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❶ What is the development history of blockchain technology?

Which came first, Bitcoin or blockchain? When Bitcoin was first born, there was no concept of "blockchain". People used bitcoin (lowercase b) to represent Bitcoin, and Bitcoin (capital B) to represent its underlying technology, which is what we now call blockchain technology. In 2015, after The Economist published its cover article "Blockchain Technology Reshaping the World," blockchain technology set off a financial technology craze around the world. Major financial institutions and banks around the world rushed to study blockchain technology. In 2016 alone, billions of dollars were invested in blockchain-related companies. In September 2017, the Chinese government website (www.gov.cn) published an article "my country's Blockchain Industry is Expected to Lead the World", publicly supporting the development of blockchain technology and popularizing blockchain technology to 1.3 billion Chinese people. . The application of blockchain in real economic fields such as finance, insurance, retail, and notarization has begun to accelerate.

❷ What exactly is blockchain

What is blockchain?
Blockchain is a new application model of computer technologies such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, and encryption algorithms. The so-called consensus mechanism is a mathematical algorithm that establishes trust and obtains rights and interests between different nodes in the blockchain system [1].
Blockchain is an important concept of Bitcoin. It is essentially a decentralized database and serves as the underlying technology of Bitcoin. Blockchain is a series of data blocks generated using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains information about a Bitcoin network transaction and is used to verify the validity of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block.
Blockchain was born from Satoshi Nakamoto’s Bitcoin. Since 2009, various Bitcoin-like digital currencies have appeared, all based on public blockchains.
The current situation of digital currencies is that a hundred flowers are blooming. Here are some common ones: bitcoin, litecoin, dogecoin, dashcoin. In addition to currency applications, there are also various derivative applications, such as Ethereum, Asch and other underlying application development platforms, as well as NXT , SIA, BitShares, MaidSafe, Ripple and other industry applications.
On January 20, 2016, the People’s Bank of China Digital Currency Seminar announced that it had achieved phased results in digital currency research. The meeting affirmed the value of digital currency in reducing the issuance of traditional currency and stated that the central bank is exploring the issuance of digital currency. The expression of the People’s Bank of China’s Digital Currency Seminar has greatly enhanced the confidence of the digital currency industry. This is the first time that the five central bank ministries and commissions have expressed a clear attitude towards digital currencies since they issued a notice on preventing Bitcoin risks on December 5, 2013. [4]
On December 20, 2016, Digital Currency Alliance-China FinTech Digital Currency Alliance and FinTThe ech Research Institute is officially under preparation, and Huobi is one of the co-initiators. [5]
Some areas where blockchain can be used are:
▪ Smart contracts
▪ Securities trading
▪ E-commerce
▪ Internet of Things
▪ Social communication
▪ File storage
▪ Proof of existence
▪ Identity verification
▪ Equity crowdfunding
We can compare the development of blockchain to the development of the Internet itself , something called finance-internet will be formed on the Internet in the future, and this thing is based on blockchain, and its precursor is bitcoin, that is, traditional finance starts from private chains and industry chains (local area network), and the bitcoin series starts from public chains (Wide Area Network), they all express the same concept - digital assets (Digital Asset), and finally converge to an intermediate balance point.
The evolution of blockchain is:
▪ Blockchain 1.0 - digital currency
▪ Blockchain 2.0 - digital assets and smart contracts
▪ Blockchain 3.0 ——The implementation of distributed applications in various industries
Blockchain is divided into three categories, which is introduced in detail in the book "Blockchain: Defining the New Pattern of Future Finance and Economics" [2] issued by Currency,< br />Hybrid blockchains and private blockchains can be considered as broad private chains:
Public Blockchains (PublicBlockChains)
Public blockchains refer to: any individual or group in the world Transactions can be sent and effectively confirmed by the blockchain, and anyone can participate in its consensus process. The public blockchain is the earliest blockchain and the most widely used blockchain. The virtual digital currencies of all major bitcoins series are based on the public blockchain. There is only one blockchain corresponding to this currency in the world. .
Consortium (Industry) Blockchain (ConsortiumBlockChains)
Industry Blockchain: Multiple pre-selected nodes are designated within a certain group as bookkeepers, and the generation of each block is jointly performed by all pre-selected nodes. Decision (pre-selected nodes to participate in the consensus process), other access nodes can participate in transactions, but do not participate in the accounting process (essentially still managed accounting, just become distributed accounting, how many pre-selected nodes, how to determine the number of each block The bookkeeper becomes the main risk point of the blockchain), and anyone else can conduct limited queries through the open API of the blockchain.
Private Blockchains (privateBlockChains)
Private Blockchains: Only use blocksThe blockchain's general ledger technology is used for accounting. It can be a company or an individual, and has exclusive write permission to the blockchain. This chain is not much different from other distributed storage solutions. (Dec2015) Conservative giants (traditional finance) all want to experiment with private blockchains, while public chain applications such as Bitcoin have been industrialized, and private chain application products are still being explored.

