

l China Postal Savings Bank and China Construction Bank completed the first cross-blockchain platform forfaiting transaction, Hua Xia Bank Kunming Branch’s first Realize forfaiting resale business in the secondary market;

l Nanjing Iron and Steel completed blockchain-based iron ore transactions with Rio Tinto of Australia and Vale of Brazil respectively;
< br /> l Baosteel Co., Ltd. and Australia's Rio Tinto completed the first blockchain-based RMB cross-border settlement transaction...

Of course, while blockchain promotes the advancement of financial transaction business, dark sides such as hype, scams, money laundering, and cyber attacks related to blockchain and cryptocurrency continue to follow. How to continue to promote financial innovation while also carrying out efficient risk prevention and control and effectively cracking down on illegal crimes is an important issue that requires long-term response. From a global perspective, China has responded with clear attitudes, strict measures, and effective measures in this regard.

The transaction changes realized by the blockchain in the real industry and financial industry are only the initial stage of the blockchain changing the traditional transaction method. The "Token Economy" is the blockchain "transaction" A higher level of functionality.

Under the framework of the "token economy", from electronic certificates to skill certificates, from credit records to public welfare activity participation records, from social media tracks to carbon emission reduction actions, when various data become Crypto digital rightsWhen it is proven, circulated and exchangeable, it is given the function of “token”.

Regardless of the investment/speculation craze of "Non-Fungible Token (NFT)", we can already see many early applications of "token economy" around the world:

l The HotCity project supported by the Austrian government uses a crowdsourcing model combined with blockchain and gamification tokens to encourage residents to submit heating waste heat hotspots to meet urban heating needs more efficiently; < br />
l Ford establishes "Green Miles" for commercial and municipal fleets using hybrid vehicles to help improve urban air quality;

l Weibin District, Xinxiang City, Henan Province, in its In the blockchain industrial park project, tokens are issued based on the points system for merchants and enterprises to establish a new commercial service platform;

l Chengdu released a blockchain-based community governance product "Chain Community", Residents can earn "time bank" points on the platform through volunteer services and other activities, and exchange them for benefits and discounts provided by community merchants;

l Global non-profit organization "Mobile Open Blockchain Plan" The Electric Vehicle Charging Network Working Group (EVGI) launches a global standard system for decentralized vehicle charging technology, covering the Tokenized Carbon Credit (TCC) scenario;

l Blockchain reward platform MiL. k cooperates with a Korean retailer to provide blockchain-based points management services to its members. Members can convert existing points into local MLK tokens through the MiL.k platform, or exchange them into other third-party points...

As can be seen from the above cases and more, the "token economy" has several distinctive features:

The "token economy" gives assets to a wider range of data Attributes and tradable attributes, and through cross-domain and cross-platform mutual trust and circulation, can improve the operating efficiency of the entire social and economic system;

"Token economy" is a new value creation and The realization process does not necessarily use currency directly as the medium of exchange, but is more reflected in the exchange, mutual benefit and reallocation of various elements and resources;

"Token economy" is often combined with incentive mechanisms. At the same time, through incentives for "good people and good deeds", "good companies" and "good institutions", the social value system and social credit system will be effectively reshaped.

Generally speaking, the "token economy" will spawn new production factors, reshape production relations, and greatly liberate social productivity; the "token economy" represents the direction of the "information Internet" The evolution of the "Internet of Value" indicates the most exciting future of the digital economy; the "token economy" based on blockchain"It has begun to take shape and has begun to bring about lasting and visible changes in economic operations, social governance, and everyone's lifestyle. Whether it is various institutions or individuals, they should prepare their thoughts and actions for this change. Preparation.

Like other new technologies, in the process of application and popularization, blockchain continues to produce substitution effects in terms of platforms, media, models, methods, etc.: physical documents are replaced by electronic documents; Credit records are replaced by certificates, manual review is replaced by data verification, and city management platforms are replaced by "city brains"...

Such substitutions have become the norm:

l The Central Bank of Argentina has begun a proof-of-concept for a new blockchain clearing system, which may replace the existing clearing system;

l Korea Minting and Security Printing Corporation (KOMSCO) expands blockchain digital gift certificates business to replace paper gift certificates and achieve record revenue growth despite a sharp decline in banknote and coin issuance;

l Courts across China are beginning to use blockchain in real estate seizure enforcement Electronic seals replace traditional paper seals;

l The Shanghai court system is exploring the use of digital trial records to replace manual trial transcripts through the adoption of new technologies such as artificial intelligence and blockchain;

l Japanese company SUSMED launched a "Clinical Data Monitoring System Demonstration Using Blockchain Technology" pilot, indicating that the necessary monitoring processes in clinical trials of drugs or medical devices can be replaced by blockchain systems;
< br / >
l Under the COVID-19 epidemic, local governments in China have intensively launched "non-face-to-face, no-contact, zero errands" government services combined with blockchain technology, replacing traditional offline service methods and providing services for people during the epidemic. The smooth progress of remote bidding, "cloud" customs clearance, financial support, resumption of work and production, etc. provides a strong guarantee...