❸ What exactly is blockchain? Decrypt the concept of blockchain

❹ The history of the birth of blockchain

Many people When I hear the word "blockchain", I will instinctively be intimidated and think that it is an inscrutable content or a technology that has nothing to do with me.

2018 is the first year of blockchain technology. In the past Spring Festival, blockchain has become really popular. The "three o'clock sleepless zone" of the first blockchain community "Blockchain", articles from major media "How to introduce blockchain to seven aunts and eight aunts", novices from all walks of life are ready to enter the currency circle and try their best, etc.

We know that the Internet has connected the world over the course of decades. People don’t talk about whether the world is flat, because as long as you have a computer or a mobile phone, you are closely connected to the entire world. Elites are accustomed to calling the past Internet era the information Internet era.

With the advent of blockchain technology in 2008, humans were caught off guard and drawn into the world of bits. In the future, no matter whether you understand whether you know what blockchain technology is? Do you understand how digital virtual currency is implemented? They have all been coerced into the second era of the Internet: the era of value Internet. What you don’t know is how blockchain technology was born?

David Chaum, the "bishop" figure of cypherpunk in the 1980s and 1990s, invented the cryptographic anonymous cash system Ecash in 1990. Chaum believes that a distributed, truly digital cash system should encrypt people’s privacy.

British cryptographer Adam Baker invented Hashcash in 1997, which used the Proof of Work system. The proof-of-work system is one of the core concepts of Bitcoin.

In 1997, Harper and Stonitta proposed a protocol that uses timestamps to ensure the security of digital files. This protocol has also become one of the prototypes of the Bitcoin blockchain protocol. The biggest feature of timestamps is that when a virtual currency is traded, it is timestamped and it cannot be changed.

Cryptozoology expert Dai Wei invented B-money in 1998. B-money emphasizes point-to-point transactions and immutable transaction records, and every trader in the network keeps track of transactions.

2004, PGP encryptionThe company's top developer Hal Finney launched the electronic currency "Crypto Cash", which uses a reusable proof-of-work mechanism (RPOW).

But their single invention and idea are still not enough to become a world-class virtual currency. Ecash declared bankruptcy in 1998; the proof-of-work system cannot guarantee whether digital currencies have been traded many times; the technical protocol of timestamps is only used on a small scale by the government; in the B.money system, David did not solve the problem of ledger synchronization; finally Halfini's idea is still not enough to become a world-class virtual currency.

In 2008, when all technical conditions were mature and time conditions were mature, a god-level figure was still needed to answer a question: why did the previous virtual currency pioneers fail? The name of the person who answered this question is Satoshi Nakamoto.

He believes that the most important reason for the failure of previous virtual currencies is that they all have a centralized structure, and all transaction data will be aggregated into the company's data center, which is no different from government-issued currencies. Once the company that backs the virtual currency goes bankrupt, or the central server of the general ledger is compromised by hackers, the virtual currency will face the risk of collapse. Satoshi Nakamoto optimized David Chaum's Ecash, integrating timestamps, proof-of-work mechanisms, asymmetric encryption technology, and the structure of UTSO, and finally invented Bitcoin.

It can be seen that blockchain is not a single technology, it is a collection of a series of above-mentioned technologies. Bitcoin is just a typical example of the first large-scale application of blockchain technology. In the future, blockchain technology can be applied to many fields such as financial services and social life.

❺ What disruptions does blockchain bring and why can it become a national strategy?

The disruptive characteristics of blockchain lie in the following four aspects: 1. Transparency. The data records of the blockchain system are transparent to the entire network nodes, and the update operations of the data records are also transparent to the entire network nodes. This is the basis for the trust of the blockchain system. Since the blockchain system uses open source programs, open rules and high participation, blockchain data records and operating rules can be reviewed and traced by nodes throughout the network, with high transparency.
2. Openness. The blockchain system is open. Except for the private information of the parties directly related to the data, which is always encrypted, the blockchain data is open to everyone (except for blockchain systems with special permission requirements). Anyone or participating nodes can query blockchain data records or develop related applications through the public interface, so the entire system information is highly transparent.
3. Information cannot be tampered with. Once the information of the blockchain system is verified and added to the blockchain, it will be permanently stored and cannot be changed (except for systems such as private blockchains with special change requirements). Unless more than 51% of the nodes in the system can be controlled at the same time, modifications to the database on a single node are invalid, so the number of blockchain dataThe data stability and reliability are extremely high
4. Decentralization. Decentralization is the most basic feature of blockchain, which means that blockchain no longer relies on central processing nodes and realizes distributed recording, storage and updating of data. In a traditional centralized network, attacking a central node can destroy the entire system. However, in a decentralized blockchain network, attacking a single node cannot control or destroy the entire network or more than 5% of the nodes in the network. It's just the beginning of gaining control. 2019 is the first year of commercial application of blockchain technology, and favorable policy incentives will make the development of blockchain technology more stable.
As the application of blockchain technology gradually penetrates into many fields such as digital finance and the Internet, everyone has a clearer understanding of the value of blockchain.
Blockchain has formed a global competition situation. All countries are seizing development opportunities, and China cannot lag behind; therefore, it is understandable that blockchain has become a national strategy.

❻ Where will the blockchain trend develop

The rapid development of the blockchain industry has helped the real economy reduce costs and improve efficiency
Currently, a new round of technological revolution and industry Changes are sweeping the world, and new technologies such as big data, cloud computing, the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, and blockchain are constantly emerging. The digital economy is profoundly changing human production and lifestyle, and has become a new way of economic growth. kinetic energy. As a disruptive technology, blockchain is leading a new round of technological and industrial changes in the world. It is expected to become
the "source" of global technological innovation and model innovation, and promote the "information Internet" to the "value Internet" change.
In my country's "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" National Informatization Plan, blockchain is regarded as a key cutting-edge technology, and it is clearly stated that the innovation, testing and application of new technologies such as blockchain need to be strengthened.
In order to To achieve dominance in the new generation of information technology. At present, my country's blockchain technology continues to innovate, and the blockchain industry has initially taken shape. It has begun to be rapidly applied in supply chain finance, credit reporting, product traceability, copyright transactions, digital identity, electronic evidence and other fields, and is expected to promote our country's The economic system realizes technological changes, organizational changes and efficiency changes, making important contributions to building a modern economic system.
As of June 2018, China’s blockchain-related businesses have initially formed a scale driven by the government, enterprises, and capital, and are leading the world in terms of number of patents, financing environment, policy support, and application implementation. Forefront.
The industry is developing at a rapid pace, and the number of companies is increasing rapidly
According to statistics from the "In-depth Analysis Report on Business Model Innovation and Investment Opportunities in the Blockchain Industry" released by the Qianzhan Industry Research Institute, in 2017 there were 406 companies around the world. Among blockchain-related patent applications, 225 come from China. As of the end of March 2018, the number of companies in my country with blockchain as their main business has reached 456. The blockchain industry has initially formed a scale, starting from upstream hardware manufacturing, platform services, and security services.services, to the downstream industrial technology application services, industry investment, media publicity, talent services and other industrial chain links are basically complete.
Judging from the changes in the number of newly established companies in China's blockchain industry, the number of companies in this field began to increase in 2014. By 2016, the number of newly established companies increased significantly, exceeding 100, which was more than three times that of 2015. . 2017 is the peak period for blockchain entrepreneurship in recent years. Due to the rapid popularization of the blockchain concept and the gradual maturity of the technology, many entrepreneurs have poured into this field, and the number of newly established companies has reached 178.
From equipment manufacturing to industrial applications, the blockchain industry chain is gradually becoming clear
Judging from the distribution of newly established companies in the blockchain industry segment, as of the end of March 2018, the number of companies in the blockchain field The number of industry application companies is the largest, with 86 companies providing application services to the financial industry and 109 companies providing application services to the real economy. In addition, the number of related companies in the fields of blockchain solutions, underlying platforms, blockchain media and communities is more than 40.
Judging from the distribution of investment events in the blockchain industry segment, companies related to industry application services have received the largest number of investment events, with a total of 113. It can be seen that investors have specific application scenarios and can actually implement them. projects are becoming more and more important. The number of investment events in the underlying platform field was 42, and the number of investment events in the blockchain media and community field also reached 28. The blockchain field is attracting more and more entrepreneurs and capital, becoming a new highland for innovation and entrepreneurship. With the development of blockchain technology and the accelerated implementation of applications, the scale of the industry will continue to increase, and this field is expected to become a new economic growth point in the future.
The influx of Internet giants has rapidly promoted the development of my country's blockchain industry
Blockchain technology has not only been favored by entrepreneurial companies, but also received widespread attention from Internet giants. Internet giants have expanded their blockchain capabilities. business, rapidly promoting the development of my country's
blockchain industry. At present, Internet industry giants such as Tencent, Alibaba, Internet, and JD.com have joined in the research and scenario application of blockchain technology.
The geographical distribution is relatively concentrated, and the industrial agglomeration effect is obvious
Judging from the geographical distribution of China’s blockchain companies, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangdong, and Zhejiang are still the concentrated areas for blockchain entrepreneurship. The four places combined Accounting for more than 80%. Among them, Beijing is in the absolute leading position with 175 companies, accounting for 38%; Shanghai ranks second with 95 companies, accounting for 21%; Guangdong Province ranks third with 71 companies, accounting for 16%; Zhejiang ranks third The province ranks fourth with 36 companies, accounting for 8%. In addition, the top ten provinces with the most active blockchain entrepreneurship in China include Jiangsu, Sichuan, Fujian, Hubei, Chongqing, and Guizhou.
Blockchain applications are diversified, extending from finance to the physical field