In addition, we can also see that through the use of blockchain technology , various enterprise-level services are also realizing substitution and evolution: from paper contracts to electronic contracts, to blockchain contracts based on programmed, automatically executed smart contracts, blockchain is promoting contract signing into "chain signing" era; from offline human resources companies to online human resources platforms, and then to the blockchain-based human resources market, global human resources services have experienced continuous changes from the 1.0 era to the 2.0 era, and then to the 3.0 era.

Generally speaking, when the blockchain "invades" various industries, it will "mercilessly" delete all unnecessary links.and processes, all unnecessary manual operations, and accelerate the arrival of the paperless, unmanned, and automated era.

In the process of our analysis of more than 1,550 blockchain application cases around the world, words like "improve", "accelerate", "shorten", "lower", "reduce", "save", " Words such as "save" appear frequently in front of our eyes. These words show that the improvement of efficiency is the common pursuit of all parties involved in blockchain applications and is also the most direct result of the substitution effect of blockchain.

Numerous application practices are contributing to this:

l Kenyan company Shamba Records provides blockchain traceability, transaction and financing services to farmers in the country, currently covering more than 6,000 Small farmers and helped them increase their income by at least 40%;

l TradeWaltz, a blockchain trading platform invested by NTT DATA, Mitsubishi and other companies, completed a trial run, and the results showed that the platform can reduce traditional 50% of the workload of the trade process;

l Walmart Canada has significantly reduced invoice disputes with carriers by 97% through the application of the DL Freight blockchain platform;

l The State Grid Corporation of China’s power transaction certificate traceability inquiry platform was put into operation, automating the entire authenticity review process for registered users and saving 99% of the trustworthy manual review time;

l COSCO Shipping Lines and Shandong Port Group Qingdao Port have cooperated to launch a blockchain paperless import and delivery model, which can save customers nearly 24 hours on average per container;

l Taizhou, Zhejiang uses "materials" The "Internet + Blockchain" recycling system solves the problem of marine pollution control. Compared with traditional processing methods, this recycling system can save 94% of labor costs and 84% of operating costs...

In summary, through the joint action of trust mechanism, sharing mechanism and transaction mechanism, blockchain has formed an obvious substitution effect, improved the operational efficiency of finance, government affairs and various industries, and will Continue to create systemic change. This change is reshaping the relationship between people and machines, people and society, and people and the environment, and clearly points to three ultimate goals: efficiency, well-being, and environmental protection.

㈨ What does blockchain mean? What are the characteristics of blockchain?

Regarding the technology of blockchain, I believe many friends have already paid attention to it. Blockchain It can be said to be a hot topic right now, with news media reporting heavily on it claiming it will create the future. So what does blockchain mean? What are the characteristics of blockchain? Today we will introduce the blockchain to you in detail, and hope that you will have a deep understanding after reading it.
What does blockchain mean?
Blockchain is distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryptionNew application models of computer technology such as algorithms. The so-called consensus mechanism is a mathematical algorithm that establishes trust and obtains rights and interests between different nodes in the blockchain system.
Blockchain is also an important concept of Bitcoin. The "2014-2016 Global Bitcoin Development Research Report" released by the Internet Finance Laboratory of Tsinghua University PBC School of Finance and Sina Technology mentioned that blockchain is Bitcoin's underlying technology and infrastructure.
Blockchain is essentially a decentralized database and serves as the underlying technology of Bitcoin. The blockchain is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains information about a Bitcoin network transaction and is used to verify the validity of the information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block.
In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chain data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is cryptographically guaranteed to be non-tamperable and non-forgeable. Ledger.
Broadly speaking, blockchain technology uses block chain data structures to verify and store data, uses distributed node consensus algorithms to generate and update data, uses cryptography to ensure the security of data transmission and access, and uses A new distributed infrastructure and computing paradigm that uses smart contracts composed of automated script code to program and manipulate data.
What are the characteristics of blockchain?
Through the summary and analysis of the blockchain, it is concluded that the characteristics of the blockchain have the following four main points: Open Yingpai
1. The first is the disintermediation of trust, which has been repeatedly emphasized and praised. What Weihe said yesterday is not decentralization but disintermediation, which coincides with each other.
2. The second feature is its stability, reliability, and sustainability. Because it is a distributed network architecture, no central node can be hit or attacked, so in the overall technical layout It has stronger stability, reliability and sustainability.
3. Third, its strong security and consensus mechanism do not require the entry of a third party, but are achieved through a technology, a previously scheduled technology to complete the entire transaction.
4. The fourth is the openness, transparency and non-tamperability of transactions. Many practitioners in the industry have shared these characteristics with you, so these are the four characteristics of the blockchain.
Because of these characteristics, blockchain can receive huge attention from many financial institutions and many industries in the future or now.
The above is what the editor brings to you. What does blockchain mean? What are the characteristics of blockchain? all content.