Blockchain technology has the characteristics of distribution, tamper-proof, high transparency and traceability, which is very suitable for the entire financial system industry.Therefore, it has been applied in payment and clearing, credit financing, financial transactions, securities, insurance, leasing and other sub-sectors. For example, Minsheng Bank and China CITIC Bank cooperated to launch the first domestic letter of credit blockchain application, China Ping An’s two major application scenarios of asset trading and credit reporting have been launched, and China Merchants Bank has launched the first domestic blockchain cross-border payment application. WeBank shortens the reconciliation time from T+1 to T+0 through a blockchain-based inter-agency reconciliation platform, achieving daily and real-time reconciliation.
As the innovation and development of blockchain technology gradually matures, the actual effects of industrial applications are becoming more and more apparent
It is now apparent that the application of blockchain has extended from the financial field to the physical field, electronic information storage, copyright management and transactions, product traceability, digital asset trading, Internet of Things, intelligent manufacturing, supply chain management and other fields. Blockchain technology has begun to deeply integrate with the real economy and industry, forming a number of "industrial blockchain" projects, ushering in an era of "a hundred flowers blooming" in industrial blockchain.
Achieving "Informatization of Collaboration Links" to help the real economy reduce costs and improve efficiency
Judging from the current actual implementation cases, the implementation of industrial blockchain technology must solve some "small problems" for the industry in a pragmatic manner. Focus on improving the informatization level of industrial collaboration links, specifically promoting the development of traditional industries from the two aspects of "cost reduction" and "efficiency improvement".
Using blockchain to achieve information sharing, in addition to low cost and high efficiency, can also achieve "trust transfer" or "trust spillover". Based on blockchain technology, since the on-chain information cannot be tampered with, After both parties to the transaction jointly verify a transaction, the third party can also be allowed to trust the information. This actually allows this trusted status to be transmitted to the third party, thereby realizing the assetization of the data. In addition, the organization is transformed from a "black box" state to a "white box" state, that is, the organization's operating mechanism is made transparent, making it very easy to prove one's innocence and greatly reducing the cost of mutual trust between multiple subjects.
Furthermore, blockchain will play the role of "improving the collaborative efficiency of the industrial chain." Improving the level of industrial collaboration is an important way to promote China's manufacturing to the mid-to-high end, and is also an important requirement for building a modern economic system. However, in many industries, the efficiency of industrial chain collaboration is still not high, and this problem is particularly prominent in the field of international trade.
Technology abuse leads to certain risks in industrial development, which cannot be ignored
Although the positive value of blockchain technology has gradually emerged, the industrial development process is still accompanied by a series of risks that cannot be ignored. On the one hand, there are compliance risks. In the early stages of blockchain development, due to its inherent property of delivering value, it attracted some people who were not focused on technology applications, but were keen on conducting ICOs (Initial Coin Offerings). Illegal fund-raising, pyramid schemes and even fraud.
The industrial policy system is gradually constructed, and the industrial development environment continues to be optimized
Blockchain technology has risen to the level of national science and technology strategy. In December 2016, the State Council issued the “Thirteenth Five-Year Plan” National"Notice on Informatization Planning" mentioned blockchain for the first time, and listed it as a key cutting-edge technology together with quantum communications, artificial intelligence, virtual reality, big data cognitive analysis, driverless transportation and other technologies, and clearly stated that it needs to be strengthened Innovation, experimentation and application of new technologies such as blockchain to achieve dominance in the new generation of information technology. Secondly, the formulation of relevant industry, national and international standards is also accelerating to solve the key technical standard issues of the blockchain and promote the ecological development of the blockchain industry. In order to seize the development opportunities of the blockchain industry and seize the commanding heights of the development of the blockchain industry, local governments promptly introduced blockchain technology and industry development support policies, ushering in a new explosion in the blockchain industry.
At present, local governments are actively positioning blockchain technology from an industrial perspective and seizing new opportunities for industrial upgrading brought by technological upgrades. For example, in March 2018, the Hebei Provincial Government issued the "Guiding Opinions on Accelerating Industrial Transformation and Upgrading to Build a Modern Industrial System", proposing to actively cultivate and develop future industries such as blockchain to create a world-class high-end high-tech industrial cluster.
Actively strengthen industry supervision and effectively prevent financial risks
According to the overall deployment of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, preventing and resolving major risks is one of China’s economic priorities in the next three years, and preventing and resolving major risks The key is to prevent and control financial risks. Therefore, our country has also actively strengthened industry supervision to prevent possible financial risks during the development of blockchain, maintain the stability and security of the country's finance, and promote the standardized and healthy development of the blockchain industry to better utilize the "value of the Internet" of blockchain. "The positive effect.
Blockchain is a cutting-edge technology, and the new regulatory challenges caused by the technology also require continued progress in regulatory technology. “Reg-Tech” (regulatory technology) in the financial technology segment. It is to use new technologies such as big data, artificial intelligence and blockchain to solve regulatory compliance issues and reduce compliance costs. Blockchain filing platforms and blockchain-based regulatory systems all belong to the Reg-Tech field. Companies engaged in regulatory technology have emerged in China, and they mainly provide regulatory technology solutions to the government and financial regulatory agencies such as major banks. Companies such as Jinqiu Technology and Zhongxiang Bit have specially launched blockchain-based supervision systems.

❼ What are the policies to promote the development of blockchain?

Legal analysis: On October 25, national leaders presided over a collective study meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee and listed blockchain as an independent An important breakthrough in innovative technology.

In the 19 days since then, local governments have issued a total of 44 related policies to encourage the development of blockchain, involving 20 provinces.

Government affairs, medical care, finance and smart cities have become the areas where local governments value blockchain implementation most.

In the process of actively promoting the implementation of blockchain, local governments are also trying to combine their own advantages and local characteristics. For example, in Shanxi, energy has become a key area for blockchain implementation.

Legal basis: "The Fourteenth Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China and the Plan for 2035"Outline of Long-term Goals" Article 3 Strategic Orientation To promote high-quality development during the "14th Five-Year Plan" period, we must be based on the new development stage, implement new development concepts, and build a new development pattern. Grasping the new development stage is the realistic basis for implementing the new development concept and building a new development pattern. Implementing the new development concept provides an action guide for grasping the new development stage and building a new development pattern. Building a new development pattern is to respond to the opportunities and challenges of the new development stage. , strategic choices to implement new development concepts. We must persist in deepening supply-side structural reforms, lead and create new demands with innovation-driven, high-quality supply, and improve the resilience of the supply system and its adaptability to domestic demand. We must establish an effective system to expand domestic demand, accelerate the cultivation of a complete domestic demand system, strengthen demand-side management, and build a strong domestic market. We must unswervingly advance reform, break down institutional obstacles that restrict economic circulation, and promote the circulation of production factors and the organic connection between production, distribution, circulation, and consumption. We must unswervingly expand opening up, continue to deepen openness based on the flow of factors, steadily expand openness based on institutions, and rely on the domestic economic cycle system to form a strong gravitational field for global factor resources. It is necessary to strengthen the leading role of the domestic general cycle, improve the efficiency and level of the domestic general cycle with the international cycle, and realize the mutual promotion and advancement of the domestic and international dual cycles.

❽ How to define blockchain and what are the application scenarios of blockchain?

Nowadays, many people think that blockchain is a universal technology that can do anything. This is somewhat of a myth about blockchain technology. Got it!
Regarding the definition of blockchain technology, American scholar Melanie Swann defined blockchain technology as an open, transparent and decentralized technology in her book "Blockchain: A New Economic Blueprint and Introduction" database.

Definition of Blockchain: Narrow VS Broad

As for the application scenarios of blockchain technology, it is natural to combine the differences between blockchain and other technologies. In terms of system characteristics.

Blockchain technology features include:

Blockchain is a global A database storage system that can be operated collaboratively in various places is different from traditional database operations where read and write permissions are in the hands of a company or a centralized authority (a characteristic of centralization). Blockchain believes that anyone with the ability to set up a server can participate. Nuggets from all over the world have deployed their own servers locally and connected to the blockchain network to become a node in this distributed database storage system; once joined, the node enjoys exactly the same rights as all other nodes and obligations (decentralized, distributed characteristics).

At the same time, people who provide services on the blockchain can perform read and write operations on any node in the system. In the end, all nodes around the world will complete the process again and again according to a certain mechanism. Synchronize in sequence to achieve complete data of all nodes in the blockchain networkconsistent.

At the beginning of this year, the term blockchain began to enter everyone’s lives. From national leaders to aunts who dance square dances, everyone knows this term. This term is widely known by Bit Brought by coins.

As we all know, the first few dozen bitcoins could only be exchanged for one pizza. At its peak, it was more than 20,000 US dollars each, which has skyrocketed by more than a thousand times, which has also benefited a large number of wealthy people. Currently, there are blockchain The virtual currency generated by technology is gradually entering into everyone's life, and many people have joined the ranks of currency speculation. I often hear people say that if you buy the right currency a hundred times, a bicycle will become a sports car, and one coin will turn a young model. You can imagine how many of them are involved. Attractive.

Since 2008, various games applying blockchain technology have also become popular, such as development games (Network Letts Dog, 360 Block Cat), mining games (NetEase Planet, Virtual Earth, Gongxinbao), these are attracting everyone to join in the name of blockchain, and of course there are some that are really reliable, which requires everyone to identify them carefully.

The three words "blockchain" were completely ignited during the Spring Festival that just passed, and the limelight overshadowed everything else. Some people said that this was the arrival of a new era, and the past has become classic, while others said To say that everything is hype is ultimately a bubble.

In fact, blockchain technology is not a new concept. It has been applied to many industries, such as electronic signatures, as early as the past two years. Recently, the third-party electronic signature platform eShanbao revealed the latest progress of blockchain applications to NewSeed.

Currently, blockchain technology is mainly used in e-signing products for certificate deposit and certificate issuance. The application scenarios include copyright protection and online signing. , web page forensics, phone recording, email storage of evidence, etc.

Take the rights protection of online works as an example. Since online rights protection generally adopts the method of collecting evidence after the fact, real-time confirmation of rights is not carried out in the process of evidence generation, so the entire confirmation process is difficult. The copyright process is time-consuming, difficult and costly to obtain evidence, and extremely difficult to prove and trace the source. It cannot meet the characteristics of rapid dissemination and large quantity of online works.

eShanbao's new intellectual property protection solution based on timestamp + blockchain starts from the user's real-name authentication and solidifies the information generated during the real-time solidification process. Electronic data, and through the time source service synchronized with the National Time Service Center, online works are stamped with legally valid timestamps to prove that electronic files have not been tampered with in a certain period of time. Blockchain technology can establish point-to-point trust in the network, ensuring that all blockchain nodes can record complete copyright confirmation and transaction records, and can trace their origins, truly realizing anti-repudiation and anti-tampering, and realizing a kind of distribution. trust infrastructure.

Founder and CEO Jin Hongzhou believes that the application of decentralized blockchain technology has greatly improved the efficiency of data storage and certificate issuance, as well as the credibility of the identity of the parties, and reduced the cost of trust, but it cannot Instead of the original centralized public key encryption technology, the two should complement each other. Through the combination of the two, users can be provided with real-time and reliable confirmation solutions.

Next, e-Shanbao will also focus on building a smart contract platform based on blockchain technology. Jin Hongzhou said that data storage, Issuing certificates is only a relatively superficial application based on blockchain technology. It is the first step to implement blockchain technology, and the realization of real smart contracts is the second step. "Smart contracts cannot simply be understood as electronic contracts. They refer to a process, from the conclusion of the contract to the confirmation to the final execution." Jin Hongzhou explained.

Through the following limited cases, I hope everyone can understand the actual performance of blockchain technology, thereby stimulating interest in such solutions.

1. Administrative Services

Over the centuries, the roles and responsibilities of public administration have not changed significantly – or rather, what has changed dramatically is actually the size of the data and the specific ways in which public agencies handle it. Although various digital technologies already exist to help collect and process data, issues such as anonymization, portability, and the immutability of large amounts of data remain unresolved.

Sasha Ivanov, founder, entrepreneur and CEO of Waves Platform and Vostok projects, said, "What the public administration currently lacks is a more convenient user experience (UX) for data use. To improve the user experience , we should introduce some kind of layer to it that acts as a trusted public environment that is transparent and can store data anonymously and immutably."

Governments are working on this by launching the U.S. Federal agency and enterprise-level initiatives such as the Federal Blockchain Initiative are gradually confronting the existence of such problems. The United States held its first federal government blockchain forum in July 2017, and the U.S. General Services Administration currently has more than 200 related use case repositories. Ivanov explained, “Distributed systems can really help us build such a reliable environment, improve our big data work, and even integrate all emerging technologies – including artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things. In fact, , whenever we face any kind of technology, it always embodies the sum of certain other technologies."

Now, the system supported by the blockchain can actually work - this This view has been unanimously recognized by all experts and has become the most important theoretical basis. In other words, what we need to do next is create more production-ready solutions.

2. Payment serviceBusiness

The government needs to process transactions, many of which involve the exchange of funds with citizens. Blockchain technology has huge potential application value in reducing the cost of fund transfers - including using new blockchain-based cryptocurrencies as intermediate transaction carriers, or using blockchain as a means of fund transfer, etc. Once a perfect solution is discovered, the business opportunities will be endless - especially for those who need to conduct frequent cross-border or Internet transactions.

The Jasper project was developed by the Bank of Canada to help it further think about how central banks and other financial institutions should implement payment operations between different banks based on distributed ledgers. The Bank of Canada has also developed its own digital currency variant, “CAD Coin,” to test the feasibility of using a national currency on top of the blockchain.

This project brings to an interesting conclusion that we should say no to proof-of-work public chain systems. In a paper titled "Project Jasper: Is a Distributed Batch Payment System Feasible?" the author observed that "Proof-of-work systems are not suitable for such large transaction processing systems because they assume that all transactions in the system are There is a need for openness and observability to a certain extent.”

3. Digitization and intellectual property

Governments are responsible for maintaining copyright records and databases. These records prove ownership of intellectual property. A blockchain-based system would allow artists, performers and writers of all kinds to time-stamp their works and theoretically detect copyright infringements and even keep a permanent record of their rights. In fact, many governments have already taken important exploratory steps in this direction.

Iran recently announced that it will deploy this technology. "Iran Financial Tribune" quoted Morteza Mousavian as saying that "the Digital Media Department of the Ministry of Culture has reached an agreement with a blockchain company to jointly design a system that can be used to protect online copyrights." He also added that "the relevant procedures will It will soon be released to users in an easy-to-use format."

This work is still in the early exploratory stages, but it offers enterprise customers the possibility of preserving records through replication technology. From a theoretical level, companies can use blockchain solutions to conduct financial accounting and discover errors in real time.

4. Welfare distribution

The government has the responsibility to create a level playing field for citizens. Citizens who are chronically poor or economically disadvantaged certainly need government support and assistance to ensure that they are able to sustain themselves and develop. However, welfare distribution is neither simple nor often straightforward. Problems such as corruption and impersonation have been wreaking havoc on various distribution channels within government schemes.

In China, the National Social Security Fund Council is discussing how to use blockchain technologyConduct early research to improve the delivery of state benefits to citizens. At the same time, India is also taking action. Andhra Pradesh and Telangana are already using blockchain to support their civilian resource supply systems.

It is said that many companies, including Microsoft, are also considering using the same technology. These solutions, which will touch individual employees and functional roles, are expected to gradually appear in small businesses in the near future.

5. Bidding activities

In order to build public infrastructure or provide related services, the government hopes to achieve economies of scale and competitive gains through bidding as much as possible. However, the bidding process is often not fair or transparent. Public procurement has long been a major scene of rampant corruption around the world. Transparency International noted that “many governments will award project contracts to a certain supplier in the absence of fair competition. This allows companies with greater political resources to improperly win over competitors; or companies in the same industry Bids will be negotiated in advance, ensuring that each company gets a share of the tender. This will significantly increase the cost of delivering services to the public - we have found that corruption issues can increase project costs by 50%."

So, how can blockchain technology solve the bidding problem? According to Ivanov, “Unlike decentralized centralized systems, independent ledgers powered by blockchain will be able to improve bidding or anything else that needs to be tracked. Transparency of financial processes. The intervention of blockchain technology will help track the use of funds and ensure that they are paid out as expected and within the allowed time."

Currently, Japan's internal affairs and The Ministry of Communications has announced a blockchain-based bidding system, which means that in industries with serious collusion problems, small and medium-sized enterprises are expected to usher in a more transparent bidding method and brighter development prospects.

Although quite a few of the cases mentioned previously are far from finalized, they do provide many possibilities for companies and governments. Of course, the key lies in implementation; and we should also look at all this with optimism, that is, although blockchain technology is often misunderstood, it is and will eventually find a direction in which it can exert its own energy!

< p> In layman's terms, the blockchain is like a dozen beacon towers on the Great Wall. If an enemy comes at one place, they will send out smoke. The other beacon towers will know about it and enter a defensive state together. In technical language, it is a distributed ledger. Each node keeps accounts separately. The failure of one or two nodes will not affect the entire network.

How is this distributed network different from the distributed servers of Google Network? Google Network's distributed servers still belong to Google Network and are controlled by their central scheduling algorithm. The distributed nodes in the blockchain do not know each other and have no legal affiliation.Relationship, you can just go offline and shut down your computer if you want, but because of the currency rewards, there will always be someone who will turn it on as a new node to support the network.

After the popular and technical explanation, I hope you understand. So the first application scenario is finance. I put my money in Alipay. If Alipay doesn't recognize it one day, there's nothing you can do. But on the blockchain, it is useless if one node does not acknowledge it, because other nodes still have my records. The second is the contract. Nowadays, contracts are made on paper and are easy to be faked. But if they are put on the blockchain, they cannot be faked.

There are more application scenarios. It is recommended to check the top 100 digital Huobi online to understand the corresponding projects behind them and become a blockchain expert. .

Blockchain technology was first used in Bitcoin. Blockchain provides a reliable and trustworthy means of organizing data for cross-subject business scenarios. JD.com is essentially a supply chain company, and blockchain technology will be first used in many scenarios of the supply chain.

Blockchain is a decentralized technology. Blockchain can be applied to all products currently covered by the Internet.

The most popular application industry at present is the financial industry.

An application that has been implemented is product traceability. Alibaba and JD.com are already using blockchain technology to fully trace the origin of some of the products they sell. Consumers can trace the origin of the purchased products. There are also many blockchain applications in the digital advertising industry. Since digital advertising traffic fraud causes losses of tens of billions of dollars every year, there are already blockchain application projects based on digital advertising, such as DCAD, which is based on blockchain. The digital advertising application of blockchain technology mainly solves the problem of traffic fraud

In the future, as the application of blockchain technology becomes more mature, it will be applied in many industries, creating a new ecosystem based on technological trust. Mode

The characteristics of blockchain are distributed accounting and decentralization, but the ultimate goal is to make people get along more equally. Technology is meaningful only when it serves human values, and technology that meets human value needs will develop. Therefore, blockchain is in line with human pursuit of freedom and equality, so its trend to become mainstream is unstoppable.

Currently, there are many blockchain gimmicks, which are basically used to issue coins. The newly launched ono is a decentralized, free and global social platform. Due to decentralization, your chat communication information is peer-to-peer and cannot be viewed by others. In other words, your every word and deed will no longer be recorded and reviewed at any time like it is now on WeChat, QQ, and Facebook, freeing you from the trouble of surveillance.

In fact, blockchain technology can be used in any field. Information that previously required third-party confirmation can be completed online and confirmed at multiple nodes.Very difficult (almost impossible) to delete.

At present, blockchain is still in its infancy, and the technology is not mature enough, but it is also a better time to enter.

What is blockchain

If you use non-technical terms to explain blockchain, blockchain is a place where data is stored. However, the data stored in the blockchain is safe and reliable and does not need to be managed by anyone, so In the Internet, a place where data and information are exploding, having such a place would be like a magical treasure.

What can the blockchain do?

If you ask what the blockchain can do, it is better to say what applications require the use of the blockchain. As mentioned earlier, blockchain is a safe place, so wherever data needs to be protected securely on the Internet, blockchain technology needs to be used. For example:

Because the use of blockchain technology can better protect the data of policyholders, in today’s Internet, data is value and wealth, so value protection and value transmission are the future development directions of the Internet. And blockchain technology can really do just that.

If there are any deficiencies, you are welcome to comment and correct me.

In a narrow sense, blockchain is a chained data structure that combines data blocks in a sequential manner in chronological order, and is cryptographically guaranteed to be non-tamperable and non-tamperable. Fake distributed ledger.

The two parties involved in the transaction do not need to know who the other party is, nor do they need a third party for trust endorsement. They only need to trust a common algorithm to establish mutual trust and conduct direct transactions.

Its characteristics are trustlessness and decentralization. The destruction of each node's ledger has no impact on the entire blockchain. The blockchain runs point-to-point payments without a center that may cheat, and the security is greatly improved. Improved, the entire transaction network has changed from a star structure to a point-to-point P2P structure.

In the future, blockchain will be used in many fields and will have a great impact on human life. . It can be widely used in fields ranging from digital currency to securities and financial contracts, medical care, games, artificial intelligence, smart contracts, Internet of Things, e-commerce, file storage and other fields.

1. Cloud storage

This is the statistics of current cloud storage on the Internet. In terms of volume, Google has the largest volume, which is 8,000PB. So what if we share the idle data on the Internet?

Starlight Cloud builds a blockchain data computing and storage lake through Starlight Chain, with a total storage capacity of 15,000P (approximately 15,728.64 billion G) in the future. This will be more than 10 times that of Alibaba Cloud's 1500PB! It is also more than four times the size of the Taizhou Storage Center, the largest storage lake in the world after expansion.

2. Medical aspects

Using blockchain technology to save personal medical records also retains personal medical historical data. Historical data can be directly called when seeing a doctor or planning your own health in the future. These data are highly private, and the use of blockchain technology also helps protect patient privacy.